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{{Short description|Forested wetland}}
{{Redirect|Swampland|the theoretical-physics concept|Swampland (physics)|other uses|Swamp (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Florida freshwater swamp usgov image.jpg|thumb|A freshwater swamp in [[Florida]], [[United States]]]]

A '''swamp''' is a forested [[wetland]].<ref name="Keddy, P.A 2010">Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p.</ref> Swamps are considered to be transition zones because both land and water play a role in creating this environment.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/swamp/|title=swamp|date=2011-01-21|website=National Geographic Society|language=en|access-date=2019-09-26|archive-date=2021-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303151031/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/swamp/|url-status=live}}</ref> Swamps vary in size and are located all around the world. The water of a swamp may be [[fresh water]], [[brackish water]], or [[seawater]]. '''Freshwater swamps''' form along large rivers or lakes where they are critically dependent upon rainwater and seasonal flooding to maintain natural water level fluctuations.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Hughes, F.M.R. 2003">Hughes, F.M.R. (ed.). 2003. The Flooded Forest: Guidance for policy makers and river managers in Europe on the restoration of floodplain forests. FLOBAR2, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. 96 p.</ref> '''Saltwater swamps''' are found along tropical and subtropical coastlines.<ref name=":1" /> Some swamps have [[hammock (ecology)|hammocks]], or dry-land protrusions, covered by [[aquatic vegetation]], or vegetation that tolerates periodic inundation<ref>[http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/fringe/glossary.html Swamp] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610150754/http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/fringe/glossary.html |date=2007-06-10 }} (from glossary web page of the [[United States Geological Survey]])</ref> or soil saturation. The two main types of swamp are "true" or [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp forest]]s and "transitional" or [[shrub swamp]]s. In the [[Boreal ecosystem|boreal]] regions of Canada, the word swamp is colloquially used for what is more formally termed a [[bog]], [[fen]], or [[muskeg]]. Some of the world's largest swamps are found along major rivers such as the [[Amazon River|Amazon]], the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]], and the [[Congo River|Congo]].<ref>Keddy, P.A., L.H. Fraser, A.I. Solomeshch, W.J. Junk, D.R. Campbell, M.T.K. Arroyo and C.J.R. Alho. 2009. Wet and wonderful: the world's largest wetlands are conservation priorities. BioScience 59: 39–51.</ref>

==Differences between marshes and swamps==
[[File:Coastal marsh profile.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Infographic demonstrating transition between swamp and marsh, among the nomenclature of other portions of a costal wetland environment]]

Swamps and [[marsh]]es are specific types of wetlands that form along waterbodies containing rich, [[Hydric soil|hydric]] soils.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nhpbs.org/natureworks/nwep7i.htm|title=Swamps|website=Nature Works- New Hampshire PBS|access-date=2019-11-26|archive-date=2019-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112182744/https://nhpbs.org/natureworks/nwep7i.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Marshes are wetlands, continually or frequently flooded by nearby running bodies of water, that are dominated by emergent soft-stem vegetation and herbaceous plants. Swamps are wetlands consisting of saturated soils or standing water and are dominated by water-tolerant woody vegetation such as shrubs, bushes, and trees.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/wetlands/classification-and-types-wetlands#swamps|title=Classification and Types of Wetlands|website=EPA|date=9 April 2015|access-date=26 November 2019|archive-date=23 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123074644/https://www.epa.gov/wetlands/classification-and-types-wetlands#swamps|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">Mitsch, W.J., & Gosselink, J.G.(2015). ''Wetlands''. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.</ref>

==Hydrology==
Swamps are characterized by their saturated soils and slow-moving waters.<ref name=":2" /> The water that accumulates in swamps comes from a variety of sources including precipitation, groundwater, tides and/or freshwater flooding.<ref name=":1" /> These hydrologic pathways all contribute to how energy and nutrients flow in and out of the ecosystem. As water flows through the swamp, nutrients, sediment and pollutants are naturally filtered out. Chemicals like phosphorus and nitrogen that end up in waterways get absorbed and used by the aquatic plants within the swamp, purifying the water. Any remaining or excess chemicals present will accumulate at the bottom of the swamp, being removed from the water and buried within the sediment.<ref name=":0" /> The hydrology of a swamp is a key factor in its biogeochemical environment, which includes the levels and availability of resources like oxygen, nutrients, pH, and toxicity.<ref name=":1" />

