View source for Rome

{{Short description|Capital and largest city of Italy}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Rome
| official_name           = {{lang|it|Roma Capitale}}
| native_name             = {{native name|it|Roma}}
| settlement_type         = [[Capital city]] and {{lang|it|[[comune]]}}
| image_skyline           = {{multiple image
 | border        = infobox
 | perrow        = 1/2/3/2
 | total_width   = 300
 | align         = center
 | caption_align = center
 | image1        = Rome skyline panorama.jpg
 | caption1      = [[List of tallest buildings in Rome|Rome skyline]] from [[Castel Sant'Angelo]]
 | image2        = Trevi Fountain, Rome, Italy 2 - May 2007.jpg
 | caption2      = [[Trevi Fountain]]
 | image3        = Colosseo 2020.jpg
 | caption3      = [[Colosseum]]
 | image4        = Barcaccia e scalinata.jpg
 | caption4      = [[Fontana della Barcaccia|Barcaccia]], [[Spanish Steps]] and [[Trinità dei Monti]]
 | image5        = Petersdom von Engelsburg gesehen crop.jpg
 | caption5      = [[St. Peter's Basilica]] ([[Vatican City]])
 | image6        = Engelsburg und Engelsbrücke abends (Zuschnitt).jpg
 | caption6      = [[Castel Sant'Angelo]]
 | image7        = Pantheon Rom 1 cropped.jpg
 | caption7      = [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] and [[Piazza della Rotonda]]
 | image8        = Piazza Venezia - Il Vittoriano (cropped).jpg
 | caption8      = [[Victor Emmanuel II Monument]]
}}
| image_flag              = [[File:Flag of Rome.svg|100px]]
| image_shield            = [[File:Roma-Stemma-2.svg|70px]]
| nicknames               = {{native name|la|Urbs Aeterna}}<br />{{small|The Eternal City}}<br/>{{native name|la|[[Caput Mundi]]}}<br />{{small|The Capital of the world}}<br/>Throne of St. Peter
| etymology               = various theories {{crossreference|(See ''[[#Etymology|Etymology]]'').}}
| established_title       = Founded
| established_date        = 21 April 753 BC
| founder                 = King [[Romulus]] ([[Romulus and Remus|legendary]])<ref name=britannica/>
| image_map               = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg
| map_caption             = The territory of the {{lang|it|comune}} ({{lang|it|Roma Capitale}}, in red) inside the Metropolitan City of Rome ({{lang|it|Città Metropolitana di Roma}}, in yellow). The spot in the centre is [[Vatican City]].
| mapframe                = yes
| mapframe-wikidata       = yes
| mapframe-marker         = city
| pushpin_map             = Italy#Europe
| pushpin_map_caption     = Location within Italy##Location within Europe
| pushpin_relief          = yes
| pushpin_label_position  = left
| coordinates             = {{Coord|41|53|36|N|12|28|58|E|region:IT-62_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = Italy{{efn|Also the [[Vatican City]]}}
| subdivision_type2       = [[Regions of Italy|Region]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[Lazio]]
| subdivision_type3       = [[Metropolitan cities of Italy|Metropolitan city]]
| subdivision_name3       = [[Metropolitan City of Rome Capital|Rome Capital]]
| government_footnotes    = 
| government_type         = [[Mayor–council government|Strong Mayor–Council]]
| leader_title2           = Legislature
| leader_name2            = [[City Council of Rome|Capitoline Assembly]]
| leader_title1           = [[Mayor of Rome|Mayor]]
| leader_name1            = [[Roberto Gualtieri]] ([[Democratic Party (Italy)|PD]])
| area_footnotes          = <ref name="area">{{cite web|url=https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224|title=Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011|language=it|publisher=[[Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]]}}</ref>
| elevation_footnote      = 
| area_total_km2          = 1287.36
| area_blank1_title       = [[Metropolitan City of Rome Capital|Metropolitan city]]
| area_blank1_km2         = 5363.28
| area_blank2_title       = 
| elevation_m             = 21
| elevation_ft            = 
| population_total        = 2746984
| total_type              = [[Comune|Municipality]]
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_as_of        = 2025
| population_footnotes    = <ref name="population">{{cite web|title=Monthly Demographic Balance|url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?l=en&a=2025&i=D7B|publisher=[[Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]]}}</ref>
| population_blank1_title = [[Metropolitan cities of Italy|Metropolitan city]]
| population_blank1       = 4223885
| population_density_blank1_km2 = auto
| population_blank2_title = 
| population_blank2       = 
| population_density_blank2_km2 = 
| population_demonym      = {{langx|it|romano(i)}} (masculine), {{lang|it|romana(e)}} (feminine)<br />{{langx|en|Roman(s)}}
| population_rank         = [[List of European cities by population within city limits|8th]] in Europe<br/>[[List of cities in Italy|1st]] in Italy
| demographics_type2      = GDP {{nobold|(nominal, 2023)}}
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 region [nama_10r_3gdp] |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/bookmark/49efafe1-c972-42ca-9256-0d85871ebd9f?lang=en&createdAt=2026-02-24T21:15:48Z |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1    = [[Metropolitan City of Rome Capital|Metropolitan city]]
| demographics2_info1     = €201.290 billion 
| demographics2_title2    = Per capita 
| demographics2_info2     = €47,665 
| timezone1               = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset1             = +01:00
| timezone1_DST           = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST         = +02:00
| postal_code_type        = [[Postal code|CAP code(s)]]
| postal_code             = 00100; 00118 to 00199
| area_code               = 06
| website                 = {{URL|https://www.comune.roma.it|comune.roma.it}}
| pushpin_label           = Rome
| un_locode               = 
| module                  = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child         = yes
| official_name = ''[[Historic district of Rome|Historic Centre of Rome]], the [[Properties of the Holy See#Outside Vatican City but inside Rome|Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights]] and {{lang|it|[[Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls|San Paolo Fuori le Mura]]|italic=unset}}''
| criteria      = {{UNESCO WHS type|i, ii, iii, iv, vi}}
| ID            = 91
| year          = 1980
| area          = {{cvt|1431|ha|acre}}
| buffer_zone   = 
}}
| image_blank_emblem      = 
| blank_emblem_type       = 
}}

'''Rome'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|r|oʊ|m}} {{respell|ROHM}}; [[Italian language|Italian]] and {{langx|la|Roma}}, {{IPA|it|ˈroːma|pron|It-Roma.ogg}}}} is the [[capital city]] and most populated {{lang|it|comune}} (municipality) of [[Italy]]. It is also the [[administrative centre]] of the [[Lazio]] [[Regions of Italy|region]] and of the [[Metropolitan City of Rome]]. A special {{lang|it|comune}} named {{lang|it|Roma Capitale}} with a population of 2.7 million in an area of {{cvt|1287.36|km2|mi2|1}},<ref name="population" /> Rome is the [[list of cities in the European Union by population within city limits|third most populous city]] in the [[European Union]] by population within city limits. The [[Metropolitan City of Rome Capital]], with a population of 4.2 million, is the most populous [[metropolitan cities of Italy|metropolitan city]] in Italy. [[Rome metropolitan area|Its metropolitan area]] is the third-most populous within Italy.<ref name="citypop">{{Cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |title=Principal Agglomerations of the World |publisher=Citypopulation |date=January 2017 |access-date=6 April 2012 |archive-date=4 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704112702/http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Rome is located in the central-western portion of the [[Italian Peninsula]], within Lazio ([[Latium]]), along the shores of the [[Tiber Valley]]. [[Vatican City]] (the smallest country in the world and headquarters of the worldwide [[Catholic Church]] under the governance of the [[Holy See]])<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.history.com/news/what-is-the-smallest-country-in-the-world |title=What is the smallest country in the world? |work=History.com |access-date=27 September 2018 |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927125308/https://www.history.com/news/what-is-the-smallest-country-in-the-world |url-status=live}}</ref> is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city. Rome is often referred to as the "[[Seven hills of Rome|City of Seven Hills]]" due to its geography, and also as the "Eternal City". Rome is generally considered to be one of the cradles of [[Western civilization]] and [[Western Christianity|Western]] [[Christian culture]], and the centre of the Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite book |title=Understanding China Today: An Exploration of Politics, Economics, Society, and International Relations |first=Silvio |last=Beretta |year=2017 |isbn=9783319296258 |page=320 |publisher=Springer |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=	Christianity: Religions of the World |first=Ann Marie |last=B. Bahr |year=2009 |isbn=9781438106397 |page=139 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Rome in America: Transnational Catholic Ideology from the Risorgimento to Fascism |first=Peter |last=R. D'Agostino |year=2005 |isbn=9780807863411 |page= |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press }}</ref>

[[History of Rome|Rome's history]] spans 28 centuries. While [[Roman mythology]] dates the [[founding of Rome]] at around 753&nbsp;BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it a major human settlement for over three millennia and one of the [[list of oldest continuously inhabited cities|oldest continuously occupied cities]] in Europe.<ref name="Heiken, G. 2005">Heiken, G., Funiciello, R. and De Rita, D. (2005), ''The Seven Hills of Rome: A Geological Tour of the Eternal City''. Princeton University Press.</ref> The city's early population originated from a mix of [[Latins (Italic tribe)|Latins]], [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]], and [[Sabines]]. Eventually, the city successively became the capital of the [[Roman Kingdom]], the [[Roman Republic]] and the [[Roman Empire]], and is regarded by many as the first-ever Imperial city and [[metropolis]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historytoday.com/mary-harlow/old-age-ancient-rome |title=Old Age in Ancient Rome – History Today |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612210546/https://www.historytoday.com/mary-harlow/old-age-ancient-rome |archive-date=12 June 2018}}</ref> It was first called ''The Eternal City'' ({{langx|la|Urbs Aeterna}}; {{langx|it|La Città Eterna}}) by the Roman poet [[Tibullus]] in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by [[Ovid]], [[Virgil]], and [[Livy]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stephanie Malia Hom |title=Consuming the View: Tourism, Rome, and the Topos of the Eternal City |journal=Annali d'Igtalianistica |date=28 May 2024 |volume=28 |pages=91–116 |jstor=24016389 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Andres Perez |first=Javier |title=Approximación a la Iconografía de Roma Aeterna |url=http://www.elfuturodelpasado.com/elfuturodelpasado/Ultimo_numero_files/023.pdf |work=El Futuro del Pasado |access-date=28 May 2014 |pages=349–363 |year=2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923235403/http://www.elfuturodelpasado.com/elfuturodelpasado/Ultimo_numero_files/023.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> Rome is also called [[Caput Mundi#Rome|{{lang|la|Caput Mundi|nocat=y}}]] (Capital of the World).

After the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire|fall of the Empire in the west]], which marked the beginning of the [[Middle Ages]], Rome slowly fell under the political control of the [[Papacy]], and in the 8th century, it became the capital of the [[Papal States]], which lasted until 1870. Beginning with the [[Renaissance]], almost all popes since [[Pope Nicholas V|Nicholas V]] (1447–1455) pursued a coherent architectural and urban programme over four hundred years, aimed at making the city the artistic and cultural centre of the world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Giovannoni |first1=Gustavo |title=Topografia e urbanistica di Roma |date=1958 |publisher=Istituto di Studi Romani |location=Rome |pages=346–347 |language=it}}</ref> In this way, Rome first became one of the major centres of the Renaissance<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Rome, city, Italy |encyclopedia=Columbia Encyclopedia |edition=6th |year=2009 |url=https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=117042793 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324095132/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=117042793 |archive-date=24 March 2010}}</ref> and then became the birthplace of both the [[Baroque]] style and [[Neoclassicism]]. Famous artists, painters, sculptors, and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, creating masterpieces throughout the city. In 1871, Rome became the capital of the [[Kingdom of Italy]], which, in 1946, became the Italian Republic. It hosted the [[Summer Olympic Games|Summer Olympics]] in 1960.

In 2019, Rome was the 14th most visited city in the world with 8.6 million tourists, the third most visited city in the European Union, and the most popular tourist destination in Italy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/29/travel/gallery/most-visited-cities-euromonitor/index.html |title=World's most visited cities |publisher=CNN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307203514/http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/29/travel/gallery/most-visited-cities-euromonitor/index.html |archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> Its historic centre is listed by [[UNESCO]] as a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name="whc.unesco.org">{{cite web |title=Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/91 |work=[[UNESCO]] World Heritage Centre |access-date=8 June 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110224124311/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/91 |archive-date=24 February 2011}}</ref> Rome is also the seat of several specialised agencies of the [[United Nations]], such as the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], the [[World Food Programme]], and the [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]]. The city also hosts the Secretariat of the Parliamentary Assembly of the [[Union for the Mediterranean]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/nations/italy/2018/07/13/rome-chosen-as-seat-of-euro-med-assembly-secretariat_1915c82d-78f2-41e3-9bd7-69b0ba27ee6c.html |website=ANSAmed |title=Rome chosen as seat of Euro-Med Assembly secretariat – Italy |date=13 July 2018 |access-date=2 December 2018 |archive-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202155058/http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/nations/italy/2018/07/13/rome-chosen-as-seat-of-euro-med-assembly-secretariat_1915c82d-78f2-41e3-9bd7-69b0ba27ee6c.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as the headquarters of several Italian multinational companies such as [[Eni]], [[Enel]], [[Gruppo TIM|TIM]], [[Leonardo S.p.A.|Leonardo]], and banks such as [[Banca Nazionale del Lavoro|BNL]]. Numerous companies are based within Rome's [[EUR, Rome|EUR]] business district, such as the luxury fashion house [[Fendi]] located in the [[Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana]]. The presence of renowned international brands in the city has made Rome an important centre of fashion and design, and the [[Cinecittà|Cinecittà Studios]] have been the set of many [[Academy Award]]–winning movies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.italia.it/en/travel-ideas/culture-and-entertainment/cinecitta-dream-factory.html |website=Italian Tourism  |title=Cinecittà: Dream Factory |date=23 March 2015 |language=en |access-date=20 May 2019 |archive-date=18 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418213709/http://www.italia.it/en/travel-ideas/culture-and-entertainment/cinecitta-dream-factory.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Name and symbol==
===Etymology===
According to the Ancient Romans' [[Founding of Rome|founding myth]],<ref name="livy1797">{{cite book |publisher=Printed for A.Strahan |last=Livy |others=George Baker (trans.) |title=The history of Rome |year=1797}}</ref> the name ''Roma'' came from the city's founder and first [[Rex (king)|king]], [[Romulus]].<ref name=britannica>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/509038/Romulus-and-Remus |title=Romulus and Remus |encyclopedia=Britannica |date=25 November 2014 |access-date=9 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317100831/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/509038/Romulus-and-Remus |archive-date=17 March 2015}}</ref>

However, it is possible that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself.<ref>Cf. Jaan Puhvel: ''Comparative mythology.'' The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London 1989, p. 287.</ref> As early as the 4th century, there have been alternative theories proposed on the origin of the name ''Roma''. Several hypotheses have been advanced focusing on its linguistic roots which however remain uncertain:<ref>Claudio Rendina: ''Roma Ieri, Oggi, Domani''. Newton Compton, Roma, 2007, p. 17.</ref>
* From ''Rumon'' or ''Rumen'', archaic name of the [[Tiber]], which in turn is supposedly related to the Greek verb {{lang|el|ῥέω|italic=no}} ({{lang|el-latn|rhéō}}) 'to flow, stream' and the Latin verb {{lang|la|ruō}} 'to hurry, rush';{{efn|This hypothesis originates from the Roman Grammarian [[Maurus Servius Honoratus]]. However, the Greek verb descends from the [[Proto-Indo-European root]] [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/srew-|''*srew-'']] (compare Ancient Greek {{lang|grc-Grek|ῥεῦμα|italic=no}} ({{lang|grc-latn|rheûma}}) 'a stream, flow, current', the Thracian river name {{lang|grc-Grek|Στρυμών|italic=no}} ({{lang|grc-latn|Strumṓn}}) and Proto-Germanic ''*strauma-'' 'stream'; if it was related, however, the Latin river name would be expected to begin with *''Frum-'', like Latin ''[[wikt:frigeo|frīgeō]]'' 'to freeze' from the root ''*sreyHg-'') and the Latin verb from [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃rew-|''*h₃rew-'']].}}
* From the [[Etruscan language|Etruscan]] word {{lang|ett|𐌓𐌖𐌌𐌀|italic=no}} ({{lang|ett-latn|ruma}}), whose root is ''*rum-'' "teat", with possible reference either to the [[She-wolf (Roman mythology)|totem wolf that adopted and suckled]] the cognately named twins [[Romulus and Remus]], or to the shape of the [[Palatine Hill|Palatine]] and [[Aventine Hill]]s;
* From the Greek word {{lang|el|ῥώμη|italic=no}} ({{lang|el-latn|rhṓmē}}), which means ''strength''.{{efn|This hypothesis originates from [[Plutarch]].}}

===Other names and symbols===
Rome has also been called in ancient times simply "Urbs" (central city),<ref name="Vergari Marco Luberti Pica Del Monte 2020 pp. 6–17">{{cite journal | last1=Vergari | first1=Francesca | last2=Marco Luberti | first2=Gian | last3=Pica | first3=Alessia | last4=Del Monte | first4=Maurizio | title=Geomorphology of the historic centre of the ''Urbs'' (Rome, Italy) | journal=Journal of Maps | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=17 | issue=4 | date=2020-05-18 | issn=1744-5647 | doi=10.1080/17445647.2020.1761465 | pages=6–17| s2cid=219441323 | doi-access=free | hdl=11573/1503575 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> from ''urbs roma'', or identified with its ancient Roman [[Acronym|initialism]] of [[SPQR]], the symbol of Rome's [[Constitution of the Roman Republic|constituted republican government]]. In 192, [[Roman emperor|emperor]] [[Commodus]] renamed the city ''Colonia Lucia Annia Commodiana'' after himself. The name was reverted to Rome after [[Commodus#Assassination (192)|his assassination]] at the end of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/commod.htm|title=Roman Emperors – DIR commodus|website=www.roman-emperors.org|access-date=24 June 2022|archive-date=21 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321061813/http://www.roman-emperors.org/commod.htm|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Furthermore, Rome has been called Urbs Aeterna (The Eternal City), Caput Mundi (The [[Capital of the world]]), Throne of [[St. Peter]] and Roma Capitale.

