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==Celtic Galatia==
{{main|Galatians (people)}}
[[File:Celts_in_Europe-fr.svg|thumb|right|Celts in Europe]]
The terms "Galatians" came to be used by the Greeks for the three Celtic peoples of Anatolia: the [[Tectosages]], the [[Trocmii]], and the [[Tolistobogii]].<ref name=OUP>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-984653-5| last = Strobel| first = Karl| title = The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Archaeology| chapter = Central Anatolia| access-date = 2018-05-15| date = 2013| chapter-url = http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:obso/9780199846535.001.0001/acref-9780199846535-e-109}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-0-415-11037-2| last = Esler| first = Philip Francis| title = Galatians| date = 1998 |page=29 |quote=''Galatai'' was the Greek word used for the Celts from beyond the Rhine who invaded regions of Macedonia, Greece, Thrace and Asia Minor in the period 280-275 BCE}}</ref> By the 1st century BC, the Celts had become so [[Hellenization|Hellenized]] that some Greek writers called them ''Hellenogalatai'' (Ἑλληνογαλάται).<ref>''See'' Diod.5.32-3; Just.26.2. Cf. Liv.38.17; Strabo 13.4.2.</ref><ref name=brill /> The Romans called them ''Gallograeci''.<ref name=brill /> Though the Celts had, to a large extent, integrated into [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] Asia Minor, they preserved their linguistic and ethnic identity.<ref name=OUP />

By the 4th century BC, the Celts had penetrated into the [[Balkans]], coming into contact with the [[Thracians]] and Greeks.<ref>''See'' The [[Periplus of Scylax]] (18-19)</ref> In 380 BC, they fought in the southern regions of [[Dalmatia]] (present day Croatia), and rumors circulated around the ancient world that [[Alexander the Great]]{{'}}s father, [[Philip II of Macedonia]] had been assassinated by someone using a dagger of Celtic origins.<ref>''See'' Diod. 16, 94, 3</ref><ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Random House Incorporated| isbn = 978-0-8478-2193-8| last1 = Moscati| first1 = Sabatino| last2 = Grassi| first2 = Palazzo| title = The Celts|chapter=4: Ancient Literary Sources| date = 1999}}</ref> [[Arrian]] writes that "Celts established on the Ionic coast" were among those who came to meet Alexander the Great during a campaign against the [[Getae]] in 335 BC.<ref>''See also'' Strabo, vii, 3, 8.</ref> Several ancient accounts mention that the Celts formed an alliance with [[Dionysius I of Syracuse]] who sent them to fight alongside the [[Ancient Macedonians|Macedonians]] against the [[Thebes, Greece|Thebans]].<ref>Justin, xx, 4, 9; Xen., Hell., vii, 1, 20, 31; Diod., xv, 70. For a full discussion see [[Henri Hubert]], ''The Rise of the Celts'', 1966 pp. 5-6</ref> In 279 BC, two Celtic factions united under the leadership of [[Brennus (3rd century BC)|Brennus]] and began to push southwards from southern Bulgaria towards the Greek states. According to [[Livy]], a sizable force split off from this main group and headed toward [[Asia Minor]].<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-875293-6| last = Cunliffe| first = Barry| title = The Ancient Celts| page=81 |date = 2018-04-10}}</ref>

[[File:Dying gaul.jpg|300px|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Dying Gaul|''The Dying Gaul'']], [[Capitoline Museums]], Rome]]
For several years, a federation of Hellespontine cities, including [[Byzantion]] and [[Chalkedon]], prevented the Celts from entering Asia Minor.<ref name=brill>{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 978-90-04-14291-6| last1 = Enenkel| first1 = K. A. E.| last2 = Pfeijffer| first2 = Ilja Leonard| title = The Manipulative Mode: Political Propaganda in Antiquity : a Collection of Case Studies| date = January 2005}}</ref><ref name="OUP"/> During the course of the power struggle between [[Nicomedes I of Bithynia|Nikomedes I]] of [[Bithynia]] and his brother [[Zipoetes II of Bithynia|Zipoetes II]], the former hired 20,000 Galatian mercenaries. The Galatians split into two groups headed by [[Leonnorius]] and Lutarius, which crossed the [[Bosporus]] and the [[Hellespont]], respectively. In 277 BC, when the hostilities had ended the Galatians came out of Nikomedes' control and began raiding Greek cities in Asia Minor while Antiochus was solidifying his rule in Syria. The Galatians looted [[Cyzikus]], [[Troy|Ilion]], [[Didyma]], [[Priene]], [[Thyatira]] and [[Laodicea on the Lycus]], while the citizens of [[Erythras (Ionia)|Erythras]] paid them ransom. Either in 275 or 269 BC, Antiochus' army faced the Galatians somewhere on the plain of [[Sardis]] in the [[Battle of the Elephants]]. In the aftermath of the battle, the Celts then settled in northern [[Phrygia]], a region that eventually came to be known as Galatia.{{sfn|Sartre|2006|pp=128–129,77}}

The territory of Celtic Galatia included the cities of [[Ankara|Ancyra]] (present day Ankara), [[Pessinus]], [[Tavium]], and [[Gordium|Gordion]].<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Augsburg Publishing House| isbn = 978-0-8066-2166-1| last = Krentz| first = Edgar| title = Galatians| date = 1985-01-01| page = [https://archive.org/details/galatians0000kren/page/16 16]| url = https://archive.org/details/galatians0000kren/page/16}}</ref>