View source for Lilium

{{short description|Genus of plants}}
{{redirect2|Lily|Lilies||Lilium (disambiguation)|and|Lily (disambiguation)|and|Lilies (disambiguation)}}
{{For|other plants called lilies|List of plants known as lily}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Lilium candidum 1.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Lilium candidum]]''
|display_parents = 2
|taxon = Lilium
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name=udder/>
|type_species = ''[[Lilium candidum]]''
|type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref>lectotype designated by N. L. Britton et A. Brown, Ill. Fl. N. U.S. ed. 2. 1: 502 (1913)</ref>
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = [[List of Lilium species]]
|synonyms =
  {{Genus list
  |Lirium|Scop., nom. illeg.
  |Martagon|Wolf
  |Martagon|(Rchb.) Opiz, nom. illeg.
  |Nomocharis|Franch.
  }}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=udder>{{cite web |title=''Lilium'' |url=http://wcsp.science.kew.org/synonomy.do?name_id=280381 |work=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=June 13, 2014 |archive-date=November 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114041221/http://wcsp.science.kew.org/synonomy.do?name_id=280381 }}</ref>
}}

'''''Lilium''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɪ|l|i|ə|m}} {{respell|LIL|ee|əm}})<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|lilium}}</ref> is a [[genus]] of [[Herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] [[flowering plant]]s growing from bulbs, all with large and often prominent flowers. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in [[culture]] and literature in much of the world. Most species are native to the [[Northern Hemisphere]] and their range is [[temperate climate]]s and extends into the [[subtropics]]. Many other plants have "lily" in their [[common name]]s, but do not belong to the same genus and are therefore not true lilies. True lilies are known to be highly toxic to cats.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Langston |first=Cathy E. |date=2002-01-01 |title=Acute renal failure caused by lily ingestion in six cats |url=https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/220/1/javma.2002.220.49.xml |journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |volume=220 |issue=1 |pages=49–52 |doi=10.2460/javma.2002.220.49 |pmid=12680447 |issn=0003-1488}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Lillium Stamens.jpg|upright=1.15|thumb|''[[Lilium longiflorum]]'' flower – 1. [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]], 2. [[style (botany)|style]], 3. [[anther]]s, 4. filament, 5. [[tepal]]]]
Lilies are tall [[perennial plant|perennials]] ranging in height from {{convert|1|-|6|ft|cm|abbr=on|-1}}. They form naked or tunicless scaly underground [[bulb]]s which are their organs of [[perennation]]. In some North American species the base of the bulb develops into [[rhizome]]s, on which numerous small bulbs are found. Some species develop [[stolon]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Batygina |first=T. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=33yUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT217 |title=Embryology of Flowering Plants: Terminology and Concepts, Vol. 3: Reproductive Systems |date=2019-04-23 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-429-52671-8 |language=en}}</ref> Most bulbs are buried deep in the ground, but a few species form bulbs near the soil surface. Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out [[adventitious]] roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb, a number of species also produce contractile roots that move the bulbs deeper into the soil.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gracie |first=Carol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6cvADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA230 |title=Summer Wildflowers of the Northeast: A Natural History |date=2020-04-28 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-20330-0 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Lily, petal.jpg|upright|thumb|Lily, petal]]
The flowers are large, often fragrant, and come in a wide range of colors including whites, yellows, oranges, pinks, reds and purples. Markings include spots and brush strokes. The plants are late spring- or summer-flowering. Flowers are borne in [[raceme]]s or [[umbel]]s at the tip of the stem, with six [[tepals]] spreading or reflexed, to give flowers varying from funnel shape to a "Turk's cap". The tepals are free from each other, and bear a [[nectary]] at the base of each flower. The ovary is 'superior', borne above the point of attachment of the [[anthers]]. The [[fruit]] is a three-celled capsule.<ref name='European Garden Flora'>European Garden Flora; Volume 1</ref>
[[File:2012-01-04 17-57-36-lys.jpg|upright|thumb|Stamen of lilium]]
[[Seed]]s ripen in late summer. They exhibit varying and sometimes complex [[germination]] patterns, many adapted to cool temperate climates.

Most cool temperate species are [[deciduous]] and dormant in winter in their native environment. But some species native to areas with hot summers and mild winters (''[[Lilium candidum]]'', ''[[Lilium catesbaei]]'', ''[[Lilium longiflorum]]'') lose their leaves and enter a short dormant period in summer or autumn, sprout from autumn to winter, forming dwarf stems bearing a basal rosette of leaves until, after they have received sufficient chilling, the stem begins to elongate in warming weather.
[[File:Lilium candidum MHNT.BOT.2011.18.27.jpg|upright|thumb|''Lilium candidum'' seeds]]
The basic [[chromosome number]] is twelve (n=12).<ref>{{cite journal|first1= Veli-Pekka|last1= Pelkonen|first2= Anna-Maria|last2= Pirttilä|year= 2012|title= Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Lilium|journal= Floriculture and Ornamental Biotechnology|volume= 6 |issue=Special Issue 2|pages= 1–8|url= http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/Online/GSBOnline/images/2012/FOB_6(SI2)/FOB_6(SI2)1-8o.pdf|access-date= 2016-07-29|archive-date= 2016-10-08|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161008030720/http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/Online/GSBOnline/images/2012/FOB_6(SI2)/FOB_6(SI2)1-8o.pdf}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
Taxonomical division in [[Section (botany)|sections]] follows the classical division of Comber,<ref>Harold Comber, 1949. "A new classification of the genus ''Lilium''". Lily Yearbook, Royal Hortic. Soc., London. 15:86–105.</ref> species acceptance follows the [[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]],<ref>{{cite web |title=''Lilium'' |url=https://apps.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do?plantName=Lilium |editor1-last=Govaerts |editor1-first=R. |work=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2013-02-03 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901205003/https://wcsp.science.kew.org/prepareChecklist.do;jsessionid=3BE0008163BD6F022E834E66AE060A21.kppapp06-wcsp?checklist=selected_families%40%40245010920202150381 |url-status=live }}</ref> the taxonomy of section ''Pseudolirium'' is from the Flora of North America,<ref>Flora of North America, Vol. 26, [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=118558 Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015010208/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=118558 |date=2012-10-15 }}</ref> the taxonomy of Section ''Liriotypus'' is given in consideration of Resetnik et al. 2007,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00606-006-0513-y |author1=Resetnik I. |author2=Liber Z. |author3=Satovic Z. |author4=Cigic P. |author5=Nikolic T. |title=Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the ''Lilium carniolicum'' group (Liliaceae) based on nuclear ITS sequences |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=265 |issue=1–2 |pages=45–58 |year=2007 |bibcode=2007PSyEv.265...45R |s2cid=32644749 }}</ref> the taxonomy of Chinese species (various sections) follows the Flora of China<ref>Flora of China, Vol. 24, [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=118558 eFloras.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912151935/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=118558 |date=2012-09-12 }}</ref> and the taxonomy of Section ''Sinomartagon'' follows Nishikawa et al.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Nishikawa Tomotaro |author2=Okazaki Keiichi |author3=Arakawa Katsuro |author4=Nagamine Tsukasa |title=Phylogenetic Analysis of Section ''Sinomartagon'' in Genus ''Lilium'' Using Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer Region in Nuclear Ribosomal DNA |journal=育種学雑誌 Breeding Science |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=39–46  |year=2001 |url=http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsbbs/51/1/51_39/_article/-char/en |doi=10.1270/jsbbs.51.39|doi-access=free |bibcode=2001BrSci..51...39N }}</ref> as does the taxonomy of Section ''Archelirion''.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Nishikawa Tomotaro |author2=Okazaki Keiichi |author3=Nagamine Tsukasa |title=Phylogenetic Relationships among ''Lilium auratum'' Lindley, ''L. auratum'' var. ''platyphyllum'' Baker and ''L. rubellum'' Baker Based on Three Spacer Regions in Chloroplast DNA |journal=育種学雑誌 Breeding Science |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=207–213 |year=2002 |url=http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsbbs/52/3/52_207/_article |doi=10.1270/jsbbs.52.207|doi-access=free |bibcode=2002BrSci..52..207N }}</ref>

The ''Sinomartagon'' are divided into three [[paraphyletic]] groups, while the ''Leucolirion'' are divided into two paraphyletic groups.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Li Juan |author2=Cai Jing |author3=Qin Huan-Huan |author4=Price Megan |author5=Zhang Zhen |author6=Yu Yan |author7=Xie Deng-Feng |author8=He Xing-Jin |author9=Zhou Song-Dong |author10=Gao Xin-Fen |title=Phylogeny, Age, and Evolution of Tribe Lilieae (Liliaceae) Based on Whole Plastid Genomes |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=12 |date=2022 |article-number=699226 |issn=1664-462X |doi=10.3389/fpls.2021.699226|pmid=35178055 |pmc=8845482 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022FrPS...1299226L }}</ref>

There are seven sections:
*''Martagon''
*''Pseudolirium''
*''Liriotypus''
*''Archelirion''
*''Sinomartagon''
*''Leucolirion''
*''Daurolirion''

There are 119 species counted in this genus.<ref name="POWO" /> For a full list of accepted species with their native ranges, see [[List of Lilium species]].

