View source for Ann Arbor, Michigan

{{Short description|City in Michigan, United States}}
{{redirect|Ann Arbor}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Ann Arbor
| settlement_type    = [[List of municipalities in Michigan|City]]
| nicknames          = A<sup>2</sup>, A2, Tree Town, People's Republic of Ann Arbor
| image_skyline      = {{multiple images
 |perrow = 1/2/2/1
 |border = infobox
 |total_width = 280
 |image1 = Ann_Arbor_Skyline_2021.jpg
 |caption1 = Skyline, towards the southeast
 |image2 = Michigan Theater, Liberty Street, Ann Arbor, MI - 54380295292.jpg
 |caption2 = [[Michigan Theater (Ann Arbor, Michigan)|Michigan Theater]]
 |image3 = A picture of the University of Michigan campus in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.jpg
 |caption3 = [[University of Michigan]]
 |image4 = Boardwalk near Barton Drive (51707115690).jpg
 |caption4 = [[Huron River]] Boardwalk
 |image5 = Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, spring.jpg
 |caption5 = [[Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library]]
 |image6 = Ann Arbor pedestrianised Main Sreet.jpg
 |caption6 = Pedestrianised Main Sreet
}}
| image_flag         = Flag of Ann Arbor.svg
| image_seal         = Seal of Ann Arbor, Michigan.svg
| seal_size          = 90
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 11
| pushpin_map        = Michigan#USA
| pushpin_relief     = yes
| pushpin_label      = Ann Arbor
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_type1  = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[List of counties in Michigan|County]]
| subdivision_name   = United States
| subdivision_name1  = [[Michigan]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Washtenaw County, Michigan|Washtenaw]]
| government_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.a2gov.org/departments/Pages/default.aspx|title=City of Ann Arbor: Departments|date=2022|accessdate=November 21, 2022|archive-date=July 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709231536/https://www.a2gov.org/departments/Pages/default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| government_type    = [[Council–manager]]
| leader_title       = [[List of mayors of Ann Arbor, Michigan|Mayor]]
| leader_name        = [[Christopher Taylor (politician)|Christopher Taylor]]
| leader_party       = [[Democratic Party United States|D]]
| leader_title1      = Administrator
| leader_name1       = Milton Dohoney
| leader_title2      = Clerk
| leader_name2       = Jacqueline Beaudry
| leader_title3      = City council
| leader_name3       = {{collapsible list|bullets=yes
 | title = Members
 | 1 = Christopher Taylor
 | 2 = Cynthia Harrison
 | 3 = Linh Song
 | 4 = Christopher Watson
 | 5 = Travis Radina
 | 6 = Ayesha Ghazi Edwin
 | 7 = Jen Eyer
 | 8 = Dharma Akmon
 | 9 = Jenn Cornell
 | 10 = Erica Briggs
 | 11 = Lisa Disch
 }}
| established_date   = 1824
| established_title  = Founded
| established_date1  = 1833 (village)<br>1851 (city)
| established_title1 = Incorporated
| unit_pref          = Imperial
| area_footnotes     = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_26.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=May 21, 2022|archive-date=May 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528225240/https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_26.txt|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_total_sq_mi   = 29.09
| area_total_km2     = 75.35
| area_land_sq_mi    = 28.22
| area_land_km2      = 73.10
| area_water_sq_mi   = 0.87
| area_water_km2     = 2.25
| population_footnotes = 
| population_as_of   = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| population_total   = 123851
| population_rank    = [[List of United States cities by population|231st]] in the United States<br />[[List of municipalities in Michigan|5th]] in Michigan
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="2020Pop">{{cite web |title=2020 Population and Housing State Data |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=September 29, 2021 |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812173619/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_urban   = 317,689 ([[List of United States urban areas|US: 129th]])<ref name="urban area">{{cite web |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/12/29/2022-28286/2020-census-qualifying-urban-areas-and-final-criteria-clarifications|title=2020 Census Qualifying Urban Areas and Final Criteria Clarifications|author=United States Census Bureau|website=Federal Register|date=December 29, 2022}}</ref>
| population_density_urban_km2 = 855.0
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 2,214.6
| population_metro   = 372258 ([[List of metropolitan statistical areas|US: 148th]])
| population_density_sq_mi = 4388.14
| population_density_km2 = 1694.28
| population_demonym = Ann Arborite
| elevation_m        = 256
| elevation_ft       = 840
| timezone           = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
| utc_offset         = &minus;5
| timezone_DST       = [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]]
| utc_offset_DST     = &minus;4
| coordinates        = {{coord|42|16|53|N|83|44|54|W|region:US-MI|display=inline,title}}
| website            = {{URL|https://a2gov.org}}
| postal_code_type   = [[ZIP Code|ZIP code(s)]]
| postal_code        = 48103–48109, 48113
| area_code_type     = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
| area_code          = [[Area code 734|734]]
| blank_name         = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info         = 26-03000<ref name="gnis"/>
| blank1_name        = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info        = 0620133<ref name="gnis">{{GNIS|0620133|Ann Arbor, Michigan}}</ref>
| footnotes          = 
| pop_est_as_of      = 2024
| pop_est_footnotes  = <ref name="AAQuickFacts" />
| population_est     = 122,925
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Gross Domestic Product: All Industries in Washtenaw County, MI|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GDPALL26161|work=[[Federal Reserve Economic Data]] |publisher=[[Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis]]}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Metro
| demographics2_info1 = $30.556 billion (2022)
| founder            = [[John Allen (pioneer)|John Allen]] and [[Elisha Rumsey]]
| named_for          = The wives of the city's founders (both named Ann) and the [[Quercus macrocarpa|bur oak]] in the area
| area_urban_km2     = 413.46
| area_urban_sq_mi   = 159.57
| area_metro_sq_mi   = 722
| area_metro_km2     = 1,870
| population_density_metro_sq_mi = 517
}}
'''Ann Arbor''' is a city in [[Washtenaw County, Michigan]], United States, of which it is the [[county seat]]. It had a population of 123,851 in 2020, making it the fifth most populous city in Michigan.

The city is home to the [[University of Michigan]], the [[list of colleges and universities in Michigan|oldest university]] in the state. Its economy is primarily focused on [[high technology]], with numerous [[startup companies]] drawn to the area due to the university's robust [[research and development]] activities.

Founded in 1824 with American settlers from the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]], it was incorporated as a city in 1851. The city is located on the [[Huron River]]. It is the principal city of its [[Metropolitan statistical area|metropolitan area]], and it is also included in the [[Metro Detroit|Detroit–Warren–Ann Arbor combined statistical area]] as well as the [[Great Lakes megalopolis]].

