View source for Parma

== Geography ==

=== Climate ===
In Parma, the average annual high temperature is {{convert|17|°C|0}}, the annual low temperature is {{convert|9|°C|0}}, and the annual precipitation is {{convert|777|mm|2|abbr=off}}.

The following data comes from the weather station located at the university in the city center. It is affected by the [[urban heat island]] phenomenon. Parma has a [[mid-latitude]], four-season [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfa'') with heavy [[humid continental climate|continental influences]] due to the city's inland position. Relatively nearby coastal areas like [[Genoa]] have far milder climates with cooler summers and milder winters, with the mountains separating Parma from the [[Mediterranean Sea]] acting as a barrier to the sea air. The city receives approximately 45&nbsp;cm of snow each winter.

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y 
|collapsed = Y
|location =  Parma (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1878–present)
|Jan record high C = 24.6
|Feb record high C = 23.7
|Mar record high C = 28.6
|Apr record high C = 32.5
|May record high C = 35.7
|Jun record high C = 39.2
|Jul record high C = 40.2
|Aug record high C = 40.4
|Sep record high C = 36.1
|Oct record high C = 33.3
|Nov record high C = 22.0
|Dec record high C = 23.4
|Jan record low C = -18.0
|Feb record low C = -15.0
|Mar record low C = -7.5
|Apr record low C = -2.0
|May record low C = 1.0
|Jun record low C = 6.5
|Jul record low C = 11.0
|Aug record low C = 9.6
|Sep record low C = 6.3
|Oct record low C = -1.8
|Nov record low C = -9.1
|Dec record low C = -14.8
|Jan high C = 6.8
|Feb high C = 9.8
|Mar high C = 15.4
|Apr high C = 19.3
|May high C = 24.4
|Jun high C = 29.0
|Jul high C = 31.6
|Aug high C = 31.1
|Sep high C = 25.4
|Oct high C = 18.6
|Nov high C = 11.9
|Dec high C = 7.2
| year high C = 
|Jan mean C = 3.2
|Feb mean C = 5.1
|Mar mean C = 9.8
|Apr mean C = 13.9
|May mean C = 18.7
|Jun mean C = 23.0
|Jul mean C = 25.4
|Aug mean C = 25.1
|Sep mean C = 20.3
|Oct mean C = 14.4
|Nov mean C = 11.0
|Dec mean C = 5.1
| year mean C = 
|Jan low C = -0.4
|Feb low C = 0.5
|Mar low C = 4.3
|Apr low C = 8.5
|May low C = 13.0
|Jun low C = 17.0
|Jul low C = 19.1
|Aug low C = 19.0
|Sep low C = 14.9
|Oct low C = 10.5
|Nov low C = 5.4
|Dec low C = 0.7
| year low C = 
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 43.7
|Feb precipitation mm = 50.2
|Mar precipitation mm = 52.9
|Apr precipitation mm = 80.1
|May precipitation mm = 73.6
|Jun precipitation mm = 61.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 28.1
|Aug precipitation mm = 51.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 70.3
|Oct precipitation mm = 104.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 98.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 60.5
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 7
| Feb precipitation days = 7
| Mar precipitation days = 8
| Apr precipitation days = 9
| May precipitation days = 9
| Jun precipitation days = 7
| Jul precipitation days = 4
| Aug precipitation days = 5
| Sep precipitation days = 6
| Oct precipitation days = 9
| Nov precipitation days = 9
| Dec precipitation days = 8
| year precipitation days =
| source 1 = Arpae Emilia-Romagna<ref name=Clim>{{cite web
| url = https://www.arpae.it/it/temi-ambientali/clima/dati-e-indicatori/tabelle-climatiche/tabelle-climatologiche-1961-2020
| title = Tabelle climatologiche
| publisher= Arpae Emilia-Romagna agenzia prevenzione ambiente energia
| access-date = 30 June 2024}}</ref>
| source 2 = Temperature estreme in Toscana (extremes)<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-storiche/parma-osservatorio-universita/
|language = it
|title=Parma Osservatorio dell'Università
| publisher = Temperature estreme in Toscana
| access-date = 30 November 2024}}</ref> Climi e viaggi (precipitation days)<ref name=ISPRAClim>{{cite web
| url = https://www.climieviaggi.it/clima/italia/parma
| title = Clima - Parma (Emilia Romagna)
| publisher= Climi e viaggi
| access-date = 30 November 2024}}</ref>
}}