View source for Odesa

=== Russian conquest of Sanjak of Özi (Ochakiv Oblast) ===
A [[History of the Russo-Turkish wars|series of wars]] between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, as well as the demise of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], allowed Russia to start to fully exploit the ancient [[Black Sea trade and economy|Black Sea trade]] across the coastal area through the steppe across southern and eastern Ukraine, into the hinterland of [[East-Central Europe|East Central Europe]]. Stable commercial activity in this region in practice in the past required both security through the overland routes, and knowledge of where products could go overseas. In antiquity, various Greek colonies had taken this role, followed by the [[Varangians]] who established [[Kievan Rus']] in the 9th century, as well as various Italian colonies after the [[Mongol invasion of Europe]].{{r|Herlihy|page=1-3}} Under Catherine the Great, Russia gained, via the [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]], the lands where [[Mariupol]], [[Kherson]], and [[Mykolaiv]] would be founded. However, they were all handicapped in various ways relative to how much commercial interest there was. For example, the latter two cities were situated in lowlands near marshes, which provided for poor sanitary conditions in the technology available at that time.{{r|Herlihy|page=5}}

[[File:CASTELNAU(1827) p3.020 PLAN D' ODESSA EN 1794.jpg|thumb|240px|A map of Odesa in 1794]]
[[File:CASTELNAU(1827) p3.039 PLAN DE LA VILLE D' ODESSA EN 1814.jpg|thumb|240px|A map of Odesa in 1814]]
{{see also|Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)}}
The sleepy fishing village of Odesa had witnessed a sea-change in its fortunes when the wealthy [[Magnates of Poland and Lithuania|magnate]] and future [[Kiev Voivodeship|Voivode of Kiev]] (1791), [[Antoni Protazy Potocki]], established trade routes through the port for the ''[[Polish Trade Company|Polish Black Sea Trading Company]]'' and set up the infrastructure in the 1780s.<ref>Łubieński, Tomasz Wentworth. (1886). ''Henryk Łubieński i jego bracia: wspomnenia rodzinne odnoszące się do historyi Królestwa Polskiego i Banku Polskiego''. Warsaw: Księg. G. Gebethner, p.41 (in Polish)</ref>

During the [[Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)|Russian-Turkish War of 1787–1792]],<ref name=ehuver10/> on 25 September 1789, a detachment of [[Imperial Russian Army|Russian forces]], including [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]] under [[Alexander Suvorov]] and [[Ivan Gudovich]], took [[Khadjibey]] and Yeni Dünya for the [[Russian Empire]]. One section of the troops came under command of a [[Spanish people|Spaniard]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=White |first1=Duncan |date=Summer 2013 |title=Reviewed Work: Isaac Babel and the Self-Invention of Odessan Modernism. Studies in Russian Literature and Theory by Rebecca Jane Stanton |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24642452 |journal=The Slavic and East European Journal |volume=57 |issue=2 |page=301 |jstor=24642452 |access-date=March 15, 2022}}</ref>  in Russian service: [[Major General]] [[José de Ribas]] (known in Russia as Osip Mikhailovich Deribas); today, the main street in Odesa, [[Deribasivska Street]], is named after him.

Russia formally gained possession of the Sanjak of Özi (Ochakiv Oblast){{sfn|Imperial|1848|p=183}} as a result of the [[Treaty of Jassy]] (Iaşi)<ref name=ehuver10/> in 1792 and it became a part of [[Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty]]. The Russian Empire took full control of Crimea, as well as land between the [[Southern Bug]] and the [[Dniester]], including the [[Khadzhibey Estuary]] where the Turkish fortress of [[Khadjibey]] was located. The newly acquired Ochakov Oblast was promised to the Cossacks by the Russian government for resettlement.<ref>Yefimenko, Aleksandra. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ASGYCgAAQBAJ&dq=%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F++%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C&pg=PT126 Ochakov Oblast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604020728/https://books.google.com/books?id=ASGYCgAAQBAJ&dq=%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F++%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C&pg=PT126 |date=4 June 2023 }}''. History of Ukraine and its people. Litres. 2018</ref> On permission of the Archbishop of Yekaterinoslav Amvrosiy, the Black Sea Kosh Host, that was located around the area between [[Bender, Moldova|Bender]] and [[Ochakiv]], built a second wooden church of Saint Nicholas, after the one in [[Sucleia]].{{sfn|Imperial|1848|p=184}}

By the Highest{{Clarify|date=March 2022}} [[rescript]] of 17 June 1792 addressed to General Kakhovsky it was ordered to establish the Dniester Border Line of fortresses.{{sfn|Imperial|1848|p=184}} The commander of the land forces in Ochakiv Oblast was appointed Graf (Count) [[Alexander Suvorov|Suvorov-Rymnikskiy]].{{sfn|Imperial|1848|p=184}} The main fortress was built near Sucleia at the mouth of [[Botna River|river Botna]] as the Head Dniester Fortress by Engineer-Major [[François Sainte de Wollant|de Wollant]].{{sfn|Imperial|1848|p=184}} Near the new fortress saw the formation of a new "Vorstadt" (suburb) where people moved from Sucleia and Parkan.{{sfn|Imperial|1848|p=184}} With the establishment of the Voznesensk Governorate on 27 January 1795, the Vorstadt was named [[Tiraspol]].{{sfn|Imperial|1848|p=184}}

The Flemish engineer working for the Russian Empress [[Catherine the Great]], José de Ribas's collaborator [[François Sainte de Wollant|Franz de Voland]] recommended the area of [[Khadjibey]] fortress as the site for the region's basic port: it had an ice-free harbor, breakwaters could be cheaply constructed that would render the harbor safe and it would have the capacity to accommodate large fleets. The Namestnik of Yekaterinoslav and Voznesensk, [[Platon Zubov]] (one of Catherine's favorites), supported this proposal. In 1794 Catherine issued a Rescript to José de Ribas: "Considering favorable [[Khadjibey]] location... I order to establish here a navy harbor and trading pierce..." and invested the first money (26.000 rubles) in construction. Franz de Voland drew up a plan that would end up being the city's plan.{{r|Herlihy|page=7}}

[[File:Odessa vlasenko.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ivan Martos]]'s statue of the [[Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu|Duc de Richelieu]] in Odesa]]

However, adjacent to the new official locality, a [[Moldavia]]n colony already existed, which by the end of the 18th century was an independent settlement named [[Moldavanka]]. Some local historians consider that the settlement predates Odesa by about thirty years and assert that the locality was founded by Moldavians who came to build the fortress of Yeni Dunia for the Ottomans and eventually settled in the area in the late 1760s, right next to the settlement of [[Khadjibey]], on what later became the Primorsky Boulevard. Another version posits that the settlement appeared after Odesa itself was founded, as a settlement of Moldavians, Greeks, and Albanians fleeing the Ottoman yoke.<ref name="Richardson, p.110">[[#Richardson|Richardson]], p. 110.</ref>

Under [[Paul I of Russia]], construction of Odesa was stopped, Franz de Voland was removed from the project, and José de Ribas was implicated in a plot to assassinate the Emperor. After Paul's assassination in 1801, the city resumed construction, and used a plan largely from de Voland's work. It was thus one of the few master planned cities in the Russian Empire.{{r|Herlihy|page=13}}