==History==
{{Main|History of Ann Arbor, Michigan}}

=== Before founding as Ann Arbor ===
The region was once inhabited by several [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American tribes]], the most prominent being the [[Anishinaabe]] people of the Three Fires: the [[Odawa]], [[Ojibwe]], and [[Potawatomi]]. The Potawatomi founded two villages in the area of what is now Ann Arbor in about 1774.<ref>{{citation|last=Edmonds|first= R. David |year=1978 |title=The Potawatomis: Keepers of the Fire |publisher= University of Oklahoma |page= 99}}</ref> Other tribes that inhabited the area included the [[Wyandot people|Wyandots]] and [[Sauk people|Sauk]].<ref>{{cite book | title=The Indians of Washtenaw County, Michigan | author=Hinsdale, W. B. | year=1927 | location=Ann Arbor, Mich. | publisher=G. Wahr | url=https://name.umdl.umich.edu/3933309.0001.001}}</ref> These peoples established several trails that converged on present-day Ann Arbor. The land that included Washtenaw County was ceded to the U.S. by the Odawa, Ojibwe, Potawatomi, and Wyandot in the [[Treaty of Detroit]] of 1807.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mlive.com/news/ann-arbor/2024/05/on-stolen-land-before-ann-arbor-was-ann-arbor-it-was-home-to-native-americans.html | title='On stolen land.' Before Ann Arbor was Ann Arbor, it was home to Native Americans | publisher=MLive.com | author=Stanton, Ryan | date=May 19, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008202230/https://www.mlive.com/news/ann-arbor/2024/05/on-stolen-land-before-ann-arbor-was-ann-arbor-it-was-home-to-native-americans.html | archive-date=October 8, 2024}}</ref>

=== 19th century ===
Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by land speculators [[John Allen (pioneer)|John Allen]] and [[Elisha Rumsey|Elisha Walker Rumsey]].<ref name="Mayors">{{Cite web |title=Past Ann Arbor Mayors & History |url=https://www.a2gov.org/departments/city-council/Pages/mayors-and-history.aspx |access-date=December 28, 2023 |website=www.a2gov.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Stevens |first=Wystan |date=April 4, 1973 |title=Yesterday - a birthday for the far country |work=[[The Ann Arbor News]] |url=https://aadl.org/node/80455 |access-date=December 27, 2023}}</ref> On May 25, 1824, the town [[plat]] was registered with [[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne County]] as the Village of Annarbour, the earliest known use of the town's name.<ref>Marwil, p. 1</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Village of Ann Arbour |url=https://aadl.org/aafounders_plat_annarbour |access-date=April 20, 2023 |website=aadl.org}}</ref> Allen and Rumsey decided to name it for their wives, both named Ann, and for the stands of [[Quercus macrocarpa#Cultural|bur oak]] in the {{convert|640|acre|ha}} of land they purchased for $800 ({{Inflation|US|800|1824|fmt=eq|r=-3}}{{Inflation/fn|US}}) from the federal government at $1.25 per acre.<ref name="Marwil, pp. 1-2">Marwil, pp. 1–2</ref> The local [[Ojibwe people|Ojibwa]] named the settlement {{Transliteration|oj|kaw-goosh-kaw-nick}}, after the sound of Allen's [[sawmill]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Michigan State Historical Society, Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society|title=Michigan History Magazine|year=1964|publisher=Michigan Historical Commission|page=31}}</ref>

Ann Arbor became the seat of Washtenaw County in 1827<ref>Marwil, p. 4</ref> and was incorporated as a village in 1833.<ref>Marwil, p. 7</ref> The Ann Arbor Land Company, a group of speculators, set aside {{convert|40|acre|ha}} of undeveloped land and offered it to the state of Michigan as the site of the state capitol, but lost the bid to [[Lansing, Michigan|Lansing]]. In 1837, the property was accepted instead as the site of the [[University of Michigan]].<ref>Marwil, p. 13</ref>

[[File:Main Street Ann Arbor LOC det.4a22755.jpg|thumb|left|Main Street in Ann Arbor {{circa|1908}}|alt=A black-and-white photograph of Main Street in Ann Arbor]]
[[File:Grover Cleveland at Michigan Central Railroad Station, Ann Arbor, 1892.jpg|thumb|left|President [[Grover Cleveland]] at the [[Ann Arbor station (Michigan Central Railroad)|Ann Arbor station]] in 1892, with a crowd that included Mayor [[William Doty]] and University President [[James B. Angell]]|alt=A black-and-white photograph of a crowd of men are standing in a semi-circle around [[Grover Cleveland]]. A train car is visible in the top-left corner of the photograph.]]

Since the university's establishment in the city in 1837, the histories of the University of Michigan and Ann Arbor have been closely linked.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://moaa.aadl.org/moaa/pictorial_history/1824-1859pg3 | title=1824–1859: Education. ''Pictorial History of Ann Arbor: 1824–1974'' | year=2006 | publisher=Ann Arbor District Library | access-date=December 4, 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221201546/http://moaa.aadl.org/moaa/pictorial_history/1824-1859pg3 | archive-date=February 21, 2014 }}</ref> The town became a regional transportation hub in 1839 with the arrival of the [[Michigan Central Railroad]], and a north–south railway connecting Ann Arbor to [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]] and other markets to the south was established in 1878.<ref name="Marwil, p. 49">Marwil, p. 49</ref> Throughout the 1840s and the 1850s settlers continued to come to Ann Arbor. While the earlier settlers were primarily of British ancestry, the newer settlers also consisted of Germans, Irish,<ref>Marwil, p. 16</ref> and Black people.<ref name="1859pg6">{{cite web | url=http://moaa.aadl.org/moaa/pictorial_history/1824-1859pg6 | title=1824–1859: Government and Growth. ''Pictorial History of Ann Arbor: 1824–1974'' | year=2006 | publisher=Ann Arbor District Library | access-date=December 4, 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221201558/http://moaa.aadl.org/moaa/pictorial_history/1824-1859pg6 | archive-date=February 21, 2014 }}</ref> In 1851, Ann Arbor was chartered as a city,<ref>{{citation |title=Public and Local Acts of the Legislature of the State of Michigan|publisher= State of Michigan|page=644}}</ref> though the city showed a drop in population during the [[Long Depression|Depression of 1873]].<ref name="Marwil, p. 49"/> It was not until the early 1880s that Ann Arbor again saw robust growth,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://moaa.aadl.org/moaa/pictorial_history/1880-1899pg1 | title=1880–1899: Setbacks and Renewed Growth. ''Pictorial History of Ann Arbor: 1824–1974'' | year=2006 | publisher=Ann Arbor District Library | access-date=December 4, 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221201620/http://moaa.aadl.org/moaa/pictorial_history/1880-1899pg1 | archive-date=February 21, 2014 }}</ref> with new immigrants from Greece, Italy, Russia, and Poland.<ref name="History-Growth">{{cite web | url=http://moaa.aadl.org/moaa/pictorial_history/1900-1919pg1 | title=1900–1919: Population and Economic Growth. ''Pictorial History of Ann Arbor: 1824–1974''| year=2006 | publisher=Ann Arbor District Library | access-date=December 4, 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221201609/http://moaa.aadl.org/moaa/pictorial_history/1900-1919pg1| archive-date=February 21, 2014}}</ref>

=== 20th century ===
Ann Arbor saw increased growth in manufacturing, especially in [[Mill (grinding)|milling]].<ref name="History-Growth"/> Ann Arbor's [[American Jews|Jewish]] community also grew after the turn of the 20th century, and its first and oldest synagogue, [[Beth Israel Congregation (Ann Arbor, Michigan)|Beth Israel Congregation]], was established in 1916.<ref name="history">{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.bethisrael-aa.org/about/ |website=www.bethisrael-aa.org |publisher=[[Beth Israel Congregation (Ann Arbor, Michigan)|Beth Israel Congregation Ann Arbor]] |access-date=March 5, 2013 |archive-date=January 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129005959/http://www.bethisrael-aa.org/about/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Following a 1956 vote, the city of East Ann Arbor merged with Ann Arbor to encompass the eastern sections of the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pittsfieldhistory.org/index.php?section=history&content=east_ann_arbor#services|title=Inside the Eastside: History of East Ann Arbor, Michigan (MI)|access-date=April 9, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323201545/http://pittsfieldhistory.org/index.php?section=history&content=east_ann_arbor|archive-date=March 23, 2014}}</ref>