==Values and ecosystem services==
[[File:Linnaistensuo swamp, Lahti, Finland.jpg|thumb|The [[Linnaistensuo Mire]], a [[nature reserve]] swamp in [[Lahti]], Finland.<ref>{{cite web |title=Linnaistensuo Mire |url=http://book.visitlahti.fi/en/to-do/1178441/the-linnaisten-swamp-linnaistensuo/showdetails |website=Visit Lahti |publisher=Lahti Region |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201191058/https://book.visitlahti.fi/en/to-do/1178441/the-linnaisten-swamp-linnaistensuo/showdetails |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Swamps play a beneficial ecological role in the overall functions of the natural environment and provide a variety of resources that many species depend on. Swamps and other wetlands have shown to be a natural form of flood management and defense against flooding. In such circumstances where flooding does occur, swamps absorb and use the excess water within the wetland, preventing it from traveling and flooding surrounding areas.<ref name=":0" /> Dense vegetation within the swamp also provides soil stability to the land, holding soils and sediment in place whilst preventing erosion and land loss. Swamps are an abundant and valuable source of [[fresh water]] and [[oxygen]] for all life, and they are often breeding grounds for a wide variety of species.

=== Human uses ===
Swamps and other [[wetlands]] have traditionally held a very low [[property value]] compared to fields, [[prairie]]s, or [[woodland]]s. They have a reputation for being unproductive land that cannot easily be utilized for human activities, other than [[hunting]], [[animal trapping|trapping]], or fishing. Farmers, for example, typically drained swamps next to their fields so as to gain more land usable for planting crops, both historically, and to a lesser extent, recently.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/maps/2024/02/draining-america/ |title=Draining America |last=Parrish |first=Abraham |work=Worlds Revealed |publisher=Library of Congress |date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260110212306/https://blogs.loc.gov/maps/2024/02/draining-america/ |archive-date=10 January 2026 |access-date=10 January 2026 }}</ref>

On the other hand, floodplain swamps are an important resource in the production and distribution of fish.<ref>Lowe-McConnell, R. H. (1975). Fish Communities in Tropical Fresh waters: Their Distribution, Ecology and Evolution. London: Long man</ref> Two thirds of global fish and shellfish are commercially harvested and dependent on wetlands.<ref name=":0" />

==Impacts and conservation==
Historically, humans have been known to drain and/or fill swamps and other wetlands in order to create more space for human development and to reduce the threat of diseases borne by swamp insects. Wetlands are removed and replaced with land that is then used for things like agriculture, real estate, and recreational uses. Many swamps have also undergone intensive logging and farming, requiring the construction of drainage ditches and canals. These ditches and canals contributed to drainage and, along the coast, allowed salt water to intrude, converting swamps to [[marsh]] or even to open water.<ref name="Keddy, P.A 2010"/> Large areas of swamp were therefore lost or degraded. [[Louisiana]] provides a classic example of wetland loss from these combined factors.<ref>Keddy, P.A., D. Campbell, T. McFalls, G. Shaffer, R. Moreau, C. Dranguet, and R. Heleniak. 2007. The wetlands of lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas: past, present and future. Environmental Reviews 15: 1–35.</ref> Europe has likely lost nearly half its wetlands.<ref name="Dugan, P. 2005">Dugan, P. (ed.) 2005. Guide to Wetlands. Buffalo, New York. Firefly Books. 304 p.</ref> New Zealand lost 90 percent of its wetlands over a period of 150 years.<ref>Peters, M. and Clarkson, B. 2010. Wetland Restoration: A Handbook for New Zealand Freshwater Systems. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, N.Z. {{ISBN|978-0-478-34707-4}} (online)</ref> Ecologists recognize that swamps provide  ecological services including flood control, fish production, water purification, carbon storage, and wildlife habitats.<ref name="Keddy, P.A 2010" /> In many parts of the world authorities protect swamps. In parts of Europe and North America, swamp restoration projects are becoming widespread.<ref name="Hughes, F.M.R. 2003"/><ref>Environment Canada. 2004. How Much Habitat is Enough? A Framework for Guiding Habitat Rehabilitation in Great Lakes Areas of Concern. 2nd ed. 81 p.</ref> The United States government began enforcing stricter laws and management programs in the 1970s in efforts to protect and restore these ecosystems.<ref name=":0" /> Often the simplest steps to restoring swamps involve plugging drainage ditches and removing [[levee]]s.<ref name="Keddy, P.A 2010" />

