View source for Arrian

== Works ==
[[File:Arrianou peri anabaseos.tif|thumb|''Alexandri anabasis'', 1575]]
He produced eight extant works (cf. Syvänne, footnote of p.&nbsp;260). The ''Indica'' and the ''Anabasis'' are the only works completely intact. His entire remaining ''oeuvre'' is known as ''FGrH 156'' to designate those collected fragments that exist.<ref name="I Syvänne" /><ref name="A Mehl" /><ref name="R Waterfield">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bOR3pTZCem0C&q=FGrH+156&pg=PA246|author=R Waterfield|title=Dividing the Spoils: The War for Alexander the Great's Empire|publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn =978-0199647002| access-date=6 April 2015|year=2012}}</ref><ref>SB Ferrario was the first source for FGrH 156</ref>

=== ''Periplus of the Euxine Sea'' ===
{{Main|Periplus of the Euxine Sea}}

This work is the earliest extant work that is dated with any confidence. It is a writing addressed to Emperor Hadrian.<ref name="EL Bowie">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9FPqFcCJQlQC&q=Essay++tactica+Arrian&pg=PA192|author=EL Bowie|title=Studies in Ancient Society (Routledge Revivals) |pages= 191–192|publisher=Routledge |isbn= 978-1136505645| access-date=2 April 2015|year=2013}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/gri_33125009310745 <!-- quote=Arrian. --> Arrian's voyage round the Euxine Sea translated: and accompanied with a geographical dissertation, and maps] J. Cook, 1805 [Retrieved 31 March 2015] (ed. 1st source)</ref><ref>William Thomas Lowndes, [https://archive.org/details/B-001-004-478-ALL/page/n87 <!-- pg=73 quote=Arrian voyage round the euxine sea. --> The bibliographer's manual of English literature, containing an account of rare, curious, and useful books, publ. in or relating to Great Britain and Ireland] 1857 [Retrieved 31 March 2015]</ref>

=== ''Discourses of Epictetus'' and ''Enchiridion of Epictetus'' ===
{{Main|Discourses of Epictetus|Enchiridion of Epictetus}}

Arrian was a pupil of [[Epictetus]] around 108 AD, and, according to his own account, he was moved to publish his notes of Epictetus' lectures, which are known as ''[[Discourses of Epictetus]]'', by their unauthorized dissemination.<ref name="Hans-Josef Klauck" /><ref>EL Bowie, [https://books.google.com/books?id=jJjiYdxHmPMC&dq=date+of+birth+of+Arrian&pg=PA48 Sage and Emperor: Plutarch, Greek Intellectuals, and Roman Power in the Time of Trajan (98–117 A.D.) (p. 48)] Leuven University Press, 1 January 2002 (edited by PA Stadter, L. Van der Stockt), {{ISBN|9058672395}} [Retrieved 5 April 2015]</ref> According to [[George Long (scholar)|George Long]], Arrian noted from Epictetus' lectures for his private use and some time later made of these, the ''Discourses''. Photius states that Arrian produced two books the ''Dissertations'' and the ''Discourses''. The Discourses are also known as ''Diatribai'' and are apparently a verbatim recording of Epictetus' lectures.<ref name="M.C. Howatson">{{cite book |author=M.C. Howatson|title=The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature|page=73|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013 |isbn= 978-0199548552}} (... ''Enchiridion a summary of the Discourses'')</ref><ref>George Long, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yDdJasgwlL8C&dq=Discourses+Dissertations+on+Epictetus+by+Arrian&pg=PA68 Arrian : The Discourses of Epictetus – Special Edition (p. vii)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414132528/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yDdJasgwlL8C&pg=PA68&dq=Discourses+Dissertations+on+Epictetus+by+Arrian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SIUgVe2RE8L4aKn2gLgB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Discourses%20Dissertations%20on%20Epictetus%20by%20Arrian&f=false |date=14 April 2015 }} Special Edition Books, 2010 {{ISBN|1934255319}} [Retrieved 5 April 2015]</ref><ref>[[Nathaniel Lardner]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=3pAtqGzC6vkC&dq=Dissertations+Arrian&pg=PA86 The works of Nathaniel Lardner, D.D. with a life by Dr. Kippis ...] W. Bal, 1838 [Retrieved 5 April 2015]</ref>