In 1960, Ann Arbor voters approved a $2.3&nbsp;million [[Bond (finance)|bond issue]] (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US-GDP|2.3|1960}}&nbsp;million in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}{{Inflation/fn|US-GDP}}) to build the current city hall, which was designed by architect [[Alden B. Dow]]. The City Hall opened in 1963. In 1995, the building was renamed the Guy C. Larcom Jr. Municipal Building in honor of the longtime city administrator who championed the building's construction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.annarbor.com/news/guy-larcoms-name-peeled-from-exterior-of-city-hall-but-building-will-remain-named-in-his-honor/ |title=Guy Larcom's name peeled from exterior of city hall, but building will remain named in his honor |publisher=Annarbor.com |date=April 14, 2011 |access-date=April 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323134619/http://www.annarbor.com/news/guy-larcoms-name-peeled-from-exterior-of-city-hall-but-building-will-remain-named-in-his-honor/ |archive-date=March 23, 2014}}</ref>

During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as an important center for [[liberalism]] (liberal politics), and a locus for [[Left-wing politics|left-wing activism]], [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|anti-Vietnam War activism]], and [[student activism]]. The first major meetings of the national left-wing campus group [[Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)|Students for a Democratic Society]] occurred in Ann Arbor in 1960; in 1965, the city was home to the first U.S. [[teach-in]] against the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>Marwil, p. 153</ref> During the ensuing 15 years, many [[counterculture|countercultural]] and [[New Left]] enterprises sprang up and developed large constituencies within the city.<ref name="aadl2006">{{cite web |url=http://moaa.aadl.org/moaa/pictorial_history/1940-1974pg3 |title=1940–1974: From Protest to Outer Space. ''Pictorial History of Ann Arbor: 1824–1974'' |year=2006 |publisher=Ann Arbor District Library |access-date=November 8, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110213004/http://moaa.aadl.org/moaa/pictorial_history/1940-1974pg3 |archive-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref> These influences washed into municipal politics during the early and mid-1970s when three members of the [[Human Rights Party (United States)|Human Rights Party]] (HRP) won city council seats on the strength of the student vote. During their time on the council, HRP representatives fought for measures including pioneering [[civil rights|antidiscrimination]] ordinances, [[Cannabis laws in Ann Arbor, Michigan|measures decriminalizing marijuana possession]], and a [[rent control|rent-control]] ordinance.<ref name="HRP">{{cite thesis |author=Restivo, Terrence R. |url=http://etd1.library.duq.edu/theses/available/etd-03312006-154729/unrestricted/RestivoThesis.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201164218/http://etd1.library.duq.edu/theses/available/etd-03312006-154729/unrestricted/RestivoThesis.pdf |archive-date=December 1, 2007 |title=The Building of a New Left Conglomerate in the City of Ann Arbor: Voice, Action Movement and the Human Rights Party (1965–1975) |date=March 22, 2006 |type=MA thesis |publisher=McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts, Duquesne University |access-date=August 23, 2008}}</ref>

[[File:Ann Arbor AMTK May 1975 5-16.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ann Arbor station (Michigan Central Railroad)|Ann Arbor station]] in 1975|alt=A photograph of a train and several tracks of railroad in front of the Ann Arbor station.]]

Two religious-conservative institutions were created in Ann Arbor; the [[Word of God (community)|Word of God]] (established in 1967), a [[Charismatic Movement|charismatic]] inter-denominational movement;<ref name="history"/> and the [[Thomas More Law Center]] (established in 1999).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thomasmore.org/qry/page.taf?id=24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117125839/http://www.thomasmore.org/qry/page.taf?id=24 |archive-date=January 17, 2012 |title=History |publisher=Thomas More Law Center |year=2009 |access-date=March 5, 2013}}</ref> Since 1998, Ann Arbor is also the home office of the [[Anthroposophical Society#United States|Anthroposophical Society in the United States]], an organization dedicated to supporting the community of those interested in the inner path of schooling known as [[anthroposophy]], developed by [[Rudolf Steiner]].<ref name="Anthroposophical Society in America">{{citation |url=https://anthroposophy.org/get-involved/local-groups-regions/ |title=Local groups and initiatives |access-date=2009-07-08 |publisher=Anthroposophical Society in America}}.</ref>

From 1967 to its closing in 1990, Ann Arbor hosted [[KMS Fusion]], the world's first company to pursue [[fusion power]] via the [[inertial confinement fusion]] method.

=== 21st century ===
In the past several decades, Ann Arbor has grappled with the effects of sharply rising land values, [[gentrification]], and [[urban sprawl]] stretching into outlying countryside.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fragmented forests: Tree cover, urban sprawl both increased in Southeast Michigan over the past 30 years {{!}} University of Michigan School for Environment and Sustainability |url=https://seas.umich.edu/news/fragmented-forests-tree-cover-urban-sprawl-both-increased-southeast-michigan-over-past-30-0 |access-date=December 9, 2023 |website=seas.umich.edu |language=en}}</ref> On November 4, 2003, voters approved a [[green belt|greenbelt]] plan under which the city government bought development rights on agricultural parcels of land adjacent to Ann Arbor to preserve them from sprawling development.<ref name="greenbelt">{{cite web|url=http://www.a2openspace.org/ |title=Ann Arbor Parks and Greenbelt Proposal |date=March 2, 2004 |publisher=Friends of Ann Arbor Open Space |access-date=August 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723184116/http://www.a2openspace.org/ |archive-date=July 23, 2008 }}</ref> Since then, a vociferous local debate has hinged on how and whether to accommodate and guide development within city limits.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/ann-arbor/index.ssf/2009/05/ann_arbor_seeks_grants_for_gre.html |title=Ann Arbor seeks grants for greenbelt land |author=McGovern, Judy |date=May 18, 2009 |journal=The Ann Arbor News |access-date=August 24, 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131110213245/http://www.mlive.com/news/ann-arbor/index.ssf/2009/05/ann_arbor_seeks_grants_for_gre.html |archive-date=November 10, 2013 }}</ref> Ann Arbor consistently ranks in the "top places to live" lists published by various mainstream media outlets every year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernandez |first=Celia |date=2024-02-25 |title=These are the 10 U.S. cities with the best quality of life—none are in Florida |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/02/25/us-news-report-us-cities-best-quality-of-life.html |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=CNBC}}</ref>

[[File:ProQuest Building Ann Arbor2.JPG|thumb|[[ProQuest]]'s headquarters on Eisenhower Parkway in Ann Arbor|alt=See caption]]

