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===Transhumanism===
{{Main|Transhumanism#Socioeconomic effects}}
In the 2004 [[democratic transhumanist]] book ''[[Citizen Cyborg]]'', [[Bioethics|bioethicist]] [[James Hughes (sociologist)|James Hughes]] criticized the premise and influence of the film as fear-mongering, arguing:
# Astronaut-training programs are entirely justified in attempting to screen out people with heart problems for safety reasons;
# In the United States, people are already screened by insurance companies on the basis of their propensities to disease, for actuarial purposes;
# Rather than banning [[genetic testing]] or genetic enhancement, society should develop [[Genetic privacy|genetic information privacy]] [[privacy law|laws]], such as the U.S. [[Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act]] signed into law on May 21, 2008, that allow justified forms of genetic testing and data aggregation, but forbid those that are judged to result in genetic discrimination. Citizens should then be able to make a complaint to the appropriate authority if they believe they have been discriminated against because of their genotype.<ref name="hughes" />