The ''[[Enchiridion of Epictetus|Enchiridion]]'' is a short compendium of all Epictetus' philosophical principles. It is also known as a handbook, and A Mehl considers the ''Enchiridion'' to have been a ''[[Wikt:vade mecum|vade mecum]]'' for Arrian. The ''Enchiridion'' is apparently a summary of the Discourses.<ref name="Le Clerc, Jean, Rooke, John" /><ref name="JS Romm" /><ref name="A Mehl">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0W1rpowMywYC&q=fragment+FGrH+156&pg=PA182|author=A Mehl|title=Roman Historiography|publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn= 978-1405121835| access-date=6 April 2015|date=2011}} (ed. this the first source for < History of the Diadochi >)</ref><ref>Definitions of < vade mecum > [https://web.archive.org/web/20130716172927/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/vade-mecum Oxford University], [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vade%20mecum Merriam-Webster] [Retrieved 2015-04-05]</ref><ref name="M.C. Howatson" />

[[Epictetus#Military|JB Stockdale]] considered that Arrian wrote eight books of which {{Clarify|text=four were lost by the Middle Ages|date=September 2023|reason= already lost "by" the Middle Ages, or lost "during" the Middle Ages?}}  and the remaining ones became the ''Discourses''. In a comparison of the contents of the ''Enchiridion'' with the ''Discourses'', it is apparent that the former contains material not present within the latter, suggesting an original lost source for the ''Enchiridion''.<ref name="Hans-Josef Klauck" /><ref>[[Vice Admiral James Bond Stockdale|Vice Admiral JB Stockdale]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=tfUl3d8rKzgC&dq=Arrian+-+The+Discourses+of+Epictetus&pg=PA3 Courage Under Fire: Testing Epictetus's Doctrines in a Laboratory of Human Behavior] Hoover Press, 1993 {{ISBN|0817936920}} [Retrieved 5 April 2015]</ref><ref>KH Seddon [http://www.iep.utm.edu/epictetu/#SH2b – Epictetus] ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' [Retrieved 6 April 2015]</ref>

=== ''Homiliai Epiktetou'' ===
''Friendly conversations with Epictetus'' (''Homiliai Epiktetou'') is a 12 book work mentioned by Photius in his ''Bibliotheca'', of which only fragments remain.<ref name="EJ Chinnock" /><ref name="G Long, Epictetus" />

=== ''Anabasis of Alexander'' ===
{{Main|Anabasis of Alexander}}

The ''Anabasis of Alexander'' comprises seven books.<ref name="EJ Chinnock" /> Arrian used Xenophon's account of the March of [[Cyrus the Younger|Cyrus]] as the basis for this work.<ref>Encyclopædia Iranica [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/anabasis-greek-anbasis-going-up-way-up-expedition-up-from-the-coast-title-of-ancient-campaign-accounts-stylistically-influenced-by-the-so-called-periplus-books-more-especially-title-of-the-famous-firsthand-account-by-xenophon-of-cyrus-the Anabasis] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517001806/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/anabasis-greek-anbasis-going-up-way-up-expedition-up-from-the-coast-title-of-ancient-campaign-accounts-stylistically-influenced-by-the-so-called-periplus-books-more-especially-title-of-the-famous-firsthand-account-by-xenophon-of-cyrus-the |date=17 May 2015 }} [Retrieved 6 April 2015]</ref>