In 2016, the city changed mayoral terms from two years to four.<ref name="Mayors"/> Until 2017, City Council held annual elections in which half of the seats (one from each ward) were elected to 2-year terms. These elections were staggered, with each ward having one of its seats up for election in odd years and its other seat up for election in even years. Beginning in 2018 the city council has had staggered elections to 4-year terms in even years. This means that half of the members (one from each ward) are elected in presidential election years, while the other half are elected in mid-term election years. To facilitate this change in scheduling, the 2017 election elected members to terms that lasted 3-years.<ref name="a2cc">{{cite web|title=City Council|url=https://www.a2gov.org/departments/city-council/Pages/Home.aspx|access-date=September 19, 2018|website=www.a2gov.org|publisher=City if Ann Arbor|archive-date=September 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919211453/https://www.a2gov.org/departments/city-council/Pages/Home.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2020, partly as a response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the city government opened several downtown streets to pedestrians, limiting their use by motor vehicles to [[emergency vehicles]] during summertime weekends. In addition to providing a large [[pedestrian mall]], these changes allow restaurants to use more of the sidewalks and part of the street for outdoor seating.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stanton |first=Ryan |date=May 30, 2020 |title=Ann Arbor may close downtown streets to expand patio areas for bars, restaurants |url=https://www.mlive.com/news/ann-arbor/2020/05/ann-arbor-may-close-downtown-streets-to-expand-patio-areas-for-bars-restaurants.html |access-date=December 31, 2023 |website=mlive |language=en}}</ref> These changes were popular enough that in 2021 the city council extended the dates from March to November, continuing the schedule of cordoning off cars from Thursday evening until Monday morning.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pair |first=Jordyn |date=August 17, 2021 |title=Downtown Ann Arbor street closures to continue through Nov. 1 |url=https://www.mlive.com/news/ann-arbor/2021/08/downtown-ann-arbor-street-closures-to-continue-through-nov-1.html |access-date=December 31, 2023 |website=mlive |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 6, 2023 |title=Downtown Ann Arbor street closures expected to return to boost businesses, walkability |url=https://www.wemu.org/wemu-news/2023-03-06/downtown-ann-arbor-street-closures-expected-to-return-to-boost-businessses-walkability |access-date=December 31, 2023 |website=WEMU-FM |language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==

Ann Arbor is located along the [[Huron River]], which flows southeast through the city on its way to [[Lake Erie]]. It is the central core of the [[Ann Arbor, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area]], which consists of the whole of Washtenaw County, but is also a part of the [[Metro Detroit]] [[Combined Statistical Area]] designated by the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]].<ref name=OMB>{{cite web|title=Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/bulletins/2013/b13-01.pdf |work=OMB Bulletin No. 13-01 |publisher=Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget |access-date=April 4, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121004708/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/bulletins/2013/b13-01.pdf |archive-date=January 21, 2017 }}</ref> While it borders only [[Township (United States)|Townships]], the built-up nature of the sections of [[Pittsfield Charter Township, Michigan|Pittsfield]] and [[Ypsilanti Charter Township, Michigan|Ypsilanti]] townships between Ann Arbor and the city of [[Ypsilanti, Michigan|Ypsilanti]] make the two effectively a single [[urban area]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washtenaw.org/DocumentCenter/View/334/County-Phase-II-Urban-Areas-2010-Maps-PDF?bidId=|title=Washtenaw County Urbanized Areas|website=www.washtenaw.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Ann Arbor| volume=2 |page=64}}</ref>

===Landscape===
[[File:HuronRiverAnnArbor.JPG|thumb|[[Huron River]]|alt=A photograph of Huron River, with trees lining the banks of the river.]]

The landscape of Ann Arbor consists of hills and valleys, with the terrain becoming steeper near the [[Huron River]]. The elevation ranges from about {{convert|750|ft|m}} along the Huron River to {{convert|1015|ft|m}} on the city's west side, near the intersection of Maple Road and Pauline Blvd.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Ann Arbor News|title=How to Get Your Head in the Clouds|author=Geoff Larcom|date=August 30, 2004|page=B-1}}</ref> [[Ann Arbor Municipal Airport]], which is south of the city at {{Coord|42|13.38|N|83|44.74|W|region:US}}, has an elevation of {{convert|839|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.airnav.com/airport/KARB | title=KARB—Ann Arbor Municipal Airport | publisher=Federal Aviation Administration at Airnav.com| date=March 15, 2007 | access-date=August 4, 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080725153547/http://airnav.com/airport/KARB| archive-date= July 25, 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> Ann Arbor is nicknamed "Tree Town", both due to its name and to the dense forestation of its parks and residential areas. The city contains more than 50,000 trees along its streets and an equal number in parks.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.annarbor.org/aboutannarbor/funfacts.asp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060224212952/http://www.annarbor.org/aboutannarbor/funfacts.asp | title=Fun Facts | year=2006 | publisher=Ann Arbor Area Convention and Visitor's Bureau | archive-date=February 24, 2006 | access-date=August 25, 2009}}</ref> Into the early 2000s, the [[emerald ash borer]] has destroyed many of the city's approximately 10,500 [[ash tree]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://blog.mlive.com/annarbornews/2007/04/last_of_street_ash_trees_cut_d.html | title=Last of street ash trees cut down | journal=The Ann Arbor News | author=Davis, Tracy | date=April 2, 2007 | access-date=August 30, 2009| archive-url=https://archive.today/20131110213017/http://blog.mlive.com/annarbornews/2007/04/last_of_street_ash_trees_cut_d.html | archive-date=November 10, 2013 }}</ref>

The city contains over 160 municipal parks ranging from small neighborhood green spots to large recreation areas such as [[Buhr Park]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stanton |first=Ryan |date=March 19, 2023 |title=From Allmendinger to Wurster, see who Ann Arbor's parks are named after |url=https://www.mlive.com/news/ann-arbor/2023/03/from-allmendinger-to-wurster-see-who-ann-arbors-parks-are-named-after.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411212935/https://www.mlive.com/news/ann-arbor/2023/03/from-allmendinger-to-wurster-see-who-ann-arbors-parks-are-named-after.html |archive-date=April 11, 2023 |work=[[MLive.com]]}}</ref> Several large city parks and a university park border sections of the Huron River.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.a2gov.org/GOVERNMENT/COMMUNITYSERVICES/PARKSANDRECREATION/PARKS/Pages/Parks.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716090259/http://www.a2gov.org/GOVERNMENT/COMMUNITYSERVICES/PARKSANDRECREATION/PARKS/Pages/Parks.aspx|archive-date=July 16, 2012|title=General Parks Information | publisher=Ann Arbor City Government | year=2009 | access-date=September 6, 2009}}</ref> Fuller Recreation Area, near the [[University of Michigan Health System|University Hospital]] complex, contains sports fields, pedestrian and [[bike path]]s, and swimming pools. Opened in the summer of 2014, the city-funded [[Ann Arbor Skatepark]] is a {{cvt|30000|sqft|1}} [[skatepark]] located within Veterans Memorial Park.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veterans Memorial Park |url=https://www.a2gov.org/departments/Parks-Recreation/parks-places/Pages/Veterans-Memorial-Park.aspx/1000#:~:text=Veterans%20Memorial%20Park%20contains%20five,tables%20to%20relax%20and%20unwind. |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=www.a2gov.org |language=en-US}}</ref> The city is also home to the [[Washtenaw County, Michigan|Washtenaw County]]-owned [[County Farm Park]]. The [[Nichols Arboretum]], owned by the [[University of Michigan]], is a {{convert|123|acre|ha|adj=on}} [[arboretum]] that contains hundreds of plant and tree species. It is on the city's east side, near the university's Central Campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.michigan.org/Property/Detail.aspx?m=9;1&p=G5293 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523004147/http://www.michigan.org/Property/Detail.aspx?m=9%3B1&p=G5293 |archive-date=May 23, 2009 |title=Nichols Arboretum—University of Michigan |publisher=Michigan Economic Development Corporation (Michigan.org) |year=2007 |access-date=November 15, 2007 }}</ref> Located across the Huron River just beyond the university's North Campus is the university's [[Matthaei Botanical Gardens]], which contains 300&nbsp;acres of gardens and a large tropical conservatory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2017 |title=Visitor Guide & Map |url=https://mbgna.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Matthaei-visitor-guide-June-2017.pdf |access-date=August 6, 2024 |website=Matthaei Botanical Gardens University of Michigan}}</ref> Several other green spaces around Ann Arbor are privately owned or owned by government agencies such as [[Ann Arbor Public Schools]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.mlive.com/news/ann-arbor/2014/07/ann_arbor_schools_natural_area.html | title=Sleeping assets: Ann Arbor Public Schools owns nearly 200 acres of undeveloped land in city | last=Biolchini | first=Amy | date=July 27, 2014 | accessdate=August 12, 2024 | work=[[MLive.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.annarbor.com/news/ann-arbor-has-4100-acres-of-protected-lands-under-its-greenbelt-after-purchases-made-in-2012/| title=Ann Arbor has 4,100 acres of protected land under its Greenbelt after 2012 purchases | last=Stanton | first=Ryan J. | date=January 22, 2013 | accessdate=August 12, 2024 | work=The Ann Arbor News}}</ref>