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Picture !! Section !! Sub Section !!Botanical name !! common name
|-
| [[File:Lilium distichum.jpg|120px]]|| Martagon || || ''[[Lilium distichum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Hanson's Lily Lilium hansonii Flowers 1842px.jpg|120px]]|| Martagon ||  || ''[[Lilium hansonii]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lil martagon var cattaniae 01Infl Griechenland Rhodopen 16 07 01.jpg|120px]]|| Martagon ||  || ''[[Lilium martagon]]'' || Martagon or Turk's cap lily
|-
| [[File:Lilium medeoloides 220708.JPG|120px]]|| Martagon ||  || ''[[Lilium medeoloides]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium tsingtauense.jpg|120px]]|| Martagon ||  || ''[[Lilium tsingtauense]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium bolanderi.jpg|120px]]||Pseudolirium ||2a|| ''[[Lilium bolanderi]]'' || Bolander's Lily
|-
|-[[File:Lilium columbianum.jpg|120px]]||Pseudolirium ||2a|| ''[[Lilium columbianum]]'' || Columbia Lily or Tiger Lily
|-
|-[[File:Lilium humboldtii ssp ocellatum.jpg|120px]]||Pseudolirium ||2a|| ''[[Lilium humboldtii]]'' || Humboldt's lily
|-
| [[File:LiliumPuberulum.png|120px]]||Pseudolirium ||2a|| ''[[Lilium humboldtii|Lilium puberulum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium kelloggii.jpg|120px]]||Pseudolirium ||2a|| ''[[Lilium kelloggii]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium rubescens edit.jpg|120px]]||Pseudolirium ||2a|| ''[[Lilium rubescens]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium washingtonianum 3.jpg|120px]]||Pseudolirium ||2a|| ''[[Lilium washingtonianum]]'' || Washington Lily, Shasta Lily, or Mt. Hood Lily
|-
| [[File:Lilium kelleyanum.jpg|120px]]||Pseudolirium  ||2b|| ''[[Lilium kelleyanum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium maritimum 2.jpg|120px]]||Pseudolirium  ||2b|| ''[[Lilium maritimum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium occidentale.jpg|120px]]||Pseudolirium  ||2b|| ''[[Lilium occidentale]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium pardalinum.jpg|120px]]||Pseudolirium  ||2b|| ''[[Lilium pardalinum]]'' || Panther or Leopard lily
|-
| [[File:Lilium parryi.jpg|120px]]||Pseudolirium  ||2b|| ''[[Lilium parryi]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium parvum 2.jpg|120px]]||Pseudolirium  ||2b|| ''[[Lilium parvum]]'' || Sierra tiger lily or Alpine lily
|-
| [[File:CanadaLily.jpg|120px]]||Pseudolirium  ||2c|| ''[[Lilium canadense]]'' || Canada Lily or Meadow Lily
|-
| [[File:Lilium grayi 2.jpg|120px]]||Pseudolirium  ||2c|| ''[[Lilium grayi]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium iridollae.jpg|120px]]||Pseudolirium  ||2c|| ''[[Lilium iridollae]]''||
|-
| [[File:Tiger-lily.JPG|120px]]||Pseudolirium  ||2c|| ''[[Lilium michiganense]]'' || Michigan Lily
|-
| [[File:Lilium michauxii.jpg|120px]]||Pseudolirium  ||2c|| ''[[Lilium michauxii]]'' || Carolina Lily
|-
| [[File:LiliumSuperbum1.jpg|120px]]||Pseudolirium  ||2c|| ''[[Lilium superbum]]'' || Swamp lily or American tiger lily
|-
| [[File:L.pyrophilum3r.JPG|120px]]||Pseudolirium ||2c|| ''[[Lilium pyrophilum]]'' || Sandhills Lily<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242101744 |title=Lilium pyrophilum in Flora of North America @ |publisher=Efloras.org |access-date=2013-02-03 |archive-date=2012-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020075459/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242101744 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Lilium catesbaei1LEPPYONE.jpg|120px]]||Pseudolirium ||2d || ''[[Lilium catesbaei]]''||
|-
| [[File:Wild Lily Blooming along Dog Lake Trail at Kootenay National Park.jpg|120px]]||Pseudolirium ||2d|| ''[[Lilium philadelphicum]]'' || Wood lily, Philadelphia lily or prairie lily
|-
| [[File:Lilium candidum 1.jpg|120px]]||Liriotypus||3a || ''[[Lilium candidum]]'' || Madonna lily
|-
| [[File:Lil albanicum 1aEB Griechenland Katarapass 14 06 00.jpg|120px]]||Liriotypus||3b || ''[[Lilium albanicum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium bosniacum.JPG|120px]]||Liriotypus||3b || ''[[Lilium bosniacum]] ''  (''Lilium carniolicum var. bosniacum'')||
|-
| [[File:Lil chalcedonicum 01EB Griechenland Hrisomiglia 17 07 01.jpg|120px]]||Liriotypus||3b || ''[[Lilium chalcedonicum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium carniolicum.jpg|120px]]||Liriotypus||3b || ''[[Lilium carniolicum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium ciliatum (2).jpg|120px]]||Liriotypus||3b || ''[[Lilium ciliatum]]''||
|-
|  ||Liriotypus||3b|| ''[[Lilium heldreichii]]''||
|-
| [[File:LiliumJankaeBulgaria1.jpg|120px]]||Liriotypus||3b || ''[[Lilium jankae]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium pomponium.jpg|120px]]||Liriotypus||3b || ''[[Lilium pomponium]]'' || Turban lily
|-
| [[File:Lil carniolicum subsp ponticum 01EB Tuerkei Ikizdere 02 07 93.jpg|120px]]||Liriotypus||3b || ''[[Lilium ponticum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium pyrenaicum.jpg|120px]]||Liriotypus||3b || ''[[Lilium pyrenaicum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lii akkusianum 01aHab Tuerkei Akkus 07 07 93.jpg|120px]]||Liriotypus||3c || ''[[Lilium akkusianum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lil kesselringianum 01Hab Tuerkei Ardahan Savsat 04 07 94.jpg|120px]]||Liriotypus||3c || ''[[Lilium kesselringianum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium monadelphum.JPG|120px]]||Liriotypus||3c || ''[[Lilium monadelphum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lil rhodopeum 01Infl Griechenland Rhodopen Livaditis 12 06 00.jpg|120px]]||Liriotypus||3c || ''[[Lilium rhodopeum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium szovitsianum (Flower).jpg|120px]]||Liriotypus||3c || ''[[Lilium szovitsianum]]'' || Polish Lily
|-
| [[File:Lilium polyphyllum.jpg|120px]]||Liriotypus||3c || ''[[Lilium polyphyllum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium ledebourii 2.jpg|120px]]||Liriotypus||3c || ''[[Lilium ledebourii]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium bulbiferum mg-k.jpg|120px]]||Liriotypus||3d || ''[[Lilium bulbiferum]]'' || Orange Lily or Fire Lily
|-
| [[File:Lilium speciosum.jpg|120px]]||Archelirion ||4a || ''[[Lilium speciosum]]'' || Japanese lily
|-
| [[File:LiliumAuratumVVirginaleBluete2Rework.jpg|120px]]||Archelirion||4b || ''[[Lilium auratum]]'' || Golden rayed lily of Japan, or Goldband lily
|-
| [[File:Lilium longiflorum var alexandrae.jpg|120px]]||Archelirion||4c|| ''[[Lilium alexandrae]]'' ||
|-
|[[File:Lilium japonicum 'Hyuga form' 2.jpg|120px|Lilium japonicum 'Hyuga form' in Mount Hokodake]]||Archelirion||4c || ''[[Lilium japonicum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium nobilissimum.jpg|120px]]||Archelirion||4c||''[[Lilium nobilissimum]]''||
|-
|[[File:Lilium brownii.jpg|120px]]||Archelirion||4d || ''[[Lilium brownii]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium rubellum.jpg|120px]]||Archelirion||4d|| ''[[Lilium rubellum]]''||
|-
|[[File:Lilium auratum var. platyphyllum.jpg|120px]]||Archelirion||4d || ''[[Lilium auratum|Lilium platyphyllum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium davidii 5.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon ||5a|| ''[[Lilium davidii]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium duchartrei.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5a || ''[[Lilium duchartrei]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium henryi Inflorescence BotGardBln0806b.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5a|| ''[[Lilium henryi]]'' || Tiger Lily or Henry's lily
|-
| [[File:Tigerlilysmall.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5a || ''[[Lilium lancifolium]]'' || Tiger Lily (often known as ''L. tigrinum'')
|-
| [[File:Lilium lankongense2.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5a|| ''[[Lilium lankongense]]''||
|-
| [[File:leichtlinii.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5a || ''[[Lilium leichtlinii]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium papilliferum (1) edit.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5a|| ''[[Lilium papilliferum]]''||
|-
| [[File:LiliumRosthorniiFlora.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5a|| ''[[Lilium rosthornii]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium amabile.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5b|| ''[[Lilium amabile]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium callosum.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5b|| ''[[Lilium callosum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium cernuum.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5b|| ''[[Lilium cernuum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium concolor.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5b || ''[[Lilium concolor]]'' || Morning Star Lily
|-
| [[File:Lilium fargesii.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5b || ''[[Lilium fargesii]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium pumilum (Flower) 1.JPG|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5b || ''[[Lilium pumilum]]'' || Coral Lily, Low Lily, or Siberian Lily
|-
| ||Sinomartagon||5b|| ''[[Lilium xanthellum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium amoenum.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5c|| ''[[Lilium amoenum]]''||
|-
| ||Sinomartagon||5c|| ''[[Lilium arboricola]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium bakerianum.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5c|| ''[[Lilium bakerianum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lil euxanthum 02aHab China Yunnan Pass 4150 m 22 06 01.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5c|| ''[[Lilium euxanthum]]''||
|-
| ||Sinomartagon||5c|| ''[[Lilium henrici]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lil lophophorum 01aHab China Yunnan Big Snow Pass 19 06 01.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5c || ''[[Lilium lophophorum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Siroi Lily.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5c || ''[[Lilium mackliniae]]'' || Siroi Lily
|-
| [[File:Lilium majoense.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5c|| ''[[Lilium majoense]] ''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium nanum.JPG|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5c|| ''[[Lilium nanum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium nepalense (flower).jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5c || ''[[Lilium nepalense]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium oxypetalum var insigne.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5c|| ''[[Lilium oxypetalum]]''||
|-
| ||Sinomartagon||5c|| ''[[Lilium paradoxum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Poilanei.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5c  || ''[[Lilium poilanei]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium primulinum var.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon ||5c|| ''[[Lilium primulinum]]''||
|-
| ||Sinomartagon||5c|| ''[[Lilium sempervivoideum]]''||
|-
| ||Sinomartagon||5c|| ''[[Lilium sherriffiae]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium souliei.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5c|| ''[[Lilium souliei]]''||
|-
| ||Sinomartagon||5c|| ''[[Lilium stewartianum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium taliense.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5c|| ''[[Lilium taliense]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium wardii.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5c || ''[[Lilium wardii]]''||
|-
| ||Sinomartagon||5?|| ''[[Lilium brevistylum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium tenii lykkegaard.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5?|| ''[[Lilium lijiangense]]''||
|-
| ||Sinomartagon||5?|| ''[[Lilium anhuiense]]''||
|-
| ||Sinomartagon||5?|| ''[[Lilium eupetes]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lil habaense 01aEB China Yunnan Gang Ho Ba 25 06 01.jpg|120px]]||Sinomartagon||5? || ''[[Lilium habaense]]''||
|-
| ||Sinomartagon||5?|| ''[[Lilium huidongense]]''||
|-
| ||Sinomartagon||5?|| ''[[Lilium jinfushanense]]''||
|-
| ||Sinomartagon||5?|| ''[[Lilium matangense]]''||
|-
| ||Sinomartagon||5?|| ''[[Lilium medogense]]''||
|-
| ||Sinomartagon||5?|| ''[[Lilium pinifolium]]''||
|-
| ||Sinomartagon||5?|| ''[[Lilium pyi]]''||
|-
| ||Sinomartagon||5?|| ''[[Lilium saccatum]]''||
|-
| ||Sinomartagon||5?|| ''[[Lilium tianschanicum]]''||
|-
| ||Sinomartagon||5?|| ''[[Lilium floridum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium leucanthum var. centifolium.jpg|120px]]||Leucolirion||6a|| ''[[Lilium leucanthum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lil regale 01Infl China Sichuan Wolong 18 06 04.jpg|120px]]||Leucolirion||6a || ''[[Lilium regale]]''||
|-
| [[File:LiliumSargentiae.jpg|120px]]||Leucolirion||6a|| ''[[Lilium sargentiae]]''||
|-
| [[File:Liliumsulphureumflower2.jpg|120px]]||Leucolirion||6a|| ''[[Lilium sulphureum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium wenshanense.jpg|120px]]||Leucolirion||6a|| ''[[Lilium wenshanense]]''||
|-
| ||Leucolirion||6b|| ''[[Lilium anhuiense]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium formosanum.jpg|120px]]||Leucolirion||6b|| ''[[Lilium formosanum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium longiflorum (Easter Lily).JPG|120px]]||Leucolirion||6b || ''[[Lilium longiflorum]]'' || Easter Lily
|-
| ||Leucolirion||6b|| ''[[Lilium neilgherrense]]''||
|-
| [[File:LiliumPhillipinenseFlora6.jpg|120px]]||Leucolirion||6b|| ''[[Lilium philippinense]]''|| Benguet lily<ref name=ShootGardening>{{cite news|title=Lilium philippinense (Benguet lily)|url=http://www.shootgardening.co.uk/plant/lilium-philippinense|access-date=10 February 2015|publisher=Shoot Limited|archive-date=10 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210212144/http://www.shootgardening.co.uk/plant/lilium-philippinense}}</ref><ref name=SunStar>{{cite news|title=Park personnel rear vanishing Benguet lily|url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/baguio/local-news/2013/08/13/park-personnel-rear-vanishing-benguet-lily-297618|access-date=10 February 2015|publisher=[[Sun.Star]] Baguio|date=13 August 2013|archive-date=10 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210202625/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/baguio/local-news/2013/08/13/park-personnel-rear-vanishing-benguet-lily-297618}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Lilium wallichianum.jpg|120px]]||Leucolirion||6b|| ''[[Lilium wallichianum]]''||
|-
| ||Leucolirion||6b|| ''[[Lilium zairii]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium puerense (1).jpg|120px]]||Leucolirion||6b|| ''[[Lilium puerense]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium dauricum.jpg|120px]]||Daurolirion|| || ''[[Lilium dauricum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium maculatum flower.jpg|120px]]||Daurolirion|| || ''[[Lilium maculatum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium pensylvanicum.jpg|120px]]||Daurolirion|| || ''[[Lilium pensylvanicum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium armenum.jpg|120px]]|| || ||''[[Lilium armenum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium bosniacum.JPG|120px]]|| || ||''[[Lilium bosniacum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium columbianum by creek.jpg|120px]]|| || ||''[[Lilium columbianum]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium debile (Drawing).jpg|120px]]|| || ||''[[Lilium debile]]''||
|-
| [[File:Lilium humboldtii 1.jpg|120px]]|| || ||''[[Lilium humboldtii]]''||
|-
| || || ||''[[Lilium rockii]]''||
|}

