View source for 1668

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{About year|1668}}
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[[File:Map Peace of Aix la Chapelle (English).png|thumb|300px|[[May 2]]: France gains territory (shown in blue) from the Spanish Netherlands after the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]] ends the War of Devolution.]]
{{C17 year in topic}}
{{Year article header|1668}}

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 23]] &ndash; The [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance of 1668]] is formed between [[Kingdom of England|England]], [[Sweden]] and the [[Dutch Republic|United Provinces of the Netherlands]]. 
* [[February 13]] &ndash; In [[Lisbon]], a [[Treaty of Lisbon (1668)|peace treaty]] is established between [[Afonso VI of Portugal]] and [[Carlos II of Spain]], by mediation of [[Charles II of England]], in which the legitimacy of the Portuguese monarch is recognized. Portugal yields [[Ceuta]] to Spain. 
* c. February &ndash; The English Parliament and bishops seek to suppress [[Thomas Hobbes]]' treatise ''[[Leviathan (Hobbes book)|Leviathan]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Jenny Uglow|first=Jenny|last=Uglow|title=A Gambling Man|location=London|publisher=Faber|year=2010|orig-date=2009|isbn=978-0-571-21734-2|page=443}}</ref>
* [[March 8]] &ndash; In the [[Cretan War (1645–1669)|Cretan War]], the navy of the [[Republic of Venice]] defeats an Ottoman Empire naval force of 12 ships and 2,000 galleys that had attempted to seize a small Venetian galley near the port of [[Agia Pelagia]].
*[[March 22]] &ndash; Notable [[Privateer]] [[Henry Morgan]] lands in [[Cuba]] to raid and plunder the inland town of [[Puerto del Príncipe]] during the latter stages of the [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cruikshank |first1=Ernest Alexander |author1-link=Ernest Alexander Cruikshank |title=The Life of Sir Henry Morgan With an Account of the English Settlement of the Island of Jamaica (1655-1688) |date=1935 |publisher=Macmillan Company of Canada limited |pages=84–87|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSr2L48ibosC}}</ref>
* [[March 23]] &ndash; The [[Bawdy House Riots of 1668]] take place in [[London]] when a group of [[English Dissenters]] begins attacking [[brothel]]s, initially as a protest against the harsh enforcement of laws against private worshippers and the lack of enforcement of laws against prostitution. Over a period of three days, rioters who join in the violence destroy brothels in the London districts of Poplar,  Moorfields, East Smithfield, St Leonard's, Shoreditch, St Andrew's and Holborn.  
* [[March 27]] &ndash; King [[Charles II of England]] signs [[Royal Charter of 27 March 1668|an agreement]] with representatives of the [[English East India Company]] to lease the Indian city of [[Bombay]] (modern-day Mumbai) to the company for a rent of 10 pounds sterling per year, with transfer taking effect on September 21.