[[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]] states that the [[lagobolon]] was a symbol of the settlement of the city of Rome, and recounts that following the destruction by fire of a sacred hut of Mars on the Palatine Hill, a lagobolon, which Romulus used to delineate the regions for taking auspices when founding the city, was found miraculously preserved among the ashes.<ref>[https://topostext.org/work/139#14.2.2 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, 14.2.2 - English]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.perseus-grc1:14.2.2|title=Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Antiquitates Romanae, Books I-XX, book 14, chapter 2, section 2 - original Greek|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu|accessdate=21 September 2025}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Rome}}
{{For timeline}}

===Earliest history===
{{Main|Founding of Rome}}

[[File:Maquette de la Rome archaïque (musée de la civilisation romaine, Rome) (5917668745).jpg|thumb|Model of archaic Rome. The image faces northeast, with the Capitoline hill on left and the Palatine on right. The city would not have looked like this prior to the seventh century BC.]]
Archaeological evidence of human occupation of the Rome area has been found from approximately 14,000 years ago, although the dense layer of much younger debris obscures [[Palaeolithic]] and [[Neolithic]] sites.<ref name="Heiken, G. 2005" /> Evidence of stone tools, pottery, and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence in the Rome area. Several excavations support the view that Rome grew from [[pastoralism|pastoral]] settlements on the [[Palatine Hill]] built above the area of the future [[Roman Forum]]. Between the end of the [[Bronze Age]] and the beginning of the [[Iron Age]], each hill between the sea and the Capitoline Hill was topped by a village (on the Capitoline, a village is attested since the end of the 14th century BC).<ref name=coa9>Coarelli (1984) p. 9</ref> However, none of them yet had an urban quality.<ref name=coa9 />

Nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city developed gradually through the aggregation ("[[synoecism]]") of several villages around the largest one, placed above the [[Palatine]].<ref name=coa9 /> This aggregation was facilitated by the increase of agricultural productivity above the [[Subsistence economy|subsistence level]], which also allowed the establishment of [[secondary sector|secondary]] and [[tertiary sector|tertiary activities]]. These, in turn, boosted the development of trade with the Greek colonies of southern Italy (mainly [[Ischia]] and [[Cumae]]).<ref name=coa9 /> These developments, which according to archaeological evidence took place during the mid-eighth century BC, can be considered as the "birth" of the city.<ref name=coa9 /> Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome was founded deliberately in the middle of the eighth century BC, as the legend of Romulus suggests, remains a fringe hypothesis.<ref name="foundation">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/12/science/12rome.html |title=More Clues in the Legend (or Is It Fact?) of Romulus |first=John Nobel |last=Wilford |date=12 June 2007 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=11 August 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417112437/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/12/science/12rome.html |archive-date=17 April 2009}}</ref>

====Legend of the founding of Rome====
{{Main|Romulus and Remus|Romulus}}
[[File:Kapitolinische Wölfin Museum Capitolini.jpg|thumb|''[[Capitoline Wolf]]'', a sculpture of the [[She-wolf (Roman mythology)|mythical she-wolf]] suckling the infant twins [[Romulus and Remus]]]]

Traditional stories handed down by the [[ancient Romans]] themselves explain the earliest [[History of Rome|history of their city]] in terms of [[legend]] and [[myth]]. The most familiar of these myths, and perhaps the most famous of all [[Roman mythology|Roman myths]], is the story of [[Romulus and Remus]], the twins who were suckled by a [[She-wolf (Roman mythology)|she-wolf]].<ref name="livy1797" /> They decided to build a city, but after an argument, [[Romulus]] killed his brother and the city took his name. According to the Roman [[annalist]]s, this happened on 21 April 753 BC.{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=73}} This legend had to be reconciled with a dual tradition, set earlier in time, that had the [[Trojan War|Trojan refugee]] [[Aeneas]] escape to Italy and found the line of Romans through his son [[Ascanius|Iulus]], the namesake of the [[Julio-Claudian dynasty]].<ref name="livy2005">{{Cite book |publisher=Penguin Books Ltd |isbn=978-0-14-196307-5 |last=Livy |title=The Early History of Rome |year=2005}}</ref> This was accomplished by the Roman poet [[Virgil]] in the first century BC. In addition, [[Strabo]] mentions an older story, that the city was an [[Arcadia (ancient region)|Arcadian]] colony founded by [[Evander of Pallene|Evander]]. Strabo also writes that [[Lucius Coelius Antipater]] believed that Rome was founded by Greeks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.3.3 |title=Strabo, Geography, book 5, chapter 3, section 3 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=21 February 2021 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301151855/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.3.3 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/5C*.html |title=LacusCurtius • Strabo's Geography — Book V Chapter 3 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=29 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529132904/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/5C%2A.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Monarchy and republic===
{{Main|Ancient Rome|Roman Kingdom|Roman Republic}}
[[File:Foro_Boario_Portuno_04.jpg|thumb|The [[Temple of Portunus]], god of grain storage, keys, livestock and ports,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fowler|first1=W. Warde|title=Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic|date=1899|publisher=Kennikat Press|pages=202–204}}</ref> built in 120–80&nbsp;BC]]
[[File:Foro Romano visto dai Musei Capitolini Roma.jpg|thumb|The [[Roman Forum]] contains the ruins of the buildings that represented the political, legal, religious and economic centre of ancient Rome, constituting the "nerve centre" of all Roman civilisation.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Roman Forum |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=18 January 2012 |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/26/the-roman-forum/ |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420181638/https://www.worldhistory.org/article/26/the-roman-forum/ |url-status=live}}</ref>]]

After the foundation by Romulus (according to a legend),{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=73}} Rome was ruled for a period of 244 years by a [[monarchy]]. The first rulers were of [[Latins (Italic tribe)|Latin]] and [[Sabines|Sabine]] origin, and later ones were [[Etruscans|Etruscan]]. The tradition handed down seven kings: [[Romulus]], [[Numa Pompilius]], [[Tullus Hostilius]], [[Ancus Marcius]], [[Tarquinius Priscus]], [[Servius Tullius]] and [[Lucius Tarquinius Superbus]].{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=73}}

In 509 BC, the Romans expelled the last king from their city and established an [[Oligarchy|oligarchic]] [[republic]] led by two annually elected [[Roman consul|consuls]]. Rome then began a period characterised by internal struggles between [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|patricians]] (aristocrats) and [[Plebs|plebeians]] (small landowners), and by constant warfare against the populations of central Italy: Etruscans, Latins, [[Volsci]], [[Aequi]], and [[Marsi]].{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=77}} After becoming master of [[Latium]], Rome led several wars (against the [[Gauls]], [[Osci]]-[[Samnites]] and the Greek colony of [[Taranto]], allied with [[Pyrrhus of Epirus|Pyrrhus]], king of [[Epirus]]) whose result was the conquest of the [[Italian peninsula]], from the central area up to [[Magna Graecia]].{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=79}}

The 3rd and 4th century&nbsp;BC saw the establishment of Roman hegemony over the [[Mediterranean]] and the [[Balkans]] through the three [[Punic Wars]] (264–146&nbsp;BC) fought against [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]] and the three [[Macedonian Wars]] (212–168&nbsp;BC) against [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]].{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | pp=81–83}} The first [[Roman province]]s were established at this time: [[Sicilia (Roman province)|Sicily]], [[Sardinia and Corsica]], [[Hispania]], [[Macedonia (Roman province)|Macedonia]], [[Achaea (Roman province)|Achaea]] and [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa]].{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | pp=81–85}}

From the beginning of the 2nd century&nbsp;BC, power was contested between two groups of aristocrats: the [[optimates]], representing the conservative part of the [[Roman Senate]], and the [[populares]], who relied on the help of the [[plebs]] (urban lower class) to gain power. In the same period, the bankruptcy of the small farmers and the establishment of large slave estates caused large-scale migration to the city. The continuous warfare led to the establishment of a professional army, which turned out to be more loyal to its generals than to the republic. Because of this, in the late 2nd and early 1st century&nbsp;BC there were several conflicts both abroad and internally: after the failed attempt of social reform of the populares [[Tiberius Gracchus|Tiberius]] and [[Gaius Gracchus]],{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=89}} and the war against [[Jugurtha]],{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=89}} there was [[Sulla's civil war|a civil war]] from which the general [[Sulla]] emerged victorious.{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=89}} A [[Third Servile War|major slave revolt]] under [[Spartacus]] followed,{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=91}} and then the establishment of the [[first Triumvirate]] with [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]], [[Pompey]] and [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]].{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=91}}

Caesar's conquest of [[Gaul]] made him immensely powerful and popular, which led to a [[Caesar's Civil War|civil war]] against the Senate and Pompey. After his victory, Caesar established himself as [[Dictator perpetuo|dictator for life]].{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=91}} His assassination in 44&nbsp;BC led to a [[second Triumvirate]] among [[Octavian]] (Caesar's grandnephew and heir), [[Mark Antony]] and [[Lepidus]], and to a [[War of Actium|final civil war]] between Octavian and Antony.{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=93}}

===Empire===
{{Main|Roman Empire}}
[[File:Palatine_Hill_from_across_the_Circus_Maximus_April_2019.jpg|thumb|The Ancient-Imperial-Roman palaces of the Palatine, a series of palaces located in the [[Palatine Hill]], express power and wealth of emperors from Augustus until the 4th century.]]
[[File:Trajan's Market, Rome, Italy.jpg|thumb|The [[Imperial fora]] belong to a series of ''monumental fora'' (public squares) constructed in Rome by the emperors. Also seen in the image is [[Trajan's Market]].]]
[[File:Détail de la maquette de Rome à lépoque de Constantin (5840455090).jpg|thumb|right|Model of Imperial Rome at the [[Museum of Roman Civilization]] in Rome. The [[Temple of Claudius]] is situated to the south (left) of the [[Colosseum]].]]

In 27&nbsp;BC, Octavian was named ''[[Augustus (title)|Augustus]]'' and ''[[princeps]]'', founding the [[principate]], a [[diarchy]] between the ''princeps'' and the senate.{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=93}} Over time, the new monarch came to be known as the ''[[imperator]]'' (hence [[Roman emperor|emperor]]), meaning "commander".<ref name="SimonHornblower">{{Cite book |last1=Hornblower |first1=Simon |title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary |last2=Spawforth |first2=Antony |last3=Eidinow |first3=Esther |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-1995-4556-8 |pages=728–729 |chapter=Imperator |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3268 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA728}}</ref> During the reign of [[Nero]], two-thirds of the city was ruined after the [[Great Fire of Rome]], and the [[Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire|persecution of Christians]] commenced.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/great-fire-rome-background/1446/ |title=The Great Fire of Rome {{!}} Background {{!}} Secrets of the Dead|date=29 May 2014|website=Secrets of the Dead|language=en-US |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404105016/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/great-fire-rome-background/1446/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/jul19/great-fire-rome/ |title=Great Fire of Rome |last=Society |first=National Geographic |date=18 June 2014 |website=National Geographic Society |language=en |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330173019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/jul19/great-fire-rome/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Egypt, Greece, and Rome : Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean |last=Freeman |first=Charles |isbn=978-0-19-965191-7 |edition=Third |publisher=Oxford University Press |oclc=868077503 |date=March 2014}}</ref> Rome's empire reached its greatest expansion in the second century under the Emperor [[Trajan]]. Rome was known as the [[caput Mundi]], i.e. the capital of the known world, an expression which had already been used in the Republican period. During its first two centuries, the empire was ruled by emperors of the [[Julio-Claudian dynasty|Julio-Claudian]],{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=97}} [[Flavian dynasty|Flavian]] (who built an eponymous amphitheatre known as the [[Colosseum]]),{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=97}} and [[Antonine dynasty|Antonine]] dynasties.{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=99}} This time was also characterised by the spread of the Christian religion, preached by [[Jesus Christ]] in [[Judea]] in the first half of the first century (under [[Tiberius]]) and popularised by his [[Apostles in the New Testament|apostle]]s through the empire and beyond.{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=107}} The Antonine age is considered the zenith of the Empire, whose territory ranged from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Euphrates]] and from [[Great Britain|Britain]] to [[Egypt]].{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=99}}
[[File:Colosseum in Rome-April 2007-1- copie 2B.jpg|thumb|[[Colosseum]] at dusk]]
After the end of the [[Severan dynasty]] in AD&nbsp;235, the Empire entered into a 50-year period known as the [[Crisis of the Third Century]], during which numerous generals fought for power and the central authority in Rome weakened dramatically. Around the same time, the [[Plague of Cyprian]] ({{Circa}} 250–270) afflicted the Mediterranean.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Huebner |first=Sabine |author-link=Sabine R. Huebner |date=7 Jun 2021 |title=The 'Plague of Cyprian': A revised view of the origin and spread of a 3rd-c. CE pandemic |journal=Journal of Roman Archaeology |volume=34 |pages=151–174 |doi=10.1017/S1047759421000349 |s2cid=236149169 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Instability caused economic deterioration, and there was a rapid rise in inflation as the government debased the currency in order to meet expenses. The [[Germanic tribes]] along the Rhine and north of the Balkans made serious uncoordinated incursions that were more like giant raiding parties rather than attempts to settle. The [[Sasanian Empire|Persian Empire]] invaded from the east several times during the 230s to 260s but were eventually defeated.{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=101}} The civil wars ended in 285 with the final victory of [[Diocletian]], who undertook the restoration of the State. He ended the [[Principate]] and introduced a new authoritarian model known as the [[Dominate]], derived from his title of ''dominus'' ("lord"). His most marked feature was the unprecedented intervention of the State down to the city level: whereas the State had submitted a tax demand to a city and allowed it to allocate the charges, from his reign the State did this down to the village level. In a vain attempt to control inflation, he imposed [[price controls]] which did not last.

Diocletian divided the empire in 286, ruling over the eastern half from [[Nicomedia]], while his co-emperor [[Maximian]] ruled the western half from [[Mediolanum]] (when not on the move).{{sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964|p=101}} The empire was further divided in 293, when Diocletian named two [[Caesar (title)|caesar]], one for each [[Augustus (title)|augustus]] (emperor). Diocletian tried to turn into a system of non-dynastic succession, similar to the Antonine dynasty. Upon abdication in 305, both caesars succeeded and they, in turn, appointed two colleagues for themselves.{{sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964|p=101}} However, a [[Civil wars of the Tetrarchy|series of civil wars]] between rival claimants to power resulted in the unification of the empire under [[Constantine the Great]] in 324. Hereditary succession was restored, but the east–west division was maintained. Constantine undertook a major reform of the bureaucracy, not by changing the structure but by rationalising the competencies of the several ministries. The so-called [[Edict of Milan]] of 313, actually a fragment of a letter from his co-emperor [[Licinius]] to the governors of the eastern provinces, granted freedom of worship to everyone, including Christians, and ordered the restoration of confiscated church properties upon petition to the newly created vicars of dioceses. He funded the building of several churches and allowed clergy to act as arbitrators in civil suits (a measure that did not outlast him but which was restored in part much later). In 330, he transformed [[Byzantium]] into [[Constantinople]], which became his new capital. However, it was not officially anything more than an imperial residence like [[Milan]], [[Trier]] or Nicomedia until given a city prefect in 359 by [[Constantius II]].{{sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964|p=103}}

Constantine, following Diocletian's reforms, regionalised the administration, which fundamentally changed the way it was governed by creating regional dioceses. The existence of regional fiscal units from 286 served as the model for this unprecedented innovation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zuckerman |first=Constantin |date=2002 |title=Sur la liste de Vérone et la province de Grande Arménie, la division de l'empire et la date de création des diocèses |url=https://www.academia.edu/2108633 |journal=Travaux et Mémoires |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=27 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920132133/https://www.academia.edu/2108633 |url-status=live }}</ref> The emperor quickened the process of removing military command from governors. Henceforth, civilian administration and military command would be separate. He gave governors more fiscal duties and placed them in charge of the army logistical support system as an attempt to control it by removing the support system from its control.

Christianity in the form of the Nicene Creed became the official religion of the empire in 380, via the [[Edict of Thessalonica]] issued in the name of three emperors – Gratian, Valentinian II, and [[Theodosius I]] – with Theodosius clearly the driving force behind it. He was the last emperor of a unified empire: after his death in 395, his young children, [[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]] and [[Arcadius]], inherited the [[Western Roman Empire|western]] and [[Eastern Roman Empire|eastern]] empires respectively. The seat of government in the Western Roman Empire was transferred to [[Ravenna]] in 408, but from 450 the emperors mostly resided in Rome.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gillett|first=Andrew|date=2001|title=Rome, Ravenna and the Last Western Emperors|url=https://www.academia.edu/18189525|journal=Papers of the British School at Rome|volume=69|pages=131–167|doi=10.1017/S0068246200001781|jstor=40311008|s2cid=129373675|issn=0068-2462|archive-date=21 September 2022|access-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921001728/https://www.academia.edu/18189525|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Sack of Rome by the Visigoths on 24 August 410 by JN Sylvestre 1890.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|The [[Visigoths]] [[Sack of Rome (410)|sacking Rome in 410]], by [[Joseph-Noël Sylvestre]] (1890), the first time in {{c.}}&nbsp;800 years that Rome had fallen to a foreign enemy]]
Rome, which had lost its central role in the administration of the empire, [[Sack of Rome (410)|was sacked in 410]] by the [[Visigoths]] led by [[Alaric I]],{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=115}} but very little physical damage was done, most of which was repaired. What could not be so easily replaced were portable items such as artwork in precious metals and items for domestic use (loot). The popes embellished the city with large basilicas, such as [[Santa Maria Maggiore]] (with the collaboration of the emperors). The population of the city had fallen from 800,000 to 450–500,000 by the time the city was sacked in 455 by [[Genseric]], king of the [[Vandals]].{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=117}} The weak emperors of the fifth century could not stop the decay, leading to the deposition of [[Romulus Augustus]], who resided on Ravenna, on 4 September 476. This marked the end of the [[Western Roman Empire]] and, for many historians, the beginning of the [[Middle Ages]].{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=103}}

The decline of the city's population was caused by the loss of grain shipments from North Africa, from 440 onward, and the unwillingness of the senatorial class to maintain donations to support a population that was too large for the resources available. Even so, strenuous efforts were made to maintain the monumental centre, the palatine, and the largest baths, which continued to function until the Gothic siege of 537. The large baths of Constantine on the Quirinale were even repaired in 443, and the extent of the damage exaggerated and dramatised.<ref>''Rome, An Urban History from Antiquity to the Present'', Rabun Taylor, Katherine W. Rinne and Spiro Kostof, 2016 pp.&nbsp;160–179</ref>

However, the city gave an appearance overall of shabbiness and decay because of the large abandoned areas due to population decline. The population declined to 500,000 by 452 and 100,000 by AD 500 (perhaps larger, though no certain figure can be known). After the Gothic siege of 537, the population dropped to 30,000 but had risen to 90,000 by the papacy of [[Pope Gregory I|Gregory the Great]].<ref>''Rome, Profile of a City: 321–1308'', [[Richard Krautheimer]], p.&nbsp;165</ref> The population decline coincided with the general collapse of urban life in the West in the fifth and sixth centuries, with few exceptions. Subsidized state grain distributions to the poorer members of society continued right through the sixth century and probably prevented the population from falling further.<ref>''Rome, Urban History'', pp.&nbsp;184–185</ref> The figure of 450,000–500,000 is based on the amount of pork, 3,629,000 lbs. distributed to poorer Romans during five winter months at the rate of five Roman lbs per person per month, enough for 145,000 persons or 1/4 or 1/3 of the total population.<ref>Novel 36, 2, Emperor Valeninian III</ref> Grain distribution to 80,000 ticket holders at the same time suggests 400,000 (Augustus set the number at 200,000 or one-fifth of the population).

===Middle Ages===
{{Further|Fall of the Western Roman Empire}}
[[File:Genseric sacking rome 456.jpg|thumb|The [[Vandals]] [[Sack of Rome (455)|sacking Rome in 455]], by [[Karl Briullov]] (1830s)]]

After the [[Decline of the Roman Empire|fall of the Western Roman Empire]] in AD&nbsp;476, Rome was first under the control of [[Odoacer]] and then became part of the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] before returning to [[Byzantine Empire|East Roman]] control after the [[Gothic War (535–554)|Gothic War]], which devastated the city [[Sack of Rome (546)|in 546]] and [[Siege of Rome (549–550)|550]]. Its population declined from more than a million in AD&nbsp;210 to 500,000 in AD&nbsp;273<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |url=http://www.mandatory.com/2013/01/24/the-16-greatest-cities-in-human-history/9 |title=travel, history, civilizations, greatest cities, largest cities, Rome |publisher=Mandatory |date=24 January 2013 |access-date=12 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130090938/http://www.mandatory.com/2013/01/24/the-16-greatest-cities-in-human-history/9 |archive-date=30 January 2013}}</ref> to 35,000 after the Gothic War (535–554),<ref>{{cite book |last=Tellier |first=Luc-Normand |title=Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA185 |year=2009 |publisher=PUQ |isbn=978-2-7605-2209-1 |page=185 |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=13 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513083650/https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA185 |url-status=live}}</ref> reducing the sprawling city to groups of inhabited buildings interspersed among large areas of ruins, vegetation, vineyards and market gardens.<ref>Norman John Greville Pounds. ''An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.–A.D. 1330''. p. 192.</ref> It is generally thought the population of the city until AD&nbsp;300 was 1 million (estimates range from 2 million to 750,000) declining to 750–800,000 in AD&nbsp;400, then 450–500,000 in AD&nbsp;450 and down to 80–100,000 in AD&nbsp;500 (though it may have been twice this).<ref>''Rome in Late Antiquity'', Bernard Lancon, 2001, pp.&nbsp;14, pp. 115–119 {{ISBN|0-415-92976-8}}; ''Rome Profile of a City'', Richard Krautheimer, 2000, pp.&nbsp;4, 65 {{ISBN|0-691-04961-0}}; ''Ancient Rome, The Archaeology of the Eternal City'', Editors [[Jon Coulston]] and [[Hazel Dodge]], pp. 142–165 {{ISBN|978-0-947816-55-1}}</ref>

The Bishop of Rome, called the [[Pope]], was important since the early days of Christianity because of the martyrdom of both the apostles [[Simon Peter|Peter]] and [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]] there. The Bishops of Rome were also seen (and still are seen by Catholics) as the successors of Peter, who is considered the first Bishop of Rome. The city thus became of increasing importance as the centre of the [[Catholic Church]].

After the [[Lombard invasion of Italy#Invasion and conquest of the Italian peninsula|Lombard invasion of Italy]] (569–572), the city remained nominally Byzantine, but in reality, the popes pursued a policy of equilibrium between the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]], the [[Franks]], and the [[Lombards]].{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=19}} In 729, the Lombard king [[Liutprand, King of the Lombards|Liutprand]] donated the north Latium town of [[Sutri]] to the Church, starting its [[Temporalities|temporal]] power.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=19}} In 756, [[Pepin the Short]], after having defeated the Lombards, gave the Pope temporal jurisdiction over the [[Duchy of Rome]] and the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]], thus creating the [[Papal States]].{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=19}} Since this period, three powers tried to rule the city: the pope, the nobility (together with the chiefs of militias, the judges, the Senate and the populace), and the Frankish king, as king of the Lombards, patricius, and Emperor.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=19}} These three parties (theocratic, republican, and imperial) were a characteristic of Roman life during the entire Middle Ages.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=19}} On Christmas night of 800, [[Charlemagne]] was crowned in Rome as [[Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor]] by [[Pope Leo III]]: on that occasion, the city hosted for the first time the two powers whose struggle for control was to be a constant of the Middle Ages.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=19}} This event marks the beginning of the [[Carolingian Empire]], the first phase of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].

