View source for Samizdat

==Contraband audio==
[[File:X ray record.jpg|thumb|A homemade "bone record"|alt=|right]]
[[Ribs (recordings)|Ribs]], "music on the ribs", "bone records",{{sfn|NPR|2016}} or ''roentgenizdat'' (''roentgen-'' from the Russian term for X-ray, named for [[Wilhelm Röntgen]]{{Sfn|Yurchak|2006|p=[https://archive.org/details/everythingwasfor0000yurc/page/182/ 182]}}) were [[production of gramophone records#Home recording|homemade]] [[gramophone record|phonograph records]], copied from forbidden recordings that were smuggled into the country. Their content was Western [[rock and roll]], [[jazz]], [[mambo (music)|mambo]], and other music, and music by banned emigres, such as [[Pyotr Leshchenko]] and [[Alexander Vertinsky]]. They were sold and traded on the [[black market]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-24 |title=The writers who defied Soviet censors |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20170724-the-writers-who-defied-soviet-censors |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> 

Each disc is a thin, flexible plastic sheet recorded with a spiral groove on one side, playable on a normal [[phonograph]] turntable at 78 RPM. They were made from an inexpensive, available material: used X-ray film (hence the name ''roentgenizdat''). Each large rectangular sheet was trimmed into a circle and individually recorded using an improvised [[LP record#History|recording lathe]]. The discs and their limited sound quality resemble the mass-produced [[flexi disc]]s and may have been inspired by it.{{Fact|date=March 2022}}

''[[Magnitizdat]]'' (''magnit-'' from ''magnitofon'', the Russian word for [[magnetic tape recorder|tape recorder]]) is the distribution of sound recordings on audio tape, often of [[Bard (Soviet Union)|bards]], Western artists, and underground music groups.{{Sfn|Yurchak|2006|p=[https://archive.org/details/everythingwasfor0000yurc/page/185/ 185]}}{{Sfn|Yurchak|2006|p=[https://archive.org/details/everythingwasfor0000yurc/page/192/ 192]}} ''Magnitizdat'' replaced ''roentgenizdat'', as it was cheaper and more efficient method of reproduction that resulted in higher quality copies.{{Sfn|Yurchak|2006|p=[https://archive.org/details/everythingwasfor0000yurc/page/185/ 185]}}