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 21]] &ndash; [[Henry Brouncker, 3rd Viscount Brouncker|Henry Brouncker]] is expelled from the English House of Commons for [[treason]] during the 1665 [[Battle of Lowestoft]] during the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]].
* [[April 22]] &ndash; [[Tenzin Dalai Khan]] is proclaimed as the new Protector King of Tibet by the [[5th Dalai Lama]], following the death of Tenzin's father, [[Dayan Khan]].
* [[April 24]] &ndash; [[Treaty of Breda (1667)|The Treaty of Breda]], signed in 1667 and ending the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]], goes into effect worldwide. 
* [[April 25]] &ndash; The [[Swedish Empire]] signs a treaty with England and the Dutch Republic to join the [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance]].
* [[May 2]] &ndash; The first [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]] ends the [[War of Devolution]].
* [[May 18]] &ndash; [[Charles Sedley]]'s comedy ''[[The Mulberry-Garden]]'' premieres at the Theatre Royal in London. 
* [[June 4]] &ndash; [[English Tangier|Tangier]], a city in Morocco that had come under control of the English colonial empire in 1661, is elevated by the English crown to the status of "free city".
* [[June 12]] &ndash; [[John Dryden]]'s play ''[[An Evening's Love]], or The Mock Astrologer'' premieres at the Theatre Royal in London in a performance by the [[King's Company]] players for King Charles and Queen Catherine.  
* [[June 16]] &ndash; A group of Spanish Jesuit missionaries become the first European settlers to arrive at the island of [[Guam]], founding a mission to convert the [[Chamorro people]] of the [[Mariana Islands]] to Christianity.  
* [[June 18]] &ndash; [[Petro Doroshenko]] is proclaimed by the Russian Empire as the [[hetman]] of all of [[Ukraine]], after having previously been granted leadership of the western half. [[Ivan Briukhovetsky]], who had ruled the eastern half and then led an uprising, is executed on the same day.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 7]] &ndash; Bishop [[Isaac Barrow (bishop)|Isaac Barrow]] founds the [[Bishop Barrow Trust]] with the intention of establishing a university on the [[Isle of Man]]; this becomes [[King William's College]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/jmmuseum/d029.htm|work=Journal of the Manx Museum|title=Bishop Barrow's Historic Deed|access-date=2014-08-28}}</ref>
* [[July 10]] &ndash; [[Henry Morgan's raid on Porto Bello]]: Welsh privateer [[Henry Morgan]] and 450 men under his command plunder the city of [[Portobelo, Colón|Portobello]] on the Isthmus of Panama and spend 14-days in the attack before withdrawing.  
*[[July 25]] &ndash; The magnitude 8.5 [[1668 Shandong earthquake|Shandong earthquake]] kills at least 43,000 people in China's [[Shandong]] province.<ref>{{cite web |title=25 July 1668 Tancheng (Shandong) |url=https://emidius.eu/GEH/info/?en=1668.0725 |publisher=Global Historical Earthquake Archive |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Jianshe Lei |author2=Dapeng Zhao |author3=Xiwei Xu |author4=Mofei Du |author5=Qi Mi |author6=Mingwen Lu |title=P-wave upper-mantle tomography of the Tanlu fault zone in eastern China |journal=Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors |date=2020 |volume=299 |article-number=106402 |doi=10.1016/j.pepi.2019.106402|bibcode=2020PEPI..29906402L |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*[[August 17]] &ndash; The magnitude 8.0 [[1668 North Anatolia earthquake|North Anatolia earthquake]] causes 8,000 deaths in northern [[Anatolia]], [[Ottoman Empire]], and is the most powerful earthquake recorded in Turkey.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/historical.php/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825081330/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/historical.php/ |archive-date=25 August 2009|title=Historic Worldwide Earthquakes |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|access-date=27 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zabci |first1=C. |last2=Akyüz |first2=H. S. |last3=Karabacak |first3=V. |last4=Sançar |first4=T. |last5=Altunel |first5=E. |last6=Gürsoy |first6=H. |last7=Tatar |first7=O. |year=2011 |title=Palaeoearthquakes on the Kelkit Valley Segment of the North Anatolian Fault, Turkey: Implications for the Surface Rupture of the Historical 17 August 1668 Anatolian Earthquake |url=http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/earth/issues/yer-11-20-4/yer-20-4-4-0910-48.pdf |journal=Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=20 |pages=411–427 |access-date=27 September 2021 |archive-date=September 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926193329/https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/earth/issues/yer-11-20-4/yer-20-4-4-0910-48.pdf }}</ref>
* [[September 9]] &ndash; [[Molière]]'s [[comedy]] ''[[The Miser]]'' (''L'Avare'') is first performed, in Paris.
* [[September 16]] &ndash; [[John II Casimir Vasa|Jan II Kazimierz Waza]] abdicates his titles of King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania after a 20-year reign.
* [[September 21]] &ndash; The [[British East India Company]] takes over [[Mumbai|Bombay]] under a Royal Charter of March 27.
* [[September 28]] &ndash; [[Diego de Salcedo]] is overthrown from his position as the Spanish [[Governor-General of the Philippines]] in a coup d'etat led by [[Juan Manuel de la Peña Bonifaz]].  Salcedo and other members of his administration are jailed and then sent into exile from [[Luzon]] to the island of [[Panay]], and his fortune is confiscated.