Conservationists work to preserve swamps such as those in northwest Indiana in the United States [[Midwest]] that were preserved as part of the [[Indiana Dunes]].<ref>Smith, S. & Mark, S. (2006). Alice Gray, Dorothy Buell, and Naomi Svihla: Preservationists of Ogden Dunes. The South Shore Journal, 1.
{{cite web |url=http://www.southshorejournal.org/index.php/issues/volume-1-2006/78-journals/vol-1-2006/117-alice-gray-dorothy-buell-and-naomi-svihla-preservationists-of-ogden-dunes |title=South Shore Journal - Alice Gray, Dorothy Buell, and Naomi Svihla: Preservationists of Ogden Dunes |access-date=2012-06-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913013557/http://www.southshorejournal.org/index.php/issues/volume-1-2006/78-journals/vol-1-2006/117-alice-gray-dorothy-buell-and-naomi-svihla-preservationists-of-ogden-dunes |archive-date=2012-09-13 }}
</ref><ref>Smith, S. & Mark, S. (2009). The Historical Roots of the Nature Conservancy in the Northwest Indiana/Chicagoland Region: From Science to Preservation. The South Shore Journal, 3. {{cite web |url=http://www.southshorejournal.org/index.php/issues/volume-3-2009/83-journals/vol-3-2009/75-the-historical-roots-of-the-nature-conservancy-in-the-northwest-indianachicagoland-region-from-science-to-preservation |title=South Shore Journal - the Historical Roots of the Nature Conservancy in the Northwest Indiana/Chicagoland Region: From Science to Preservation |access-date=2015-11-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101021140/http://www.southshorejournal.org/index.php/issues/volume-3-2009/83-journals/vol-3-2009/75-the-historical-roots-of-the-nature-conservancy-in-the-northwest-indianachicagoland-region-from-science-to-preservation |archive-date=2016-01-01 }}</ref><ref>Smith, S. & Mark, S. (2007). The cultural impact of a museum in a small community: The Hour Glass of Ogden Dunes. The South Shore Journal, 2. {{cite web |url=http://www.southshorejournal.org/index.php/issues/volume-2-2007/82-journals/vol-2-2007/104-the-cultural-impact-of-a-museum-in-a-small-community-the-hour-glass-in-ogden-dunes |title=South Shore Journal - the Cultural Impact of a Museum in a Small Community: The Hour Glass in Ogden Dunes |access-date=2012-06-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130085605/http://www.southshorejournal.org/index.php/issues/volume-2-2007/82-journals/vol-2-2007/104-the-cultural-impact-of-a-museum-in-a-small-community-the-hour-glass-in-ogden-dunes |archive-date=2012-11-30 }}</ref>

==Notable examples==
Swamps can be found on all continents except [[Antarctica]].<ref name=Hunter>{{cite book|last=Hunter|first=Malcolm L.|title=Maintaining Biodiversity in Forest Ecosystems|url=https://archive.org/details/maintainingbiodi00jrma|url-access=limited|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521637688|page=[https://archive.org/details/maintainingbiodi00jrma/page/n341 325]}}</ref>

The largest swamp in the world is the Amazon River floodplain, which is particularly significant for its large number of fish and tree species.<ref>Goulding, M. (1980). The Fishes and the Forest: Explorations in Amazonian Natural History. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.</ref><ref>Lowe-McConnell, R. H. (1975). Fish Communities in Tropical Freshwaters: Their Distribution, Ecology and Evolution. London: Longman</ref><ref name="P.A. Keddy 2005">L.H. Fraser and P.A. Keddy (eds.). 2005. The World's Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 488 p.</ref>