Some species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These genera include ''[[Cardiocrinum]]'', ''[[Notholirion]]'', and ''[[Fritillaria]]''.<ref>{{cite POWO |id=925333-1 |title=''Cardiocrinum'' (Endl.) Lindl. |access-date=17 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite POWO |id=24568-1 |title=''Notholirion'' Wall. ex Boiss. |access-date=17 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite POWO |id=30008840-2 |title=''Fritillaria'' Tourn. ex L. |access-date=17 October 2024}}</ref> Four other genuses, 
''Lirium'', ''Martagon'', and ''Nomocharis'' are considered to [[Synonym (botany)|synonyms]] by most sources.<ref name="POWO">{{cite POWO |id=30009317-2 |title=''Lilium'' Tourn. ex L. |access-date=17 October 2024}}</ref>

===Etymology===
The botanic name ''Lilium'' is the [[Latin]] form and is a [[Linnaean taxonomy|Linnaean]] name. The Latin name is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word {{lang|el|λείριον}} ''leírion'', generally assumed to refer to true, white lilies as exemplified by the [[Madonna lily]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hyam |first1=R. |last2=Pankhurst |first2=R.J. |year=1995 |title=Plants and their names: a concise dictionary |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-866189-4 |name-list-style=amp |page=186 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://members.shaw.ca/lilynet/netlil/id35.htm |title = Classification |website= Lily Net |access-date = 22 June 2008 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20080415193108/http://members.shaw.ca/lilynet/netlil/id35.htm| archive-date = 15 April 2008}}</ref><ref name="Liddel">{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=lei/rion |title=λείριον |last1=Liddell |first1=Henry George|last2=Scott|first2=Robert |work=A Greek-English Lexicon |publisher=Perseus Digital Library |date= 1940 }}</ref> The word was borrowed from [[Coptic language|Coptic]] {{lang|cop|ϩ̀ⲣⲏⲣⲓ}},<ref> {{cite book |last=Beekes |first=Robert S. P. |title=Etymological Dictionary of Greek |publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV |year=2010 |page=845 |url=https://archive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-greek_202306/ |access-date=2025-06-12}} </ref> from [[Demotic Egyptian language|Demotic]] {{transliteration|egy|ḥrry}}, from [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]] {{transliteration|egy|ḥrr.t}} "flower".<ref> {{cite book |last=Crum |first=W. E. |title=A Coptic Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1939 |page=704 |url=https://archive.org/details/copticdictionary0000crum/ |access-date=2025-06-12}} {{cite web |url=https://coptic-dictionary.org/entry.py?tla=C6808 |title=ϩⲣⲏⲣⲉ |website=Coptic Dictionary Online |access-date=2025-06-12}} </ref> {{langx|grc|κρῖνον|label=}}, {{transliteration|grc|krīnon}},  was used by the Greeks, albeit for lilies of any color.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Lily |volume=16 |page=687}}</ref>

The term "lily" has in the past been applied to numerous flowering plants, often with only superficial resemblance to the true lily, including [[water lily (disambiguation)|water lily]], [[fire lily (disambiguation)|fire lily]], [[lily of the Nile (disambiguation)|lily of the Nile]], [[calla Lily (disambiguation)|calla lily]], [[trout lily]], [[kaffir lily]], [[cobra lily (disambiguation)|cobra lily]], [[lily of the valley]], [[daylily]], [[ginger lily (disambiguation)|ginger lily]], [[Amazon lily]], [[leek lily]], [[Peruvian lily]], and others. All English translations of the Bible render the Hebrew ''shūshan'', ''shōshan'', ''shōshannā'' as "lily", but the "lily among the thorns" of ''[[Song of Songs|Song of Solomon]]'', for instance, may be the honeysuckle.<ref>{{cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed.|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-19-920687-2|page=3804}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Lilium_martagon_Tauerntal_01.jpg|thumb|[[Lilium martagon|Turk's cap lily]] growing in the [[Carinthian-Styrian Alps|Carinthian Alps]]|upright]]
The range of lilies in the Old World extends across much of Europe,  across most of Asia to Japan, south to India, and east to Indochina and the Philippines. In the New World they extend from southern Canada through much of the United States. They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, often [[mountain|montane]], or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland and [[epiphyte]]s are known in tropical southeast Asia. In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime-free soils.

==Ecology==
Lilies are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including the [[Dun-bar]].

The proliferation of deer (e.g. ''[[Odocoileus virginianus]]'') in North America, mainly due to factors such as the elimination of large predators for human safety, is responsible there for a downturn in lily populations in the wild and is a threat to garden lilies as well.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.esa.org/tiee/vol/v2/issues/figure_sets/deer/overview.html |title=Ecological Impacts of High Deer Densities |website=Teaching Issues and Experiments in Ecology |date=2004 |publisher=Ecological Society of America |access-date=2019-11-27 |archive-date=2019-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127164404/https://www.esa.org/tiee/vol/v2/issues/figure_sets/deer/overview.html }}</ref> Fences as high as 8 feet may be required to prevent them from consuming the plants, an impractical solution for most wild areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://homeguides.sfgate.com/deer-eat-hostas-lilies-104420.html |title=Will Deer Eat Hostas & Lilies? |website=SFGate |publisher=Hearst |access-date=2019-11-27 |archive-date=2019-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127164343/https://homeguides.sfgate.com/deer-eat-hostas-lilies-104420.html }}</ref>

==Cultivation==
Many species are widely grown in the garden in [[temperateness|temperate]], [[sub-tropical]] and [[tropical]] regions.<ref>{{cite web | title=Azucenas en tierra boricua trascienden generaciones [Lilium in Puerto Rican land transcend generations] | website=El Nuevo Día | date=2017-07-08 | url=https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/locales/notas/azucenas-en-tierra-boricua-trascienden-generaciones/ | language=es | access-date=2020-07-19 | archive-date=2020-07-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719222643/https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/locales/notas/azucenas-en-tierra-boricua-trascienden-generaciones/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Numerous ornamental [[Hybrid plant|hybrids]] have been developed. They are used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as patio plants. Some lilies, especially ''[[Lilium longiflorum]]'', form important [[cut flower]] crops or potted plants. These are forced to flower outside of the normal flowering season for particular markets; for instance, ''Lilium longiflorum'' for the Easter trade, when it may be called the Easter lily.

Lilies are usually planted as bulbs in the dormant season. They are best planted in a south-facing (northern hemisphere), slightly sloping aspect, in sun or part shade, at a depth 2½ times the height of the bulb (except ''[[Lilium candidum]]'' which should be planted at the surface). Most prefer a porous, loamy soil, and good drainage is essential. Most species bloom in July or August (northern hemisphere). The flowering periods of certain lily species begin in late spring, while others bloom in late summer or early autumn.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lily|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/341076/lily|access-date=2014-02-19|year=2016|archive-date=2014-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225070146/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/341076/lily|url-status=live}}</ref> They have contractile roots which pull the plant down to the correct depth, therefore it is better to plant them too shallowly than too deep. A [[soil pH]] of around 6.5 is generally safe. Most grow best in well-drained soils, and plants are watered during the growing season. Some species and cultivars have strong wiry stems, but those with heavy flower heads are staked to stay upright.<ref>{{cite book|title=RHS encyclopedia of plants & flowers|year=2010|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1-4053-5423-3|page=744}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jefferson-Brown|first=Michael|title=Lilies|series=Wisley handbooks|year=2008|publisher=Mitchell Beazley|location=London|isbn=978-1-84533-384-3|page=96}}</ref>

===Awards===
The following lily species and [[cultivar]]s currently hold the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]] (confirmed 2017):<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants – Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 60 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 2 March 2018 | archive-date = 5 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180105180412/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=ourCountryGarden>{{cite web |title=''British Gardening Statistics'' |url=https://ourcountrygarden.co.uk/british-gardening-statistics/ |work=British Gardening Statistics |date=10 May 2024 |publisher=Our Country Garden |access-date=January 28, 2025 }}</ref>
[[File:Lilium Golden Splendour3.jpg|thumb|'Golden Splendor']]
*African Queen Group (VI-/a) 2002 H6
*'Casa Blanca' (VIIb/b-c) 1993 H6
*'Fata Morgana' (Ia/b) 2002 H6 
*'Garden Party' (VIIb/b) 2002 H6
*Golden Splendor Group (VIb-c/a)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/42234/i-Lilium-i-Golden-Splendor-Group-(Vib-c-a)/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder – ''Lilium'' Golden Splendor Group | access-date = 22 March 2018 | archive-date = 24 March 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224220/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/42234/i-Lilium-i-Golden-Splendor-Group-(Vib-c-a)/Details }}</ref> 
*''[[Lilium henryi]]'' (IXc/d) 1993 H6 
* ''[[Lilium mackliniae]]'' (IXc/a) 2012 H5
* ''[[Lilium martagon]]'' – Turk's cap lily (IXc/d)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10205/i-Lilium-martagon-i-(Ixc-d)/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder – ''Lilium martagon'' | access-date = 22 March 2018 | archive-date = 25 March 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180325044941/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10205/i-Lilium-martagon-i-(Ixc-d)/Details }}</ref> 
* ''[[Lilium pardalinum]]'' – leopard lily (IXc/d)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10221/i-Lilium-pardalinum-i-(Ixc-d)/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder – ''Lilium pardalinum'' | access-date = 22 March 2018 | archive-date = 24 March 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224217/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10221/i-Lilium-pardalinum-i-(Ixc-d)/Details }}</ref> 
*Pink Perfection Group (VIb/a)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/61747/i-Lilium-i-Pink-Perfection-Group-(Vib-a)/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder – ''Lilium'' Pink Perfection Group | access-date = 22 March 2018 | archive-date = 24 March 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224213/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/61747/i-Lilium-i-Pink-Perfection-Group-(Vib-a)/Details }}</ref> 
* ''[[Lilium regale]]'' – regal lily, king's lily (IXb/a)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10248/i-Lilium-regale-i-(Ixb-a)/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder – ''Lilium regale'' | access-date = 2 March 2018 | archive-date = 24 March 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224413/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10248/i-Lilium-regale-i-(Ixb-a)/Details }}</ref>

===Classification of garden forms===
Numerous forms, mostly hybrids, are grown for the garden. They vary according to the species and interspecific hybrids that they derived from, and are classified in the following broad groups:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lilies.org/culture/types-of-lilies/ |title=North American Lily Society: Types of Lilies |publisher=Lilies.org |access-date=2013-02-03 |archive-date=2013-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103073939/http://www.lilies.org/culture/types-of-lilies/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1-4053-3296-5|page=1136}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The RHS is the International Registration Authority for lilies|url=http://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/plantsmanship/plant-registration/Lily-cultivar-registration|access-date=2014-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521152642/http://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/plantsmanship/plant-registration/Lily-cultivar-registration|archive-date=2014-05-21}}</ref>