[[File:Detail coronation Charles the Great (Francis 1st of France) by Pope Leo III (Leo X) Vatican 11.jpg|left|thumb|Detail from an illustration by [[Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino|Raphael]], portraying the crowning of [[Charlemagne]] in [[Old Saint Peter's Basilica]], on 25 December 800]]
In 846, Muslim Arabs [[Arab raid against Rome|unsuccessfully stormed the city's walls]], but managed to loot [[Old St. Peter's Basilica|St. Peter]]'s and St. Paul's basilica, both outside the city wall.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/06/eust/ht06eust.htm |title=Italian Peninsula, 500–1000 A.D. |date=5 December 2008 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art|The Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205030647/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/06/eust/ht06eust.htm |archive-date=5 December 2008 |url-status=dead |access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref> After the decay of [[Carolingian Empire|Carolingian power]], Rome fell prey to feudal chaos: several noble families fought against the pope, the emperor, and each other. These were the times of [[Theodora (senatrix)|Theodora]] and her daughter [[Marozia]], concubines and mothers of several popes, and of [[Crescentius the Younger|Crescentius]], a powerful feudal lord, who fought against the Emperors [[Otto II]] and [[Otto III]].{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=20}} The scandals of this period forced the papacy to reform itself: the election of the pope was reserved to the cardinals, and reform of the clergy was attempted. The driving force behind this renewal was the monk [[Ildebrando da Soana]], who once elected pope under the name of [[Pope Gregory VII|Gregory VII]] became involved into the [[Investiture Controversy]] against Emperor [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]].{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=20}} Subsequently, Rome [[Sack of Rome (1084)|was sacked and burned]] by the [[Normans]] under [[Robert Guiscard]] who had entered the city in support of the Pope, then besieged in [[Castel Sant'Angelo]].{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=20}}

During this period, the city was autonomously ruled by a ''senatore'' or ''patrizio''. In the 12th century, this administration, like other European cities, evolved into the [[Medieval commune|commune]], a new form of social organisation controlled by the new wealthy classes.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=20}} Pope [[Lucius II]] fought against the Roman commune, and the struggle was continued by his successor [[Pope Eugenius III]]: by this stage, the commune, allied with the aristocracy, was supported by [[Arnaldo da Brescia]], a monk who was a religious and social reformer.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=21}} After the pope's death, Arnaldo was taken prisoner by [[Adrianus IV]], which marked the end of the commune's autonomy.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=21}} Under [[Pope Innocent III]], whose reign marked the apogee of the papacy, the commune liquidated the senate, and replaced it with a ''Senatore'', who was subject to the pope.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=21}}

In this period, the papacy played a role of secular importance in [[Western Europe]], often acting as arbitrators between Christian [[monarch]]s and exercising additional political powers.<ref name="Faus">Faus, José Ignacio Gonzáles. "''Autoridade da Verdade – Momentos Obscuros do Magistério Eclesiástico''". Capítulo VIII: Os papas repartem terras – Pág.: 64–65 e Capítulo VI: O papa tem poder temporal absoluto – Pág.: 49–55. Edições Loyola. {{ISBN|85-15-01750-4}}. Embora Faus critique profundamente o poder temporal dos papas ("''Mais uma vez isso salienta um dos maiores inconvenientes do status político dos sucessores de Pedro''" – pág.: 64), ele também admite um papel secular positivo por parte dos papas ("''Não podemos negar que intervenções papais desse gênero evitaram mais de uma guerra na Europa''" – pág.: 65).</ref><ref name="Papal Arbitration">{{cathEncy|wstitle=Papal Arbitration |author=Jarrett, Bede}}</ref><ref>Such as regulating the [[colonization]] of the [[New World]]. See [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] and [[Inter caetera]].</ref>

In 1266, [[Charles of Anjou]], who was heading south to fight the [[Hohenstaufen]] on behalf of the pope, was appointed Senator. Charles founded the [[Sapienza University of Rome|Sapienza]], the university of Rome.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=21}} In that period the pope died, and the cardinals, summoned in [[Viterbo]], could not agree on his successor. This angered the people of the city, who then unroofed the building where they met and imprisoned them until they had nominated the new pope; this marked the birth of the [[conclave]].{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=21}} In this period the city was also shattered by continuous fights between the aristocratic families: [[Annibaldi family|Annibaldi]], [[Caetani]], [[Colonna family|Colonna]], [[Orsini family|Orsini]], [[Conti di Segni|Conti]], nested in their fortresses built above ancient Roman edifices, fought each other to control the papacy.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=21}}
[[File:Giorgio Vasar retour idéalisé de Grégoire XI à Rome.jpg|thumb|Pope [[Gregory XI]] returned to Rome in 1376 and ended the [[Avignon Papacy]].]]

[[Pope Boniface VIII]], born Caetani, was the last pope to fight for the church's [[universal domain]]; he proclaimed a crusade against the [[Colonna family]] and, in 1300, called for the first [[Jubilee (Christianity)|Jubilee of Christianity]], which brought millions of [[Christian pilgrimage|pilgrims]] to Rome.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=21}} However, his hopes were crushed by the French king [[Philip IV of France|Philip the Fair]], who took him prisoner and held him hostage for three days at [[Anagni]].{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=21}} The Pope was able to return to Rome, but died a month later, it was said of shock and grief. Afterwards, a new pope faithful to the French was elected, and the papacy was [[Avignon papacy|briefly relocated]] to [[Avignon]] (1309–1377).{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=22}} During this period Rome was neglected, until a plebeian man, [[Cola di Rienzo]], came to power.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=22}} An idealist and a lover of ancient Rome, Cola dreamed about a rebirth of the Roman Empire: after assuming power with the title of ''[[Tribune|Tribuno]]'', his reforms were rejected by the populace.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=22}} Forced to flee, Cola returned as part of the entourage of Cardinal [[Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz|Albornoz]], who was charged with restoring the Church's power in Italy.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=22}} Back in power for a short time, Cola was soon lynched by the populace, and Albornoz took possession of the city. In 1377, Rome became the seat of the papacy again under [[Gregory XI]].{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=22}} The return of the pope to Rome in that year unleashed the [[Western Schism]] (1377–1418), and for the next forty years, the city was affected by the divisions which rocked the Church.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=22}}

===Early modern history===
{{Main|Roman Renaissance}}
[[File:Wolf-Dietrich-Klebeband Städtebilder G 123 III.jpg|thumb|Almost 500 years old, this map of Rome by [[Mario Cartaro]] (from 1575) shows the city's primary monuments.]]
[[File:0 Castel et pont Sant'Angelo (1).JPG|thumb|right|[[Castel Sant'Angelo]], or Hadrian's Mausoleum, is a Roman monument built in 134 AD, radically altered in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, and crowned with 16th and 17th-century statues.]]
[[File:Fontana della Barcaccia restaurata, guardando verso Piazza Mignanelli.jpg|thumb|[[Fontana della Barcaccia]], created by [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]] in 1629]]
In 1418, the [[Council of Constance]] settled the [[Western Schism]], and a Roman pope, [[Martin V]], was elected.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=22}} This brought to Rome a century of internal peace, which marked the beginning of the [[Renaissance]].{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=22}} The ruling popes until the first half of the 16th century, from [[Nicholas V]], founder of the [[Vatican Library]], to [[Pius II]], humanist and literate, from [[Sixtus IV]], a warrior pope, to [[Alexander VI]], immoral and [[Nepotism|nepotist]], from [[Julius II]], soldier and patron, to [[Leo X]], who gave his name to this period ("the century of Leo X"), all devoted their energy to the greatness and the beauty of the Eternal City and to the patronage of the arts.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=22}}

During those years, the centre of the [[Italian Renaissance]] moved to Rome from Florence. Majestic works, as the new [[St. Peter's Basilica|Saint Peter's Basilica]], the [[Sistine Chapel]] and ''[[Ponte Sisto]]'' (the first bridge to be built across the [[Tiber]] since antiquity, although on Roman foundations) were created. To accomplish that, the Popes engaged the best artists of the time, including [[Michelangelo]], [[Pietro Perugino|Perugino]], [[Raphael]], [[Domenico Ghirlandaio|Ghirlandaio]], [[Luca Signorelli]], [[Sandro Botticelli|Botticelli]], and [[Cosimo Rosselli]].

The period was also infamous for papal corruption, with many Popes fathering children, and engaging in [[nepotism]] and [[simony]]. The corruption of the Popes and the huge expenses for their building projects led, in part, to the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] and, in turn, the [[Counter-Reformation]]. Under extravagant and rich popes, Rome was transformed into a centre of art, poetry, music, literature, education and culture. Rome became able to compete with other major European cities of the time in terms of wealth, grandeur, the arts, learning and architecture.

The Renaissance period changed the face of Rome dramatically, with works like the [[Pietà (Michelangelo)|Pietà]] by Michelangelo and the frescoes of the [[Borgia Apartments]]. Rome reached the highest point of splendour under [[Pope Julius II]] (1503–1513) and his successors [[Pope Leo X|Leo X]] and [[Pope Clement VII|Clement VII]], both members of the [[House of Medici|Medici family]].
[[File:Lingelbach, Johannes - Carneval in Rom - c. 1650-1651.jpg|thumb|[[Carnival]] in Rome, {{circa|1650}}, by [[Johannes Lingelbach]]]]
[[File:View of the Piazza Navona, Rome LACMA 49.17.3.jpg|thumb|''A View of the Piazza Navona, Rome'', by [[Hendrik Frans van Lint]], {{circa|1730}}]]

In this twenty-year period, Rome became one of the greatest centres of art in the world. The old St. Peter's Basilica built by Emperor [[Constantine the Great]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13369b.htm |first1=P.M. |last1=Baumgarten |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia |title=Basilica of St. Peter |publisher=New Advent |date=1 February 1912 |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110133607/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13369b.htm |archive-date=10 January 2010}}</ref> (which by then was in a dilapidated state) was demolished and a new one begun. The city hosted artists like [[Ridolfo Ghirlandaio|Ghirlandaio]], [[Pietro Perugino|Perugino]], [[Sandro Botticelli|Botticelli]] and [[Donato Bramante|Bramante]], who built the temple of [[San Pietro in Montorio]] and planned a great project to renovate the [[Apostolic Palace|Vatican]]. Raphael, who in Rome became one of the most famous painters of Italy, created frescoes in the [[Villa Farnesina]], the [[Raphael Rooms|Raphael's Rooms]], plus many other famous paintings. Michelangelo started the decoration of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and executed the famous statue of the [[Moses]] for the tomb of Julius II.

Its economy was rich, with the presence of several Tuscan bankers, including [[Agostino Chigi]], who was a friend of Raphael and a patron of arts. Before his early death, Raphael also promoted for the first time the preservation of the ancient ruins. The [[War of the League of Cognac]] caused the first plunder of the city in more than five hundred years since [[Sack of Rome (1084)|the previous sack]]; in 1527, the [[Landsknecht]]s of Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] [[Sack of Rome (1527)|sacked the city]], bringing an abrupt end to the golden age of the Renaissance in Rome.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=22}}

Beginning with the [[Council of Trent]] in 1545, the Church began the Counter-Reformation in response to the Reformation, a large-scale questioning of the Church's authority on spiritual matters and governmental affairs. This loss of confidence led to major shifts of power away from the Church.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=22}} Under the popes from [[Pius IV]] to [[Sixtus V]], Rome became the centre of a reformed Catholicism and saw the building of new monuments which celebrated the papacy.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=23}} The popes and cardinals of the 17th and early 18th centuries continued the movement by having the city's landscape enriched with baroque buildings.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=23}}

This was another nepotistic age; the new aristocratic families ([[Barberini family|Barberini]], [[Pamphili family|Pamphili]], [[Chigi family|Chigi]], [[Rospigliosi family|Rospigliosi]], [[Altieri family|Altieri]], [[Odescalchi family|Odescalchi]]) were protected by their respective popes, who built huge baroque buildings for their relatives.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=23}} During the [[Age of Enlightenment]], new ideas reached the Eternal City, where the papacy supported archaeological studies and improved the people's welfare.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=22}} But not everything went well for the Church during the Counter-Reformation. There were setbacks in the attempts to assert the Church's power, a notable example being in 1773 when Pope Clement XIV was forced by secular powers to have the [[Suppression of the Society of Jesus|Jesuit order suppressed]].{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=22}}

===Late modern and contemporary===
[[File:Breccia di Porta Pia Ademollo.jpg|thumb|[[Bersaglieri]] troops breaching the [[Aurelian Walls]] at [[Porta Pia]] during the ''[[Capture of Rome]]'' (1870), the final event of the [[Italian unification]]. Painting by [[Carlo Ademollo]].]]

The rule of the Popes was interrupted by the short-lived [[Roman Republic (18th century)|Roman Republic]] (1798–1800), which was established under the influence of the [[French Revolution]]. The [[Papal States]] were restored in June 1800, but during [[Napoleon]]'s reign Rome was [[Rome (department)|annexed as a ''Département'']] of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]]: first as ''Département du Tibre'' (1809–1810) and then as ''Département Rome'' (1810–1814). After the fall of Napoleon, the Papal States were reconstituted by a decision of the [[Congress of Vienna]] of 1814.

In 1849, [[Roman Republic (19th century)|a second Roman Republic]] was proclaimed during a year of [[revolutions in 1848]]. Two of the most influential figures of the [[Italian unification]], [[Giuseppe Mazzini]] and [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]], fought for the short-lived republic.

Rome then became the focus of hopes of Italian reunification after the rest of Italy was united as the [[Kingdom of Italy]] in 1861 with the temporary capital in [[Florence]]. That year Rome was declared the capital of Italy even though it was still under the Pope's control. During the 1860s, the last vestiges of the Papal States were under French protection thanks to the foreign policy of [[Napoleon III]]. French troops were stationed in the region under Papal control. In 1870 the French troops were withdrawn due to the outbreak of the [[Franco-Prussian War]]. Italian troops were able to [[Capture of Rome|capture Rome]] entering the city through a breach near [[Porta Pia]]. [[Pope Pius IX]] declared himself a [[prisoner in the Vatican]]. In 1871 the capital of Italy was moved from Florence to Rome.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12134b.htm |date=1911 |last1=Ott |first1=M. |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia |title=Pope Pius IX |publisher=New Advent |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308223209/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12134b.htm |archive-date=8 March 2017}}</ref> In 1870 the population of the city was 212,000, all of whom lived with the area circumscribed by the ancient city, and in 1920, the population was 660,000. A significant portion lived outside the walls in the north and across the Tiber in the Vatican area.

[[File:Bombardamento di Roma.gif|thumb|right|Bombardment of Rome by [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] planes, 1943]]

Soon after World War I in late 1922 Rome witnessed the rise of [[Italian Fascism]] led by [[Benito Mussolini]], who led a [[March on Rome|march on the city]]. He did away with democracy by 1926, eventually declaring a new [[Imperial Italy (fascist)|Italian Empire]] and allying Italy with [[Nazi Germany]] in 1938. Mussolini demolished fairly large parts of the city centre in order to build wide avenues and squares which were supposed to celebrate the fascist regime and the resurgence and glorification of classical Rome.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cederna |first1=Antonio |title=Mussolini urbanista |date=1979 |publisher=Laterza |location=Bari |pages=passim |language=it}}</ref> The interwar period saw a rapid growth in the city's population which surpassed one million inhabitants soon after 1930. During World War II, due to the art treasuries and the presence of the Vatican, Rome largely escaped the tragic destiny of other European cities. However, on 19 July 1943, the [[Quartiere San Lorenzo|San Lorenzo district]] was [[Bombing of Rome in World War II|subject to Allied bombing raids]], resulting in about 3,000 fatalities and 11,000 injuries, of whom another 1,500 died.<ref>{{cite news|last=Baily|first=Virginia|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/jul/25/liberation-of-rome-italian-imagination|title=How the Nazi occupation of Rome has gripped Italy's cultural imagination|work=The Guardian|date=25 July 2015|access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref> Mussolini [[Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy|was arrested on 25 July 1943]]. On the date of the [[Armistice of Cassibile|Italian Armistice]] 8 September 1943 the city was occupied by the Germans. Allied bombing raids continued throughout 1943 and extended into 1944. Rome was liberated on 4 June 1944.

Rome developed greatly after the war as part of the "[[Italian economic miracle]]" of post-war reconstruction and modernisation in the 1950s and early 1960s. During this period, the years of ''la dolce vita'' ("the sweet life"), Rome became a fashionable city, with popular classic films such as ''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben Hur]]'', ''[[Quo Vadis (1951 film)|Quo Vadis]]'', ''[[Roman Holiday]]'' and ''[[La Dolce Vita]]'' filmed in the city's iconic [[Cinecittà|Cinecittà Studios]]. The rising trend in population growth continued until the mid-1980s when the ''comune'' had more than 2.8 million residents. After this, the population declined slowly as people began to move to nearby suburbs.

==Geography==
===Location===
[[File:Rome,_Italy_ESA24383157.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Rome]]

Rome is in the [[Lazio]] region of [[central Italy]] on the [[Tiber]] ({{langx|it|Tevere}}) river. The original settlement developed on hills that faced onto a ford beside the [[Tiber Island]], the only natural ford of the river in this area. The Rome of the Kings was built on seven hills: the [[Aventine Hill]], the [[Caelian Hill]], the [[Capitoline Hill]], the [[Esquiline Hill]], the [[Palatine Hill]], the [[Quirinal Hill]], and the [[Viminal Hill]]. Modern Rome is also crossed by another river, the [[Aniene]], which flows into the Tiber north of the historic centre.

Although the city centre is about {{cvt|24|km|mi|0}} inland from the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]], the city territory extends to the shore, where the south-western district of [[Ostia (Rome)|Ostia]] is located. The altitude of the central part of Rome ranges from {{cvt|13|m|0}} [[above mean sea level|above sea level]] (at the base of the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]]) to {{cvt|139|m|0}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] (the peak of [[Monte Mario]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ravaglioli |first1=Armando |title=Roma anno 2750 ab Urbe condita |publisher=Tascabili Economici Newton |year=1997 |location=Rome |language=it |isbn=978-88-8183-670-3}}</ref> The ''Comune'' of Rome covers an overall area of about {{cvt|1285|km2|0}}, including many green areas.

===Parks and gardens===
{{Main|List of parks and gardens in Rome}}
[[File:Rome-VillaBorghese-TempleEsculape.jpg|thumb|The [[Temple of Aesculapius (Villa Borghese)|Temple of Aesculapius]], in the [[Villa Borghese gardens]]]]

Public parks and nature reserves cover a large area in Rome, and the city has one of the largest areas of green space among European capitals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.romaperkyoto.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=35&Itemid=52 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204030918/http://www.romaperkyoto.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=35&Itemid=52 |archive-date=4 February 2008 |title=Green Areas |publisher=RomaPerKyoto.org |access-date=9 November 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The most notable part of this green space is represented by the large number of villas and landscaped gardens created by the Italian aristocracy. While most of the parks surrounding the villas were destroyed during the building boom of the late 19th century, some of them remain. The most notable of these are the [[Villa Borghese gardens|Villa Borghese]], [[Villa Ada]], and [[Villa Doria Pamphili]]. Villa Doria Pamphili is west of the Gianicolo hill, comprising some {{cvt|1.8|km2|1|abbr=out|lk=out}}. The [[Villa Sciarra (Rome)|Villa Sciarra]] is on the hill, with playgrounds for children and shaded walking areas. In the nearby area of Trastevere, the [[Orto Botanico dell'Università di Roma "La Sapienza"|Orto Botanico]] (Botanical Garden) is a cool and shady green space. The old Roman hippodrome (Circus Maximus) is another large green space: it has few trees but is overlooked by the Palatine and the Rose Garden ('roseto comunale'). Nearby is the lush [[Villa Celimontana]], close to the gardens surrounding the Baths of Caracalla. The Villa Borghese garden is the best known large green space in Rome, with famous art galleries among its shaded walks. Overlooking [[Piazza del Popolo]] and the Spanish Steps are the gardens of [[Pincio]] and [[Villa Medici]]. There is also a notable pine wood at [[Castelfusano]], near Ostia. Rome also has a number of regional parks of much more recent origin, including the [[Pineto Regional Park]] and the Appian Way Regional Park. There are also nature reserves at Marcigliana and at Tenuta di Castelporziano.