=== ''Ta met' Alexandron'' ===
''History of the Diadochi'' or ''Events after Alexander'' is a work originally of ten books; a commentary on this work was written by [[Photius]] (FW Walbank, p.&nbsp;8).<ref name="A Mehl" /><ref name="G Hill">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYxi-PQiDL8C&q=History+of+the+Diadochi+Arrian&pg=PA156 |author=G Hill|title=A History of Cyprus, Volume 1|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn= 978-1108020626| access-date=6 April 2015|date=2010}} (p. 156 footnote 4 is the location of < Ta met' Alexandron >.</ref><ref name="FW Walbank" /><ref>SB Ferrario, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aYBxBAAAQBAJ&dq=history+of+transmission+of+Arrian+Events+after+Alexander&pg=PA6 Historical Agency and the 'Great Man' in Classical Greece (p. 6 footnote 17)] Cambridge University Press, 2014 {{ISBN|1107037344}} [Retrieved 2015-04-05] (ed. this source used only for the addition of < ''Ta meta tou Alexandrou'' >)</ref>

Three extant fragments are the ''Vatican Palimpsest'' (of the 10th century AD), PSI 12.1284 ([[Oxyrhynchus]]), and the ''Gothenburg palimpsest'' (of the 10th century also), these possibly stemming originally from Photius.<ref name="FW Walbank" /><ref name="EJ Chinnock" /><ref name="EM Anson">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v19uAwAAQBAJ&q=Photius++Events+after+Alexander&pg=PT38|author=EM Anson|title= Alexander's Heirs: The Age of the Successors|publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn= 978-1118862407| access-date=2 April 2015|date=2014}}</ref>

The writing is about the successors of [[Alexander the Great]], circa 323 – 321 or 319.

=== ''Parthica'' ===
A lost work of seventeen books, fragments of ''Parthica'' were maintained by the [[Suda]] and [[Stephanus of Byzantium]]. The work survives only in adaptations made later by [[Photius]] and [[George Syncellus|Syncellus]]. Translated, the title is ''History of the Parthians''. Arrian's aim in the work was to set forth events of the [[Trajan's Parthian campaign|Parthian war]] of [[Trajan]]. The writing mentioned that the [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]] trace their origins to [[Artaxerxes II]].<ref>CG Starr, [https://books.google.com/books?id=bA3kgtZU1iMC&dq=History+of+the+Parthians+Arrian&pg=PA643 A History of the Ancient World] Oxford University Press, 1991 {{ISBN|0195066286}} [Retrieved 2015-04-03] (ed. supporting / secondary source for < lost >)</ref><ref name="A. B. Bosworth">{{cite journal |jstor=637903|title=Arrian's Literary Development|journal=The Classical Quarterly|volume=22|issue=1|pages=163–185|author=A. B. Bosworth|publisher= Cambridge University Press|year=1972|doi=10.1017/S0009838800034170|s2cid=170448822 }}</ref><ref name="[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]">{{cite encyclopedia |entry-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arrian-greek-historian|title=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|editor= E Yarshater|entry=Arrian| access-date=3 April 2015}}</ref><ref>J Wiesehofer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yFocMaM49SgC&dq=History+of+the+Parthians+Arrian&pg=PA133 Ancient Persia (p. 131 – the link opens p. 133)] I.B. Tauris, 2001 {{ISBN|1860646751}} [Retrieved 2 April 2015]</ref><ref>E. Yarshater, [https://books.google.com/books?id=y7IHmyKcPtYC&dq=History+of+the+Parthians+Arrian&pg=PA697 The Cambridge History of Iran: Seleucid Parthian (p. 697)] Cambridge University Press, 1983 {{ISBN|0521246938}} [Retrieved 3 April 2015]</ref>

=== ''Bithyniaca'' ===
A work of eight books, ''Bibliotheca'' (via Photius) states it is the fourth to have been written by Arrian.<ref name="A. B. Bosworth" /><ref>LJ Sanders referencing AB Bosworth referencing Photius, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ap55r8THVM0C&dq=Bithyniaca+Arrian&pg=PA173 The Legend of Dion (p. 173 footnote 379)] Dundurn, 2008 {{ISBN|1459710940}} [Retrieved 4 April 2015]</ref>