===Cityscape===
[[File:First Congregational Church, State Street and William Street, Ann Arbor, MI - 54381569300.jpg|thumb|upright|First Congregational Church|alt=A color photograph of the front facade of First Congregational Church]]

The cityscape of Ann Arbor is heavily influenced by the [[University of Michigan]], with 22% of downtown and 9.4% of the total land owned by the university.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Michigan expansion: Buying land in Ann Arbor raises questions about tax base |url=https://www.annarbor.com/news/university-of-michigan-land-acquisition-means-less-money-for-the-city-of-ann-arbor/ |access-date=April 20, 2023 |website=AnnArbor.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Community Facts and Figures |url=https://www.govrel.umich.edu/index.php/community/community-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=April 20, 2023 |website=UofM Government Relations |language=en |archive-date=June 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603171246/https://www.govrel.umich.edu/index.php/community/community-facts-and-figures/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The downtown Central Campus contains some of the oldest extant structures in the city—including the President's House, built in 1840—and separates the South University District from the other three downtown commercial districts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UM President's House, 1840 |url=https://aadl.org/buildings_hhaa113 |access-date=April 20, 2023 |website=aadl.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Downtown Districts {{!}} Ann Arbor, MI |url=https://www.annarbor.org/things-to-do/downtown/ |access-date=April 20, 2023 |website=www.annarbor.org}}</ref> These other three districts, [[Kerrytown, Ann Arbor|Kerrytown]], State Street, and Main Street are contiguous near the northwestern corner of the university.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ann Arbor Downtown Walking Map |url=https://www.a2dda.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/38603_Downtown-walking-map.pdf |website=Ann Arbor Downtown Development Authority}}</ref>

Major landmarks in downtown Ann Arbor include the [[Michigan Theater (Ann Arbor, Michigan)|Michigan Theater]], [[The Diag]], and [[Tower Plaza]], a 26-story condominium building that is the city's tallest building.<ref>{{cite web |  url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=towerplaza-annarbor-mi-usa | title=Tower Plaza, Ann Arbor | publisher=Emporis Buildings | year=2007 | access-date=August 4, 2008|  url-status=usurped | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108180346/http://emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=towerplaza-annarbor-mi-usa | archive-date=November 8, 2007 }}</ref> Downtown is also home to several [[Fairy Doors of Ann Arbor|Fairy Doors]] and other public art installations.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.annarbor.com/neighborhoods/downtown/ann-arbor-fairydoor-update-2011/ | last=Szumko | first=Stefan | title=Walking tour hits the fairy doors of Ann Arbor |  publisher=Ann Arbor News | date=March 30, 2011 | access-date=August 6, 2024}}</ref>

Three commercial areas south of downtown include the areas near I-94 and Ann Arbor-Saline Road, [[Briarwood Mall]], and the South Industrial area. Other commercial areas include the Arborland/Washtenaw Avenue and Packard Road merchants on the east side, the Plymouth Road area in the northeast, and the Westgate/West Stadium areas on the west side.<ref name="city development">{{cite web|url=http://www.a2gov.org/GOVERNMENT/COMMUNITYSERVICES/PLANNINGANDDEVELOPMENT/PLANNING/Pages/MasterPlans.aspx |title=Master Plans—General Information |publisher=Ann Arbor City Government |year=2009 |access-date=August 30, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006104724/http://www.a2gov.org/GOVERNMENT/COMMUNITYSERVICES/PLANNINGANDDEVELOPMENT/PLANNING/Pages/MasterPlans.aspx |archive-date=October 6, 2009 }}</ref> Downtown contains a mix of 19th- and early-20th-century structures and modern-style buildings, as well as a [[farmers' market]] in the Kerrytown district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.a2gov.org/CommunityServices/Parks/Farmers%20Market/farmers_main.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105090855/http://www.a2gov.org/CommunityServices/Parks/Farmers%20Market/farmers_main.html |archive-date= November 5, 2005 |title=Ann Arbor Farmers' Market |year=2007 |publisher=Ann Arbor City Government |access-date=August 23, 2008 }}</ref> The city's commercial districts are composed mostly of two- to four-story structures, although downtown and the area near Briarwood Mall contain a small number of high-rise buildings.<ref name="a2gov2009">{{cite web | url=http://www.a2gov.org/government/communityservices/planninganddevelopment/planning/Documents/Master%20Plans/DowntownPlan_May09_Final.pdf| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302185253/http://www.a2gov.org/government/communityservices/planninganddevelopment/planning/Documents/Master%20Plans/DowntownPlan_May09_Final.pdf| archive-date=March 2, 2012| title=Downtown Plan | publisher=Ann Arbor City Government | year=2009 | access-date=March 5, 2013}}</ref>

Ann Arbor's residential neighborhoods contain architectural styles ranging from classic 19th- and early 20th-century designs to [[ranch-style house]]s. Among these homes are a number of [[Kit houses in Michigan|kit houses]] built in the early 20th century. Contemporary-style houses are farther from the downtown district.<ref name="city development" /> Surrounding the University of Michigan campus are houses and apartment complexes occupied primarily by student renters. The 19th-century buildings and streetscape of the Old West Side neighborhood have been preserved virtually intact; in 1972, the district was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] (NRHP), and it is further protected by city ordinances and a nonprofit preservation group.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.oldwestside.org/ | title=Neighborhood Association | publisher=Old West Side Association | year=2007 | access-date=August 4, 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323135335/http://www.oldwestside.org/ | archive-date=March 23, 2014 }}</ref>

===Climate===
Ann Arbor has a typically [[Midwestern United States|Midwestern]] [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfa''), which is influenced by the [[Great Lakes]]. There are four distinct seasons: winters are cold and snowy, with average highs around {{convert|34|F|C}}. Summers are warm to hot and humid, with average highs around {{convert|81|F|C}} and with slightly more precipitation.  Spring and autumn are transitional between the two. The area experiences [[Lake-effect snow|lake effect]] weather, primarily in the form of increased cloudiness during late fall and early winter.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.washtenawcd.org/about/2006resourceassess.pdf | title=Washtenaw County Resource Assessment | date=September 2006 | publisher=Washtenaw County Conservation District | access-date=November 1, 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305122233/http://www.washtenawcd.org/about/2006resourceassess.pdf | archive-date=March 5, 2012 }}</ref> The monthly daily average temperature in July is {{convert|72.6|°F|1}}, while the same figure for January is {{convert|24.5|°F|1}}. Temperatures reach or exceed {{convert|90|°F|0}} on 10 days, and drop to or below {{convert|0|°F|0}} on 4.6 nights. Precipitation tends to be the heaviest during the summer months, but most frequent during winter. Snowfall, which normally occurs from November to April but occasionally starts in October, averages {{convert|58|in|cm|0}} per season. The lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|-23|°F|0}} on February 11, 1885, and the highest recorded temperature was {{convert|105|°F|0}} on July 24, 1934.<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web |url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=dtx |title = NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date = February 27, 2012 |archive-date = June 5, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210605060737/https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=dtx |url-status = live }}</ref>