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Rome}}
[[File:Doria Pamphili 6376.jpg|thumb|left|[[Stone pine]]s in the [[Villa Doria Pamphili]]]]

Rome has a [[hot-summer Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Csa''),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/ |title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906034159/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/ |archive-date=6 September 2010}}</ref> with hot, dry summers and mild, humid winters.

Its average annual temperature is above {{cvt|21|°C|°F}} during the day and {{cvt|9|°C|°F}} at night. In the coldest month, January, the average temperature is {{cvt|12.6|°C|°F}} during the day and {{cvt|2.1|°C|°F}} at night. In the warmest month, August, the average temperature is {{cvt|31.7|°C|°F}} during the day and {{cvt|17.3|°C|°F}} at night.

December, January and February are the coldest months, with a daily mean temperature of approximately {{cvt|8|°C|°F}}. Temperatures during these months generally vary between {{cvt|10|and|15|C|F}} during the day and between {{cvt|3|and|5|C|F}} at night, with colder or warmer spells occurring frequently. Snowfall is rare but not unheard of, with light snow or flurries occurring on some winters, generally without accumulation, and major snowfalls on a very rare occurrence (the most recent ones were in 2018, 2012 and 1986).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meteo-net.it/articoli/storiconeve.aspx |title=Storia della neve a Roma |access-date=2 October 2014 |archive-date=27 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727130551/http://www.meteo-net.it/articoli/storiconeve.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Snow startles Rome on Europe's coldest day of the winter |website=The Mercury News |date=26 February 2018 |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/02/26/europe-snow-rome-coldest-winter-top-wire/ |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328215424/https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/02/26/europe-snow-rome-coldest-winter-top-wire/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Roma, tutte le nevicate storiche in città dal '56 ad oggi |website=Corriere della sera |date=26 February 2018 |url=https://roma.corriere.it/cronaca/cards/roma-tutte-nevicate-storiche-citta-56-ad-oggi/grande-nevicata-56-piazza-san-pietro.shtml |access-date=13 July 2020 |archive-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716094826/https://roma.corriere.it/cronaca/cards/roma-tutte-nevicate-storiche-citta-56-ad-oggi/grande-nevicata-56-piazza-san-pietro.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref>

The average [[relative humidity]] is 75%, varying from 72% in July to 77% in November. Sea temperatures vary from a low of {{cvt|13.9|°C|°F}} in February to a high of {{cvt|25.0|°C|°F}} in August.<ref name="seatemperature.org2">[http://www.seatemperature.org/europe/italy/tor-san-lorenzo-december.htm Monthly Tor San Lorenzo water temperature chart] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713181229/https://www.seatemperature.org/europe/italy/tor-san-lorenzo-december.htm |date=13 July 2020 }}, seatemperature.org.</ref>

The highest temperature ever recorded in Rome was {{cvt|42.9|°C|°F}} on 18 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/07/17/europe-heatwave-italy-spain-record-climate/&ved=2ahUKEwjB2IzB-KyAAxWSFlkFHVZvCZcQFnoECAwQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3H2fe2kXpuftb6XNNcXZqg|title=Southern Europe soars to record temperatures as heat wave peaks|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Ian|last=Livingston|date=17 July 2023}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = [[Rome Ciampino Airport]], elevation: {{convert|129|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1944–present
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 20.8
| Feb record high C = 23.0
| Mar record high C = 26.6
| Apr record high C = 30.0
| May record high C = 34.2
| Jun record high C = 39.3
| Jul record high C = 39.7
| Aug record high C = 40.6
| Sep record high C = 40.0
| Oct record high C = 32.0
| Nov record high C = 26.1
| Dec record high C = 21.2
| year record high C = 40.6
| Jan high C = 12.0
| Feb high C = 13.0
| Mar high C = 15.8
| Apr high C = 18.8
| May high C = 22.3
| Jun high C = 28.1
| Jul high C = 31.0
| Aug high C = 31.6
| Sep high C = 26.7
| Oct high C = 22.2
| Nov high C = 16.9
| Dec high C = 12.7
| year high C = 21.0
| Jan mean C = 7.5
| Feb mean C = 8.0
| Mar mean C = 10.7
| Apr mean C = 13.6
| May mean C = 18.0
| Jun mean C = 22.5
| Jul mean C = 25.1
| Aug mean C = 25.4
| Sep mean C = 21.0
| Oct mean C = 17.0
| Nov mean C = 12.4
| Dec mean C = 8.5
| year mean C = 15.8
| Jan low C = 3.4
| Feb low C = 3.4
| Mar low C = 5.9
| Apr low C = 8.6
| May low C = 12.6
| Jun low C = 16.7
| Jul low C = 19.3
| Aug low C = 19.8
| Sep low C = 16.0
| Oct low C = 12.4
| Nov low C = 8.5
| Dec low C = 4.7
| year low C = 10.9
| Jan record low C = -11.0
| Feb record low C = -6.9
| Mar record low C = -6.5
| Apr record low C = -2.4
| May record low C = 1.8
| Jun record low C = 5.6
| Jul record low C = 9.1
| Aug record low C = 9.3
| Sep record low C = 4.3
| Oct record low C = 0.8
| Nov record low C = -5.2
| Dec record low C = -6.6
| year record low C = -11.0
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 65.6
| Feb precipitation mm = 62.8
| Mar precipitation mm = 58.6
| Apr precipitation mm = 68.6
| May precipitation mm = 56.9
| Jun precipitation mm = 30.1
| Jul precipitation mm = 19.8
| Aug precipitation mm = 30.2
| Sep precipitation mm = 64.9
| Oct precipitation mm = 88.1
| Nov precipitation mm = 108.2
| Dec precipitation mm = 98.3
| year precipitation mm = 752.0
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 7.40
| Feb precipitation days = 7.48
| Mar precipitation days = 6.85
| Apr precipitation days = 7.42
| May precipitation days = 5.54
| Jun precipitation days = 3.38
| Jul precipitation days = 2.16
| Aug precipitation days = 2.20
| Sep precipitation days = 6.00
| Oct precipitation days = 7.32
| Nov precipitation days = 8.84
| Dec precipitation days = 9.44
| year precipitation days = 74.03
| humidity colour = 
| Jan humidity = 75.8
| Feb humidity = 71.5
| Mar humidity = 70.6
| Apr humidity = 70.4
| May humidity = 69.0
| Jun humidity = 65.4
| Jul humidity = 63.3
| Aug humidity = 64.1
| Sep humidity = 69.1
| Oct humidity = 74.0
| Nov humidity = 77.9
| Dec humidity = 77.2
| year humidity = 70.7
| Jan sun = 155.9
| Feb sun = 171.9
| Mar sun = 203.1
| Apr sun = 221.1
| May sun = 276.5
| Jun sun = 298.8
| Jul sun = 337.6
| Aug sun = 320.2
| Sep sun = 237.9
| Oct sun = 200.6
| Nov sun = 153.3
| Dec sun = 146.9
| year sun = 2723.9
| Jan percentsun = 53
| Feb percentsun = 58
| Mar percentsun = 55
| Apr percentsun = 56
| May percentsun = 61
| Jun percentsun = 65
| Jul percentsun = 73
| Aug percentsun = 75
| Sep percentsun = 63
| Oct percentsun = 58
| Nov percentsun = 51
| Dec percentsun = 51
| year percentsun = 
| Jan dew point C = 3.9
| Feb dew point C = 3.5
| Mar dew point C = 5.8
| Apr dew point C = 8.5
| May dew point C = 12.1
| Jun dew point C = 15.1
| Jul dew point C = 16.9
| Aug dew point C = 17.7
| Sep dew point C = 15.5
| Oct dew point C = 12.9
| Nov dew point C = 9.3
| Dec dew point C = 5.2
| year dew point C = 10.5
| source 1 = NOAA<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/RomaCiampino_16239.csv
|title = Monte Cimone Climate Normals 1991-2020
|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
|access-date = 31 August 2023
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230831035310/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/RomaCiampino_16239.csv
|archive-date = 2023-08-31}}</ref>
| source 2 = Temperature extreme in Toscana<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/roma-ciampino/
|language = it
|title = Roma Ciampino
|publisher = Temperature estreme in Toscana
|access-date = 31 August 2023
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230831035322/http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/roma-ciampino/
|archive-date = 2023-08-31}}</ref>
| source = 
}}

==Demographics== <!--linked-->
{{hatnote|'People of Rome' redirects here. For the ancient Roman political concept, see [[SPQR]]. For the 2003 film, see [[People of Rome (film)]].}}
{{See also|Demographics of Italy}}
[[File:Rome (comune) population pyramid in 2022.svg|thumb|Rome (comune) [[Population pyramid|age-sex pyramid]] in 2022]]
{{Historical populations
|1871|212386|1881|273893|1901|422319|1911|518804
|1921|660091|1931|930723|1936|1150338|1951|1632402|1961|2163555|1971|2750370|1981|2805109|1991|2733908|2001|2546804|2011|2617175
|2021|2749031|source=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Popolazione residente dei comuni. Censimenti dal 1861 al 1991|trans-title=Resident population of the municipalities. Censuses from 1861 to 1991|url=https://ebiblio.istat.it/digibib/Censimenti%20popolazione/Censimentipopolazioneresidentedal1861/RML0050288Pop_res_cens_1861_1991.pdf|language=it|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]|access-date=5 July 2025|archive-date=13 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613172955/https://ebiblio.istat.it/digibib/Censimenti%20popolazione/Censimentipopolazioneresidentedal1861/RML0050288Pop_res_cens_1861_1991.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="timeseries">{{cite web |title=Dashboard Permanent census of population and housing|url=https://esploradati.censimentopopolazione.istat.it/databrowser/#/en/censtest/dashboards|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]}}</ref>|align=right|cols=1}}
By 550 BC, Rome was the second largest city in Italy after only Taras (modern [[Taranto]]) on the [[Salento Peninsula]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Delpak |first=Heady |title=Travelling Guide To Amazing City of Rome in Italy |publisher=Barnes & Noble Press |date=2023-08-30 |isbn=9798855613827}}</ref> It had an area of about {{cvt|285|ha|abbr=off}} and an estimated population of 35,000. Other sources suggest the population was just under 100,000 from 600 to 500 BC.<ref>Cornell (1995) 204–205</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vL2ntMk7j-4C&pg=PA78 |title=Floods of the Tiber in Ancient Rome |author=Gregory S. Aldrete |date=30 January 2007 |publisher=JHU Press |access-date=13 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130043744/https://books.google.com/books?id=vL2ntMk7j-4C&pg=PA78 |archive-date=30 November 2015 |isbn=978-0-8018-8405-4}}</ref> When the Republic was founded in 509 BC the census recorded a population of 130,000.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ward |first1=Lorne H. |title=Roman Population, Territory, Tribe, City, and Army Size from the Republic's Founding to the Veientane War, 509 B.C.-400 B.C. |journal=The American Journal of Philology |date=1990 |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=5–39 |doi=10.2307/295257 |jstor=295257 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/295257 |access-date=12 February 2022 |issn=0002-9475|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The republic included the city itself and the immediate surroundings. Other sources suggest a population of 150,000 in 500 BC. It surpassed 300,000 by 150 BC.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHtvowE9bt8C&pg=PA168 |title=The History of Human Populations: Forms of growth and decline |author=P.M.G. Harris |access-date=13 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101113738/https://books.google.com/books?id=fHtvowE9bt8C&pg=PA168 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |isbn=978-0-275-97131-1 |year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Herreros |first=Francisco |url=https://www.academia.edu/1458998 |title=Size and Virtue |journal=European Journal of Political Theory |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=463–482 |access-date=13 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904013536/http://www.academia.edu/1458998/Size_and_Virtue |archive-date=4 September 2015 |doi=10.1177/1474885107080651 |year=2007 |s2cid=145139011 | issn = 1474-8851}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |jstor=295257 |title=Roman Population, Territory, Tribe, City, and Army Size from the Republic's Founding to the Veientane War, 509 B.C.–400 B.C. |first=Lorne H. |last=Ward |date=1 January 1990 |journal=The American Journal of Philology |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=5–39 |doi=10.2307/295257}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter=Chapter 1: Warfare and the Army in Early Rome |author=Rich, John |title=A Companion to the Roman Army |year=2007 |editor=Erdkamp, Paul |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-2153-8 |chapter-url=http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/14/14443392/1444339214.pdf |access-date=24 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127113433/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/14/14443392/1444339214.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg7JYZO_nEMC&pg=PA81 |title=Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present |author=Paul Bairoch |date=18 June 1991 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |access-date=13 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101113738/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg7JYZO_nEMC&pg=PA81 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |isbn=978-0-226-03466-9}}</ref>

The size of the city at the time of the Emperor [[Augustus]] is a matter of speculation, with estimates based on grain distribution, grain imports, aqueduct capacity, city limits, population density, census reports, and assumptions about the number of unreported women, children and slaves providing a very wide range. Glenn Storey estimates 450,000 people, [[Whitney Oates]] estimates 1.2 million, Neville Morely provides a rough estimate of 800,000 and excludes earlier suggestions of 2 million.<ref>N.Morley, ''Metropolis and Hinterland'' (Cambridge, 1996) 33–39</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Duiker |first1=William |last2=Spielvogel |first2=Jackson |title=World History |date=2001 |publisher=Wadsworth |isbn=978-0-534-57168-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryto1500duik/page/149 |url-access=registration |page=149 |edition=Third}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Storey |first=Glenn R. |year=1997 |title=The population of ancient Rome |journal=Antiquity |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=71 |issue=274 |pages=966–978 |doi=10.1017/s0003598x00085859 |issn=0003-598X|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Oates |first=Whitney J. |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Journals/CP/29/2/Population_of_Rome*.html |title=The Population of Rome |journal=Classical Philology |publisher=University of Chicago Press |volume=29 |issue=2 |year=1934 |issn=0009-837X |doi=10.1086/361701 |pages=101–116 |s2cid=154126945 |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=29 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529132834/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Journals/CP/29/2/Population_of_Rome%2A.html |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Estimates of the city's population towards and after the end of the Roman empire also vary. A.H.M. Jones estimated the population at 650,000 in the mid-fifth century. The damage caused by the sackings may have been overestimated. The population had already started to decline from the late fourth century onward, although around the middle of the fifth century it seems that Rome continued to be the most populous city of the two parts of the Empire.<ref>Arnold HM Jones The Decline of the Ancient World, Lonmans, Green and Co. Ltd, London 1966</ref> According to Krautheimer it was still close to 800,000 in 400 AD; had declined to 500,000 by 452, and dwindled to perhaps 100,000 in 500 AD. After the Gothic Wars, 535–552, the population may have dwindled temporarily to 30,000. During the pontificate of [[Pope Gregory I]] (590–604), it may have reached 90,000, augmented by refugees.<ref>Richard Krautheimer, Rome, Profile of a City, 312–1308, 2000 p. 65 {{ISBN|0-691-04961-0}}</ref> Lancon estimates 500,000 based on the number of 'incisi' enrolled as eligible to receive bread, oil and wine rations; the number fell to 120,000 in the [[reform of 419]].<ref>Bernard Lancon, Rome in Late Antiquity, 2001 p. 14 {{ISBN|0-415-92976-8}}</ref> Neil Christie, citing free rations for the poorest, estimated 500,000 in the mid-fifth century and still a quarter of a million at the end of the century.<ref>Neil Christie, From Constantine to Charlemagne, An Archaeology of Italy 300–800 A.D. 2006 p. 61, {{ISBN|978-1-85928-421-6}}</ref> Novel 36 of Emperor [[Valentinian III]] records 3.629 million pounds of pork to be distributed to the needy at 5 lbs. per month for the five winter months, sufficient for 145,000 recipients. This has been used to suggest a population of just under 500,000. Supplies of grain remained steady until the seizure of the remaining provinces of North Africa in 439 by the [[Vandals]], and may have continued to some degree afterwards for a while. The city's population declined to less than 50,000 people in the [[Early Middle Ages]] from 700 onward. It continued to stagnate or shrink until the [[Renaissance]].<ref>P. Llewellyn, ''Rome in the Dark Ages'' (London 1993), p. 97.</ref>

When the [[Kingdom of Italy]] annexed Rome in 1870, the city had a population of about 225,000. Less than half the city within the walls was built up in 1881 when the population recorded was 275,000. This increased to 600,000 by the eve of World War I. The [[Fascism|Fascist]] regime of Mussolini tried to block an excessive demographic rise of the city but failed to prevent it from reaching one million people by the early 1930s.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}{{clarify|why?|date=March 2014}} Population growth continued after the Second World War, helped by a post-war economic boom. A construction boom also created many suburbs during the 1950s and 1960s.

In mid-2010, there were 2,754,440 residents in the city proper, while some 4.2&nbsp;million people lived in the greater Rome area (which can be approximately identified with its administrative metropolitan city, with a population density of about 800 inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup> stretching over more than {{cvt|5,000|km2}}). Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 17.00% of the population compared to pensioners who number 20.76%. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06% (minors) and 19.94% (pensioners). The average age of a Roman resident is 43 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Rome grew by 6.54%, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html |title=Statistiche demografiche ISTAT |publisher=Demo.istat.it |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426215446/http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html |archive-date=26 April 2009}}</ref> The current{{when|date=August 2017}} birth rate of Rome is 9.10 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

The urban area of Rome extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 3.9 million.<ref name=World_Urban_Areas>{{Cite web |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |title=Demographia World Urban Areas |date=January 2015 |website=demographia.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517065701/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2017 |url-status=unfit}}</ref> Between 3.2 and 4.2 million people live in the [[Rome metropolitan area]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espon.eu/programme/projects/espon-2006/studies-and-scientific-support-projects/study-urban-functions |title=Study on Urban Functions (Project 1.4.3) |date=2006 |website=[[European Spatial Planning Observation Network]] |at=Ch. 3 |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-date=22 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822032242/https://www.espon.eu/programme/projects/espon-2006/studies-and-scientific-support-projects/study-urban-functions |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tgs00080&plugin=1 |title=Total population in Urban Audit cities, Larger Urban Zone |date=2009 |website=[[Eurostat]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924142951/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tgs00080&plugin=1 |archive-date=24 September 2012 |url-status=unfit |access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://esa.un.org/wup2009/unup/index.asp?panel=2 |title=World Urbanization Prospects (2009 revision) |date=2010 |website=[[United Nations]] Department of Economic and Social Affairs |at=(Table A.12. Data for 2007) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425020103/http://esa.un.org/wup2009/unup/index.asp?panel=2 |archive-date=25 April 2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=OECD |author-link=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |title=OECD Territorial Reviews Competitive Cities in the Global Economy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kBsfY-Pe2Q4C |year=2006 |publisher=OECD Publishing |at=Table 1.1 |isbn=978-92-64-02708-4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016032356/https://books.google.com/books?id=kBsfY-Pe2Q4C |archive-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |title=Major Agglomerations of the World |last=Brinkoff |first=Thomas |date=1 January 2019 |website=Population Statistics and Maps |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704112702/http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |archive-date=4 July 2010 |url-status=unfit}}</ref>

===Origin groups===
[[File:Piazza Santa Maria Maggiore din Roma.jpg|thumb|Piazza Santa Maria Maggiore, in the [[Esquilino (rione of Rome)|Esquilino]] ''[[Rioni of Rome|rione]]'']]
According to the 2011 statistics conducted by ISTAT,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://demo.istat.it/str2009/index.html |title=Statistiche demografiche ISTAT |publisher=Demo.istat.it |access-date=30 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117015639/http://demo.istat.it/str2009/index.html |archive-date=17 January 2011}}</ref> approximately 9.5% of the population consists of non-Italians. About half of the immigrant population consists of those of various other European origins (chiefly Romanian, Polish, Ukrainian, and Albanian) numbering a combined total of 131,118 or 4.7% of the population. The remaining 4.8% are those with non-European origins, chiefly [[Filipinos]] (26,933), Bangladeshis (12,154), and Chinese (10,283).