=== ''Indica'' ===
{{Main|Indica (Arrian)}}

[[Indica (Arrian)|''Indica'']] is a work on a variety of things pertaining to [[India]], and the voyage of Nearchus in the Persian Gulf. The first part of ''Indica'' was based largely on the work of the same name of [[Megasthenes]], the second part based on a journal written by [[Nearchus]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2hdHI2Gd0HwC&q=Arrian+Indica Alexander the Great: The Anabasis and the Indica (pp. 227 onward)] Translated by M Hammond, Oxford University Press, 2013 {{ISBN|0199587248}} [Retrieved 1 April 2015]</ref><ref name="William Smith">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qB9dKo_i-QIC&q=Anabasis+of+Alexander&pg=PA352|author=William Smith|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Volume 3| access-date=3 April 2015|year=1844}} (ed. this source used for < Ινσικη >)</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/bps/user-profile/4419/the-editors-of-encyclopaedia-britannica The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (scroll down for a list of editors)] [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/36110/Arrian Encyclopædia Britannica] [Retrieved 2015-04-01] (ed. this the 1st source of < Indica > for this ed.)</ref><ref name="JW McCrindle" />

=== ''Techne Taktike'' ===
Written 136/137 AD (in the 20th year of Hadrian<ref name="EL Bowie"/>), ''Techne Taktike'' ('the [[Techne|art/craft]] of tactics') is a treatise on [[Roman cavalry]] and military tactics, and includes information on the nature, arms and discipline of the [[phalanx]]. The ''[[hippika gymnasia]]'' is a particular concern of Arrian in the treatise.<ref name="A. B. Bosworth" /><ref>AB Bosworth, [https://books.google.com/books?id=W45t-OYD4-oC&dq=Essay++tactica+Arrian&pg=PA234 Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Volume 81, p. 234] Harvard University Press, 1977 (edited by G. P. Goold) {{ISBN|0674379284}} [Retrieved 2 April 2015]</ref><ref>P Sidnell, [https://books.google.com/books?id=l4KYsLl0sVIC&dq=Ars+Tactica+Arrian&pg=PA267 Warhorse: Cavalry in Ancient Warfare (p. 268)] Bloomsbury Publishing, 2007 {{ISBN|0826421059}} [Retrieved 3 April 2015]</ref><ref>T E Rihll, [https://books.google.com/books?id=K7K5lioSNiQC&dq=Arrian+voyage+round+the+Euxine+sea&pg=PA84 Greek Science (p. 84 footnote 11)] Cambridge University Press, 1999 {{ISBN|0199223955}} [Retrieved 2015-3-31] (ed. 1st source for < Tekhne Taktike >)</ref><ref>I Syvänne, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Rm_hAAAAMAAJ&q=Arrian+Tekne+Taktika The Age of Hippotoxotai: Art of War in Roman Military Revival and Disaster (491–636)] ''Volume 994 of Acta Universitatis Tamperensis'' Tampere University Press, 2004 {{ISBN|9514459180}} [Retrieved 31 March 2015]</ref><ref>S Jamess (R Collins, F McIntosh, eds.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=essVBAAAQBAJ&dq=Arrian+Tekhne+Taktika&pg=PA102 Life in the Limes: Studies of the people and objects of the Roman frontiers, p. 102] Oxbow Books, 2014 {{ISBN|1782972544}} [Retrieved 1 April 2015]</ref><ref>Edward Gibbon, [https://books.google.com/books?id=e04IAAAAQAAJ&dq=Essay++tactica+Arrian&pg=PA100 The life of Edward Gibbon, by himself, with selections from his correspondence, and illustrustrated by the rev. H.H. Milman. To which is added, Essay on the study of literature p. 100 footnote 22d] Paris Baudry's European Library 1840 [Retrieved 2 April 2015]</ref><ref>KR. Dixon, P Southern, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ik9S7vNkQzkC&dq=Ars+Tactica+Arrian&pg=PA133 The Roman Cavalry, pp. 126ff] Routledge, 2013 {{ISBN|1135114072}} [Retrieved 2 April 2015]</ref>