{{Weather box|width=auto |location = Ann Arbor, Michigan (UMich, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1881–present)
|single line = Y
|Jan record high F = 72
|Feb record high F = 68
|Mar record high F = 85
|Apr record high F = 88
|May record high F = 95
|Jun record high F = 103
|Jul record high F = 105
|Aug record high F = 104
|Sep record high F = 99
|Oct record high F = 91
|Nov record high F = 78
|Dec record high F = 67
|year record high F = 105
| Jan avg record high F  = 51.7
| Feb avg record high F  = 53.7
| Mar avg record high F  = 68.2
| Apr avg record high F  = 78.0
| May avg record high F  = 86.4
| Jun avg record high F  = 91.7
| Jul avg record high F  = 92.7
| Aug avg record high F  = 91.4
| Sep avg record high F  = 88.7
| Oct avg record high F  = 80.5
| Nov avg record high F  = 65.5
| Dec avg record high F  = 54.3
| year avg record high F = 94.3
|Jan high F = 31.9
|Feb high F = 35.4
|Mar high F = 46.2
|Apr high F = 59.7
|May high F = 71.4
|Jun high F = 80.1
|Jul high F = 83.7
|Aug high F = 81.7
|Sep high F = 75.1
|Oct high F = 62.2
|Nov high F = 48.0
|Dec high F = 36.3
|year high F = 59.3
|Jan mean F = 24.0
|Feb mean F = 26.5
|Mar mean F = 35.7
|Apr mean F = 47.6
|May mean F = 59.0
|Jun mean F = 68.0
|Jul mean F = 71.9
|Aug mean F = 70.3
|Sep mean F = 63.3
|Oct mean F = 51.4
|Nov mean F = 39.2
|Dec mean F = 29.2
|year mean F = 48.8
|Jan low F = 16.2
|Feb low F = 17.7
|Mar low F = 25.2
|Apr low F = 35.5
|May low F = 46.6
|Jun low F = 55.9
|Jul low F = 60.1
|Aug low F = 58.8
|Sep low F = 51.6
|Oct low F = 40.7
|Nov low F = 30.5
|Dec low F = 22.1
|year low F = 38.4
| Jan avg record low F  = -1.5
| Feb avg record low F  = 1.1
| Mar avg record low F  = 8.5
| Apr avg record low F  = 22.8
| May avg record low F  = 33.9
| Jun avg record low F  = 43.7
| Jul avg record low F  = 50.3
| Aug avg record low F  = 49.5
| Sep avg record low F  = 38.4
| Oct avg record low F  = 28.6
| Nov avg record low F  = 17.2
| Dec avg record low F  = 6.2
| year avg record low F = -5.6
|Jan record low F = −22
|Feb record low F = −23
|Mar record low F = −8
|Apr record low F = 7
|May record low F = 20
|Jun record low F = 35
|Jul record low F = 37
|Aug record low F = 39
|Sep record low F = 27
|Oct record low F = 19
|Nov record low F = -3
|Dec record low F = −20
|year record low F = −23
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 2.96
|Feb precipitation inch = 2.51
|Mar precipitation inch = 2.82
|Apr precipitation inch = 3.44
|May precipitation inch = 3.84
|Jun precipitation inch = 3.91
|Jul precipitation inch = 3.52
|Aug precipitation inch = 3.52
|Sep precipitation inch = 3.18
|Oct precipitation inch = 2.99
|Nov precipitation inch = 2.82
|Dec precipitation inch = 2.75
|year precipitation inch = 38.26
|Jan snow inch = 18.3
|Feb snow inch = 15.3
|Mar snow inch = 8.3
|Apr snow inch = 2.6
|May snow inch = 0.0
|Jun snow inch = 0.0
|Jul snow inch = 0.0
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
|Sep snow inch = 0.0
|Oct snow inch = 0.1
|Nov snow inch = 4.1
|Dec snow inch = 12.7
|year snow inch = 61.4
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 18.3
|Feb precipitation days = 14.4
|Mar precipitation days = 14.3
|Apr precipitation days = 14.4
|May precipitation days = 14.7
|Jun precipitation days = 12.4
|Jul precipitation days = 11.7
|Aug precipitation days = 11.2
|Sep precipitation days = 10.6
|Oct precipitation days = 13.3
|Nov precipitation days = 13.5
|Dec precipitation days = 16.9
|year precipitation days = 165.7
|unit snow days = 0.1 in
|Jan snow days = 15.2
|Feb snow days = 12.1
|Mar snow days = 7.5
|Apr snow days = 2.8
|May snow days = 0.1
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.4
|Nov snow days = 4.9
|Dec snow days = 11.5
|year snow days = 54.5
|source 1 = [[NOAA]]<ref name="NOAA"/><ref>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210508143609/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00200230&format=pdf
| archive-date = May 8, 2021
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00200230&format=pdf
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 
| title = Station: Ann Arbor U of Mich, MI
| work = U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020)
| access-date = May 8, 2021}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{clear}}
{{US Census population
| 1860 = 5097
| 1870 = 7363
| 1880 = 8061
| 1890 = 9431
| 1900 = 14509
| 1910 = 14817
| 1920 = 19516
| 1930 = 26944
| 1940 = 29815
| 1950 = 48251
| 1960 = 67340
| 1970 = 100035
| 1980 = 107969
| 1990 = 109592
| 2000 = 114024
| 2010 = 113934
| 2020 = 123851
| estyear = 2024
| estimate = 122925
| estref = 
| footnote = Before 1860<ref name="1859pg6"/><br />1900–2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.semcog.org/InmagicGenie/DocumentFolder/HistoricalPopulationSEMI.pdf|title=Historical Population and Employment by Minor Civil Division, Southeast Michigan|year=2002|publisher=Southeast Michigan Council of Governments|access-date=December 6, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729072136/http://library.semcog.org/InmagicGenie/DocumentFolder/HistoricalPopulationSEMI.pdf|archive-date=July 29, 2013 }}</ref><br />U.S. Census Bureau<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/all?q=Ann%20Arbor%20city,%20Washtenaw%20County,%20Michigan&g=0600000US2616103000&hidePreview=false&tid=DECENNIALSF12010.P1&layer=VT_2010_060_00_PY_D1&cid=P001001&vintage=2010|title=U.S. Census Bureau Population Finder|year=2018|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=April 1, 2020|archive-date=February 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215175134/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/all?q=Ann%20Arbor%20city,%20Washtenaw%20County,%20Michigan&g=0600000US2616103000&hidePreview=false&tid=DECENNIALSF12010.P1&layer=VT_2010_060_00_PY_D1&cid=P001001&vintage=2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AAQuickFacts">{{citation|title=QuickFacts: Ann Arbor city, Michigan; UNITED STATES|publisher=United States Census Bureau|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/annarborcitymichigan,US/PST045223|access-date=September 10, 2024}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Race and ethnicity 2020 Ann Arbor, MI.png|thumb|left|Map of racial distribution in Ann Arbor, 2020 U.S. census. Each dot is one person: {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=rgb(115, 178, 255)|White}}
{{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=rgb(159, 212, 0)|Black}}
{{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=rgb(255, 0, 0)|Asian}}
{{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=rgb(255, 170, 0)|Hispanic}}
{{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=rgb(140, 81, 181)|Multiracial}}
{{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=rgb(153, 102, 51)|Native American/Other}}]]
Ann Arbor has seen consistent growth in population between all decennial censuses since 1860 with the exception of the 2010 census which reported almost no growth from the previous census. As of the 2020 U.S. census, there were 123,851 people and 49,337 households residing in the city, with a population density of {{convert|4,391.9|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}.<ref name="AAQuickFacts" /> The racial makeup of the city including Hispanics in the racial categories was 67.6% [[White (U.S. census)|White]], 6.8% [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Black]], 0.2% [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Native American]], 15.7% [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Asian]], 0.1% [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander]], 1.8% from [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|other races]], and 7.9% from two or more races. [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Hispanic]] or [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Latino]] residents of any race made up 5.5% of the population.<ref name="IndyStar">{{Cite web|url=https://data.indystar.com/census/total-population/total-population-change/ann-arbor-city-washtenaw-county-michigan/060-2616103000/|title=Ann Arbor city, Washtenaw County, Michigan Demographics and Housing 2020 Decennial Census|website=Indianapolis Star|access-date=August 17, 2021|archive-date=February 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215194429/https://data.indystar.com/census/total-population/total-population-change/ann-arbor-city-washtenaw-county-michigan/060-2616103000/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ann Arbor has a small population of [[Arab Americans]], including students as well as local [[Lebanese Americans|Lebanese]] and [[Palestinian Americans|Palestinians]],<ref name="HassounPT21">{{citation |last=Hassoun |first= Rosina J. |title= Arab Americans in Michigan (Discovering the Peoples of Michigan)|publisher= MSU Press|date=October 24, 2005 |isbn= 1609170466 |page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=wky3u4UExIQC&pg=PT21 PT21] |quote= "However, there are other, smaller Arab-American communities in other cities in Michigan.[...]"}}</ref> and a large community of [[Japanese people|Japanese]] nationals.<ref name="Stone">{{cite news | last=Stone | first=Cal | url=http://www.hometownlife.com/article/20130411/NEWS13/304110352/State-s-Japanese-employees-increasing | title=State's Japanese employees increasing | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413053133/http://www.hometownlife.com/article/20130411/NEWS13/304110352/State-s-Japanese-employees-increasing | archive-date=April 13, 2013 | newspaper=Observer & Eccentric | publisher=[[Gannett Company]] | date=April 11, 2013 | access-date=May 5, 2013}}</ref>