The [[Esquilino (rione of Rome)|Esquilino]] ''[[Rioni of Rome|rione]]'', off [[Termini Station (Rome)|Termini Railway Station]], has evolved into a largely immigrant neighbourhood. It is perceived as Rome's Chinatown. Immigrants from more than a hundred different countries reside there. A commercial district, Esquilino contains restaurants featuring many kinds of international cuisine. There are wholesale clothes shops. Of the 1,300 or so commercial premises operating in the district 800 are Chinese-owned; around 300 are run by immigrants from other countries around the world; 200 are owned by Italians.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pretto |first=Emiliano |title=Rome Post – what's happening in Rome |website=romepost.it |date=21 June 2009 |url=http://www.romepost.it/Rioni_of_Rome_Esquilino.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621033439/http://www.romepost.it/Rioni_of_Rome_Esquilino.htm | archive-date=21 June 2009 | url-status=unfit | access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>

'''Summary table'''
{| class="wikitable"
!Country of citizenship, 1 January 2023
!Population<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resident foreigners on 1st January - Citizenship : Italy, regions, provinces - Area of citizenship Roma |url=http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?QueryId=19675&lang=en |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=ISTAT The Italian National Institute of Statistics |archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128055552/http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?QueryId=19675&lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|All countries of the world
|511,332
|-
|European Union (28 countries)
|193,427
|-
|Other European non-EU-28 countries
|61,566
|-
|Northern Africa
|31,237
|-
|Western Africa
|20,489
|-
|Eastern Africa
|8,568
|-
|Central and South Africa
|2,845
|-
|Western Asia
|9,073
|-
|Eastern Asia
|65,431
|-
|Central and South Asia
|74,060
|-
|Northern America
|2,903
|-
|Central and South America
|41,279
|-
|Oceania
|303
|-
|Stateless
|151
|}

===Language===
{{Main|Roman dialect|Latin}}
[[File:Nove-bone.jpg|thumb|Advertisement in [[Romanesco dialect]] at a subway station in Rome]]

Rome's historic contribution to language in a worldwide sense is extensive. Through the process of [[Romanization (cultural)|Romanization]], the peoples of Italy, [[Gallia]], the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and [[Dacia]] developed languages which derive directly from Latin and were adopted in large areas of the world, all through cultural influence, colonisation and migration. Moreover, also modern English, because of the [[Norman Conquest]], borrowed a large percentage of its vocabulary from the Latin language. The [[Latin alphabet|Roman or Latin alphabet]] is the most widely used writing system in the world used by the greatest number of languages.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ostler, N. |year=2007 |title=Ad Infinitum: A Biography of Latin |location=London |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-8027-1679-8}}</ref>

The medieval [[Roman dialect]] belonged to the southern family of Italian dialects, and was thus much closer to the [[Neapolitan language]] than to the Florentine.<ref name=sie/><ref>{{cite web|title=Romanesco|url=http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/romanesco/|website=www.treccani.it|publisher=Treccani|access-date=6 February 2015|archive-date=6 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206113504/http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/romanesco/|url-status=live}}</ref> A typical example of Romanesco of that period is ''{{ill|Cronica dell'Anonimo Romano|lt=Vita di Cola di Rienzo|it}}'' ("Life of [[Cola di Rienzo]]"), written by an anonymous Roman during the 14th century.<ref name=sie>{{cite web|title=La Parlata romana|url=http://online.unistrasi.it/Avvisi/Laparlataromana.pdf|website=online.unistrasi.it|publisher=Università per stranieri di Siena|access-date=6 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206110011/http://online.unistrasi.it/Avvisi/Laparlataromana.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2015}}</ref> Starting with the 16th century, the Roman dialect underwent a stronger and stronger influence from the [[Tuscan dialect]] (from which modern Italian derives) starting with the reigns of the two [[House of Medici|Medici]] popes ([[Leo X]] and [[Clement VII]]) and with the [[Sack of Rome (1527)|Sack of Rome in 1527]], two events which provoked a large immigration from [[Tuscany]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=D'Achille|first1=Paolo|title=Italiano di Roma|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italiano-di-roma_(Enciclopedia_dell'Italiano)/|website=www.treccani.it|publisher=Treccani|access-date=6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=dia>{{cite web|title=Dialetti|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dialetti_(Enciclopedia_dell'Italiano)/|website=www.treccani.it|publisher=Treccani|access-date=6 February 2015}}</ref> Therefore, current Romanesco has grammar and roots that are rather different from other dialects in Central Italy.<ref name=dia/>

===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in Rome}}
{{See also|Vatican City|History of the Jews in Rome}}
[[File:San Giovanni in Laterano 2021.jpg|thumb|right|[[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]], Rome's Cathedral, built in 324, and partly rebuilt between 1660 and 1734]]
[[File:Santa Maria Maggiore Front.JPG|thumb|One of the [[Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome]], [[Santa Maria Maggiore]] is the city's largest [[Catholic Marian church buildings|Catholic Marian church]].]]
[[File:Celebrazione del 2777 Natale di Roma - Pietas Comunità Gentile 2.jpg|thumb|Celebration of the 2777th [[Natale di Roma]] at the [[Circus Maximus]]]]

Much like the rest of Italy, Rome is predominantly [[Christianity|Christian]], and the city has been an important centre of religion and [[Christian pilgrimage|pilgrimage]] for centuries, the base of the ancient Roman religion with the [[Pontifex Maximus|pontifex maximus]] and later the seat of the [[Holy See|Vatican]] and the pope. Before the arrival of the Christians in Rome, the [[Religion in ancient Rome|Religio Romana]] (literally, the "Roman Religion") was the major religion of the city in classical antiquity. The first gods held sacred by the Romans were [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]], the Most High, and [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]], the god of war, and father of Rome's twin founders, [[Romulus and Remus]], according to tradition. Other deities such as [[Vesta (mythology)|Vesta]] and [[Minerva]] were honoured. Rome was also the base of several mystery cults, such as [[Mithraic Mysteries|Mithraism]]. Later, after [[Saint Peter|St Peter]] and [[Paul the Apostle|St Paul]] were martyred in the city, and the first Christians began to arrive, Rome became Christian, and the [[Old St. Peter's Basilica]] was constructed in 313 AD. Despite some interruptions (such as the [[Avignon Papacy|Avignon papacy]]), Rome has for centuries been the home of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and the [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]], otherwise known as the Pope.

Despite the fact that Rome is home to the [[Vatican City]] and St. Peter's Basilica, Rome's cathedral is the [[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]], in the south-east of the city centre. There are around 900 churches in Rome in total. Aside from the cathedral itself, some others of note include the [[Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore]], the [[Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls]], the [[Basilica di San Clemente]], [[San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane]] and the [[Church of the Gesu|Church of the Gesù]]. There are also the ancient [[Catacombs of Rome]] underneath the city. Numerous highly important religious educational institutions are also in Rome, such as the [[Pontifical Lateran University]], [[Pontifical Biblical Institute]], [[Pontifical Gregorian University]], and [[Pontifical Oriental Institute]].

Since the end of the [[Roman Republic]], Rome is also the centre of an important [[Jewish]] community,<ref>Coarelli, p. 308.</ref> which was once based in [[Trastevere]], and later in the [[Roman Ghetto]]. There lies also the major synagogue in Rome, the ''[[Great Synagogue of Rome|Tempio Maggiore]]''.

The territory of [[Vatican City]] is part of the ''Mons Vaticanus'' ([[Vatican Hill]]), and of the adjacent former Vatican Fields, where [[St. Peter's Basilica]], the [[Apostolic Palace]], the [[Sistine Chapel]], and museums were built, along with various other buildings. The area was part of the Roman [[rione]] of [[Borgo (rione of Rome)|Borgo]] until 1929. Being separated from the city on the west bank of the [[Tiber]], the area was a suburb that was protected by being included within the walls of [[Pope Leo IV|Leo IV]], later expanded by the current fortification walls of [[Pope Paul III|Paul III]], [[Pope Pius IV|Pius IV]], and [[Pope Urban VIII|Urban VIII]]. When the [[Lateran Treaty]] of 1929 that created the Vatican state was being prepared, the boundaries of the proposed territory were influenced by the fact that much of it was all but enclosed by this loop.

Rome has been a major [[Christian pilgrimage]] site since the [[Middle Ages]]. People from all over the [[Christian world]] visit Vatican City, within the city of Rome, the seat of the papacy. The city became a major [[pilgrimage]] site during the Middle Ages. Apart from brief periods as an independent city during the Middle Ages, Rome kept its status as Papal capital and holy city for centuries, even when the Papacy [[Avignon papacy|briefly relocated]] to [[Avignon]] (1309–1377). Catholics believe that the Vatican is the last resting place of St. Peter. Pilgrimages to Rome can involve visits to many sites, both within Vatican City and in Italian territory. A popular stopping point is the [[scala sancta|Pilate's stairs]]: these are, according to the Christian tradition, the steps that led up to the [[praetorium]] of [[Pontius Pilate]] in [[Jerusalem]], which [[Jesus Christ]] stood on during his [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion]] on his way to trial.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1554541/Steps-Jesus-walked-to-trial-restored-to-glory.html |title=Steps Jesus walked to trial restored to glory |last=Moore |first=Malcolm |date=13 June 2007 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=22 August 2019 |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=30 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430054419/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1554541/Steps-Jesus-walked-to-trial-restored-to-glory.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In addition, Rome hosts multiple [[Buddhist]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=TEMPO AL TEMPIO. MONASTERO BUDDHISTA HUA YI SI {{!}} Evento FAI |url=https://fondoambiente.it/eventi/tempo-al-tempio-monastero-buddhista-hua-yi-si |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=fondoambiente.it |language=it |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007113012/https://fondoambiente.it/eventi/tempo-al-tempio-monastero-buddhista-hua-yi-si |url-status=live }}</ref> temples, and a variety of [[Reconstructionist Roman religion|Roman modern pagan]] temples <ref>{{Cite web |last=Petrocelli |first=Leonardo |date=2023-08-11 |title=Culto e cultura nel segno della dea: sorge a Taranto il tempio di Minerva |url=https://www.lagazzettadelmezzogiorno.it/video/video/1415466/culto-e-cultura-nel-segno-della-dea-sorge-a-taranto-il-tempio-di-minerva.html |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=www.lagazzettadelmezzogiorno.it |language=it |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007101752/https://www.lagazzettadelmezzogiorno.it/video/video/1415466/culto-e-cultura-nel-segno-della-dea-sorge-a-taranto-il-tempio-di-minerva.html |url-status=live }}</ref> held by the [[Pietas Comunità Gentile|Associazione Tradizionale Pietas]] which every year takes part in the religious festivities of the [[Natale di Roma]], historically known as ''Dies Romana'' and also referred to as Romaia, the festival linked to the [[foundation of Rome]], celebrated on 21 April.<ref name="Plutarch12">[[Plutarch]], ''[[Parallel Lives]] - Life of Romulus'', [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Romulus*.html#12 12.2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312054723/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/plutarch/lives/romulus%2A.html#12 |date=12 March 2023 }} (from [[LacusCurtius]])</ref> According to [[legend]], [[Romulus]] is said to have founded the city of Rome on 21 April, [[753 BC]]. From this date, the Roman chronology derived its system, known by the [[Latin]] phrase ''[[Ab Urbe condita]]'', meaning ''"from the founding of the City"'', which counted the years from this presumed foundation.

{{wide image|Plac_św._Piotra_(St._Peter's_Basilica).jpg|1000px|alt=Panorama of St. Peter's Square|[[St. Peter's Square]] in [[Vatican City]]}}

==Government==
{{See also|Mayor of Rome|City Council of Rome|Elections in Rome|Administrative subdivisions of Rome}}
[[File:Musei Capitolini 20150812.jpg|thumb|[[Piazza del Campidoglio|Palazzo Senatorio]], seat of the municipality of Rome. It has been a [[town hall]] since 1144, making it the oldest town hall in the world.<ref name="Falconi">{{cite book|first=Fabrizio|last=Falconi|year=2015|title=Roma segreta e misteriosa|publisher=[[Newton Compton Editori]]|isbn=9788854188075 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgrkCgAAQBAJ| access-date=19 August 2019|language=it}}</ref>]]
[[File:Quirinale palazzo e obelisco con dioscuri Roma.jpg|thumb|right|[[Palazzo del Quirinale]], current seat of the [[President of Italy|President of the Italian Republic]]]]

Rome constitutes a ''[[comune]] speciale'', named ''"Roma Capitale"'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.roma.it/wps/portal/pcr?contentId=NEW151061&jp_pagecode=newsview.wp&ahew=contentId:jp_pagecode |title=Roma diventa Capitale |access-date=6 March 2012 |language=it |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205130517/http://www.comune.roma.it/wps/portal/pcr?contentId=NEW151061&jp_pagecode=newsview.wp&ahew=contentId:jp_pagecode |archive-date=5 February 2012}}</ref> and is the largest both in terms of land area and population among the 8,101 ''comuni'' of Italy. It is governed by a mayor and a city council. The seat of the ''comune'' is the ''Palazzo Senatorio'' on the [[Capitoline Hill]], the historic seat of the city government. The local administration in Rome is commonly referred to as ''"Campidoglio"'', the Italian name of the hill. ''Palazzo Senatorio'', seat of the municipality of Rome, has been a [[town hall]] since AD 1144, making it the oldest town hall in the world.<ref name="Falconi"/>

Since 1972, the city has been divided into administrative areas, called ''municipi'' (sing. ''[[municipio]]'') (until 2001 named ''circoscrizioni'').<ref>{{cite web |title=Territorio |publisher=Comune di Roma |access-date=5 October 2009 |url=http://www.comune.roma.it/was/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_21L?menuPage=/Area_di_navigazione/Sezioni_del_portale/Dipartimenti_e_altri_uffici/Dipartimento_XV/www-9-romastatistica-9-it/Territorio/&flagSub= |language=it}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> They were created for administrative reasons to increase decentralisation in the city. Each ''municipio'' is governed by a president and a council of twenty-five members who are elected by its residents every five years. The ''municipi'' frequently cross the boundaries of the traditional, non-administrative divisions of the city. The municipi were originally 20, then 19,<ref>In 1992 after a [[referendum]] the XIX Circoscrizione became the ''[[Comune]]'' of [[Fiumicino]]</ref> and in 2013, their number was reduced to 15.<ref>{{cite news |title=Roma, sì all'accorpamento dei municipi: il Consiglio li riduce da 19 a 15 |url=http://www.ilmessaggero.it/roma/campidoglio/roma_municipi_accorpamento_consiglio_s_riduzione/notizie/257651.shtml# |access-date=13 March 2013 |newspaper=Il Messaggero |date=11 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316064219/http://www.ilmessaggero.it/roma/campidoglio/roma_municipi_accorpamento_consiglio_s_riduzione/notizie/257651.shtml |archive-date=16 March 2013}}</ref>

Rome is also divided into differing types of non-administrative units. The historic centre is divided into 22 ''[[Rioni of Rome|rioni]]'', all of which are located within the [[Aurelian Walls]] except [[Prati]] and [[Borgo (rione of Rome)|Borgo]]. These originate from the [[14 regions of Augustan Rome]], which evolved in the Middle Ages into the [[14 regions of Medieval Rome|medieval rioni]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.romeartlover.it/Rioni.html |title=The "Rioni" of Rome |publisher=Romeartlover.it |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519060423/http://www.romeartlover.it/Rioni.html |archive-date=19 May 2009}}</ref> In the [[Renaissance]], under Pope [[Sixtus V]], they again reached fourteen, and their boundaries were finally defined under [[Pope Benedict XIV]] in 1743.

Rome is the principal town of the [[Metropolitan City of Rome]], operative since 1 January 2015. The Metropolitan City replaced the old [[Province of Rome|provincia di Roma]], which included the city's metropolitan area and extends further north until [[Civitavecchia]]. The Metropolitan City of Rome is the largest by area in Italy. At {{cvt|5352|km2}}, its dimensions are comparable to the region of [[Liguria]]. Moreover, the city is also the capital of the [[Lazio]] region.<ref>Artour. [https://ar-tour.com/guides/in-sea-there-are-crocodiles/rome.aspx Rome] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128112717/https://ar-tour.com/guides/in-sea-there-are-crocodiles/rome.aspx |date=28 November 2020 }}. Retrieved 25 August 2020.</ref>

Rome is the national capital of Italy and is the seat of the [[Politics of Italy|Italian Government]]. The official residences of the [[President of Italy|President of the Italian Republic]] and the [[Prime Minister of Italy|Italian Prime Minister]], the seats of both houses of the [[Parliament of Italy|Italian Parliament]] and that of the [[Constitutional Court of Italy|Italian Constitutional Court]] are located in the historic centre. The state ministries are spread out around the city; these include the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is located in [[Palazzo della Farnesina]] near the Olympic stadium.

===International relations===
[[File:FAO sede.jpg|thumb|[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] headquarters in Rome, Circo Massimo]]

Among the [[global cities]], Rome is unique in having two sovereign entities located entirely within its city limits, the Holy See, represented by the Vatican City State, and the territorially smaller [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]]. The Vatican is an enclave of the Italian [[capital city]] and a sovereign possession of the [[Holy See]], which is the Diocese of Rome and the supreme government of the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. For this reason, Rome has sometimes been described as the capital of two states.<ref>{{cite web |title=Discorsi del Presidente Ciampi |url=http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/ex-presidenti/Ciampi/dinamico/discorso.asp?id=21495 |publisher=Presidenza della Repubblica |access-date=17 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053829/http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/ex-presidenti/Ciampi/dinamico/discorso.asp?id=21495 |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Le istituzioni salutano Benedetto XVI Ciampi: "Gioia per tutti gli italiani" |date=2005 |url=http://www.repubblica.it/2005/d/sezioni/esteri/nuovopapa/reazitalia/reazitalia.html |newspaper=La Repubblica |access-date=17 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302053332/http://www.repubblica.it/2005/d/sezioni/esteri/nuovopapa/reazitalia/reazitalia.html |archive-date=2 March 2013}}</ref> Rome is the seat of the so-called "Polo Romano" made up by three main international agencies of the [[United Nations]]: the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], the [[World Food Programme]] and the [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parlamento.it/application/xmanager/projects/parlamento/file/repository/affariinternazionali/osservatorio/approfondimenti/PI0093.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143221/http://www.parlamento.it/application/xmanager/projects/parlamento/file/repository/affariinternazionali/osservatorio/approfondimenti/PI0093.pdf |url-status=dead |title=Le agenzie del Polo romano delle Nazioni Unite |website=parlamento.it |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>

Rome has traditionally been involved in the process of European political integration. The [[Treaties of the EU]] are located in [[Palazzo della Farnesina]]. In 1957 the city hosted the signing of the [[Treaties of Rome|Treaty of Rome]], which established the [[European Economic Community]] (predecessor to the [[European Union]]), and also played host to the official signing of the proposed [[Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe|European Constitution]] in July 2004. Rome is the seat of the [[European Olympic Committee]] and of the [[NATO Defense College]]. The city is the place where the [[Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court|Statute of the International Criminal Court]] and the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] were formulated. The city hosts also other important international entities such as the [[International Development Law Organization]], the [[International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property]] and the [[UNIDROIT]] (International Institute for the Unification of Private Law).