Another translation of the title is ''Ars tactica'', which, in Greek, is Τέχνη τακτική.<ref>Perseus Tufts Latin Word Study Tool: [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=texnh&la=greek – texnh] [Retrieved 2015-04-01] (ed. < texnh > located at < JG DeVoto > in http://www.karwansaraypublishers.com/ - used in verification of ''Ars tactica'' as same work))</ref><ref name="PA Stadter -">{{cite journal |jstor=268990|author=PA Stadter - |title=The Ars Tactica of Arrian: Tradition and Originality|journal=Classical Philology |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=117–128 |year=1978 |doi=10.1086/366413 |s2cid=162201279 }}</ref>

This work has generally been considered in large part a [[panegyric]] to Hadrian, written for the occasion of his ''vīcennālia'', although some scholars have argued that its second half may have had practical use.<ref>M Peachin, [https://books.google.com/books?id=XDMXX5VWN_MC&dq=Arrian+Ectaxis&pg=PA92 Frontinus and the Curae of the Curator Aquarum (p. 92 – footnote 21)] ''Volume 39 of Heidelberger althistorische Beiträge und epigraphische Studien'' Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004 {{ISBN|3515086366}} [Retrieved 8 April 2015]</ref><ref>J Mancini, [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=it&u=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vicennalia_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/&prev=search ''Vicennalia''] ''Treccani – La Cultura Italiana'' [Retrieved 2015-04-08] (ed. this source used only to identify the nature of the word < vicennalia >)</ref>

=== ''Kynēgetikos'' ===
''Cynegeticus'' (Κυνηγετικός),<ref>Roos, A.G. ''Flavii Arriani. Quae Exstant Omnia'', vol. II, Scripta Minora et Fragmenta. Leipzig: Teubner 1928</ref> translated as ''A treatise on hunting with hounds'', ''On Hunting'', or ''On Coursing'',<ref>Phillips, A. A., and [[Malcolm Willcock|M. M. Willcock]], (eds.). Xenophon & Arrian on Hunting with Hounds. Oxford: Aris & Phillips, 1999. {{ISBN|0856687065}}. p. 1</ref><ref name="M.C. Howatson" /> is a work about the Celtic sport of coursing hare with sighthounds, specifically the Celtic greyhounds: in Greek (plural) ''ouertragoi'', in Latin (plural) ''vertragi''.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-15dAAAAcAAJ&dq=Xenophon+the+Younger&pg=PA61 p. 51 – Arrian on Coursing. The Cynegeticus of the Younger Xenophon ... with Classical and Practical Annotations, and a Brief Sketch of the Life and Writings of the Author; To which is Added an Appendix Containing Some Account of the Canes Venatici of Classical Antiquity], Bohn, 1831 [Retrieved 2015-3-31] (ed. this was the first source for < Cynegeticus >)</ref><ref name="AB Bosworth">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&q=Bithyniaca+Arrian&pg=PA169|author=AB Bosworth|title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary – edited by S Hornblower, A Spawforth, E Eidinow|publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn =978-0199545568 | access-date=2 April 2015|date=2012}}</ref><ref>Delabere Pritchett Blaine, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3Tw9AAAAYAAJ&dq=Cynegeticus+Arrian&pg=PA391 p. 391 – An Encyclopaedia of Rural Sports: Or a Complete Account, Historical, Practical, and Descriptive, of Hunting, Shooting, Fishing, Racing, and Other Field Sports and Athletic Amusements of the Present Day, Volume 1] Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1840 [Retrieved 31 March 2015]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-ryY5tMwAAoC&dq=Arrian+canes+venatici&pg=PA486 The Quarterly Review, Volume 118] John Murray, 1865 [Retrieved 31 March 2015]</ref><ref>Thomas Keith, [https://books.google.com/books?id=iD1fAAAAcAAJ&dq=canes+venatici+Arian&pg=PA30 A new treatise on the use of the globes ... The sixth edition, corrected and improved] 1824 [Retrieved 31 March 2015]</ref><ref>A. A. Phillips, [[Malcolm Willcock|M. M. Willcock]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=0NlfAAAAMAAJ&q=Arrian+Xenophon+on+hunting Xenophon and Arrian, On Hunting (Kynēgetikos)] Aris & Phillips, 1999 {{ISBN|0856687057}} [Retrieved 2015-04-04] (ed. source of word < Kynēgetikos ></ref><ref>[[Moses Finley|M. I. Finley]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=9FPqFcCJQlQC&dq=Arrian+Xenophon+on+hunting&pg=PA193 Studies in Ancient Society (Routledge Revivals) (p. 193)] Routledge, 2013 {{ISBN|1136505644}} [Retrieved 2015-04-04] (ed. source for < κυνηγεττικός >)</ref>