===Africa===
The [[Sudd]] and the [[Okavango Delta]]<ref name="LiveScience2013Okavango">{{cite news |last=Main |first=Douglas |title=Photos: The Biggest Lions on Earth |publisher=[[Live Science]] |url=https://www.livescience.com/41584-photos-the-biggest-lions-on-earth.html |date=2013-11-26 |access-date=2018-04-18 |archive-date=2018-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418162230/https://www.livescience.com/41584-photos-the-biggest-lions-on-earth.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SiyabonaAfricaOkavango">{{cite web |publisher=Siyabona Africa |title=Lions of the Okavango |url=http://www.itravelto.com/lions-okavango.html |access-date=2018-04-18 |archive-date=2018-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426223447/http://www.itravelto.com/lions-okavango.html |url-status=live }}</ref> are Africa's best known marshland areas. The [[Bangweulu Floodplains]] make up Africa's largest swamp.

===Asia===
[[File:Marsh Arabs in a mashoof.jpg|thumb|Marsh Arabs poling a ''mashoof'']]
The [[Mesopotamian Marshes]]<ref name="Daoudy1963">{{cite book |last=Daoudy |first=Marwa |title=Le Partage des Eaux entre la Syrie, l'Irak et la Turquie |language=fr |date=2005 |publisher=CNRS |pages=1–269 |isbn=2-271-06290-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V6iGAAAAIAAJ |access-date=2016-04-06 |archive-date=2023-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405065812/https://books.google.com/books?id=V6iGAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> is a large swamp and river system in southern [[Iraq]], traditionally inhabited in part by the [[Marsh Arabs]].

In Asia, tropical [[peat]] swamps are located in mainland East Asia and Southeast Asia. In Southeast Asia, peatlands are mainly found in low altitude coastal and sub-coastal areas and extend inland for distance more than {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} along river valleys and across watersheds. They are mostly to be found on the coasts of East Sumatra, Kalimantan (Central, East, South and West Kalimantan provinces), West Papua, Papua New Guinea, Brunei, Peninsular Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, Southeast Thailand, and the Philippines (Riley ''et al.'',1996). Indonesia has the largest area of tropical peatland. Of the total {{convert|440000|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}} tropical peat swamp, about {{convert|210000|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}} are located in Indonesia (Page, 2001; Wahyunto, 2006).

The [[Vasyugan Swamp]] is a large swamp in the western [[Siberia]] area of the [[Russian Federation]]. This is one of the largest swamps in the world, covering an area larger than [[Switzerland]].

===North America===
[[File:Cypresses.jpg|thumb|right|Swamp in southern [[Louisiana]]]]
The [[Atchafalaya Basin|Atchafalaya Swamp]] at the lower end of the Mississippi River is the largest swamp in the [[United States]]. It is an important example of the southern cypress swamp<ref>Conner, W. H. and Buford, M. A. (1998). Southern deepwater swamps. In Southern Forested Wetlands: Ecology and Management, eds. M. G. Messina and W. H. Conner, pp. 261–87. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers.</ref> but it has been greatly altered by logging, drainage, and levee construction.<ref>Reuss, M. (1998). Designing the Bayous: The Control of Water in the Atchafalaya Basin 1800–1995. Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Office of History.</ref> Other famous swamps in the United States are the forested portions of the [[Everglades]], [[Okefenokee Swamp]], [[Barley Barber Swamp]], [[Great Cypress Swamp]] and the [[Great Dismal Swamp]]. The Okefenokee is located in extreme southeastern [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and extends slightly into northeastern [[Florida]]. The [[Great Cypress Swamp]] is mostly in [[Delaware]], but extends into [[Maryland]] on the [[Delmarva Peninsula]]. [[Point Lookout State Park]] on the southern tip of Maryland contains many swamps and marshes. The [[Great Dismal Swamp]] lies in extreme southeastern [[Virginia]] and extreme northeastern [[North Carolina]]. Both are [[National Wildlife Refuge]]s. Another swamp area, [[Reelfoot Lake]] of extreme western [[Tennessee]] and [[Kentucky]], was created by the [[1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes]]. [[Caddo Lake]], the Great Dismal and Reelfoot are swamps centered at large lakes. Swamps are often associated with ''[[bayou]]s'' in the [[southeastern United States]], especially in the [[Gulf of Mexico|Gulf Coast]] region. A [[baygall]] is a type of swamp found in the forest of the Gulf Coast states in the USA.<ref name="Watson (2006)">Watson, Geraldine Ellis (2006) Big Thicket Plant Ecology: An Introduction, Third Edition (Temple Big Thicket Series #5). University of North Texas Press. Denton, Texas. 152 pp. {{ISBN|978-1574412147}}</ref><ref name="LA Dept. W&F">Natural Communities of Louisiana: [https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/assets/Resources/Publications/Natural_Communities_Fact_Sheets/Bayhead_Swamp.pdf Bayhead Swamp/Forested Seep] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703155950/https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/assets/Resources/Publications/Natural_Communities_Fact_Sheets/Bayhead_Swamp.pdf |date=2020-07-03 }}. Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. Retrieved 7 July 2020.</ref><ref name="Texas P&W">Texas Parks and Wildlife. Ecological Mapping systems of Texas: [https://tpwd.texas.gov/landwater/land/programs/landscape-ecology/ems/emst/woody-wetlands-and-riparian/west-gulf-coastal-plain-seepage-swamp-and-baygall West Gulf Coastal Plain Seepage Swamp and Baygall] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710060502/https://tpwd.texas.gov/landwater/land/programs/landscape-ecology/ems/emst/woody-wetlands-and-riparian/west-gulf-coastal-plain-seepage-swamp-and-baygall |date=2020-07-10 }}. Retrieved 7 July 2020</ref>