====Twin towns and sister cities====
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy}}

Since April 1956, Rome is exclusively and reciprocally [[twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], France
: ''Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; solo Roma è degna di Parigi.'' {{in lang|it}}
: ''Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris.'' {{in lang|fr}}
: "Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page |title=Gemellaggio Roma – Parigi – (1955) |format=PDF |location=Paris |date=30 January 1956 |publisher=Commune Roma |language=fr |work=Roma – Relazioni Internazionali Bilaterali |access-date=10 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709150804/http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page |archive-date=9 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page |title=Dichiarazione congiunta Roma – Parigi – (2014) |format=PDF |location=Rome |date=1 October 2014 |publisher=Commune Roma |language=fr |work=Roma – Relazioni Internazionali Bilaterali |access-date=10 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709150804/http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page |archive-date=9 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8139&document_type_id=5&document_id=29903&portlet_id=18784 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608151440/http://www.paris.fr/english/paris-a-city-with-an-international-profile/international-action-cooperation/twinning-with-rome/rub_8139_stand_29903_port_18784 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 June 2011 |title=Twinning with Rome |access-date=27 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="Paris1">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |work=Mairie de Paris |title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération |access-date=14 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011162140/http://paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="Paris2">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp |work=Mairie de Paris |title=International relations: special partners |access-date=14 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225090448/http://www.v1.paris.fr/EN/city_government/international/special_partners.asp |archive-date=25 December 2008}}</ref>

Rome's other partner cities are:<ref name="partner cities">{{cite web |url=https://www.comune-italia.it/comune-roma.html |title=Comune di Roma |publisher=Commune of Rome |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202155047/https://www.comune-italia.it/comune-roma.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* {{flagdeco|BOL}} [[Achacachi]], Bolivia<ref name="partner cities"/>
* {{flagdeco|ALG}} [[Algiers]], Algeria<ref name="partner cities"/>
* {{flagdeco|PRC}} [[Beijing]], China<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/ |title=Sister Cities |publisher=Beijing Municipal Government |access-date=23 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818133858/http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/ |archive-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16467&portlet_id=14974 |title=Le jumelage avec Rome |access-date=9 July 2008 |publisher=Municipalité de Paris |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141833/http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16467&portlet_id=14974 |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|SRB}} [[Belgrade]], Serbia<ref name="partner cities"/>
* {{flagdeco|BRA}} [[Brasília]], Brazil<ref name="partner cities"/>
* {{flagdeco|ARG}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina<ref name="partner cities"/>
* {{flagdeco|EGY}} [[Cairo]], Egypt<ref name="partner cities"/>
* {{flagdeco|US}} [[Cincinnati]], United States<ref name="partner cities"/>
* {{flagdeco|UKR}} [[Kyiv]], Ukraine<ref name="partner cities"/>
* {{flagdeco|Syria}} [[Kobanî]], Syria<ref name="Rome declares Kobane 'sister city'">{{cite web |url=https://www.kurdishquestion.com/oldarticle.php?aid=rome-declares-kobane-sister-city |title=Rome declares Kobane 'sister city' |access-date=18 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221110518/https://www.kurdishquestion.com/oldarticle.php?aid=rome-declares-kobane-sister-city |archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|POL}} [[Kraków]], Poland<ref name="Kraków partnerships">{{cite web |url=http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,5,miasta_partnerskie.html |title=Kraków – Miasta Partnerskie |access-date=10 August 2013 |work=Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków |language=pl |trans-title=Kraków – Partnership Cities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702010825/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C5%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html |archive-date=2 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|ESP}} [[Madrid]], Spain<ref name="hermanadas">{{cite web |title=Mapa Mundi de las ciudades hermanadas |publisher=Ayuntamiento de Madrid |url=http://www.munimadrid.es/portal/site/munimadrid/menuitem.dbd5147a4ba1b0aa7d245f019fc08a0c/?vgnextoid=4e84399a03003110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=4e98823d3a37a010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=especial1&idContenido=1da69a4192b5b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231013919/http://www.munimadrid.es/portal/site/munimadrid/menuitem.dbd5147a4ba1b0aa7d245f019fc08a0c/?vgnextoid=4e84399a03003110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=4e98823d3a37a010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=especial1&idContenido=1da69a4192b5b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD|url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2008 |access-date=17 October 2009}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|PAK}} [[Multan]], Pakistan<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jaffery |first1=Owais |date=9 June 2011 |title=Sister cities: Multan celebrates Italy's national day |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/185116/sister-cities-multan-celebrates-italys-national-day/ |location=Pakistan |newspaper=The Express Tribune |publication-date=9 June 2011 |access-date=29 February 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225021849/https://tribune.com.pk/story/185116/sister-cities-multan-celebrates-italys-national-day |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|IND}} [[New Delhi]], India<ref name="partner cities"/>
* {{flagdeco|US}} [[New York City]], United States<ref name="New York sisters">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/ia/gp/html/partner/partner.shtml |title=NYC's Partner Cities |publisher=The City of New York |access-date=16 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814165415/http://www.nyc.gov/html/ia/gp/html/partner/partner.shtml |archive-date=14 August 2013}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|BUL}} [[Plovdiv]], Bulgaria<ref name="partner cities"/>
* {{flagdeco|KOR}} [[Seoul]], South Korea<ref name="Seoul twinnings2">{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |title=International Cooperation: Sister Cities |access-date=26 January 2008 |work=Seoul Metropolitan Government |publisher=www.seoul.go.kr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |archive-date=10 December 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Seoul twinnings">{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209163257/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 December 2011 |title=Seoul – Sister Cities [via WayBackMachine] |access-date=23 August 2013 |work=Seoul Metropolitan Government (archived 2012-04-25)}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|AUS}} [[Sydney]], Australia<ref name="partner cities"/>
* {{flagdeco|ALB}} [[Tirana]], Albania<ref name="International relations">{{cite web |url=http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |title=Twinning Cities: International Relations |access-date=23 June 2009 |work=Municipality of Tirana |publisher=www.tirana.gov.al |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010042121/http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2011}}</ref><ref>Twinning Cities: International Relations. Municipality of Tirana. www.tirana.gov.al. Retrieved on 25 January 2008.</ref>
* {{flagdeco|IRN}} [[Tehran]], Iran<ref name="partner cities"/>
* {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Tokyo]], Japan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/ABOUT/LINKS/sister.htm |title=Sister Cities(States) of Tokyo |access-date=17 June 2019 |work=[[Tokyo Metropolitan Government]] |archive-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611131633/http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/ABOUT/LINKS/sister.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|BEL}} [[Tongeren]], Belgium<ref name="partner cities"/>
* {{flagdeco|TUN}} [[Tunis]], Tunisia<ref name="Tunis">{{cite web |url=http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_cooperation1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508191341/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_cooperation1.htm |archive-date=8 May 2008 |title=Cooperation Internationale |publisher=2003–2009 City of Tunis Portal |language=fr |access-date=31 July 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|US}} [[Washington, D.C.]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Visita a Washington del Sindaco |url=http://www.comune.roma.it/wps/portal/pcr?contentId=NEW183956&jp_pagecode=newsview.wp&ahew=contentId:jp_pagecode |access-date=3 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125222237/http://www.comune.roma.it/wps/portal/pcr?contentId=NEW183956&jp_pagecode=newsview.wp&ahew=contentId:jp_pagecode |archive-date=25 November 2011}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|ARM}} [[Yerevan]], Armenia<ref>{{cite web|title=
Yerevan, Rome sign Friendship and Cooperation Agreement|url=https://news.am/eng/news/845162.html|publisher=news.am|access-date=2024-10-14|archive-date=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819225714/https://news.am/eng/news/845162.html/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Rome}}
[[File:Palazzo_Eni_(Rome)_in_2021.05.jpg|thumb|[[Palazzo Eni]], in the [[EUR, Rome|EUR]] [[business district]], is the headquarters of [[Eni]], considered one of the world's oil and gas "[[supermajors]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/oil-gas-and-mining/spotlight-sharpens/|title=The spotlight sharpens: Eni and corruption in Republic of Congo's oil sector|website=Global Witness|access-date=25 July 2023|archive-date=25 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725204616/https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/oil-gas-and-mining/spotlight-sharpens/|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]
[[File:Roma - HQ Enel esterno.jpg|thumb|[[Enel]]'s headquarters in Rome, the second largest [[power company]] in the world by revenue after the [[State Grid Corporation of China]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Top 10 power companies in the world: Ranking the largest |url=https://www.power-technology.com/features/top-10-power-companies-in-the-world/ |newspaper=Power Technology |access-date=7 February 2020 |date=19 March 2019 |last1=Vara |first1=Vasanthi |archive-date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320191000/https://www.power-technology.com/features/top-10-power-companies-in-the-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
[[File:Sede BNL Roma.jpg|thumb|[[Orizzonte Europa]], [[Banca Nazionale del Lavoro|BNL]] headquarters in Rome]]

As the capital of Italy, Rome hosts all the principal institutions of the nation, including the Presidency of the Republic, the government (and its single {{lang|it|Ministeri}}), the Parliament, the main judicial Courts, and the diplomatic representatives of all the countries for the states of Italy and Vatican City. Many international institutions are located in Rome, notably cultural and scientific ones, such as the American Institute, the British School, the French Academy, the Scandinavian Institutes, and the German Archaeological Institute. There are also specialized agencies of the United Nations, such as the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]. Rome also hosts major international and worldwide political and cultural organizations, such as the [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]], [[World Food Programme]], the [[NATO Defence College]], and the [[International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property]].

According to the [[Global city#GaWC study|GaWC study of world cities]], Rome is a "Beta +" city.<ref name="GAWC">{{Cite web |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2018t.html |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |website=www.lboro.ac.uk |access-date=18 July 2019 |archive-date=3 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503165246/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The city was ranked in 2024 as 31st in the Global Cities Index, second highest in Italy after Milan.<ref name="atkearney.at">{{cite web |title=Resurgent in a world at risk 2024 Global Cities Report |url=https://www.kearney.com/service/global-business-policy-council/gcr/2024-full-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417135221/http://www.atkearney.com/research-studies/global-cities-index/full-report |archive-date=17 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2025 |website=kearney.com}}</ref> With a 2005 GDP of €94.376&nbsp;billion (US$121.5&nbsp;billion),<ref name="rapporto2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.censis.it/277/372/5732/5766/5783/5784/content.asp |title=Rapporto Censis 2006 |publisher=Censis.it |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418003612/http://www.censis.it/277/372/5732/5766/5783/5784/content.ASP |archive-date=18 April 2008}}</ref>{{update inline|date=May 2018}} the city produces 6.7% of the national GDP (more than any other single city in Italy), and its unemployment rate, lowered from 11.1% to 6.5% between 2001 and 2005, is now one of the lowest rates of all the European Union capital cities.<ref name="rapporto2006" /> Rome's economy grows at around 4.4% annually and continues to grow at a higher rate in comparison to any other city in the rest of the country.<ref name="rapporto2006" /> This means that were Rome a country, it would be the world's 52nd richest country by GDP, near to the size to that of Egypt. Rome also had a 2003 GDP per capita of €29,153 (US$37,412), which was second in Italy (after Milan), and is more than 134.1% of the EU average GDP per capita.<ref name="observatoribarcelona.org">{{Cite web |url=http://www.observatoribarcelona.org/eng/Indicadors.php?IdentificadorTema=1&Identificador=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806145437/http://www.observatoribarcelona.org/eng/Indicadors.php?IdentificadorTema=1&Identificador=11 |url-status=dead |title=Observatoribarcelona.org |archive-date=6 August 2007}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=May 2018}} Rome, on the whole, has the highest total earnings in Italy, reaching €47,076,890,463 in 2008,<ref name="ilsole24ore.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.ilsole24ore.com/speciali/redditi_comuni_08/ |title=La classifica dei redditi nei comuni capoluogo di provincia |publisher=Il Sole 24 ORE |access-date=14 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512174557/http://www.ilsole24ore.com/speciali/redditi_comuni_08/ |archive-date=12 May 2011}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=May 2018}} yet, in terms of average workers' incomes, the city places itself 9th in Italy, with €24,509.<ref name="ilsole24ore.com" /> On a global level, Rome's workers received the 30th highest wages in 2009, coming three places higher than in 2008, in which the city ranked 33rd.<ref name="citymayors_a">{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/economics/richest_cities.html |title=World's richest cities in 2009 |publisher=City Mayors |date=22 August 2009 |access-date=14 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612160130/http://www.citymayors.com/economics/richest_cities.html |archive-date=12 June 2010}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=May 2018}} In 2023, the Rome area had a [[List of cities by GDP|GDP amounting to $240.73 billion]], and $57,142 per capita.<ref name="Brookings">{{cite web |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |title=Global city GDP 2011 |publisher=Brookings Institution |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605135349/http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref>

Although the economy of Rome is characterized by the absence of heavy industry, and it is largely dominated by [[service (economics)|services]], high-technology companies (IT, aerospace, defence, telecommunications, accelerators, incubators, start-ups), research, construction and commercial activities (especially banking and insurance), and the huge development of tourism are very dynamic and extremely important to its economy. With over 50 million passengers in 2025, Rome's [[Rome Fiumicino Airport|Leonardo Da Vinci Intercontinental Airport]], also known as [[Fiumicino]], is the largest and busiest in Italy as well as one of the giant European hubs.

In addition the city hosts the head offices of the vast majority of the biggest Italian companies, as well as the headquarters of three of the world's 100 largest companies: [[Enel]], [[Eni]], and [[Telecom Italia]].<ref name="Forbes">{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2006/03/29/06f2k_worlds-largest-public-companies_land.html |title=The World's 2000 Largest Public Companies |first=Scott |last=DeCarlo |date=30 March 2006 |work=Forbes |access-date=16 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113092755/http://www.forbes.com/2006/03/29/06f2k_worlds-largest-public-companies_land.html |archive-date=13 January 2007}}</ref>

Universities, national radio and television and the movie industry in Rome are also important parts of the economy: Rome is also the hub of the [[Cinema of Italy|Italian film industry]], thanks to the Cinecittà Studios, working since the 1930s. The city is also a centre for banking and insurance as well as electronics, energy, transport, and aerospace industries. Numerous international companies and agencies headquarters, government ministries, conference centres, sports venues, and museums are located in Rome's principal business districts: the [[Esposizione Universale Roma]] (EUR); the ''Torrino'' (further south from the EUR); the ''Magliana''; the ''Parco de' Medici-Laurentina'' and the so-called ''Tiburtina-valley'' along the ancient [[Via Tiburtina]].

===Tourism===
{{Main|Tourism in Rome|List of tourist attractions in Rome}}

[[File:The_Spanish_Steps,_Rome_(47509253002).jpg|thumb|[[Fontana della Barcaccia]] in [[Piazza di Spagna]], the [[Spanish Steps]] and [[Trinità dei Monti]]]]
[[File:Empty_Piazza_Navona_(85148359).jpeg|thumb|[[Piazza Navona]]]]
[[File:Vatican Museums Spiral Staircase 2012.jpg|thumb|right|{{As of|2022}}, the [[Vatican Museums]] are the [[List of most visited art museums|second most visited art museum]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cheshire |first1=Lee |last2=da Silva |first2=José |title=The 100 most popular art museums in the world—who has recovered and who is still struggling? |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/03/27/the-100-most-popular-art-museums-in-the-worldwho-has-recovered-and-who-is-still-struggling |website=[[The Art Newspaper]] |access-date=25 November 2023 |date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328204505/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/03/27/the-100-most-popular-art-museums-in-the-worldwho-has-recovered-and-who-is-still-struggling |url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Rome today is one of the most important tourist destinations of the world, due to the incalculable immensity of its archaeological and artistic treasures, as well as for the charm of its unique traditions, the beauty of its panoramic views, and the majesty of its magnificent "villas" (parks). Among the most significant resources are the many museums – [[Capitoline Museums]], [[Vatican Museums|the Vatican Museums]] and the {{lang|it|[[Galleria Borghese]]|italic=no}} and others dedicated to modern and contemporary art – [[aqueduct (watercourse)|aqueducts]], [[fountain]]s, churches, [[palace]]s, historical buildings, the [[monument]]s and ruins of the [[Roman Forum]], and the [[Catacombs]]. Rome is the third most visited city in the EU, after London and Paris, and receives an average of 7–10&nbsp;million tourists a year, which sometimes doubles on holy years. The Colosseum (4&nbsp;million tourists) and the Vatican Museums (4.2&nbsp;million tourists) are the 39th and 37th (respectively) most visited places in the world, according to a recent study.<ref name="itvnews.tv">{{cite web |title=The 50 Most Visited Places in The World |website=itvnews.tv |date=2 October 2009 |url=http://www.itvnews.tv/Blog/Blog/the-50-most-visited-places.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002073926/http://www.itvnews.tv/Blog/Blog/the-50-most-visited-places.html | archive-date=2 October 2009 | url-status=dead | access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>

Rome is a major archaeological hub, and one of the world's main centres of [[archaeology|archaeological research]]. There are numerous cultural and research institutes located in the city, such as the [[American Academy in Rome]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.romanculture.org/index.php?page=airc-hc-rome-program-in-archaeology-and-classical-studies |title=AIRC-HC Program in Archaeology, Classics, and Mediterranean Culture |publisher=Romanculture.org |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329144605/http://www.romanculture.org/index.php?page=airc-hc-rome-program-in-archaeology-and-classical-studies |archive-date=29 March 2010}}</ref> and The Swedish Institute at Rome.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isvroma.it/public/EN/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=%20 |title=Isvroma.it |publisher=Isvroma.it |access-date=3 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418182423/http://www.isvroma.it/public/EN/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=%20 |archive-date=18 April 2008}}</ref> Rome contains numerous [[List of ancient monuments in Rome|ancient sites]], including the [[Roman Forum|Forum Romanum]], [[Trajan's Market]], [[Trajan's Forum]],<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Trajan's Glorious Forum |magazine=Archaeology |volume=51 |issue=1 |date=January–February 1998 |author=James E. Packer |publisher=Archaeological Institute of America |url=https://archive.archaeology.org/9801/abstracts/trajan.html |access-date=2 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216035602/http://www.archaeology.org/9801/abstracts/trajan.html |archive-date=16 February 2010}}</ref> the [[Colosseum]], and the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]], to name but a few. The Colosseum, arguably one of Rome's most iconic archaeological sites, is regarded as a [[Wonders of the World|wonder of the world]].<ref name=brewers>I H Evans (reviser), ''Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable'' (Centenary edition Fourth impression (corrected); London: Cassell, 1975), p. 1163</ref><ref name=miller>{{cite book |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/1538646.html |title=America, the Land We Love |last1=Miller |first1=Francis Trevelyan |last2=Wilson |first2=Woodrow |last3=Taft |first3=William Howard Taft |last4=Roosevelt |first4=Theodore |publisher=W. T. Blaine |year=1915 |page=201 |oclc=679498513 |author-link=Francis Trevelyan Miller |author-link2=Woodrow Wilson |author-link3=William Howard Taft |author-link4=Theodore Roosevelt |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728111825/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/1538646.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Rome contains a vast collection of art, sculpture, [[fountain]]s, [[mosaic]]s, [[fresco]]s, and paintings, from all different periods. Rome first became a major artistic centre during ancient Rome, with forms of important [[Roman art]] such as [[Architecture of ancient Rome|architecture]], painting, sculpture and mosaic work. [[Metalworking|Metal-work]], [[coin die]] and gem engraving, [[ivory carving]]s, figurine glass, [[Ancient Roman pottery|pottery]], and book illustrations are considered to be 'minor' forms of Roman artwork.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0009840X00221331 |last=Toynbee |first=J.M.C. |date=December 1971 |title=Roman Art |journal=The Classical Review |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=439–442 |issn=0009-840X |jstor=708631|s2cid=163488573 }}</ref> Rome later became a major centre of [[Renaissance]] art, since the popes spent vast sums of money for the constructions of grandiose [[basilica]]s, [[palace]]s, [[piazza]]s and public buildings in general. Rome became one of Europe's major centres of Renaissance artwork along with [[Florence]], and able to compare to other major cities and cultural centres, such as Paris and [[Venice]]. Some of the greatest artists of this time found work in Rome: [[Michelangelo]], [[Raffaello Sanzio]], [[Donato Bramante]], [[Sandro Botticelli]], [[Ghirlandaio]], [[Piero della Francesca]], [[Pietro Perugino]], [[Cosimo Rosselli]], [[Gentile da Fabriano]], [[Beato Angelico]], [[Leon Battista Alberti]], [[Giovanni Battista Penni]], [[Giulio Romano]], [[Rosso Fiorentino]], [[Parmigianino]], [[Bernardo Rossellino]], [[Benozzo Gozzoli]], [[Pisanello]] and others. The city was affected greatly by the [[Italian Baroque|baroque]], and Rome became the home of numerous artists and architects, such as [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini|Bernini]], [[Caravaggio]], [[Annibale Carracci|Carracci]], [[Francesco Borromini|Borromini]], [[Stefano Maderno]], [[Francesco Mochi]], [[Domenichino]], [[Pietro Paolo Rubens]], [[Guido Reni]], [[Diego Velázquez]], [[Artemisia Gentileschi]], [[Orazio Gentileschi]], [[Andrea Pozzo]], [[Baciccia]] and [[Pietro da Cortona|Cortona]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/rome/curriculum/rome211.html |title=Baroque Art of Rome (ROME 211) |publisher=Trincoll.edu |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530094548/http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/rome/curriculum/rome211.html |archive-date=30 May 2008}}</ref> In the late 18th century and early 19th century, the city was one of the centres of the [[Grand Tour]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Grand Tour of Europe: The Travels of 17th & 18th Century Twenty-Somethings |author=Matt Rosenberg |publisher=About.com |url=http://geography.about.com/od/historyofgeography/a/grandtour.htm |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205235817/http://geography.about.com/od/historyofgeography/a/grandtour.htm |archive-date=5 December 2010}}</ref> when wealthy, young English and other European aristocrats visited the city to learn about [[Culture of ancient Rome|ancient Roman culture]], art, philosophy, and architecture. Rome hosted a great number of neoclassical and rococo artists, such as [[Giovanni Paolo Pannini|Pannini]] and [[Bernardo Bellotto]]. Today, the city is a major artistic centre, with numerous art institutes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/rome/curriculum/rome350.html |title=The Franca Camiz Memorial Field Seminar in Art History |publisher=Trinity College, Hartford Connecticlt |access-date=3 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530094628/http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/rome/curriculum/rome350.html |archive-date=30 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and museums.