According to the 2022 [[American Community Survey]] estimates, out of 49,337 households, 33.8% were married-couple households, 9.8% were [[cohabitation|cohabiting]] couple households, 26.1% had a male householder with no spouse present, and 30.4% had a female householder with no spouse present. 18.4% of the households had individuals under the age of 18 living in them, and 20.1% had individuals over age 65 living in them. The average household size was 2.22 people and the average family size was 2.78 people.<ref name="AA_Household">{{cite web | url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDP1Y2022.DP02?g=160XX00US2603000 | year=2022 | publisher=United States Census | title=Ann Arbor city, Michigan – DP02: Selected Social Characteristics in the United States | access-date=September 10, 2024}}</ref> The median age was 25.9; 12.2% of the population was under age 18, and 12.3% was age 65 or older.<ref name="AA_S0101">{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2022.S0101?g=160XX00US2603000&tid=ACSST5Y2022.S0101|title=Ann Arbor city, Michigan – S0101: Age and Sex|year=2022|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=September 10, 2024}}</ref> The percentage of city residents age 25 years or older with at least a [[high school diploma|high school degree]] was 97.8% while 77.5% had a [[bachelor's degree]] or higher, which is higher than the U.S. national percentage of 89.1% for persons age 25 years or older with at least a high school degree and 34.3% with a bachelor's degree or higher.<ref name="AAQuickFacts" />

The [[median household income]] in 2022 was $78,740 (versus the U.S. national figure of $75,149),<ref name="AAQuickFacts" /> with family households having a median income of $126,292.<ref name="AAEarnings">{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST1Y2022.S2001?g=160XX00US2603000|title=Ann Arbor city, Michigan – S2001: Earnings in the Past 12 Months (in 2022 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars) | year=2022 | publisher=United States Census Bureau | access-date=September 12, 2024}}</ref> The [[per capita income]] for the city was $52,276, which is higher than the U.S. national per capita income of $41,261.<ref name="AAQuickFacts" /> Males working [[full-time job]]s had median earnings of $86,970 compared to $61,543 for females.<ref name="AAEarnings" /> Out of the 109,973 people with a determined poverty status, 23.1% were below the [[poverty threshold|poverty line]] compared to the U.S. national poverty rate of 11.1%;<ref name="AAQuickFacts" /> the age group with the highest percentage below the poverty level was persons between 18 and 34 years at 43.0% while other age groups have percentages between 2.7% and 7.7%. Further, 3.5% of minors and 7.7% of seniors were below the poverty line.<ref name="AAPoverty">{{cite web | url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST1Y2022.S1701?g=160XX00US2603000 | title=Ann Arbor city, Michigan – S1701: Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months | year=2022 | publisher=United States Census Bureau | access-date=September 12, 2024}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible left" style="font-size: 90%,"
|-
! Historical racial composition  
! 2020<ref name="IndyStar"/> 
! 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/2603000|title=Population estimates, July 1, 2015, (V2015)|access-date=December 7, 2017|archive-date=December 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208014121/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/2603000|url-status=live}}</ref> 
! 1990<ref name=MItab>{{citation|title=Michigan - Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Large Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990|publisher=United States Census Bureau|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/MItab.pdf|website=www.census.gov|access-date=December 7, 2017|archive-date=February 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202175334/https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/MItab.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 
! 1970<ref name=MItab/> 
! 1940<ref name=MItab/>
|-
| [[White American|White]] || 67.6% || 73.0% || 82.0% || 91% || 95.5%
|-
| —[[Non-Hispanic whites|Non-Hispanic]] ||  65.9%|| 70.4% || 80.4% || - || -
|-
| [[African American|Black or African American]] || 6.8% || 7.7% || 9.0% || 6.7% || 4.1%
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (of any race) || 5.5% || 4.1% || 2.6% || 1.3%{{refn|group="note"|From 15% sample.<ref name="MItab" />}} || -
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]] || 15.7% || 14.4% || 7.7% || 1.5% || 0.3%
|}

===Crime===
According to the [[Uniform Crime Reports|Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program]] in 2022, Ann Arbor had 371 reported [[violent crime]]s (which include homicide, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault) and 2069 reported [[property crime]]s (which include arson, burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft). With a violent crime rate of 309.5 per 100,000 people, the city's violent crime rate is lower than Michigan's rate of 461 per 100,000 people and the U.S. national rate of 380.7 per 100,000 people. However, Ann Arbor's property crime rate, at 1726.0 per 100,000 people, is higher than Michigan's property crime rate of 1536.8 per 100,000 people and lower than the U.S. national property crime rate of 1954.4 per 100,000 people.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/LATEST/webapp/#/pages/explorer/crime/crime-trend | title=Crime Data Explorer: Ann Arbor Police Department | year=2024 | publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910142217/https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/LATEST/webapp/ | archive-date=September 10, 2024}}</ref>{{refn|group="note"|The crime rate per 100,000 is based on the 2022 population of 119,871 in relation to the number of reported crimes in 2022.<ref name="AADemographics">{{cite web | url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDP1Y2022.DP05?g=160XX00US2603000 | title=Ann Arbor city, Michigan – DP05: ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates | year=2022 | publisher=United States Census Bureau | access-date=September 12, 2024}}</ref>}}