====Asiatic hybrids (Division I)====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:Lilium canadense.JPG
File:Dwarf Asian Lily Tiny Dessert (closeup).jpg
File:Lilium %27Navona%272.jpg
File:Lily Festival 2009 Neepawa Manitoba Canada %2816%29.JPG
File:Lilium Cappuccino.jpg
File:Lilium Dimension.JPG
</gallery>
: These are derived from hybrids between species in ''Lilium'' [[Section (botany)|section]] ''Sinomartagon''.<ref name=Barba-Gonzalez>{{cite journal |author1=Barba-Gonzalez, R. |author2=Lokker, A.C. |author3=Lim, K.B. |author4=Ramanna, M.S. |author5=Van Tuyl, J.M. |year=2004 |title=Use of 2n gametes for the production of sexual polyploids from sterile Oriental × Asiatic hybrids of lilies (''Lilium'') |journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics |volume=109 |issue=6 |pages=1125–1132 |doi=10.1007/s00122-004-1739-0|pmid=15290047 |s2cid=7992120 }}</ref><ref name=Tuyl>{{cite journal |url=http://www.liliumbreeding.nl/LA%2010715.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606230707/http://www.liliumbreeding.nl/LA%2010715.pdf |archive-date=2014-06-06 |title=''Lilium'': Breeding History of the Modern Cultivar Assortment |last1=van Tuyl |first1=J.M.|last2=Arens |first2=P. |journal=Acta Horticulturae |volume=900 |year=2011 |pages=223–230 }}</ref>
: They are derived from central and East Asian species and interspecific hybrids, including ''[[Lilium amabile]]'', ''[[Lilium bulbiferum]]'', ''[[Lilium callosum]]'', ''[[Lilium cernuum]]'', ''[[Lilium concolor]]'', ''[[Lilium dauricum]]'', ''[[Lilium davidii]]'', ''[[Lilium × hollandicum]]'', ''[[Lilium lancifolium]]'' (syn. ''[[Lilium tigrinum]]''), ''[[Lilium lankongense]]'', ''[[Lilium leichtlinii]]'', ''[[Lilium maculatum|Lilium × maculatum]]'', ''[[Lilium pumilum]]'', ''[[Lilium × scottiae]]'', ''[[Lilium wardii]]'' and ''[[Lilium wilsonii]]''.
: These are plants with medium-sized, upright or outward facing flowers, mostly unscented. There are various cultivars such as Lilium 'Cappuccino', Lilium 'Dimension', Lilium 'Little Kiss' and [[Lilium 'Navona']].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lilium Asiatic Navona – Lily |url=https://brentandbeckysbulbs.com/Lilium/Navona/Lily |publisher=brentandbeckysbulbs.com |access-date=27 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202063531/https://brentandbeckysbulbs.com/Lilium/Navona/Lily }}</ref>
* Dwarf (Patio, Border) varieties are much shorter, c.36–61&nbsp;cm in height and were designed for containers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://extension.umass.edu/floriculture/fact-sheets/production-hybrid-lilies-pot-plants|title=Tina M. Smith. Production of Hybrid Lilies as Pot Plants. University of Massachusetts, Amherst|work=Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment|access-date=2014-08-06|archive-date=2014-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810193205/https://extension.umass.edu/floriculture/fact-sheets/production-hybrid-lilies-pot-plants}}</ref> They often bear the cultivar name 'Tiny', such as the 'Lily Looks' series, e.g. 'Tiny Padhye',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perennials.com/plants/lilium-tiny-padhye.html|title=Plant Profile for Lilium 'Tiny Padhye' – Dwarf Asiatic Lily Perennial|access-date=2014-08-06|archive-date=2015-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508095504/http://www.perennials.com/plants/lilium-tiny-padhye.html}}</ref> 'Tiny Dessert'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perennials.com/plants/lilium-tiny-dessert.html|title=Plant Profile for Lilium 'Tiny Dessert' – Dwarf Asiatic Lily Perennial|access-date=2014-08-07|archive-date=2014-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811024402/http://www.perennials.com/plants/lilium-tiny-dessert.html}}</ref>

====Martagon hybrids (Division II)====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:Lilium %27Claude Shride%27 2013 013.JPG
File:Lilium %27Kalna Karalis%27 2013 015.JPG
File:Lilium %27Manitoba Fox%27 007.JPG
File:Lilium %27Mrs R.O.Backhouse%27 (cropped).jpg
File:Lilium %27Slate%27s Morning%27.jpg
File:Lilium, Hare Hill, Cheshire 2c.jpg
</gallery>
:These are based on ''[[Lilium dalhansonii]]'', ''[[Lilium hansonii]]'', ''[[Lilium martagon]]'', ''[[Lilium medeoloides]]'', and ''[[Lilium tsingtauense]]''.
:The flowers are nodding, Turk's cap style (with the petals strongly recurved).

====Candidum (Euro-Caucasian) hybrids (Division III)====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:Lilium x testaceum.jpg
</gallery>
: This includes mostly European species: ''[[Lilium candidum]]'', ''[[Lilium chalcedonicum]]'', ''[[Lilium kesselringianum]]'', ''[[Lilium monadelphum]]'', ''[[Lilium pomponium]]'', ''[[Lilium pyrenaicum]]'' and ''[[Lilium × testaceum]]''.

====American hybrids (Division IV)====
: These are mostly taller growing forms, originally derived from ''[[Lilium bolanderi]]'', ''[[Lilium × burbankii]]'', ''[[Lilium canadense]]'', ''[[Lilium columbianum]]'', ''[[Lilium grayi]]'', ''[[Lilium humboldtii]]'', ''[[Lilium kelleyanum]]'', ''[[Lilium kelloggii]]'', ''[[Lilium maritimum]]'', ''[[Lilium michauxii]]'', ''[[Lilium michiganense]]'', ''[[Lilium occidentale]]'', ''[[Lilium × pardaboldtii]]'', ''[[Lilium pardalinum]]'', ''[[Lilium parryi]]'', ''[[Lilium parvum]]'', ''[[Lilium philadelphicum]]'', ''[[Lilium pitkinense]]'', ''[[Lilium superbum]]'', ''[[Lilium ollmeri]]'', ''[[Lilium washingtonianum]]'',  and ''[[Lilium wigginsii]]''.
:Many are clump-forming perennials with rhizomatous rootstocks.

====Longiflorum hybrids (Division V)====
: These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies.
:They are most important as plants for [[cut flowers]], and are less often grown in the garden than other hybrids.

====Trumpet lilies (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids (with ''L. henryi'')====
{{anchor|Trumpet lilies}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:Lilium x African Queen.jpg
File:Lilium %27Fanfare%27.jpg
File:Lilium Pink Perfection1f.UME.jpg
File:Lilium x Dresdener Romance.jpg
File:Lilium x aurelianense1MTFL.jpg
</gallery>
: This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species and their interspecific hybrids, including ''[[Lilium × aurelianense]]'', ''[[Lilium brownii]]'', ''[[Lilium × centigale]]'', ''[[Lilium henryi]]'', ''[[Lilium × imperiale]]'', ''[[Lilium × kewense]]'', ''[[Lilium leucanthum]]'', ''[[Lilium regale]]'', ''[[Lilium rosthornii]]'', ''[[Lilium sargentiae]]'', ''[[Lilium sulphureum]]'' and ''[[Lilium × sulphurgale]]''.
:The flowers are trumpet shaped, facing outward or somewhat downward, and tend to be strongly fragrant, often especially night-fragrant.

====Oriental hybrids (Division VII)====
{{anchor|Oriental lilies}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:Oriental hybrid1 (cropped).jpg
File:Smithsoniangardens1.jpg
File:Lilium Dizzy.jpg
File:Lilium x Universe.jpg
File:Lilium Golden Stargazer.jpg
File:Lilium %27Marco Polo%27 Flower 2580px.jpg
</gallery>
: These are based on hybrids within ''Lilium'' [[Section (botany)|section]] ''Archelirion'',<ref name=Barba-Gonzalez /><ref name=Tuyl />  specifically ''[[Lilium auratum]]'' and ''[[Lilium speciosum]]'', together with crossbreeds from several species native to Japan, including ''[[Lilium nobilissimum]]'', ''[[Lilium rubellum]]'', ''[[Lilium alexandrae]]'', and ''[[Lilium japonicum]]''.
:They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the flowers may be quite large. The whole group are sometimes referred to as "stargazers" because many of them appear to look upwards. (For the specific cultivar, see [[Lilium 'Stargazer'|''Lilium'' 'Stargazer']].)

====Other hybrids (Division VIII)====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:Lilium 'Royal Trinity' 03.JPG
File:Lilium x Sea Treasure.jpg
File:Lilium x Red Alert.jpg
File:Lilium 'Anastasiya' 03.JPG
File:Lily -- Lilium 'Tiny Double You'.jpg|
File:Lilium 'Eyeliner' 06.JPG
File:Dwarf Asiatic Lily Hybrid-Lilium 'Matrix'-Offnfopt 4635.JPG
</gallery>
: Includes all other garden hybrids.

====Species (Division IX)====
: All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group.

The flowers can be classified by flower aspect and form:<ref>{{cite web |title=Application For Registration Of A Lily Name |author=The RHS International Lily Registrar |url=http://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/lily-name-registration |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522045522/http://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/lily-name-registration |archive-date=22 May 2014 }}</ref>
* Flower aspect:
:*a up-facing
:*b out-facing
:*c down-facing
* Flower form:
:*a trumpet-shaped
:*b bowl-shaped
:*c flat (or with tepal tips recurved)
:*d tepals strongly recurved (with the Turk's cap form as the ultimate state)

Many newer commercial varieties are developed by using new technologies such as ovary culture and embryo rescue.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=van Tuyl |first1=J.M. |last2=Binoa |first2=R.J. |last3=Vancreij |first3=M. |last4=Vankleinwee |first4=T. |last5=Franken |first5=J. |last6=Bino |first6=R. |title=Application of in vitro pollination, ovary culture, ovule culture and embryo rescue for overcoming incongruity barriers in interspecific ''Lilium'' crosses  |journal=Plant Science |volume=74 |issue=1 |year=1991 |pages=115–126 |doi=10.1016/0168-9452(91)90262-7|bibcode=1991PlnSc..74..115V }}</ref>

===Pests and diseases===
[[File:Scarlet lily beetle lilioceris lilii.jpg|thumb|Scarlet lily beetles, [[Oxfordshire]], UK]]
[[Aphids]] may infest plants. [[Tipuloidea|Leatherjackets]] feed on the roots. [[Larva]]e of the [[Scarlet lily beetle]] can cause serious damage to the stems and leaves.  The scarlet beetle lays its eggs and completes its life cycle only on true lilies (''Lilium'') and fritillaries (''[[Fritillaria]]'').<ref>{{cite web |title=Lily beetle |work=RHS Gardening |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?pid=553 |access-date=2014-08-21 |archive-date=2014-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821195228/https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?pid=553 }}</ref>  Oriental, rubrum, tiger and trumpet lilies as well as Oriental trumpets (orienpets) and Turk's cap lilies and native North American ''Lilium'' species are all vulnerable, but the beetle prefers some types over others.  The beetle could also be having an effect on native Canadian species and some rare and endangered species found in northeastern North America.<ref>{{cite web|last=Whitman|first=Ann|title=Controlling Lily Leaf Beetles|url=http://www.gardeners.com/lily-beetle/8090,default,pg.html|publisher=Gardener's Supply Company|access-date=2014-02-18|archive-date=2014-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222130935/http://www.gardeners.com/lily-beetle/8090,default,pg.html}}</ref> Daylilies (''Hemerocallis'', not true lilies) are excluded from this category. Plants can suffer from damage caused by mice, deer and squirrels.  Slugs,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Adams |first1=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h449BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA230 |title=Principles of Horticulture: Level 2 |last2=Early |first2=Mike |last3=Brook |first3=Jane |last4=Bamford |first4=Katherine |date=2014-08-07 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-93777-7 }}</ref> snails and millipedes attack seedlings, leaves and flowers.