The work was inspired by and designed as an addition to [[Cynegeticus|an earlier exposition]] made by Xenophon, whom Arrian recognised to be the Ancient Greek authority on the subject of hunting with scent hounds.<ref>J. Mossman, F. Titchener, [https://books.google.com/books?id=C2-QJwc5FboC&dq=Arrian+hunting+as+preparation+for+war&pg=PA277 Virtues for the People: Aspects of Plutarchan Ethics (p. 277)] (edited by G Roskam, L. Van der Stockt) Universitaire Pers Leuven, 2011 {{ISBN|905867858X}} [Retrieved 4 April 2015] (ed. this source being not the first source for this fact for ed.)</ref><ref>Oxford Dictionary: [https://web.archive.org/web/20121110040600/http://oxforddictionaries.com/translate/french-english/exposition exposition], Oxford University Press [Retrieved 4 April 2015]</ref>

=== ''Ektaxis kata Alanon'' ===
''Ektaxis kata Alanon'' (Ἔκταξις κατὰ Ἀλανῶν) is a work of a now fragmentary nature; the title is translated as ''Deployment against the Alani'' or ''The order of battle against the Alans'' or referred to simply as ''Alanica''. It is thought not have been written as a presentation of facts but for literary reasons. Pertaining to the relevant historical facts, though, while governor of Cappadocia, Arrian repelled an invasion of the [[Alans|Alani]] sometime during 135 AD, a struggle in which Arrian's two legions were victorious.<ref>N. J. E. Austin, N. B. Rankov, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjXAwAAQBAJ&dq=Ektaxis+kata+alanon&pg=PA4 Exploratio: Military & Political Intelligence in the Roman World from the Second Punic War to the Battle of Adrianople, p. 4] Routledge, 2002 {{ISBN|1317593855}} [Retrieved 1 April 2015]</ref><ref name="EL Wheeler -">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1D612o_X2VYC&q=Deployment+Arrian&pg=PA263|author=EL Wheeler|editor=P Erdkamp|chapter=The Army and the ''Limes'' in the East|title=A Companion to the Roman Army|publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn= 978-1444393767| access-date=4 April 2015|date=2011 }} (the word < Deployment > in search criteria was taken from J. E. Lendon {{ISBN|0300119798}}, p. 267)</ref><ref name="N Fields">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_ZVubRc1mQC&q=Arrian+commander+in+the+military&pg=PA42|author=N Fields|title=The Roman Army of the Principate 27 BC–AD 117|pages=41–42|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1846033865|access-date=1 April 2015|date=2009}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="William Smith" /><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1441098/Tactica Encyclopædia Britannica] [Retrieved 1 April 2015]</ref><ref>[http://www.karwansaraypublishers.com/shop/tacticalhandbookandexpeditionagainstthealans.html Details of a publication (JG DeVoto)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100517/http://www.karwansaraypublishers.com/shop/tacticalhandbookandexpeditionagainstthealans.html |date=2 April 2015 }} [Retrieved 1 April 2015]</ref><ref>[[Pat Southern|P Southern]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=b3UHGXny-NwC&dq=Essay++tactica+Arrian&pg=PT39 The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History, p. 24] Oxford University Press, 2007 {{ISBN|0195328787}} [Retrieved 2 April 2015]</ref><ref>D Hoyos, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gUO9AQAAQBAJ&dq=Arrian+deployment+against+the+Alani+is+greek+tactics&pg=PR43 A Roman Army Reader: Twenty-One Selections from Literary, Epigraphic, and Other Documents (p. xliii)] Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2013 {{ISBN|086516715X}} [Retrieved 4 April 2015]</ref>