=== October &ndash;December === 
* [[October 5]] (September 25 O.S.) &ndash;  The English blockade of the Moroccan port of [[Salé]] begins as {{HMS|Garland|1660|6}} and [[HMS Francis (1666)|HMS ''Francis'']] retaliate for raids from the port by the Barbary pirates.  The blockade lasts for 10 days.
* [[October 7]] &ndash; French Jesuit missionary [[Jean Pierron]] arrives at the [[Mohawk Nation]] city of [[Tionondogen]] (near modern-day [[Palatine, New York]], U.S.) to replace [[Jacques Frémin]] in attempting to convert members of the Iroquois tribe to Christianity.  
* [[October 31]] &ndash; The English ship [[HMS Providence (1660)|HMS ''Providence'']] is wrecked at [[English Tangier|Tangier]] on the North African coast.
* [[November 8]] &ndash; [[Iliaș Alexandru]] steps down as the ''[[voivode]]'' or elected ruler of [[Moldavia]] (now part of [[Romania]] and the Republic of [[Moldova]]) and is replaced by his predecessor, [[George Ducas|Gheorghe Duca]].
* [[December 6]] &ndash; The [[Jesuati|Order of the Jesuati]], founded in [[1360]] by [[Giovanni Colombini]], is abolished by [[Pope Clement IX]].
* [[December 16]] &ndash; In [[China]], the 1661 edict of the "[[Great Clearance]]", the forcible evacuation of the coastal areas of [[Guangdong]], [[Fujian]], [[Zhejiang]], [[Jiangnan]], and [[Shandong]] in order to fight a rebellion, is rescinded by the [[Kangxi Emperor]] after lobbying by [[Zhou Youde]], the [[Viceroy of Liangguang]].   
* [[December 28]] &ndash; [[Fritz Cronman]] arrives in [[Moscow]] as the Swedish Empire's ambassador to the Russian Empire, accompanied by a staff of 35 people.

=== Date unknown ===
* One of the world's earliest [[central bank]]s, the [[Sveriges Riksbank]], is founded in [[Stockholm]], Sweden.
* Emperor [[Yohannes I]] of [[Ethiopia]] convenes a church council in [[Gondar]], which decides to expel all [[Roman Catholic]]s from the country.
* English scientist [[Isaac Newton]] builds the first [[reflecting telescope]] ([[Newton's reflector]]).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7R8LsvMcUioC&pg=PA67|title=Isaac Newton: adventurer in thought|author-link=Alfred Rupert Hall|first=Rupert|last=Hall|date=April 11, 1996|page=67|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56669-8}}</ref></onlyinclude>

== Births ==
[[File:GiambattistaVico.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Giambattista Vico]]]]
[[File:Herman Boerhaave by J Champan.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Herman Boerhaave]]]]
* [[May 8]] &ndash; [[Alain-René Lesage]], French writer (d. [[1747]])
* [[June 23]] &ndash; [[Giambattista Vico]], Italian philosopher and historian (d. [[1744]])
* [[July 21]] &ndash; [[Frederick Heinrich of Saxe-Zeitz-Pegau-Neustadt]] (d. [[1713]])
* [[September 8]] &ndash; [[Giorgio Baglivi]], Armenian doctor and writer (d. [[1707]])
* [[October 18]] &ndash; [[John George IV, Elector of Saxony]] (d. [[1694]])
* [[October 30]] &ndash; [[Sophia Charlotte of Hanover]], sister of King [[George I of Great Britain]] (d. [[1705]])
* [[November 10]] 
** [[Louis III, Prince of Condé]] (d. [[1710]]) 
** [[François Couperin]], French composer (d. [[1733]])
* [[November 11]] &ndash; [[Johann Albert Fabricius]], German scholar (d. [[1736]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Almut Spalding|author2=Almut Marianne Grützner Spalding|title=Elise Reimarus (1735-1805)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qjWc33Edq4gC&pg=PA518|year=2005|publisher=Königshausen & Neumann|isbn=978-3-8260-2813-7|page=518}}</ref>
* [[November 27]] &ndash; [[Henri François d'Aguesseau]], Chancellor of France (d. [[1751]])
* [[November 30]] &ndash; [[William August, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach]] (d. [[1671]])
* [[December 11]] &ndash; [[Apostolo Zeno]], Italian poet and journalist (d. [[1750]])
* [[December 31]] &ndash; [[Herman Boerhaave]], Dutch humanist and physician (d. [[1738]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Gerrit Arie Lindeboom|title=Herman Boerhaave: The Man and His Work|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F1NrAAAAMAAJ|year=1968|publisher=Methuen|isbn=978-0-416-10880-4|page=4}}</ref>
* ''date unknown'' &ndash; [[Stokkseyrar-Dísa]], Icelandic Galdrmistress (d. [[1728]])