Brown spots on damp leaves may signal an infection of ''[[Botrytis elliptica]]'', also known as Lily blight, lily fire, and botrytis leaf blight.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=George |first1=Raymond A. T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32_HBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 |title=Diseases of Temperate Horticultural Plants |last2=Fox |first2=Roland T. V. |date=2014-11-21 |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-1-84593-773-7 |language=en}}</ref> Various viral diseases can cause mottling of leaves and stunting of growth, including lily curl stripe, ringspot, and lily rosette virus.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Kenneth M. |author-link=Kenneth Manley Smith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6KZkRmlQHN8C&pg=PA315 |title=A Textbook of Plant Virus Diseases |date=2012-12-02 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-16205-0 }}</ref>

===Propagation and growth===
Lilies can be propagated in several ways;
* by division of the bulbs
* by growing-on [[bulbil]]s which are [[adventitious]] bulbs formed on the stem
* by scaling, for which whole scales are detached from the bulb and planted to form a new bulb
* by seed; there are many [[Lily Seed Germination Types|seed germination patterns]], which can be complex
* by [[micropropagation]] techniques (which include [[Plant tissue culture|tissue culture]]);<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090325212420/http://www.hcmuaf.edu.vn/ctt/softs/phtqt/biotech2006/papers/nonghoc/DTNhut4.pdf Duong Tan Nhut, Nguyen Thi Doan Tam, Vu Quoc Luan, Nguyen Tri Minh. 2006. Standardization of in vitro Lily (Lilium spp.) plantlets for propagation and bulb formation. Proceedings of International Workshop on Biotechnology in Agriculture, Nong Lam University (NLU), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, page 134-137.] Retrieved January 25, 2014</ref> commercial quantities of lilies are often propagated [[in vitro]] and then planted out to grow into plants large enough to sell. A highly efficient technique for multiple shoot and propagule formation was given by Yadav et al., in 2013.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yadav |first1=Rakesh |last2=Yadav |first2=Neha |last3=Pal |first3=Minakshi |last4=Goutam |first4=Umesh |date=December 2013 |title=Multiple shoot proliferation, bulblet induction and evaluation of genetic stability in Asiatic hybrid lily (Lilium sp.) |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40502-014-0060-4 |journal=Indian Journal of Plant Physiology |language=en |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=354–359 |doi=10.1007/s40502-014-0060-4 |bibcode=2013InJPP..18..354Y |s2cid=17091557 |issn=0019-5502|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Plant grow regulators (PGRs) are used to limit the height of lilies, especially those sold as potted plants. Commonly used [[Chemical substance|chemical]]s include ancymidol, fluprimidol, paclobutrazol, and uni-conazole, all of which are applied to the foliage to slow the biosynthesis of [[gibberellin]]s, a class of [[plant hormone]]s responsible for stem growth.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kamenetsky |first1=Rina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA309 |title=Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production |last2=Okubo |first2=Hiroshi |date=2012-09-17 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4398-4924-8 |language=en}}</ref>

==Research==

A comparison of [[meiosis|meiotic]] [[Chromosomal crossover|crossing-over]] ([[genetic recombination|recombination]]) in lily and mouse led, in 1977, to the conclusion that diverse [[eukaryote]]s share a common pattern of meiotic crossing-over.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hotta Y, Chandley AC, Stern H |title=Meiotic crossing-over in lily and mouse |journal=Nature |volume=269 |issue=5625 |pages=240–2 |date=September 1977 |pmid=593319 |doi=10.1038/269240a0 |bibcode=1977Natur.269..240H }}</ref> ''[[Lilium longiflorum]]'' has been used for studying aspects of the basic molecular mechanism of genetic recombination during meiosis.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Terasawa M, Shinohara A, Hotta Y, Ogawa H, Ogawa T |title=Localization of RecA-like recombination proteins on chromosomes of the lily at various meiotic stages |journal=Genes Dev |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=925–34 |date=April 1995 |pmid=7774810 |doi=10.1101/gad.9.8.925 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Anderson LK, Offenberg HH, Verkuijlen WM, Heyting C |title=RecA-like proteins are components of early meiotic nodules in lily |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |volume=94 |issue=13 |pages=6868–73 |date=June 1997 |pmid=11038554 |pmc=21251 |doi=10.1073/pnas.94.13.6868 |doi-access=free |bibcode=1997PNAS...94.6868A }}</ref>

==Toxicity==
<section begin=lilium-toxicity />Some ''Lilium'' species are toxic to [[cat]]s. This is known to be especially so for ''[[Lilium longiflorum]]'', though other ''Lilium'' and the unrelated ''[[Hemerocallis]]'' can also cause the same symptoms with equal lethality.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2460/javma.2002.220.49 |author=Langston CE |title=Acute renal failure caused by lily ingestion in six cats |journal=J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. |volume=220 |issue=1 |pages=49–52, 36 |date=January 2002 |pmid=12680447 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hall J |title=Nephrotoxicity of Easter Lily (''Lilium longiflorum'') when ingested by the cat |journal=Proc Annu Meet Am Vet Int Med |volume=6 |page=121 |year=1992 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Volmer P |title=Easter lily toxicosis in cats |journal=Vet Med |page=331 |date=April 1999 |url=http://www.aspcapro.org/mydocuments/p-toxbrief_0499.pdf }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Fitzgerald2010" /> The true mechanism of toxicity is undetermined, but it involves damage to the [[renal tubular]] epithelium (composing the substance of the kidney and secreting, collecting, and conducting urine), which can cause acute [[kidney failure]].<ref name="Fitzgerald2010">{{cite journal|last1=Fitzgerald|first1=Kevin T.|title=Lily Toxicity in the Cat|journal=Topics in Companion Animal Medicine|volume=25|issue=4|year=2010|pages=213–217|issn=1938-9736|doi=10.1053/j.tcam.2010.09.006|pmid=21147474}}</ref> Veterinary help should be sought, as a matter of urgency, for any cat that is suspected of eating any part of a lily – including licking pollen that may have brushed onto its coat. Due to the high mortality rate, medical care should be sought immediately once it is known a cat came into contact with lilies, ideally before any symptoms develop.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vethelpdirect.com/vetblog/2010/05/02/lily-poisoning-in-cats/|title=Lily poisoning in cats – Vet Help Direct Blog|date=2010-05-02|access-date=2013-10-20|archive-date=2013-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102161051/http://www.vethelpdirect.com/vetblog/2010/05/02/lily-poisoning-in-cats/}}</ref><section end="lilium-toxicity" />

==Culinary uses==
{{anchor|Culinary and herb uses}}

===Chinese cuisine===
Lily bulbs are [[starch]]y and edible as [[root vegetable]]s, though bulbs of some species may be too bitter to eat.{{sfnp|Blasdale|1899|p=21}}

[[Lilium brownii var. viridulum|''Lilium brownii'' var. ''viridulum'']], known as 百合 (''pak hop''; {{zh|t=|p=bǎi hé|c=|s=|l=hundred united|cy=baak hap}}), is one of the most prominent edible lilies in [[China]]. Its bulbs are large in size and not bitter. They were even exported and sold in the [[Chinatown, San Francisco|San Francisco Chinatown]] in the 19th century, available both fresh and dry.{{sfnp|Blasdale|1899|p=21}} A landrace called 龍牙百合 ({{zh|t=|p=lóng yá bǎi hé|c=|s=|l=dragon-tooth lily|cy=}}) mainly cultivated in [[Hunan]] and [[Jiangxi]] is especially renowned for its good-quality bulbs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sohu.com/a/337250577_394947|title=【药材辨识】百合，你买对了吗？|author=陈辉|author2=张秋霞|date=2019-08-28|website=搜狐网|publisher=羊城晚报|language=zh|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213024342/http://www.sohu.com/a/337250577_394947|archive-date=2020-02-13|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref>

''[[Lilium lancifolium|L. lancifolium]]'' ({{zh|t=卷丹|p=juǎn dān|c=|s=|l=reflexed red}}) is widely cultivated in China, especially in [[Yixing]], [[Huzhou]] and [[Longshan County|Longshan]]. Its bulbs are slightly bitter.<ref name=":0" />

[[Lilium davidii|''L. davidii'' var. ''unicolor'']] ({{zh|t=蘭州百合|p=|c=|s=|l=Lanzhou lily}}) is mainly cultivated in [[Lanzhou]] and its bulbs are valued for sweetness.<ref name=":0" />

Other edible Chinese lilies include [[Lilium brownii|''L. brownii'' var. ''brownii'']], [[Lilium davidii|''L. davidii'' var. ''davidii'']], ''[[Lilium concolor|L. concolor]]'', ''[[Lilium pensylvanicum|L. pensylvanicum]]'', ''[[Lilium distichum|L. distichum]]'', [[Lilium martagon|''L. martagon'' var. ''pilosiusculum'']], ''[[Lilium pumilum|L. pumilum]]'', ''[[Lilium rosthornii|L. rosthornii]]'' and [[Lilium speciosum|''L. speciosum'' var. ''gloriosoides'']].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iplant.cn/info/Lilium?t=z|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017163430/http://www.iplant.cn/info/Lilium?t=z|archive-date=October 17, 2021|title=百合属 Lilium|website=www.iplant.cn|access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref> Researchers have also explored the possibility of using ornamental cultivars as edible lilies.{{Refn|'Batistero' and 'California' among 15 lilies in Beijing,<ref>{{cite web|title=15个百合种和品种的食用性比较研究|url=http://cpfd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CPFDTOTAL-EGYP201310001119.htm|access-date=2014-05-28|archive-date=2014-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529051253/http://cpfd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CPFDTOTAL-EGYP201310001119.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and 'Prato' and 'Small foreigners' among 13 lilies in Ningbo.<ref>{{cite web|title=不同食用百合品种在宁波地区引种品比试验|url=http://www.nbnky.gov.cn/info.asp?id=5937|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201175455/http://www.nbnky.gov.cn/info.asp?id=5937|archive-date=2014-02-01}}</ref>}}

The dried bulbs are commonly used in the south to flavor soup.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dried Lily Bulbs |url=https://thewoksoflife.com |website=The Woks of Life |access-date= }}</ref> They may be reconstituted and stir-fried, grated and used to thicken soup, or processed to extract starch.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lily Bulbs Ingredient Overview |url=https://seriouseats.com |website=Serious Eats |access-date= }}</ref> Their texture and taste draw comparisons with the potato, although the individual bulb scales are much smaller.<ref>{{cite web |title=Plants for a Future: Lily Bulb Entry |url=https://pfaf.org |website=Plants for a Future |access-date= }}</ref>

The commonly marketed "lily" flower buds, called  ''kam cham tsoi'' ({{Lang-zh|cy=gāmjām choi|c=金针菜|s=|t=|p=jīnzhēncài|l=gold needle vegetable}})<ref name="blasdale" /> in [[Chinese cuisine]], are actually from [[daylilies]], ''[[Hemerocallis citrina]]'',<ref>[http://frps.eflora.cn/frps/Hemerocallis%20citrina Hemerocallis citrina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711010703/http://frps.eflora.cn/frps/Hemerocallis%20citrina|date=2015-07-11}} Flora Republicae Popularis Sinicae</ref> or possibly ''[[Hemerocallis fulva|H. fulva]]''.{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Blasdale cites Bretschneider (1889), but in Bretschneider (1875), "{{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwXwHwwtnYYC&pg=PA123|2=Notes on Chinese Mediaeval Travellers to the West}}", p. 123, first gives the Chinese name for ''H. fulva'' as "kïm châm hōa" as according to [[João de Loureiro]], while he himself only recognized its name as "kin huang hua" {{lang|zh|金黃花}} or as {{zh|w=huang-hua ts'ai|t=[黃花菜]|l=yellow-flower vegetable|labels=no}} as they were called by Beijing merchants.}}<ref name="blasdale" /> Flowers of the ''[[Hemerocallis graminea|H. graminea]]'' and ''[[Lilium bulbiferum]]'' were reported to have been eaten as well, but samples provided by the informant were strictly daylilies and did not include ''L. bulbiferum''.{{efn|The informant, Pelham L. Warren, consul at Taiwan was presumably providing imports from China (main port [[Hankou]]) or Japan.}}<ref name="kew-misc1889" />