==List of major swamps==
[[File:Saltpancrk12.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|A small swamp in [[Padstow, New South Wales]], Australia]]
[[File:Saltpancrk1a.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Inside a [[mangrove]] canopy, [[Salt Pan Creek]], New South Wales]]

The world's largest wetlands include significant areas of swamp, such as in the Amazon and Congo River basins.<ref name="P.A. Keddy 2005"/>  Further north, however, the largest wetlands are [[bog]]s.

===Africa===
* [[Lake Bangweulu|Bangweulu Swamps]], Zambia
* [[Mare aux Songes]], Mauritius*
* [[Niger Delta]], Nigeria
* [[Okavango Swamp]], Botswana<ref name="LiveScience2013Okavango"/><ref name="SiyabonaAfricaOkavango"/>
* [[Sudd]], South Sudan

===Asia===
* [[Asmat Swamp]], Indonesia
* [[Candaba Swamp]] in [[Apalit, Pampanga|Apalit]] and [[Candaba, Pampanga|Candaba]], Pampanga and [[Pulilan, Bulacan]], Philippines
* [[Mangrove Swamp]] in [[Karachi]], Pakistan
* [[Myristica Swamp]] in [[Western Ghats]], India
* [[Ratargul Swamp Forest]] in [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh
* [[Sundarbans]] in India and Bangladesh<ref name="BBC2011Sundarbans">{{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=India wild tiger census shows population rise |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12877560 |date=28 March 2011 |access-date=2011-02-08 |archive-date=2022-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423062951/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12877560 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Vasyugan Swamp]], Russia
* [[Negombo Swamp]], Sri Lanka

=== Australia ===
* [[Banksia Swamp]], Victoria, Australia
* [[Becher Point Wetlands]], Western Australia
* [[Burraga Swamp]], New South Wales, Australia
* Coomonderry Swamp<ref>Price, C., & Kelly, A. (2011). ''National Wetlands Update 2011'' (No. 19; Annual Update for Australia’s Wetland Community, p. 56). Australian Government. https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/766781bf-a9d9-4c04-8a96-77bccd2e0426/files/wa-19.pdf</ref>
* [[Coastal Swamp Oak Forest]], Queensland/New South Wales, Australia
* [[Coastal Upland Swamps]], New South Wales, Australia
* [[Cumbung Swamp]], New South Wales, Australia
* [[Fivebough and Tuckerbil Swamps]], New South Wales, Australia
* [[Koo-Wee-Rup Swamp]], Victoria, Australia
* [[Great Sandy National Park|Noosa Everglades]], Queensland, Australia
* [[Toolibin Lake]], Western Australia
* [[West Melbourne Swamp]], Victoria, Australia