Rome has a growing stock of contemporary and modern art and architecture. The National Gallery of Modern Art has works by Balla, Morandi, Pirandello, Carrà, De Chirico, De Pisis, Guttuso, Fontana, Burri, Mastroianni, Turcato, Kandisky, and Cézanne on permanent exhibition. 2010 saw the opening of Rome's newest arts foundation, a contemporary art and architecture gallery designed by acclaimed Iraqi architect Zaha Hadid. Known as [[MAXXI – National Museum of the 21st Century Arts]] it restores a dilapidated area with striking modern architecture. Maxxi<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maxxi.beniculturali.it/english/ |title=Maxxi_Museo Nazionale Delle Arti Del Xxi Secolo |publisher=Maxxi.beniculturali.it |access-date=25 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211132529/http://www.maxxi.beniculturali.it/english/ |archive-date=11 February 2010}}</ref> features a campus dedicated to culture, experimental research laboratories, international exchange and study and research. It is one of Rome's most ambitious modern architecture projects alongside [[Renzo Piano]]'s Auditorium Parco della Musica<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.auditorium.com/ |title=Auditorium Parco della Musica |publisher=Auditorium.com |access-date=25 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323151419/http://www.auditorium.com/ |archive-date=23 March 2010}}</ref> and [[Massimiliano Fuksas]]' Rome Convention Center, Centro Congressi Italia EUR, in the EUR district, due to open in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pelati |first1=Manuela |title=Eur spa, Diacetti: «La nuvola di Fuksas sarà completata entro il 2016 |url=http://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/15_settembre_30/eur-spa-diacetti-la-nuvola-fuksas-sara-completata-entro-2016-c4b647de-678d-11e5-9bc4-2d55534839fc.shtml |access-date=5 December 2015 |work={{Lang|it|Corriere della Sera}} |date=30 September 2015 |language=it |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208165359/http://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/15_settembre_30/eur-spa-diacetti-la-nuvola-fuksas-sara-completata-entro-2016-c4b647de-678d-11e5-9bc4-2d55534839fc.shtml |archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> The convention centre features a huge translucent container inside which is suspended a steel and teflon structure resembling a cloud and which contains meeting rooms and an auditorium with two piazzas open to the neighbourhood on either side.

==Education==
[[File:Sede Sapienza.jpeg|thumb|right|[[Sapienza University of Rome]]. It was founded in 1303 and is as such one of the world's oldest universities,<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=La Storia |url=https://www.uniroma1.it/it/pagina/la-storia |access-date=27 August 2024 |archive-date=12 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412001231/https://www.uniroma1.it/it/pagina/la-storia |url-status=live }}</ref> and with 122,000 students, it is the [[List of largest universities by enrollment|largest university in Europe]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chi Siamo |url=https://www.uniroma1.it/it/pagina/chi-siamo |access-date=27 August 2024 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105231202/https://www.uniroma1.it/it/pagina/chi-siamo |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Rome is a nationwide and major international centre for higher education, containing numerous academies, colleges and universities. It boasts a large variety of academies and colleges, and has always been a major worldwide intellectual and educational centre, especially during [[Ancient Rome]] and the [[Renaissance]], along with Florence.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01083b.htm |last1=Benigni |first1=U. |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia |title=Roman Academies |publisher=New Advent |date=1 March 1907 |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112132437/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01083b.htm |archive-date=12 January 2010}}</ref> According to the City Brands Index, Rome is considered the world's second most historically, educationally and culturally interesting and beautiful city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gfkamerica.com/practice_areas/roper_pam/nbi_index/index.en.html/downloads/cbi2006-q4-free.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081217002737/http://www.gfkamerica.com/practice_areas/roper_pam/nbi_index/index.en.html/downloads/cbi2006-q4-free.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=17 December 2008 |title=Anholt-GfK Roper Nation Brands Index |website=GfK Custom Research North America }}</ref>

Rome has many universities and colleges. Its first university, [[Sapienza University of Rome|La Sapienza]] (founded in 1303), is one of the largest in the world, with more than 140,000 students attending; in 2005 it ranked as Europe's 33rd best university<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arwu.org/rank/2005/ARWU2005_TopEuro.htm |title=Top 100 European Universities |date=2005 |website=Academic Ranking of World Universities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129082351/http://www.arwu.org/rank/2005/ARWU2005_TopEuro.htm |archive-date=29 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and in 2013 the Sapienza University of Rome ranked as the 62nd in the world and the top in Italy in its ''World University Rankings'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cwur.org/2013.php |title=Top 100 Universities |date=2013 |website=Center for World University Rankings |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213080424/https://cwur.org/2013.php |url-status=live}}</ref> and has been ranked among Europe's 50 and the world's 150 best colleges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arwu.org/rank2008/ARWU2008_TopEuro%28EN%29.htm |title=Top 100 European Universities |date=2008 |website=Academic Ranking of World Universities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521224840/http://www.arwu.org/rank2008/ARWU2008_TopEuro%28EN%29.htm |archive-date=21 May 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref> In order to decrease the overcrowding of La Sapienza, two new public universities were founded during the last decades: [[University of Rome Tor Vergata|Tor Vergata]] in 1982, and [[Roma Tre University|Roma Tre]] in 1992. Rome hosts also the [[LUISS School of Government]],<ref>{{cite web |title=LUISS School of Government |website=sog.luiss.it |url=http://www.sog.luiss.it/ |language=it |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710155033/https://sog.luiss.it/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Italy's most important graduate university in the areas of international affairs and European studies as well as [[LUISS Business School]], Italy's most important business school. Rome [[Istituto superiore per le industrie artistiche (ISIA)|ISIA]] was founded in 1973 by [[Giulio Carlo Argan]] and is Italy's oldest institution in the field of [[industrial design]].
[[File:Biblioteca Casanatense.jpg|thumb|[[Biblioteca Casanatense]]]]

Rome contains many [[pontifical university|pontifical universities]] and other institutes, including the [[British School at Rome]], the [[French Academy in Rome]], the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]] (the oldest [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] university in the world, founded in 1551), [[Istituto Europeo di Design]], the [[Lorenzo de' Medici School|Scuola Lorenzo de' Medici]], the Link [[Link Campus|Campus of Malta]], and the [[Università Campus Bio-Medico]]. Rome is also the location of two American Universities; [[The American University of Rome]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aur.edu/american-university-rome/ |title=The American University of Rome |publisher=The American University of Rome |access-date=4 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128230359/http://www.aur.edu/american-university-rome/ |archive-date=28 January 2013}}</ref> and [[John Cabot University]] as well as [[St. John's University (Italy)|St. John's University]] branch campus, [[John Felice Rome Center]], a campus of [[Loyola University Chicago]] and Temple University Rome, a campus of [[Temple University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.temple.edu/studyabroad/programs/semester_year/italy/index.html |title=Temple Rome Study Abroad |publisher=Temple University |access-date=4 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201112645/http://www.temple.edu/studyabroad/programs/semester_year/italy/index.html |archive-date=1 February 2013}}</ref> The [[Roman Colleges]] are several [[seminary|seminaries]] for students from foreign countries studying for the [[Catholic priesthood|priesthood]] at the Pontifical Universities.<ref name="NAC">{{cite web |url=http://www.pnac.org/about-us/about-the-nac/ |title=About the NAC |publisher=[[Pontifical North American College]] |access-date=1 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825005857/http://www.pnac.org/about-us/about-the-nac/ |archive-date=25 August 2010}}</ref> Examples include the [[Venerable English College]], the [[Pontifical North American College]], the [[Scots College (Rome)|Scots College]], and the [[Pontifical Croatian College of St. Jerome]]. Rome's major libraries include: the {{Lang|it|[[Biblioteca Angelica]]|italic=no}}, opened in 1604, making it Italy's first public library; the [[Biblioteca Vallicelliana]], established in 1565; the [[Biblioteca Casanatense]], opened in 1701; the [[National Central Library (Rome)|National Central Library]], one of the two national libraries in Italy, which contains 4,126,002 volumes; The Biblioteca del Ministero degli Affari Esteri, specialised in diplomacy, foreign affairs and modern history; the Biblioteca dell'Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana; the Biblioteca Don Bosco, one of the largest and most modern of all Salesian libraries; the Biblioteca e Museo teatrale del Burcardo, a museum-library specialised in history of drama and theatre; the Biblioteca della [[Società Geografica Italiana]], which is based in the [[Villa Mattei|Villa Celimontana]] and is the most important geographical library in Italy, and one of Europe's most important;<ref>Amedeo Benedetti, ''La Biblioteca della Società Geografica Italiana'', "Biblioteche oggi", n. 3, aprile 2009, p. 41.</ref> and the [[Vatican Library]], one of the oldest and most important libraries in the world, which was formally established in 1475, though in fact much older and has 75,000 [[codex|codices]], as well as 1.1 million printed books, which include some 8,500 [[Incunabulum|incunabula]]. There are also many specialist libraries attached to various foreign cultural institutes in Rome, among them that of the [[American Academy in Rome]], the French Academy in Rome and the [[Bibliotheca Hertziana – Max Planck Institute of Art History]], a German library, often noted for excellence in the arts and sciences.<ref>{{cite web |author=Max Planck Gesellschaft e.V |url=http://www.mpg.de/english/aboutTheSociety/aboutUs/scientificAwards/awardsOfMPS/hannoIlseHahnPrize/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613192334/http://www.mpg.de/english/aboutTheSociety/aboutUs/scientificAwards/awardsOfMPS/hannoIlseHahnPrize/index.html |archive-date=13 June 2008 |title=Max Planck Society – Hanno and Ilse Hahn Prize |publisher=Mpg.de |date=17 May 2006 |access-date=25 January 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture in Rome}}

===Architecture===
{{Excerpt|Architecture of Rome}}
[[File:Palazzo della civiltà del lavoro (EUR, Rome) (5904657870).jpg|thumb|The [[Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana]] in [[EUR, Rome|EUR district]]]]

====Fountains and aqueducts====
{{Main|List of fountains in Rome|List of aqueducts in the city of Rome}}

[[File:Trevi Fountain, Rome, Italy 2 - May 2007.jpg|thumb|Construction of the [[Trevi Fountain]] began during the time of Ancient Rome and was completed in 1762 by a design of [[Nicola Salvi]].]]

Rome is a city known for its numerous fountains, built-in all different styles, from Classical and Medieval, to Baroque and Neoclassical. The city has had [[fountain]]s for more than two thousand years, and they have provided drinking water and decorated the [[piazza]]s of Rome. During the [[Roman Empire]], in 98 AD, according to [[Sextus Julius Frontinus]], the Roman consul who was named ''[[Curator Aquarum|curator aquarum]]'' or guardian of the water of the city, Rome had nine [[aqueduct (watercourse)|aqueducts]] which fed 39 monumental fountains and 591 public basins, not counting the water supplied to the Imperial household, baths, and owners of private villas. Each of the major fountains was connected to two different aqueducts, in case one was shut down for service.<ref>Frontin, Les Aqueducs de la ville de Rome, translation and commentary by Pierre Grimal, Société d'édition Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 1944.</ref>

During the 17th and 18th century, the Roman popes reconstructed other degraded Roman aqueducts and built new display fountains to mark their termini, launching the golden age of the Roman fountain. The fountains of Rome, like the paintings of [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]], were expressions of the new style of Baroque art. In these fountains, sculpture became the principal element, and the water was used simply to animate and decorate the sculptures. They, like baroque gardens, were "a visual representation of confidence and power".<ref>''Italian Gardens, a Cultural History'', Helen Attlee. Francis Lincoln Limited, London 2006.</ref>

====Statues====
{{See also|Talking statues of Rome}}
[[File:Vierströmebrunnen-Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi (27903447766).jpg|thumb|right|Fontana dei Fiumi by [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]], 1648]]

Rome is well known for its statues but, in particular, the [[talking statues of Rome]]. These are usually ancient statues which have become popular soapboxes for political and social discussion, and places for people to (often satirically) voice their opinions. There are two main talking statues: the [[Pasquino]] and the [[Marforio]], yet there are four other noted ones: ''[[il Babuino]]'', [[Madama Lucrezia]], ''[[il Facchino]]'' and [[Abbot Luigi]]. Most of these statues are ancient Roman or classical, and most of them also depict mythical gods, ancient people or legendary figures; il Pasquino represents [[Menelaus]], Abbot Luigi is an unknown Roman magistrate, ''il Babuino'' is supposed to be [[Silenus]], Marforio represents [[Oceanus]], Madama Lucrezia is a bust of [[Isis]], and ''il Facchino'' is the only non-Roman statue, created in 1580, and not representing anyone in particular. They are often, due to their status, covered with placards or [[graffiti]] expressing political ideas and points of view. Other statues in the city, which are not related to the talking statues, include those of the Ponte Sant'Angelo, or several monuments scattered across the city, such as that to [[Giordano Bruno]] in the Campo de'Fiori.

====Obelisks and columns====
{{Main|List of obelisks in Rome}}

[[File:Piazza del Popolo Obelisco Flaminio a Roma.jpg|thumb|[[Flaminio Obelisk]], [[Piazza del Popolo]]]]

The city hosts eight [[ancient Egypt]]ian and five [[ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] [[obelisk]]s, together with a number of more modern obelisks; there was also formerly (until 2005) an [[Aksumite Empire|ancient Ethiopian]] obelisk in Rome.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.initaly.com/regions/classic/obelisks.htm |title=Chasing Obelisks in Rome |publisher=Initaly.com |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206125357/http://initaly.com/regions/classic/obelisks.htm |archive-date=6 February 2010}}</ref> The city contains some of obelisks in [[piazza]]s, such as in [[Piazza Navona]], [[Saint Peter's Square|St Peter's Square]], [[Piazza di Monte Citorio|Piazza Montecitorio]], and [[Piazza del Popolo]], and others in [[villa]]s, [[thermae]] parks and gardens, such as in [[Villa Mattei|Villa Celimontana]], the [[Baths of Diocletian]], and the [[Pincian Hill]]. Moreover, the centre of Rome hosts also [[Trajan's Column|Trajan]]'s and [[Column of Marcus Aurelius|Antonine Column]], two ancient Roman columns with spiral relief. The Column of Marcus Aurelius is located in [[Piazza Colonna]] and it was built around AD 180 by [[Commodus]] in memory of his parents. The Column of Marcus Aurelius was inspired by Trajan's Column at [[Trajan's Forum]], which is part of the [[Imperial Fora]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roundtheworldmagazine.com/free-things-to-do-in-rome/ |title=7 Free Things To Do In Rome |publisher=roundtheworldmagazin.com |access-date=17 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217200236/http://www.roundtheworldmagazine.com/free-things-to-do-in-rome/ |archive-date=17 February 2017 |date=12 January 2017}}</ref>

====Bridges====
{{Main|List of bridges in Rome}}

[[File:Bridge Vittorio Emanuele II at sunset.jpg|thumb|[[Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II]] at sunset]]

The city of Rome contains numerous famous bridges which cross the [[Tiber]]. The only bridge to remain unaltered until today from the classical age is [[Pons Fabricius|Ponte dei Quattro Capi]], which connects the [[Isola Tiberina]] with the left bank. The other surviving – albeit modified – ancient Roman bridges crossing the Tiber are [[Pons Cestius|Ponte Cestio]], [[Ponte Sant'Angelo]] and [[Ponte Milvio]]. Considering [[Ponte Nomentano]], also built during ancient Rome, which crosses the [[Aniene]], currently there are five ancient Roman bridges still remaining in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citrag.it/archi/page/bridges/e_f_pn_ro.htm |title=The Bridges of Ancient Rome |publisher=Citrag.it |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113044759/http://www.citrag.it/archi/page/bridges/e_f_pn_ro.htm |archive-date=13 January 2010}}</ref> Other noteworthy bridges are [[Ponte Sisto]], the first bridge built in the Renaissance above Roman foundations; [[Ponte Rotto]], actually the only remaining arch of the ancient ''Pons Aemilius'', collapsed during the flood of 1598 and demolished at the end of the 19th century; and [[Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II]], a modern bridge connecting Corso Vittorio Emanuele and Borgo. Most of the city's public bridges were built in Classical or Renaissance style, but also in Baroque, Neoclassical and Modern styles. According to the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', the finest ancient bridge remaining in Rome is the Ponte Sant'Angelo, which was completed in 135 AD, and was decorated with ten statues of the angels, designed by [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini|Bernini]] in 1688.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/523159/SantAngelo-Bridge |title=Sant'Angelo Bridge |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109154613/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/523159/SantAngelo-Bridge |archive-date=9 January 2010}}</ref>

====Catacombs====
{{Main|Catacombs of Rome}}

[[File:PiusXItomb2.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Vatican Necropolis|Vatican Caves]] are the location of many papal burials.]]

Rome has an extensive amount of ancient catacombs, or underground burial places under or near the city, of which there are at least forty, some discovered only in recent decades. Though most famous for Christian burials, they include [[Religion in ancient Rome|pagan]] and Jewish burials, either in separate catacombs or mixed together. The first large-scale catacombs were excavated from the 2nd century onwards. Originally they were carved through [[tuff]], a soft [[volcanic rock]], outside the boundaries of the city, because [[Roman law]] forbade burial places within city limits. Currently, maintenance of the catacombs is in the hands of the [[Pope|Papacy]] which has invested in the [[Salesians of Don Bosco]] the supervision of the Catacombs of St. Callixtus on the outskirts of Rome.

===Entertainment and performing arts===
{{Main|Music in Rome|Events in Rome}}

[[File:Teatro dell'Opera a Roma.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Teatro dell'Opera di Roma]] at the Piazza Beniamino Gigli]]

Rome is an important centre for music, and it has an intense musical scene, including several prestigious music conservatories and theatres. It hosts the [[Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia]] (founded in 1585), for which new concert halls have been built in the new [[Parco della Musica]], one of the largest musical venues in the world. Rome also has an opera house, the [[Teatro dell'Opera di Roma]], as well as several minor musical institutions. The city also played host to the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1991|Eurovision Song Contest]] in 1991 and the [[MTV Europe Music Awards 2004|MTV Europe Music Awards]] in 2004.

Rome has also had a major impact on music history. The [[Roman School]] was a group of composers of predominantly church music, which were active in the city during the 16th and 17th centuries, therefore spanning the late [[Renaissance music|Renaissance]] and early [[Baroque music|Baroque]] eras. The term also refers to the music they produced. Many of the composers had a direct connection to the [[Holy See|Vatican]] and the [[Sistine Chapel|papal chapel]], though they worked at several churches; stylistically they are often contrasted with the [[Venetian School (music)|Venetian School]] of composers, a concurrent movement which was much more progressive. By far the most famous composer of the Roman School is [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]], whose name has been associated for four hundred years with smooth, clear, [[polyphony|polyphonic]] perfection. However, there were other composers working in Rome, and in a variety of styles and forms.

Between 1960 and 1970 Rome was considered to be as a "new Hollywood" because of the many actors and directors who worked there; Via Vittorio Veneto had transformed into a glamour place where you could meet famous people.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=LA NEW HOLLYWOOD: IL CONTESTO POLITICO-SOCIALE |url=http://www.unife.it/letterefilosofia/comunicazione/insegnamenti/storia_cinema/materiale_didattico/a-a-2016-2017/la-new-hollywood-il-contesto-politico-sociale-i-temi-lo-stile |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125210955/http://www.unife.it/letterefilosofia/comunicazione/insegnamenti/storia_cinema/materiale_didattico/a-a-2016-2017/la-new-hollywood-il-contesto-politico-sociale-i-temi-lo-stile |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2021-01-31 |website=Unife.it |publisher=Università degli Studi di Ferrara |language=it}}</ref>

===Fashion===
[[File:Fontana.della.barcaccia.arp.jpg|thumb|[[Via Condotti]]]]

Rome is also widely recognised as a world [[fashion capital]]. Although not as important as Milan, Rome is the fourth most important centre for fashion in the world, according to the 2009 [[Global Language Monitor]] after [[Milan]], [[New York City|New York]], and [[Paris]], and beating [[London]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.languagemonitor.com/news/milan-upends-new-york-as-top-fashion-capital |title=Milan upends New York as Top Fashion Capital |publisher=The Global Language Monitor |access-date=17 October 2009 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091020222319/http://www.languagemonitor.com/news/milan-upends-new-york-as-top-fashion-capital |archive-date=Oct 20, 2009}}</ref>

Major luxury fashion houses and jewellery chains, such as [[Valentino SpA|Valentino]], [[Bulgari]], [[Fendi]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fendi.com/ |title=Fendi |publisher=fendi.com |access-date=17 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131001741/http://www.fendi.com/ |archive-date=31 January 2010}}</ref> [[Laura Biagiotti]], [[Brioni (brand)|Brioni]], and [[Renato Balestra]], are headquartered or were founded in the city. Also, other major labels, such as [[Gucci]], [[Chanel]], [[Prada]], [[Dolce & Gabbana]], [[Armani]], and [[Versace]] have luxury boutiques in Rome, primarily along its prestigious and upscale [[Via Condotti|Via dei Condotti]].