Lily flowers and bulbs are eaten especially in the summer, for their perceived ability to reduce internal heat.<ref>{{cite web|title=《按照传统既是食品又是中药材的物质目录(2013版)》(征求意见稿).doc |url=http://www.moh.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2013/07/20130712155225821.doc|access-date=2014-01-25|archive-date=2014-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222021756/http://www.moh.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2013/07/20130712155225821.doc|url-status=live}}</ref> A 19th century English source reported that "Lily flowers are also said to be efficacious in pulmonary affections, and to have tonic properties".<ref name=kew-misc1889>{{cite journal |title=Lily Flowers and Bulbs Used as Food |journal=Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information |publisher=Royal Gardens, Kew |volume=1889 |number=29 |pages=116–118 |year=1889 |doi=10.2307/4113224 |jstor=4113224 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/127028#page/121/mode/1up |access-date=2020-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730131523/http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/127028#page/121/mode/1up |archive-date=2016-07-30 |url-status=live|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Asiatic lily cultivars are also imported from the Netherlands; the seedling bulbs must be imported from the Netherlands every year.<ref>{{cite web|last=蔡|first=月夏|title=食用百合鱗莖有機栽培模式之建立|url=http://hdais.coa.gov.tw/htmlarea_file/web_articles/hdais/3149/1011220_2_4.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202102837/http://hdais.coa.gov.tw/htmlarea_file/web_articles/hdais/3149/1011220_2_4.pdf|archive-date=2014-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=首頁 / 為民服務 / 常見問題(FAQ)|url=http://hdais.coa.gov.tw/view.php?catid=3161 |website= Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station | publisher= Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202102835/http://hdais.coa.gov.tw/view.php?catid=3161 |archive-date=2 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=首頁 / 最新消息 / 本場新聞 / 花蓮、宜蘭生產的有機食用百合深受消費者喜愛|url=http://hdais.coa.gov.tw/view.php?catid=3815 |website= Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station | publisher= Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202102847/http://hdais.coa.gov.tw/view.php?catid=3815|archive-date=2 February 2014 }}</ref>

The parts of ''Lilium'' species which are officially listed as food material in Taiwan are the flower and bulbs of ''[[Lilium lancifolium]]'', [[Lilium brownii var. viridulum|''Lilium brownii'' var. ''viridulum'']], ''[[Lilium pumilum]]'' and ''[[Lilium candidum]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=可供食品使用原料彙整一覽表|url=https://consumer.fda.gov.tw/Food/Material.aspx?nodeID=160 |website= [[Food and Drug Administration (Taiwan)|Food and Drug Administration]] |access-date=25 January 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140126120155/https://consumer.fda.gov.tw/Food/Material.aspx?nodeID=160 |archive-date=26 January 2014 }}</ref>

===Japanese cuisine===
[[File:Yurine donburi.JPG|thumb|Loose scales of lily bulb in a [[donburi]] bowl dish]]
The lily bulb or ''yuri-ne'' is sometimes used in Japanese cuisine.{{efn|"not a common food" ({{interlanguage link|Shizuo Tsuji|ja|辻静雄}}).}}<ref name=tsuji/> It may be most familiar in the present day as an occasional {{nihongo|ingredient|具|gu}} in the [[chawanmushi|chawan-mushi]] (savoury egg custard),<ref name=takekawa&iizuka/> where a few loosened scales of this optional ingredient are found embedded in the "hot pudding" of each serving.<ref name=nipponia/>{{sfnp|Tsuji|2007|pp=214–215}} It could also be used as an ingredient in a clear soup or {{interlanguage link|suimono{{!}}''suimono''|ja|吸物}}.<ref name=kingsbury/><ref name=kawakami/>

The boiled bulb may also be [[sieve|strained]]{{efn|The term {{interlanguage link|uragoshi|ja|裏ごし}} "straining" orthodoxically means using the  "uragoshi-ki", traditionally a sieve with a fine mesh of horse-hair instead of metal wire.}} into [[purée]] for use, as in the sweetened ''kinton'',{{sfnp|Tsuji|2007|pp=74; 460–461}}<ref name=nihon-shokuhin-jiten/> or ''chakin-shibori''.<ref name=nihon-shokuhin-jiten/><ref name=kosaki&wagner/>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|These could refer to essentially the same thing, except for slight difference in texture and appearance. The ''yuri-kinton'' has been described as "ogura an (sweet [[adzuki bean]] paste) core surrounded with stipples (''soboro'') of strained lily bulb and white adzuki (''shiroazuki'' or ''shiroshōzu'').<ref name=moriyasu/> A recipe for lily bulb dumplings or ''chakin-shibori'' calls for wrapping adzuki bean paste with lily bulb mashed into [[purée]], then wrapping it in a cloth and wringing the dumpling into a ball shape.<ref name=kosaki&wagner/>}}

====Yokan====
There is also the ''yuri-[[yōkan]]'', one recipe of which calls for combining measures of yuri starch with [[agar]] dissolved in water and sugar.<ref>{{harvp|Shin shikunshi|1901}}, [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/840167/73 pp. 133–135] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210013631/https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/840167/73 |date=2020-02-10 }}; also excerpted in {{harvp|NSJ|1908}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=30g4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PP2116 p. 2082b] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901204944/https://books.google.com/books?id=30g4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PP2116 |date=2020-09-01 }}</ref> This was a specialty of [[Hamada, Shimane]],{{Refn|Allegedly the Hamada city version was 90% adulterated with white [Phaseolus vulgaris|bean] cultivar of called {{nihongo|Tebō|手亡}} (270 grams), to only 10% (30 grams) ground lily powder.<ref name=NDHZ-yuri/><ref name=moriyasu/> Elsewhere it is stated that ground lily dried powder {{nihongo|''kanko''|乾粉}} is far superior in quality to adzuki bean powder.{{sfnp|Shin shikunshi|1901|p=135}}}} and the shop {{nihongo|Kaisei-dō|開盛堂|}} established in 1885 became famous for it.<ref name=NDHZ-yuri/>{{sfnp|Moriyasu|1971|pp=34–35}} Because a certain Viscount Jimyōin wrote a [[Waka (poetry)|waka]] poem about the confection which mentioned ''hime-yuri'' "princess lily",{{efn|{{interlanguage link|Jimyōin Motoaki|ja|持明院基哲}} b. 1865 was a viscount and poet. So was his son Motonori.}} one source stated that the ''hime-yuri'' (usually taken to mean ''[[Lilium concolor|L. concolor]]'') had to have been used,<ref name=NDHZ-yuri/> but another source points out that the city of Hamada lies back to back with across a mountain range with [[Fuchu, Hiroshima]] which is renowned for its production of ''yama-yuri''  (''[[Lilium auratum|L. auratum]]'').<ref name=moriyasu/>{{Efn|group="lower-alpha"|And as discussed below, this yama-yuri was also called "hime-yuri" in earlier days.<ref name=dai-nihon-nokai/>}}

====Species used====

Current Japanese governmental sources ({{Circa|2005}}) list the following lily species as prominent in domestic consumption:{{Refn|Taira, Hirokazu<!--平宏和総--> et al. edd., (2006) ''Shokuhin zukan'', {{nihongo|[[Kagawa Nutrition University|KNU Publishing]] |女子栄養大学|Joshi Eiyō Daigaku}}. ''apud'' MAFF consumer bureau Q&A.<ref name=KNU-MAFF-Q&A/> Cf. KNU Prof. Gomyo's online encyclopedia.<ref name=KNU-gomyo />}}<ref>Ministry of Education (MEXT, 2005), {{interlanguage link|Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan{{!}}''Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan''|ja|日本食品標準成分表}}, 5th revised and expanded edition, {{URL|1=http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/gijyutu/gijyutu3/toushin/05031802/003/006.pdf |2=Appendix 1-6 to Chapter3}}</ref> the ''oni yuri'' or tiger lily ''[[Lilium lancifolium]]'', the ''kooni yuri'' [[Lilium leichtlinii var maximowiczii|''Lilium leichtlinii'' var. ''maximowiczii'']],{{efn|The {{nihongo|ko[[oni]] yuri|小鬼百合|extra="lesser ogre lily"}}.}} and the gold-banded white ''yama-yuri'' ''L. auratum''.

But Japanese sources c. 1895–1900,<ref name=dai-nihon-nokai/><ref>{{harvp|Shin shikunshi|1901}}, [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/840167/73 p. 132] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210013631/https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/840167/73 |date=2020-02-10 }}.</ref> give a top-three list which replaces ''kooni yuri'' with the {{nihongo|''sukashi-yuri''|透かし百合|extra=lit. "see-through lily", ''[[Lilium maculatum|L. maculatum]]''}} named from the gaps between the [[tepals]].<ref name=kojien-sukashiyuri/>{{Refn|This species was particularly sought after by high-end {{nihongo|kappo|割烹|}} restaurants, for braising it whole. {{harvp|Shin shikunshi|1901}}, [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/840167/44 p. 75].}}

There is uncertainty regarding which species is meant by the ''hime-yuri'' used as food, because although this is usually the common name for ''[[Lilium concolor|L. concolor]]'' in most up-to-date literature,<ref name=WEP/> it used to ambiguously referred to the tiger lily as well, c. 1895–1900.<ref name=dai-nihon-nokai/> The non-tiger-lily ''himeyuri'' is certainly described as quite palatable in the literature at the time, but the extent of exploitation could not have been as significant.{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|That is, not in the top three of this period.<ref name=dai-nihon-nokai/>}}

===North America===
The flower buds and roots of ''[[Lilium columbianum]]'' are traditionally gathered and eaten by North American indigenous peoples.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.borealforest.org/world/herbs_shrubs/canada_lily.htm |title=Boreal Forest, Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, ''Lilium canadense'', Canada Lily |access-date=2017-08-19 |archive-date=2017-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825192123/http://www.borealforest.org/world/herbs_shrubs/canada_lily.htm }}</ref> [[Coast Salish peoples|Coast Salish]], [[Nuu-chah-nulth]] and most western [[Washington (state)|Washington]] peoples steam, boil or pit-cook the bulbs of ''[[Lilium columbianum]]''. Bitter or peppery-tasting, they were mostly used as a flavoring, often in soup with meat or fish.<ref name="Pojar">{{cite book | last = Pojar | first = Jim | title = Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast | publisher = Lone Pine Publishing | location = Edmonton | year = 2004 |isbn=978-1-55105-530-5}}</ref>

==Medicinal uses==
[[Traditional Chinese medicine]] list the use of the following: 野百合 ''[[Lilium brownii]]'', 百合 ''Lilium brownii'' var. ''viridulum'', 渥丹 ''[[Lilium concolor]]'', 毛百合 ''[[Lilium dauricum]]'', 卷丹 ''[[Lilium lancifolium]]'', 山丹 ''[[Lilium pumilum]]'', 南川百合 ''[[Lilium rosthornii]]'', 药百合''[[Lilium speciosum]]'' var. ''gloriosoides'', 淡黄花百合 ''[[Lilium sulphureum]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=中国药用植物 (据《中国植物志》全书记载分析而得)|url=http://frps.eflora.cn/jingji/2?page=134|access-date=2014-01-25|archive-date=2014-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202103646/http://frps.eflora.cn/jingji/2?page=134|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=中国药用植物 (据《中国植物志》全书记载分析而得)|url=http://frps.eflora.cn/jingji/2?page=135|access-date=2014-01-25|archive-date=2014-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202103643/http://frps.eflora.cn/jingji/2?page=135|url-status=live}}</ref>

In Taiwan, governmental publications list ''[[Lilium lancifolium]]'' Thunb., [[Lilium brownii var. viridulum|''Lilium brownii'' var. ''viridulum'']] Baker, ''[[Lilium pumilum]]'' DC.<ref>[http://www.mohw.gov.tw/MOHW_Upload/doc/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E4%B8%AD%E8%97%A5%E5%85%B8%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%89%88-%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8%20%5B%20PDF%20%E6%AA%94%20%5D_0000454002.pdf Taiwan Herbal Pharmarcopeia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128134249/http://www.mohw.gov.tw/MOHW_Upload/doc/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E4%B8%AD%E8%97%A5%E5%85%B8%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%89%88-%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8%20%5B%20PDF%20%E6%AA%94%20%5D_0000454002.pdf |date=2015-01-28 }} Ministry of Health and Welfare</ref>