===Europe===
[[File:Briesetal bei Briese.JPG|thumb|A [[Alnus glutinosa|black alder]] swamp in [[Germany]]]]
* [[Pripyat Marshes]], Belarus
* [[Šúr]], Slovakia
* [[Kopački rit]], Croatia

===North America===
* [[Atchafalaya National Wildlife Refuge]], Louisiana, United States
* [[Big Cypress National Preserve]], Florida, United States
* [[Barley Barber Swamp]], Florida, United States
* [[Cache River (Illinois)|Cache River]], Illinois, United States
* [[Caddo Lake]], Texas/Louisiana, United States
* [[Cibuco Swamp]], Puerto Rico
* [[Congaree National Park|Congaree Swamp]], South Carolina, United States
* [[Everglades]], Florida, United States
* [[First Landing State Park]], Virginia, United States
* [[Grand Kankakee Marsh]], Indiana, United States
* [[Great Black Swamp]], Indiana/Ohio, United States
* [[Great Cypress Swamp]], Delaware and Maryland, United States, also known as Great Pocomoke Swamp
* [[Great Dismal Swamp]], North Carolina/Virginia, United States
* [[Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge]], New Jersey, United States
* [[Green Swamp (Florida)|Green Swamp]], Florida, United States
* [[Green Swamp (North Carolina)|Green Swamp]], North Carolina, United States
* [[Honey Island Swamp]], Louisiana, United States
* [[Hudson Bay Lowlands]], Ontario, Canada
* [[Limberlost Swamp|Limberlost]], Indiana, United States
* [[Louisiana swamplands]], Louisiana, United States
* [[Mingo National Wildlife Refuge]], Puxico, Missouri, United States
* [[Mobile-Tensaw River Delta]], Alabama, United States
* [[Okefenokee Swamp]], Georgia/Florida, United States
* [[Pantanos de Centla]], Tabasco/Campeche, Mexico
* [[Reelfoot Lake]], Tennessee, United States
* [[History of Texas forests|Texas Swamplands]], Texas, United States
* [[Tortuguero National Park]], Limón, Costa Rica

===South America===
[[File:Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brasil.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pantanal]] in Brazil]]
* [[Caribbean Lowlands]], Colombia
* [[Esteros del Iberá]], Argentina
* [[Lahuen Ñadi]], Chile
* [[Pantanal]],<ref name="NowellJackson1996">{{cite book |editor1=Nowell, K. |editor2=Jackson, P. |year=1996 |url=http://carnivoractionplans1.free.fr/wildcats.pdf |title=Wild Cats. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan |publisher=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. IUCN |place=Gland, Switzerland |chapter=''Panthera Onca'' |pages=118–302 |access-date=2015-09-07 |archive-date=2019-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205062959/http://carnivoractionplans1.free.fr/wildcats.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay
* [[Paraná Delta]], Argentina

==See also==
{{div col}}
* {{annotated link|Aquatic plant}}
* {{annotated link|Bayou}}
* {{annotated link|Bog}}
* {{annotated link|Coniferous swamp}}
* {{annotated link|Fen}}
* {{annotated link|Freshwater swamp forest}}
* {{annotated link|Hydrogen sulfide}}
* {{annotated link|Marsh}}
* {{annotated link|Marsh gas}}
* {{annotated link|Muck (soil)|Muck}}
* {{annotated link|Peat}}
* {{annotated link|Peat swamp forest}}
* {{annotated link|Salt marsh}}
* {{annotated link|Shrub swamp}}
* {{annotated link|Slough (hydrology)}}
* {{annotated link|Wetland}}
* {{annotated link|Will-o'-the-wisp}}
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Swamps}}
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Swamp|year=1905 |short=x}}

{{Wetlands}}
{{Portal bar|Wetlands}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bodies of water]]
[[Category:Flooded grasslands and savannas]]
[[Category:Fluvial landforms]]
[[Category:Forest ecology]]
[[Category:Lacustrine landforms]]
[[Category:Pedology]]
[[Category:Swamps| ]]
[[Category:Terrestrial ecoregions]]
[[Category:Wetlands]]