Within the work, Arrian explicitly identified the particular means of pursuing warfare as being based on Greek methods.<ref name="this">J. E. Lendon, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gr0H_wr9J4wC&dq=The+anabasis+of+alexander+Arrian&pg=PA267 Soldiers & Ghosts: A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity] Yale University Press, 2006 {{ISBN|0300119798}} [Retrieved 4 April 2015(ed. ascertained Lendon' – ''Deployment'' at [https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjXAwAAQBAJ&dq=Arrian+minor+work+Deployment&pg=PA4 this])</ref><ref name="explicit">Oxford Dictionaries: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120710005922/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/explicit explicit], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120724000753/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/explicate explicate] Oxford University Press [Retrieved 4 April 2015]</ref><ref name="icrc.org">ICRC: [https://www.icrc.org/eng/war-and-law/conduct-hostilities/methods-means-warfare/overview-methods-and-means-of-warfare.htm Methods and means of warfare – 29-10-2010 Overview] [Retrieved 2015-04-04] (ed. used for clarity on concept < method of war > in J. E. Lendon)</ref>

''Ektaxis kata Alanon'' is also translated as ''Acies contra Alanos''. The work was known for a time as ''A History of the Alani'' (''Alanike'' via Photius<ref name="William Smith" />). A fragment describing a plan of battle against the Alani was found in Milan around the 17th century which was thought at that time to belong to the ''History''.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/ Perseus Digital Library]: [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0535 R Hercher, A. Eberhard, Ed.] [Retrieved 1 April 2015]</ref>

=== Biographical series ===

There were also a number of monographs or biographies, including of [[Dion of Syracuse]], [[Timoleon]] of Corinth, and Tilliborus, a brigand or robber of [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]], which are now lost.<ref>[[Moses Finley|M. I. Finley]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=9FPqFcCJQlQC&dq=Arrian+Xenophon+on+hunting&pg=PA193 Studies in Ancient Society (Routledge Revivals) (p. 193)], 2013 {{ISBN|1136505644}} [Retrieved 4 April 2015] (ed. this source the primary source)</ref><ref>C Schrader, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mbxqmnudpkwC&dq=monographs+on+Dio+of+Syracuse+and+Timoleon&pg=PR1 Concordantia in Flavii Arriani Indicam historiam] Georg Olms Verlag, 1995 {{ISBN|3487100177}} [Retrieved 2015-04-04] (used as verification of primary, and used word < biography >)</ref><ref>Oxford Dictionary [https://web.archive.org/web/20120829214032/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/monograph – monograph] Oxford University Press [Retrieved 4 April 2015]</ref><ref>EJ Chinnock, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fi8ZBQAAQBAJ&dq=Arrian++life+of+Tilliborus&pg=PP6 The Anabasis of Alexander] [Retrieved 4 April 2015]</ref><ref>L Boia – Great Historians from Antiquity to 1800: An International Dictionary, Volume 1 Greenwood Press, 1989 {{ISBN|0313245177}} (ed. first source for Tilliborus)</ref>