In the ''[[kanpo|kanpō]]'' or Chinese medicine as practiced in Japan, the official Japanese governmental [[pharmacopeia]] {{nihongo|Nihon yakkyokuhō|日本薬局方}} includes the use of lily bulb (known as {{nihongo|''byakugō''|ビャクゴウ 百合}} in traditional pharmacological circles), listing the use of the following species: ''[[Lilium lancifolium]]'', ''[[Lilium brownii]]'', [[Lilium brownii var. colchesteri|''Lilium brownii'' var. ''colchesteri'']], ''[[Lilium pumilum]]''<ref name=ja-pharmacopoeia-17ed>{{cite web |url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/06-Seisakujouhou-11120000-Iyakushokuhinkyoku/JP17_REV_1.pdf |title=The Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 17th edition |script-title=<!--第十七改正日本薬局方(英文版) – --> |publisher=Japanese Ministry of Health |page=1906 |access-date=2020-01-13 |archive-date=2020-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113082757/https://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/06-Seisakujouhou-11120000-Iyakushokuhinkyoku/JP17_REV_1.pdf }}; [http://www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/bukyoku/iyaku/yakkyoku/english.html index] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723201211/http://www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/bukyoku/iyaku/yakkyoku/english.html |date=2014-07-23 }}</ref> The scales flaked off from the bulbs are used, usually steamed.<ref name=ja-pharmacopoeia-17ed/>

In South Korea, the lilium species which are officially listed for medicinal use are 참나리 ''[[Lilium lancifolium]]'' Thunberg; 당나리 [[Lilium brownii var. viridulum|''Lilium brownii'' var. ''viridulun'']] Baker.<ref>{{cite web|title=백합|url=http://www.mfds.go.kr/herbmed/index.do?nMenuCode=7&code=KHP-N131&includeUrl=/herbmed/view.jsp|access-date=2020-09-01|archive-date=2016-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920053736/http://www.mfds.go.kr/herbmed/index.do?nMenuCode=7&code=KHP-N131&includeUrl=%2Fherbmed%2Fview.jsp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lilii Bulbus|url=http://www.mfds.go.kr/files/upload/herbmed/photo_data/KHP139.pdf|language=ko|access-date=2014-01-25|archive-date=2014-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203020028/http://www.mfds.go.kr/files/upload/herbmed/photo_data/KHP139.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==In culture==
===Symbolism===
In the [[Victorian era|Victorian]] [[language of flowers]], lilies portray love, ardor, and affection for one's loved ones, while orange lilies stand for happiness, love, and warmth.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.buzzle.com/articles/symbolism-of-the-lily.html |title= Symbolism of the Lily – The Flower That is a Part of History |newspaper= Buzzle |access-date= 2016-11-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161126194300/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/symbolism-of-the-lily.html |archive-date= 2016-11-26 |url-status= usurped }}</ref>

White lilies have been used since the [[Romanticism|Romantic era]] of [[Japanese literature]] to symbolize beauty and purity in women, and are a ''de facto'' symbol of the [[Yuri (genre)|''yuri'' genre]] ({{Nihongo|''yuri''|百合}} translates literally to "lily"),<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Maser |first=Verena |title=Beautiful and Innocent: Female Same-Sex Intimacy in the Japanese Yuri Genre |date=2014-08-31 |degree=PhD |publisher=Universität Trier |url=https://ubt.opus.hbz-nrw.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/695 |doi=10.25353/ubtr-xxxx-db7c-6ffc |pages=3–4 |access-date=2022-12-17 |archive-date=2018-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102234925/https://ubt.opus.hbz-nrw.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/695 |url-status=live }}</ref> which describes the portrayal of intimate love, sex, or emotional connections between women. The term {{nihongo|''Yurizoku''|百合族||{{lit}} "lily tribe"}} was coined in 1976 by [[Ito Bungaku]], editor of the gay men's magazine ''Barazoku'' (see above), to refer to his female readers.<ref name="heya-1">{{cite journal |date=November 1976 |title=Yurizoku no Heya |journal=Barazoku |pages=66–70 |language=ja}}</ref><ref name="WhatIsYuri">{{cite web |title=What is Yuri? |url=https://www.yuricon.com/what-is-yuricon/#whatisyuri |website=[[Yuricon]] |date=28 March 2011 |access-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111233755/https://www.yuricon.com/what-is-yuricon/#whatisyuri |url-status=live }}</ref> While not all those women were lesbians, and it is unclear whether this was the first instance of the term ''yuri'' in this context, an association of ''yuri'' with lesbianism subsequently developed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Welker|first=James |title=AsiaPacifQueer: Rethinking Genders and Sexualities|editor=Fran Martin |editor2=Peter Jackson |editor3=Audrey Yue|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2008|pages=46–66|chapter=Lilies of the Margin: Beautiful Boys and Queer Female Identities in Japan|isbn=978-0-252-07507-0}}</ref> In [[Korea]] and [[China]], "lily" is used as a [[semantic loan]] from the Japanese usage to describe female-female romance media, where each use the direct translation of the term – ''baekhap'' (백합) in Korea<ref>{{cite web | url=https://moneyfocus.tistory.com/290 | title=Gl/백합 만화 추천 10작품 | date=15 February 2021 | access-date=27 August 2022 | archive-date=6 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406185611/https://moneyfocus.tistory.com/290 | url-status=live }}</ref> and ''bǎihé'' (百合) in China.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.elle.com/tw/life/culture/g27068855/lesbian-japan-yuriten2019/ | title=這畫面太美我不敢看！女女戀不是禁忌，日本「百合展」呈現女孩間的真實愛戀！ | date=8 April 2019 | access-date=27 August 2022 | archive-date=8 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408071411/https://www.elle.com/tw/life/culture/g27068855/lesbian-japan-yuriten2019/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

Lilies are the flowers most commonly used at funerals, where they symbolically signify that the soul of the deceased has been restored to the state of innocence.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.teleflora.com/meaning-of-flowers/lily |title=Meaning & Symbolism of Lilies |access-date=2018-04-06 |archive-date=2018-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406230715/https://www.teleflora.com/meaning-of-flowers/lily }}</ref> 

[[File:12.09 副總統出席「『族語推動有成』成果展開幕式」 (49190829033).jpg|thumb|A Rukai lady adorned with Formosan lilies at a function in Taiwan]]''[[Lilium formosanum]]'', or Taiwanese lily, is called "the flower of broken bowl" ({{zh|t=打碗花}}) by the elderly members of the [[Hakka]] ethnic group. They believe that because this lily grows near bodies of clean water, harming the lily may damage the environment, just like breaking the bowls that people rely on.<ref name="生態指標">{{cite web |publisher=自由電子報 |script-title= zh:魯凱六角星，原民聖花 客庄打碗花，生態指標 |url= http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2010/new/jul/19/today-north7-2.htm |author= Liberty Times |date=2015 |language=zh |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232908/http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2010/new/jul/19/today-north7-2.htm |archive-date=2013-12-02 }}</ref> A different viewpoint proposes that parents discourage kids from picking lilies by informing them of the possible repercussions, like their dinner bowls breaking if they harm the flower. The [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[Rukai people]] who call this same species ''bariangalay'' consider it as a symbol of bravery and perseverance.<ref>{{cite book|title=Lawbubulu: 魯凱的珍寶|year=2023|trans-title=Lawbubulu: Treasures of the Rukai|pages=62–3|language=zh, en, dru|author=李子寧|publisher=[[National Taiwan Museum]]|isbn=978-986-532-817-7}}</ref>

In Western Christianity, Madonna lily or ''[[Lilium candidum]]'' has been associated with the [[Virgin Mary]] since at least the Medieval Era. Medieval and Renaissance depictions of the Virgin Mary, especially at the [[Annunciation]], often show her with these flowers. Madonna lilies are also commonly included in depictions of [[Resurrection of Jesus|Christ's resurrection]]. ''[[Lilium longiflorum]]'', the Easter lily, is a symbol of Easter, and  ''[[Lilium candidum]]'', the Madonna lily, carries a great deal of symbolic value in many cultures. See the articles for more information.

In Ancient [[Minoan civilization|Minoan Crete]] and [[Cycladic culture|Cyclades]] cultures, lilies are depicted associated with an unknown religious meaning. The crown from the [[Prince of the Lilies|"Priest-King" fresco]] at Knossos is covered with [[Lilium candidum|white lilies]] while a depiction of a shrine in the Xesté 3 house [[Akrotiri (prehistoric city)|Akrotiri]] is covered in [[Lilium chalcedonicum|red lilies]].<ref>Nugent, M. (2008). Seasonal Flux - Three Flowers for Three Seasons: Seasonal Ritual at Akrotiri. Iris (Journal of the Classical Association of Victoria), 21, 6–7. https://classicsvic.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/nugentvol21.pdf</ref>

===Heraldry===
''[[Lilium bulbiferum]]'' has long been recognised as a symbol of the [[Orange Order]] in [[Northern Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://designresearchgroup.wordpress.com/2007/06/27/a-kinder-gentler-image-modernism-tradition-and-the-orange-order-redesign/ |title=A kinder gentler image? Modernism, Tradition and the new Orange Order logo. Reinventing the Orange Order: A superhero for the 21st century |author=Design Research Group |date=27 June 2007 |access-date=17 September 2016 |archive-date=3 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503041333/https://designresearchgroup.wordpress.com/2007/06/27/a-kinder-gentler-image-modernism-tradition-and-the-orange-order-redesign/ }}</ref>

''[[Lilium mackliniae]]'' is the state flower of [[Manipur]]. ''[[Lilium michauxii]]'', the Carolina lily, is the official state flower of [[North Carolina]]. [[Idyllwild, California]], hosts the Lemon Lily Festival, which celebrates ''[[Lilium parryi]]''.<ref name=fest>[http://www.lemonlilyfestival.com/index.html Lemon Lily Festival] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726023005/http://www.lemonlilyfestival.com/index.html |date=2010-07-26 }}</ref> ''[[Lilium philadelphicum]]'' is the floral emblem of [[Saskatchewan]] province in Canada, and is on the [[flag of Saskatchewan]].<ref name=SKGH>{{cite web|title=Government House Gardens Showcase Western Red Lily |url=http://www.gov.sk.ca/news?newsId=864f93b3-c3ac-4043-92ed-a2e87bea2507 |publisher=Government of Saskatchewan |date=2005-07-21 |access-date=2008-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611012230/http://www.gov.sk.ca/news?newsId=864f93b3-c3ac-4043-92ed-a2e87bea2507 |archive-date=2011-06-11 }}</ref><ref name = "OPS">{{cite web |title=Saskatchewan's Provincial Flower |url=http://www.ops.gov.sk.ca/Default.aspx?DN=4265786e-9990-4a67-8dec-67cb3cc96849 |publisher=Government of Saskatchewan |access-date=2008-07-09 |archive-date=2011-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728070111/http://www.ops.gov.sk.ca/Default.aspx?DN=4265786e-9990-4a67-8dec-67cb3cc96849 }}, designated in 1941.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Saskatchewan |publisher=Government of Canada |date=2013-08-20 |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/eng/1363290315306 |access-date=2015-07-18 |archive-date=2015-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721175749/http://www.pch.gc.ca/eng/1363290315306 }}</ref>

===Other plants referred to as lilies===
[[Lily of the valley]], [[Gloriosa (plant)|flame lilies]], [[daylilies]], [[Nymphaeaceae#Symbolism|water lilies]] and [[Spider lily|spider lilies]] are symbolically important flowers commonly referred to as lilies, but they are not in the genus ''Lilium''.

