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===Clathrate hydrates===
{{main|Clathrate hydrate}}
[[Clathrate hydrates]] (also known as gas hydrates, gas clathrates, etc.) are water ice with gas molecules trapped within; they are a form of [[clathrate]]. An important example is  [[methane hydrate]] (also known as gas hydrate, methane clathrate, etc.).

Nonpolar molecules, such as methane, can form [[clathrate hydrate]]s with water, especially under high pressure. Although there is no [[hydrogen bond]]ing between water and guest molecules when methane is the guest molecule of the clathrate, guest–host hydrogen bonding often forms when the guest is a larger organic molecule such as [[tetrahydrofuran]]. In such cases, the guest–host hydrogen bonds result in the formation of L-type [[Bjerrum defect]]s in the clathrate lattice.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Alavi S. |author2=Susilo R. |author3=Ripmeester J. A. |title=Linking microscopic guest properties to macroscopic observables in clathrate hydrates: guest-host hydrogen bonding |journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics |volume=130 |issue=17 |year=2009 |page=174501 |format=PDF |url=http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=JCPSA6000130000017174501000001&bypassSSO=1 |doi=10.1063/1.3124187 |pmid=19425784 |bibcode=2009JChPh.130q4501A |access-date=2010-09-09 |archive-date=2020-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413233622/http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=JCPSA6000130000017174501000001&bypassSSO=1 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1039/C8CS00989A|title=Gas hydrates in sustainable chemistry|year=2020|last1=Hassanpouryouzband|first1=Aliakbar|last2 = Joonaki|first2 = Edris|last3 = Vasheghani Farahani|first3 = Mehrdad|last4 = Takeya|first4 = Satoshi|last5 = Ruppel|first5 = Carolyn|last6 = Yang|first6 = Jinhai|last7 = J. English|first7 = Niall|last8 = M. Schicks|first8 = Judith|last9 = Edlmann|first9 = Katriona|last10 = Mehrabian|first10 = Hadi|last11 = M. Aman|first11 = Zachary|last12 = Tohidi|first12 = Bahman|journal=Chemical Society Reviews|volume=49|issue=15|pages=5225–5309|pmid=32567615|s2cid=219971360|doi-access = free|hdl = 1912/26136|hdl-access = free}}</ref>