View source for Roman Missal

===Before the Council of Trent (1570)===
Before the high [[Middle Ages]], several books were used at Mass: a [[Sacramentary]] with the [[Catholic prayer|prayer]]s, one or more books for the [[Bible|Scriptural]] readings, and one or more books for the [[antiphon]]s and other chants. Gradually, manuscripts came into being that incorporated parts of more than one of these books, leading finally to versions that were complete in themselves. Such a book was referred to as a ''Missale Plenum''<ref>SILVA, Francisco de Assis Costa da; PACHECO, Marcio de Lima. RITVS ROMANVS ET RITVS PAULUS VI-  Um estudo sobre o Latim utilizado nos Missais Católicos Romanos  de 1000 a 1969. Revista de Filosofia e Teologia do Instituto Cardeal Eugênio Sales</ref> ({{langx|en|"Full Missal"}}).

As early as the late 7th century, the recurring parts of the Roman Mass became compiled into a new type of liturgical text titled ''Ordo Missae'' (Order of Mass), a separate section in sacramentaries which instructed on "How the Roman Mass is to be celebrated" (''Qualiter missa romana caelebratur''), following the description in [[Ordines Romani|Ordo Romanus I]].<ref name=":0" /> From the 9th century, these ''Ordo'' texts — which appeared as part of missals as well as priestly handbooks or prayer books — flourished in variety and content, particularly in the [[Francia|Frankish Kingdom]] and along the [[Rhine]]. Going beyond earlier types of liturgical writing, they incorporated ritual instructions and private prayers for the celebrant to recite as an aid to the devout offering of sacrifice. These private prayers distinctively included prayers directly addressed to Christ and direct invocations of the Holy Trinity (such as during the Offertory) — [[Gallican Rite|Gallican]] responses against [[Arianism]] among Germanic peoples. The prayers also reflected a Frankish tendency to verbalise non-verbal gestures.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lang |first=Uwe Michael |title=The Roman mass: from early Christian origins to Tridentine reform |date=2022 |publisher=Cambridge University press |isbn=978-1-108-83245-8 |location=Cambridge |pages=257-267, 275-278}}</ref> By the reign of [[Pope Gregory VII|Gregory VII]], such Rhenish elements had become integral to the rite of the Pope and the Papal Curia, at the same time that the Roman Church began encouraging liturgical unity across Western Christendom.<ref name=":0" />

In 1223 Saint [[Francis of Assisi]] instructed his friars to adopt the form that was in use at the Papal Court (''Rule'', chapter 3). They adapted this missal further to the needs of their largely itinerant apostolate. [[Pope Gregory IX]] considered, but did not put into effect, the idea of extending this missal, as revised by the [[Franciscan]]s, to the whole Western Church; and in 1277 [[Pope Nicholas III]] ordered it to be accepted in all churches in the city of Rome. Its use spread throughout Europe, especially after the invention of the [[Gutenberg press|printing press]]; but the editors introduced variations of their own choosing, some of them substantial. Printing also favoured the spread of other liturgical texts of less certain orthodoxy. The [[Council of Trent]] determined that an end must be put to the resulting disparities.

The Papal Curia chapel missal used during Innocent III's papacy was largely reproduced in the Franciscan Missal, which in turn was adopted by Pope Nicholas for the Roman Missal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jane A. Bernstein |title=Printing Music in Renaissance Rome |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780197669631 |page=67}}</ref> The later Roman Missal of 1474, which replicates the papal chapel missal of the 1200s, "hardly differs at all" from the Tridentine Missal promulgated in 1570.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lauren Pristas |title=Collects of the Roman Missals A Comparative Study of the Sundays in Proper Seasons Before and After the Second Vatican Council |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9780567033840 |page=67}}</ref>

The first printed ''Missale Romanum'' (Roman Missal), containing the ''Ordo Missalis secundum consuetudinem Curiae Romanae'' (Order of the Missal in accordance with the custom of the [[Roman Curia]]), was produced in [[Milan]] in 1474.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/missaleromanumm01churgoog|title=Missale romanum Mediolani, 1474|last=Catholic Church|date=1899|publisher=[Printed for the Society by Harrison and sons]|others=unknown library|language=la}}</ref> Almost a whole century passed before the appearance of an edition officially published by order of the [[Holy See]]. During that interval, the 1474 Milanese edition was followed by at least 14 other editions: 10 printed in [[Venice]], 3 in Paris, 1 in [[Lyon]].<ref>Manlio Sodi and Achille Maria Triacca, ''Missale Romanum: Editio Princeps (1570)'' (Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1998), p. XV</ref> For lack of a controlling authority, these editions differ, sometimes considerably.<ref name=Celinsk/>

Annotations in the hand of [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] [[Gugliemo Sirleto]] in a copy of the 1494 Venetian edition<ref>''Missale secundum morem Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae'' (Missal in line with the use of the Holy Roman Church)</ref> show that it was used for drawing up the 1570 official edition of [[Pope Pius V]]. In substance, this 1494 text is identical with that of the 1474 Milanese edition.<ref name="Celinsk">{{Cite journal|last=Celiński|first=Łukasz|title=Per una rilettura della storia della formazione e dello sviluppo del Messale Romano. Il caso del Messale di Clemente V.|url=https://www.academia.edu/31464425}}</ref>

In the 1500s, the Pre-Tridentine Roman Rite became the basis for [[Lutheranism|Evangelical-Lutheran]] Rite of the [[Mass (liturgy)#Lutheranism|Mass]].<ref name="BradshawJohnson2012">{{cite book |last1=Bradshaw |first1=Paul F. |last2=Johnson |first2=Maxwell E. |title=The Eucharistic Liturgies: Their Evolution and Interpretation |date=2012 |publisher=Liturgical Press |isbn=978-0-8146-6240-3 |pages=250–251 |language=en}}</ref>