==See also==
* [[Lily seed germination types]]
* [[List of plants known as lily]]

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
;Citations
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=blasdale>{{cite book |last=Blasdale |first=Walter Charles |author-link=<!--Walter Charles Blasdale--> |title=A Description of Some Chinese Vegetable Food Materials and Their Nutritive and Economic Value |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1899 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GjJJAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA19 |page=44 |access-date=2020-01-13 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901204920/https://books.google.com/books?id=GjJJAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA19 |url-status=live }}<!--also {{harvp|Blasdale|1899|pp=19–22}}--></ref>

<ref name=dai-nihon-nokai>{{cite book |author=Dai Nihon Nōkai |author-link=:ja:大日本農会 |title=Useful Plants of Japan Described and Illustrated |publisher=Agricultural Society of Japan |year=1895 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9dBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA27 |page=27 |access-date=2020-01-16 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901204921/https://books.google.com/books?id=g9dBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA27 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=kawakami>{{cite book |last=Kawakami |first=Kōzō |author-link=:ja:川上行蔵 |title=Nihon ryōri jibutsu kigen |script-title=ja:日本料理事物起源 |publisher=[[Iwanami Shoten]]<!--岩波書店--> |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHgxAQAAIAAJ |pages=46–47 |series=<!--完本日本料理事物起源 1--> |isbn=978-4-000-24240-0 |access-date=2020-01-16 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901204949/https://books.google.com/books?id=IHgxAQAAIAAJ&q= |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=kingsbury>{{cite book |last=Kingsbury |first=Noel |author-link=Noel Kingsbury |title=Garden Flora: The Natural and Cultural History of the Plants In Your Garden |publisher=[[Timber Press]] |year=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XSUADQAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 |page=195 |isbn=978-1-604-69565-6 |access-date=2020-01-16 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901204952/https://books.google.com/books?id=XSUADQAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=KNU-gomyo>{{cite web|last=Gomyō |first=Toshiharu |author-link=:ja:五明紀春 |title=yuri-ne (lily bulb) |script-title=ja:ユリネ (百合根)|url=http://co-4gun.eiyo.ac.jp/food%20database/3gun/foods-dic-3-yurine.html|work= Shokuzai hyakka jiten, an encyclopedia of food ingredients<!--KNU ﾀﾞｲｴｯﾄ　食材百科事典--> |publisher=[[Kagawa Nutrition University]] |date=February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025449/http://co-4gun.eiyo.ac.jp/food%20database/3gun/foods-dic-3-yurine.html |archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref>

<ref name=KNU-MAFF-Q&A>{{cite web|author=Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau, MAFF |author-link=Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan) |title=(Q&A) Shokuyō ni suru yurine ni tsuite oshiete kudasai |script-title=ja:食用にするユリネ（ゆり根）について教えてください |url=http://www.maff.go.jp/j/heya/sodan/0712/04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307004602/http://www.maff.go.jp/j/heya/sodan/0712/04.html |archive-date=2013-03-07}}, citing KNU Publishing Department, ''Shokuhin zukan''</ref>

<ref name=kojien-sukashiyuri>"[https://books.google.com/books?id=8rAPAAAAYAAJ&q=%20すかし%20+%20花被片%20 Sukashi-yuri すかし‐ゆり【透かし百合】・]", ''[[Kojien]]'', 4th ed., 1991. "下半各花被片の間に空隙があるところから命名。"</ref>

<ref name=kosaki&wagner>{{cite book |last1=Kosaki |first1=Takayuki |author-link=<!--Takayuki Kosaki--> |last2=Wagner |first2=Walter |author-link2=<!--Walter Wagner (food writer)--> |title=Authentic Recipes from Japan |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjfRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT269　 |page=108 |publisher=Tuttle |isbn=978-1-4629-0572-0 |access-date=2020-09-01 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901205001/https://books.google.com/books?id=TjfRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT269%E3%80%80 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=moriyasu>{{cite book |last=Moriyasu |first=Tadashi |author-link=<!--守安正--> |title=Nihon meika jiten |script-title=ja:日本名菓辞典 |publisher=Tokyodo Shuppan<!--東京堂出版--> |year=1971 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pmg9AQAAIAAJ&q=%20百合きんとん%20 |page=378 |access-date=2020-09-01 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901204926/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pmg9AQAAIAAJ&q=+%E7%99%BE%E5%90%88%E3%81%8D%E3%82%93%E3%81%A8%E3%82%93+ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=nihon-shokuhin-jiten>{{cite book |last=Inoue |first=Yoshiyuki (supervising ed.) |author-link=<!--井上吉之--> |others=Ono, Seishi; Sugita, Kōichi; Mori, Masao (edd.)<!--小野誠志, 杉田浩一, 森雅央--> |title=yuri-ne ゆり根 |work=Nihon shokuhin jiten |script-title=ja:日本食品事典 |publisher=Ishiyaku Shuppan<!--医歯薬出版--> |year=1969 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdUZAAAAMAAJ&q=%20ゆり根%20 |pages=307–308 |access-date=2020-09-01 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901204926/https://books.google.com/books?id=GdUZAAAAMAAJ&q=+%E3%82%86%E3%82%8A%E6%A0%B9+ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=nipponia>{{cite journal |last=<!--no byline--> |title=Bon Appetit! Japanese Culture in the Kitchen / A Hot 'pudding', Japanese-Style Chawan-mushi |journal=Nipponia |number=15 |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SR8OAQAAMAAJ&q=%22lily+bulb+%22+%22chawan-mushi%22 |page=30 |publisher=Heibonsha |access-date=2020-01-16 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901204950/https://books.google.com/books?id=SR8OAQAAMAAJ&q=%22lily+bulb+%22+%22chawan-mushi%22 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=NDHZ-yuri>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Sawa |first=Fumio |author-link=<!--沢史生--> |title=Yuri |script-title=ja:百合 ゆり |encyclopedia=Nihon Dai-hyakka zensho <!--日本大百科全書--> |volume=23 |publisher=[[Shogakukan]] |year=1994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=82YxAQAAIAAJ&q=%20ヒメユリ%20 |page=436 |isbn=978-4-09-526001-3 |access-date=2020-09-01 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901204948/https://books.google.com/books?hl=ja&id=82YxAQAAIAAJ&q=+%E3%83%92%E3%83%A1%E3%83%A6%E3%83%AA+ |url-status=live }}; also [https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%99%BE%E5%90%88%E7%BE%8A%E7%BE%B9-1603878 Yuri-yokan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901204927/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%99%BE%E5%90%88%E7%BE%8A%E7%BE%B9-1603878 |date=2020-09-01 }} via kotobank.</ref>

<ref name=takekawa&iizuka>{{cite book |editor-last=Takekawa |editor-first=Masae |editor-link=<!--武川政江--> |editor-last2=Iizuka |editor-first2=Keiko |editor-link2=<!--飯塚恵子, herbalist--> |title=Saishin oishii yasai hyaku shu no jōzu na sodate-kata |script-title=ja:最新 おいしい野菜１００種のじょうずな育て方 |publisher=[[:ja:主婦の友社|Shufunotomo]] |year=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yr0PDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146 |page=146 |isbn= 978-4-07-414500-3|access-date=2020-01-16 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901205000/https://books.google.com/books?id=yr0PDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=tsuji>{{cite book |last=Tsuji |first=Shizuo |author-link=:ja:辻静雄 |title=Japanese Cooking: A Simple Art |publisher=[[Kodansha International]] |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fby2Er0seMMC&pg=PA74 |page=74 |isbn=978-4-770-03049-8 |access-date=2020-01-16 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901204930/https://books.google.com/books?id=fby2Er0seMMC&pg=PA74 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=WEP>{{cite book |last1=Wiersema |first1=John H. |author-link=<!--John H. Wiersema--> |last2=León |first2=Blanca |author-link2=<!--Blanca León --> |title=World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference |publisher=CRC Press |year=1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIrNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA404 |pages=404–405 |isbn=978-0-849-32119-1 |access-date=2020-01-16 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901204930/https://books.google.com/books?id=AIrNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA404 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

;Bibliography

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Gao|first1=Yun-Dong|last2=Hohenegger|first2=Markus|last3=Harris|first3=AJ|last4=Zhou|first4=Song-Dong|last5=He|first5=Xing-Jin|last6=Wan|first6=Juan|title=A new species in the genus ''Nomocharis'' Franchet (Liliaceae): evidence that brings the genus ''Nomocharis'' into ''Lilium''|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|volume=298|issue=1|year=2012|pages=69–85|issn=0378-2697|doi=10.1007/s00606-011-0524-1|bibcode=2012PSyEv.298...69G |s2cid=16912824|ref={{harvid|Gao et al|2011}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Rønsted|first1=N. |first2=S.|last2=Law |first3=H. |last3=Thornton |first4=M. F. |last4=Fay |first5=M. W. |last5=Chase|title=Molecular phylogenetic evidence for the monophyly of ''Fritillaria'' and ''Lilium'' (Liliaceae; Liliales) and the infrageneric classification of ''Fritillaria''|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|year=2005|volume=35|pages=509–527|pmid=15878122|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.023|issue=3|bibcode=2005MolPE..35..509R |ref={{harvid|Rønsted et al|2005}}}}
* {{Citation |contribution=Nomocharis |title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |contribution-url=https://apps.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do?plantName=Nomocharis |ref={{harvid|WCLSPF|2014}} |title-link=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |access-date=2015-09-14 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901205004/https://wcsp.science.kew.org/prepareChecklist.do;jsessionid=552917A8422F2BF0C6A93BCC00DF33CF.kppapp05-wcsp?checklist=selected_families%40%40245010920202150008 |url-status=live }}
* "yuri ユリ", in {{cite dictionary |ref={{SfnRef|NSJ|1908}} |title=Nihon shakai jii |script-title=ja:日本社會事彙 |volume=2<!--下巻--> |publisher=[[:ja:経済雑誌社|Keizai zasshi-sha]] |year=1908 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=30g4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PP2116 |pages=2077–2083 |lang=ja |access-date=2020-01-16 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901204935/https://books.google.com/books?id=30g4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PP2116 |url-status=live }}, digested from ''Shin shikunshi''.
** Seika-en Sanjin 精花園山人 "Hana-yuri 花百合", in {{citation |ref={{SfnRef|Shin shikunshi|1901}} |author=Shōkadō Shujin <!--et. al.--> |author-link=<!--薔花堂主人 --> |title=Shin shikunshi |script-title=ja:新四君子 |publisher=Tokyo Mita Ikushujyo<!--東京三田育種場--> |year=1901 |url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/840167/73 |pages=63–140 |language=ja |access-date=2020-01-16 |archive-date=2020-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210013631/https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/840167/73 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Wikiquote|Lilies}}
{{Commons}}
{{Wikispecies}}
* [http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Liliaceae/Lilium/ The Plant List]
* [https://www.lilies.org/ North American Lily Society]
* [https://rhslilygroup.org/ Royal Horticultural Society Lily Group]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tb4UFJ_zd_o 1] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBzFX7kiYrA 2] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQNPHFi5HCw 3] Time-lapse videos
* [http://www.the-genus-lilium.com/ THE GENUS LILIUM]
* {{EOL}}
* [https://hort.cornell.edu/bulb/landscape/lily_peren/index.htm Lily perenialization, Flower Bulb Research Program, Department of Horticulture, Cornell University]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130605062624/http://www.liliumbreeding.nl/polygon.htm Crossing polygon of the genus Lilium].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121020060601/http://www.bulbsonline.org/ibc-jsp/en/education/beroepsonderwijs/introduction/Lilies.xml Bulb flower production; Lilies, International Flower Bulb Centre]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140203154952/http://www.bulbsonline.org/ibc-jsp/en/education/beroepsonderwijs/photos/Lily-book.xml Lily Picture Book, International Flower Bulb Centre]

===Flora===
* [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Lilium&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: ''Lilium'']
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=118558 Flora of China: ''Lilium'']
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=110&taxon_id=118558 Flora of Nepal: ''Lilium'' species list]
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=118558 Flora of North America: ''Lilium'']

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5194627}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lilium| ]]
[[Category:Bulbous plants]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Liliaceae genera]]
[[Category:Root vegetables]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]