== Deaths ==
[[File:Algernon Percy.jpeg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland]]]]
* [[January 6]] 
** [[Luis de Benavides Carrillo, Marquis of Caracena]] (b. [[1608]])
** [[Magdalene Sibylle of Saxony]], [[Crown Princess]] of Denmark (b. [[1617]])
* [[January 14]] &ndash; [[Arnauld de Oihenart]], Basque historian and poet (b. [[1592]])
* [[January 31]] &ndash; [[Hermann Busenbaum]], German Jesuit theologian (b. [[1600]])
* [[February 2]] &ndash; [[Antonio del Castillo y Saavedra]], Spanish artist (b. [[1616]])
* [[February 8]] &ndash; [[Alessandro Tiarini]], Italian painter (b. [[1577]])
* [[February 21]] &ndash; [[John Thurloe]], English Puritan spy (b. [[1616]])
* [[March 16]] &ndash; [[Francis Talbot, 11th Earl of Shrewsbury]] (b. [[1623]])
* [[April 12]] &ndash; [[Alexander Daniell]], sole proprietor of the Manor of Alverton, Cornwall (b. [[1599]])
* [[April 21]] &ndash; [[Jan Boeckhorst]], Flemish painter (b. c. [[1604]])
* [[May 1]] &ndash; [[Frans Luycx]], Flemish painter (b. [[1604]])
* [[May 8]] &ndash; [[Catherine of St. Augustine]], French nun and nurse of New France (b. [[1632]])
* [[May 9]] &ndash; [[Otto Christoph von Sparr]], German general (b. [[1599]])
* [[May 21]] &ndash; [[Christoph Delphicus zu Dohna]], Prussian-born Swedish soldier, diplomat (b. [[1628]])
* [[June 20]] &ndash; [[Heinrich Roth]], German Sanskrit scholar (b. [[1620]])
* [[July 26]] &ndash; [[Hans Svane]], Danish statesman (b. [[1606]])
* [[August 9]] &ndash; [[Jakob Balde]], German [[Latinist]] (b. [[1604]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Rudolf Steiner|title=Between Death and Rebirth: Ten Lectures Given in Berlin Between 5th November, 1912 and 1st April, 1913|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2rYAAAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Rudolf Steiner Press|isbn=978-0-85440-287-8|page=69}}</ref>
* [[August 23]] &ndash; [[Artus Quellinus the Elder]], Flemish sculptor (b. [[1609]])
* [[August 24]] &ndash; [[Tyman Oosdorp]], Dutch brewer and magistrate of Haarlem (b. [[1613]])
* [[September 16]] 
** [[Paolo Emilio Rondinini]], Italian Bishop of Assisi (b. [[1617]])
** [[Jan Miense Molenaer]], Dutch painter (b. [[1610]])
* [[September 19]] &ndash; Sir [[William Waller]], English Civil War general (b. c. [[1635]])
* [[October 12]] &ndash; [[Zacharias Wagenaer]], secretary, painter, then merchant and administrator (Dutch East-India Company) (b. [[1614]])
* [[October 13]] 
** [[Robert Sutton, 1st Baron Lexinton]], English politician (b. [[1594]])
** [[Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland]], English military leader (b. [[1602]])
* [[November 17]] &ndash; [[Joseph Alleine]], English non-conformist preacher (b. [[1634]])
* [[November 21]] &ndash; [[Adolf William, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach]] (b. [[1632]])
* [[December 3]] &ndash; [[William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury]], English earl (b. [[1591]])
* [[December 14]] &ndash; [[Charles Berkeley, 2nd Viscount Fitzhardinge]], English politician (b. [[1599]])
* [[December 23]] &ndash; [[Martin Bauzer]], Gorizian Jesuit priest and writer (b. [[1595]])<ref>{{cite book|title=Programm und Jahresbericht des K.K. Ober-Gymnasiums in Görz am Schlusse des Schuljahres 1856|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ARDJVnrkN24C&pg=PA7|date=1856|publisher=J. B. Seitz|page=7|language=de}}</ref>
* [[December 24]] &ndash; [[Wadham Wyndham (judge)|Wadham Wyndham]], English judge (b. [[1609]])
*''unknown date'' &ndash; [[Fang Weiyi]], Chinese poet, calligrapher, painter and literature historian (b. [[1585]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kang-i Sun Chang|author2=Haun Saussy|author3=Charles Yim-tze Kwong|title=Women Writers of Traditional China: An Anthology of Poetry and Criticism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRNnU-SpDyYC&pg=PA284|year=1999|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-3231-4|page=284}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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