===Cuisine===
{{Main|Roman cuisine}}

[[File:Espaguetis carbonara.jpg|thumb|''Spaghetti [[Carbonara|alla carbonara]]'', a typical Roman dish]]
[[File:Cacio e pepe.jpg|thumb|{{lang|it|Spaghetti [[cacio e pepe]]}}, a typical Roman dish]]

Rome's cuisine has evolved through centuries and periods of social, cultural, and political changes. Rome became a major gastronomical centre during the [[Ancient Rome|ancient age]]. [[Ancient Roman cuisine]] was highly influenced by Ancient Greek culture, and after, the empire's enormous expansion exposed Romans to many new, provincial culinary habits and cooking techniques.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=2021-09-28 |title=Packs Of Ravenous Wild Boars Are Ransacking Rome |language=en |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/09/28/1041124299/wild-boars-rome-streets-food |access-date=2022-04-11 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412000009/https://www.npr.org/2021/09/28/1041124299/wild-boars-rome-streets-food |url-status=live }}</ref>

Later, during the [[Renaissance]], Rome became well known as a centre of high-cuisine, since some of the best chefs of the time worked for the popes. An example of this was [[Bartolomeo Scappi]], who was a chef working for [[Pope Pius IV|Pius IV]]; he acquired fame in 1570 when his cookbook ''Opera dell'arte del cucinare'' was published. In the book he lists approximately 1,000 recipes of the Renaissance [[cuisine]] and describes cooking techniques and tools, giving the first known picture of a [[fork]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rolland |first=Jacques |title=The food encyclopedia |publisher=Robert Rose |location=Toronto |year=2006 |isbn=0-7788-0150-0 |oclc=70176309 |page=273}}</ref>

The [[Testaccio]], Rome's trade and slaughterhouse area, was often known as the "belly" or "slaughterhouse" of Rome, and was inhabited by butchers, or ''vaccinari''.<ref name="Eyewitness Travel 2006 pg. 312 - 313">Eyewitness Travel (2006), pg. 312 – 313</ref> The most common or ancient Roman cuisine included the "fifth quarter".<ref name="Eyewitness Travel 2006 pg. 312 - 313"/> The old-fashioned ''[[coda alla vaccinara]]'' (oxtail cooked in the way of butchers)<ref name="Eyewitness Travel 2006 pg. 312 - 313"/> is still one of the city's most popular meals and is part of most of Rome's restaurants' menus. Lamb is also a very popular part of Roman cuisine, and is often roasted with spices and herbs.<ref name="Eyewitness Travel 2006 pg. 312 - 313"/>

In the modern age, the city developed its own peculiar cuisine, based on products of the nearby [[Roman Campagna|Campagna]], [[artichoke|globe artichokes]] are common.<ref>{{cite book |title=Culinaria Italy |first=Claudia |last=Piras |publisher=Culinaria Konemann |year=2000 |isbn=3-8290-2901-2 |oclc=881159457 |page=291}}</ref> In parallel, Roman Jews – present in the city since the 1st century BC – developed their own cuisine, the ''cucina giudaico-romanesca''. The Roman cuisine widely use offal, resulting in dishes such as the entrail-based [[rigatoni]] with {{lang|it|[[rigatoni con la Pajata|pajata]]}} sauce. {{lang|it|[[Abbacchio]]}} is a meat dish based on lamb from the Roman cuisine.

Examples of Roman dishes include ''[[saltimbocca]] alla romana'' – a veal cutlet, Roman-style, topped with raw ham and sage and simmered with white wine and butter; ''[[carciofi alla romana]]'' – artichokes Roman-style, outer leaves removed, stuffed with mint, garlic, breadcrumbs and braised; ''[[carciofi alla giudia]]'' – artichokes fried in olive oil, typical of Roman Jewish cooking, outer leaves removed, stuffed with mint, garlic, breadcrumbs and braised; ''[[Carbonara|spaghetti alla carbonara]]'' – [[spaghetti]] with [[bacon]], [[egg (food)|eggs]] and {{lang|it|[[pecorino romano]]}}; ''[[cacio e pepe|spaghetti cacio e pepe]]'' – spaghetti with {{lang|it|[[pecorino romano]]}} and [[black pepper]]; and ''[[Gnocchi alla romana|gnocchi di semolino alla romana]]'' – [[semolina]] dumpling, Roman-style.<ref>{{cite book |last=Carnacina |author2=Buonassisi, Vincenzo |first=Luigi |title=Roma in Cucina |publisher=Giunti Martello |location=Milano |year=1975 |language=it}}</ref>

===Cinema===
{{Main|List of films set in Rome|List of films set in ancient Rome}}

[[File:Ingressostorico cinecitta.jpg|thumb|Entrance to the [[Cinecittà|Cinecittà studios]], the largest film studio in [[Europe]]<ref name="cinecittà">{{cite web|url=https://www.ciakmagazine.it/news/cinecitta-ce-laccordo-per-espandere-gli-studios-italiani/|title=Cinecittà, c'è l'accordo per espandere gli Studios italiani|date=30 December 2021|access-date=10 September 2022|language=it|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222184407/https://www.ciakmagazine.it/news/cinecitta-ce-laccordo-per-espandere-gli-studios-italiani/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Rome hosts the [[Cinecittà|Cinecittà Studios]],<ref name="romefile1">{{cite web |url=http://www.romefile.com/culture/cinecitta.php |title=History of Cinecittà Studios in Rome |publisher=Romefile |access-date=17 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501020709/http://www.romefile.com/culture/cinecitta.php |archive-date=1 May 2009}}</ref> the largest film and television production facility in continental Europe and the centre of the [[Cinema of Italy|Italian cinema]], where many of today's biggest box office hits are filmed. The {{cvt|99|acre|ha|adj=on}} studio complex is {{cvt|9.0|km|mi}} from the centre of Rome and is part of one of the biggest production communities in the world, second only to [[Hollywood, Los Angeles, California|Hollywood]], with well over 5,000 professionals – from period costume makers to visual effects specialists. More than 3,000 productions have been made on its lot.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Founded in 1937 by [[Benito Mussolini]], the studios were bombed by the [[Allies of World War II|Western Allies]] during the Second World War. In the 1950s, Cinecittà was the filming location for several large American film productions, and subsequently became the studio most closely associated with [[Federico Fellini]]. Today, Cinecittà is the only studio in the world with pre-production, production, and full post-production facilities on one lot, allowing directors and producers to walk in with their script and "walkout" with a completed film.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

===Sports===
[[File:L'Olimpico - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Stadio Olimpico]], home of [[AS Roma]] and [[SS Lazio]], is one of the largest sports stadiums in Europe, with a capacity of over 70,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maspostatevilaregina.com/2009/05/05/brief-guide-to-olympic-stadium-of-rome/ |title=Brief Guide to Olympic Stadium of Rome &#124; Spostare le Finale da Roma? No! Grazie |publisher=Maspostatevilaregina.com |date=23 April 2009 |access-date=30 January 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512172341/http://www.maspostatevilaregina.com/2009/05/05/brief-guide-to-olympic-stadium-of-rome/ |archive-date=12 May 2011}}</ref>]]

[[Association football]] is the most popular sport in Rome, as in the rest of the country. The city hosted the final games of the [[1934 FIFA World Cup|1934]] and [[1990 FIFA World Cup]]. The latter took place in the [[Stadio Olimpico]], which is also the shared home stadium for local [[Serie A]] clubs [[SS Lazio]], founded in 1900, and [[AS Roma]], founded in 1927, whose rivalry in the [[Derby della Capitale]] has become a staple of Roman sports culture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SPORT/football/10/22/first11.derbies/index.html |title=Football First 11: Do or die derbies |publisher=CNN |date=22 October 2008 |access-date=5 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017011443/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SPORT/football/10/22/first11.derbies/index.html |archive-date=17 October 2014}}</ref> Footballers who play for these teams and are also born in the city tend to become especially popular, as has been the case with players such as [[Francesco Totti]] and [[Daniele De Rossi]] (both for AS Roma), and [[Alessandro Nesta]] (for SS Lazio).

[[File:Stadio dei Marmi (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|[[Stadio dei Marmi]]]]

Rome hosted the [[1960 Summer Olympics]], with great success, using many ancient sites such as the [[Villa Borghese gardens|Villa Borghese]] and the [[Baths of Caracalla|Thermae of Caracalla]] as venues. For the Olympic Games many new facilities were built, notably the new large Olympic Stadium (which was then enlarged and renewed to host several matches and the final of the [[1990 FIFA World Cup]]), the [[Stadio Flaminio]], the Villaggio Olimpico (Olympic Village, created to host the athletes and redeveloped after the games as a residential district), ecc. Rome made a [[Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics|bid]] to host the [[2020 Summer Olympics]] but it was withdrawn.<ref name="olympic.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/media?articleid=138217 |title=Media |publisher=Olympic.org |access-date=15 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019052200/http://www.olympic.org/media?articleid=138217 |archive-date=19 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Bladesplace.id.au">{{cite web |url=http://www.bladesplace.id.au/olympic-games-candidates.html |title=Candidate Cities for Future Olympic Games |publisher=Bladesplace.id.au |access-date=17 October 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012174517/http://www.bladesplace.id.au/olympic-games-candidates.html |archive-date=12 October 2009}}</ref>

Further, Rome hosted the [[EuroBasket 1991]] and is home to the internationally recognised basketball team [[Virtus Roma]]. [[Rugby union]] is gaining wider acceptance. Until 2011 the Stadio Flaminio was the home stadium for the [[Italy national rugby union team]], which has been playing in the [[Six Nations Championship]] since 2000. The team now plays home games at the Stadio Olimpico because the Stadio Flaminio needs works of renovation in order to improve both its capacity and safety. Rome is home to local rugby union teams such as [[Rugby Roma Olimpic|Rugby Roma]] (winner of five Italian championships), [[Unione Rugby Capitolina]] and [[S.S. Lazio Rugby 1927]] (rugby union branch of the multisport club S.S. Lazio).

Every May, Rome hosts the [[Italian Open (tennis)|Italian Open]], an [[ATP Masters 1000 tournaments|ATP Masters 1000]] tennis tournament, on the clay courts of the [[Foro Italico]]. Cycling was popular in the post-World War II period, although its popularity has faded. Rome has hosted the final portion of the [[Giro d'Italia]] three times, in 1911, 1950, and 2009. Other local sports teams include volleyball ([[M. Roma Volley]]), [[handball]] or [[water polo|waterpolo]].

==Transport==
{{Main|Transport in Rome}}

[[File:Aeroporto di Roma-Fiumicino in 2021.03.jpg|thumb|right|[[Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport]].]]
[[File:Giorcescivitavecchia3.JPG|thumb|right|[[Port of Civitavecchia]]]]

Rome is at the centre of the radial network of roads that roughly follow the lines of the ancient Roman roads which began at the [[Capitoline Hill]] and connected Rome with its empire. Today central Rome is circled, at a distance of about {{cvt|10|km|mi|0}} from the Capitol, by the ring-road (the [[Grande Raccordo Anulare]] or GRA).

Due to its location in the centre of the Italian peninsula, Rome is the principal [[railway node]] for central Italy. Rome's main railway station, [[Roma Termini railway station|Termini]], is one of the largest railway stations in Europe and the most heavily used in Italy, with around 400 thousand travellers passing through every day. The second-largest station in the city, [[Roma Tiburtina railway station|Roma Tiburtina]], has been redeveloped as a [[High-speed rail in Italy|high-speed rail]] terminus.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eurostar-av.trenitalia.com/it/progetto/stazioni_rinnovate/roma_tiburtina.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061203063001/http://eurostar-av.trenitalia.com/it/progetto/stazioni_rinnovate/roma_tiburtina.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2006 |title=Roma Tiburtina |website=Eurostar Italia Alta Velocità }}</ref> As well as frequent high-speed day trains to all major Italian cities, Rome is linked nightly by 'boat train' sleeper services to Sicily, and internationally by overnight sleeper services to Munich and Vienna.

Rome is served by three airports. The intercontinental [[Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport|Leonardo da Vinci International Airport]], Italy's chief airport is located in the nearby [[Fiumicino]], south-west of Rome. The older [[Ciampino–G. B. Pastine International Airport|Rome Ciampino Airport]] is a joint civilian and military airport. It is commonly referred to as "Ciampino Airport", as it is located beside [[Ciampino]], south-east of Rome. A third airport, the [[Rome Urbe Airport]], is a small, low-traffic airport located about {{cvt|6|km|0}} north of the city centre, which handles most helicopter and private flights. The main city airport of Fiumicino, with over 49 million passengers transported in 2024, is the largest and busiest airport in Italy.

Although the city has its own quarter on the Mediterranean Sea ([[Ostia (Rome)|Lido di Ostia]]), this has only a marina and a small channel-harbour for fishing boats. The main harbour which serves Rome is [[Port of Civitavecchia]], located about {{cvt|62|km|abbr=off}} northwest of the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Porti di Roma |url=http://www.port-of-rome.org/ |website=port-of-rome.org |access-date=6 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307140526/http://www.port-of-rome.org/ |archive-date=7 March 2015}}</ref>

The city suffers from traffic problems largely due to this radial street pattern, making it difficult for Romans to move easily from the vicinity of one of the radial roads to another without going into the historic centre or using the ring-road. These problems are not helped by the limited size of Rome's metro system when compared to other cities of similar size. Rome has only 21 taxis for every 10,000 inhabitants, far below other major European cities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Central Rome Streets Blocked by Taxi Drivers |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/30/world/europe/30rome.html |url-access=subscription |date=30 November 2007 |access-date=10 February 2008 |first=Peter |last=Kiefer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417112759/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/30/world/europe/30rome.html?scp=93&sq=Rome&st=nyt |archive-date=17 April 2009}}</ref>{{Better source needed|28=January 2024|reason=data is out of date|date=January 2024}} Chronic congestion caused by cars during the 1970s and 1980s led to restrictions being placed on vehicle access to the inner city-centre during daylight hours. Areas, where these restrictions apply, are known as Limited Traffic Zones (''Zona a Traffico Limitato'' (ZTL)). More recently, heavy night-time traffic in [[Trastevere]], [[Testaccio]] and [[San Lorenzo (Rome)|San Lorenzo]] has led to the creation of night-time ZTLs in those districts.

[[File:Roma - mappa metropolitana 2025 (schematica).svg|thumb|Rome Metro map updated to 2025 with the new Metro C stops of Porta Metronia and Colosseo]]
[[File:Inaugurazione metro B1.jpg|thumb|[[Conca d'Oro (Rome Metro)|Conca d'Oro]] metro station]]
A three-line metro system called the ''[[Rome Metro|Metropolitana]]'' operates in Rome. Construction on the first branch started in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dyson |first=Stephen L. |title=Archaeology, Ideology and Urbanism in Rome from the Grand Tour to Berlusconi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ECCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192 |year=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-87459-5 |page=192 |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523031404/https://books.google.com/books?id=-ECCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192 |url-status=live}}</ref> The line had been planned to quickly connect the [[Roma Termini railway station|main railway station]] with the newly planned E42 area in the southern suburbs, where the 1942 [[List of world expositions|World Fair]] was supposed to be held. The event never took place because of war, but the area was later partly redesigned and renamed [[EUR, Rome|Esposizione Universale Roma]] in the 1950s to serve as a modern business district. The line was finally opened in 1955, and it is now the south part of the B Line.

The A line opened in 1980 from Ottaviano to Anagnina stations, later extended in stages (1999–2000) to Battistini. In the 1990s, an extension of the B line was opened from Termini to Rebibbia. The A and B lines intersect at Roma Termini station. A new branch of the B line (B1) opened on 13 June 2012 after an estimated building cost of €500&nbsp;million. B1 connects to line B at Piazza Bologna and has four stations over a distance of {{cvt|3.9|km|mi|0}}.

A third line, the C line, is under construction with an estimated cost of €3&nbsp;billion and will have 30 stations over a distance of {{cvt|25.5|km|mi|0}}. It will partly replace the existing [[Roma Termini railway station|Termini]]-Pantano rail line. It will feature full automated, driverless trains.<ref>{{cite news |first=Tom |last=Kington |title=Roman remains threaten metro |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/14/italy.artnews |work=[[The Guardian|Guardian]] |date=14 May 2007 |access-date=10 August 2008 |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831074912/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/14/italy.artnews |archive-date=31 August 2013}}</ref> The first section with 15 stations connecting Pantano with the quarter of Centocelle in the eastern part of the city, opened on 9 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Metro C, apre la Pantano-Centocelle: folla di romani all'inaugurazione |url=http://www.ilmessaggero.it/ROMA/CRONACA/metro_c_atac_sindaco_apertura_pantano_centocelle/notizie/1002186.shtml |access-date=11 November 2014 |work=Il Messaggero |date=9 November 2014 |language=it |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111014416/http://ilmessaggero.it/ROMA/CRONACA/metro_c_atac_sindaco_apertura_pantano_centocelle/notizie/1002186.shtml |archive-date=11 November 2014}}</ref> The end of the work was scheduled in 2015, but archaeological findings often delay underground construction work.

A fourth line, D line, is also planned. It will have 22 stations over a distance of {{cvt|20|km|mi|0}}. The first section was projected to open in 2015 and the final sections before 2035, but due to the city's financial crisis, the project has been put on hold.

Above-ground public transport in Rome is made up of a bus, tram and urban train network (FR lines). The bus network has in excess of 350 bus lines and over eight thousand bus stops, whereas the more-limited tram system has {{cvt|39|km|0}} of track and 192 stops.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atac.roma.it/index.asp?p=2&i=616&o=3&m=1&a=7&ci=45&tpg=2&lingua=ITA |title=ATAC |website=atac.roma.it |language=it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106212503/http://www.atac.roma.it/index.asp?p=2&i=616&o=3&m=1&a=7&ci=45&tpg=2&lingua=ITA |archive-date=6 January 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref> There are also [[trolleybus]]es.<ref name="juts2009">{{cite book |title=Jane's Urban Transport Systems 2009–2010 |last=Webb |first=Mary |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7106-2903-6 |location=Coulsdon |oclc=316826596}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Italy|European Union|Cities}}
* [[Outline of Rome]]
* [[SPQR]]
* [[Tourism in Italy]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Bertarelli |first=Luigi Vittorio |title=Guida d'Italia |volume=IV |year=1925 |publisher=CTI |location=Milano|oclc=552570307 |language=it}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brilliant |first=Richard |year=2006 |title=Roman Art. An American's View |publisher=Di Renzo Editore |location=Rome |isbn=978-88-8323-085-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Coarelli |first=Filippo |title=Guida archeologica di Roma |publisher=Arnoldo Mondadori Editore |year=1984 |language=it |location=Milano}}
* {{cite journal |last1=De Muro |first1=Pasquale |last2=Monni |first2=Salvatore |last3=Tridico |first3=Pasquale |title=Knowledge-Based Economy and Social Exclusion: Shadow and Light in the Roman Socio-Economic Model |journal=International Journal of Urban and Regional Research |volume=35 |issue=6 |year=2011 |pages=1212–1238 |issn=0309-1317 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2427.2010.00993.x|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite book |title=Rome – Eyewitness Travel |publisher=DK |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4053-1090-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hughes |first=Robert |year=2011 |title=Rome |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kinder |first1=Hermann |last2=Hilgemann |first2=Werner |title=Dtv-Atlas zur Weltgeschichte |volume=1 |publisher=Dtv |year=1964 |oclc=887765673 |language=de}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lucentini |first=Mario |year=2002 |title=La Grande Guida di Roma |publisher=Newton & Compton Editori |location=Rome |isbn=978-88-8289-053-7 |language=it}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rendina |first=Mario |year=2007 |title=Roma ieri, oggi, domani |publisher=Newton & Compton Editori |location=Rome |language=it}}
* {{Cite book |last=Spoto |first=Salvatore |year=1999 |title=Roma Esoterica |publisher=Newton & Compton Editori |location=Rome |isbn=978-88-8289-265-4 |language=it}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Rome|d=Q220|Rome}}
* [http://www.comune.roma.it/ Comune of Rome] {{in lang|it}}
* [http://www.turismoroma.it/?lang=en <!--http://www.romaturismo.it/--> APT (official Tourist Office) of the City of Rome]
* {{Webarchive|title=Rome Museums|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601075643/http://en.museiincomuneroma.it/ |date=1 June 2017 }}
* [http://en.museicapitolini.org/ Capitoline Museums]
* {{OSM relation|41485}}

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