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy in Ann Arbor, Michigan}}
[[File:Nickels Arcade, State Street, Ann Arbor, MI - 54380297012.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Nickels Arcade]] interior|alt=See caption]]
The University of Michigan shapes Ann Arbor's economy significantly. It employs about 30,000 workers which includes about 12,000 in the medical center. Other employers are drawn to the area by the university's research and development money, and by its graduates. [[High tech]], health services and [[biotechnology]] are other major components of the city's economy; numerous medical offices, laboratories, and associated companies are located in the city.<ref name="A2_Economy_UM">{{cite web | url=https://www.a2gov.org/departments/planning/Documents/Economic%20Health/Business%20Layout_2015Update.pdf | title=Ann Arbor Business Profile | publisher=City of Ann Arbor, Planning and Development Services | date=January 2015 | accessdate=August 15, 2024}}</ref> [[Automobile industry|Automobile manufacturers]], such as [[General Motors]] and [[Visteon]], also employ residents.<ref name = "ulviid">{{cite news | url=http://money.usnews.com/money/retirement/best-places-to-retire/michigan/ann_arbor | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101184700/http://money.usnews.com/money/retirement/best-places-to-retire/michigan/ann_arbor | archive-date=January 1, 2012 | title=Ann Arbor, MI | work=U.S. News & World Report | year=2010 | access-date=March 5, 2013}}</ref>

Its economy is primarily focused on [[high technology]], with numerous [[startup companies]] drawn to the area due to the university's robust [[research and development]] activities.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://annarborusa.org/why-ann-arbor/industries/ | title=Why Ann Arbor: Industries | publisher=Ann Arbor Spark | year=2024 | accessdate=August 12, 2024}}</ref> High tech companies have located in the area since the 1930s, when [[International Radio Corporation]] introduced the first mass-produced AC/DC radio (the Kadette, in 1931) as well as the first pocket radio (the Kadette Jr., in 1933).<ref>{{cite journal | author=Mahon, Morgan E. | title=A Flick of the Switch 1930–1950 | journal=Antiques Electronics Supply | year=1990 | pages=100–1}}</ref> Firms include [[Arbor Networks]] (provider of Internet traffic engineering and security systems), [[Arbortext]] (provider of XML-based publishing software), [[JSTOR]] (the digital scholarly journal archive), [[Truven Health Analytics]], and [[ProQuest]], which includes [[University Microfilms International|UMI]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.proquest.com/en-US/aboutus/contactus.shtml | title=Contact Us | year=2009 | access-date=August 23, 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010080055/http://www.proquest.com/en-US/aboutus/contactus.shtml | archive-date=October 10, 2013 | website=ProQuest }}</ref> Duo Security, a cloud-based access security provider of two-factor authentication, is headquartered in Ann Arbor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.freep.com/story/money/business/michigan/2016/05/07/cyber-security-hacking-duo-ann-arbor/83975578/|title=Duo Security bolsters region's technology profile|work=Detroit Free Press|access-date=May 15, 2017|language=en|archive-date=June 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612024530/http://www.freep.com/story/money/business/michigan/2016/05/07/cyber-security-hacking-duo-ann-arbor/83975578/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was formerly a [[Unicorn (finance)|unicorn]] and continues to be headquartered in Ann Arbor after its acquisition by [[Cisco Systems]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://fortune.com/2018/08/02/cisco-buys-duo-security/ | title = Cisco Buys Duo Security for $2.35 Billion |author=Hackett, Robert |journal=Fortune |date=August 2, 2018 |access-date=May 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221223617/https://fortune.com/2018/08/02/cisco-buys-duo-security/ | archive-date=February 21, 2020 }}</ref> In November 2021, semiconductor test equipment company [[KLA Corporation]] opened a new North American headquarters in Ann Arbor.<ref name=click1>{{cite news |url=https://www.clickondetroit.com/all-about-ann-arbor/2021/11/05/look-inside-klas-new-200m-headquarters-in-ann-arbor/#// |title=KLA Debuts New Portfolio of Automotive Chip Testing Products |website=Click on Detroit |date=November 11, 2021 |access-date=January 28, 2022 |archive-date=January 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129004540/https://www.clickondetroit.com/all-about-ann-arbor/2021/11/05/look-inside-klas-new-200m-headquarters-in-ann-arbor/#// |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ann Arbor is the home to [[Internet2]] and the [[Merit Network]], a not-for-profit research and education computer network. Both are located in the South State Commons 2 building on South State Street.<ref>{{cite news | author=Bomey, Nathan | url=http://www.annarbor.com/business-review/mitc-foundation-to-dissolve-after-losing-46-million-in-3-year-stretch/ | title=Michigan Information Technology Center dissolving after Ann Arbor nonprofit lost $4.6M over 3 years | work=Business Review | publisher=AnnArbor.com | date=August 29, 2010 | access-date= October 19, 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110214107/http://www.annarbor.com/business-review/mitc-foundation-to-dissolve-after-losing-46-million-in-3-year-stretch/ | archive-date=November 10, 2013 }}</ref> The city is also home to a secondary office of Google's [[AdWords]] program—the company's primary revenue stream.<ref>{{cite news | author=Goodman, David N. | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/11/AR2006071100225.html | title=Google Plans to Open Facility in Michigan | date=July 11, 2006 | newspaper=The Washington Post | access-date=August 4, 2008 | archive-date=October 1, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001220851/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/11/AR2006071100225.html | url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2022|post=,}} Ann Arbor is home to more than twenty video game and XR studios of varying sizes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://michigangamestudios.com/ | title=Michigan Game Studios Database | publisher=IGDA Ann Arbor | year=2022 | access-date=October 29, 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806213909/https://michigangamestudios.com/ | archive-date=August 6, 2022 }}</ref> The city plays host to a regional chapter of the [[International Game Developers Association|International Game Developers Association (IGDA)]] which hosts monthly meetups, presentations, and educational events.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.meetup.com/a2-game-designers/ | title=IGDA Ann Arbor | publisher=IGDA Ann Arbor | year=2022 | access-date=October 29, 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716055015/https://www.meetup.com/a2-game-designers/ | archive-date=July 16, 2022 }}</ref>

[[File:State Street, Ann Arbor, MI - 54381372524.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Commercial buildings in Downtown Ann Arbor|alt=See caption]]

The city is the home of many research and engineering centers, including the [[Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory]] that is operated by [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] and the [[Michigan Tech Research Institute]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://ns.umich.edu/htdocs/releases/story.php?id=6895 | title=U-M to buy Pfizer's former Ann Arbor property | work=University of Michigan News Service | date=December 18, 2008 | access-date=October 19, 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609213216/http://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/releases/story.php?id=6895 | archive-date=June 9, 2010 }}</ref> Other research centers sited in the city are the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]'s National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.epa.gov/nvfel/ | title=National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory | date=April 3, 2007 | publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] | access-date=August 23, 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080920012129/http://www.epa.gov/nvfel/| archive-date= September 20, 2008 | url-status= dead}}</ref> and the [[Toyota|Toyota Technical Center]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toyota.com/about/our_business/research_and_development/ |title=Our Business—Research & Development |year=2010 |publisher=Toyota Motor North America, Inc |access-date=October 19, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006010026/http://www.toyota.com/about/our_business/research_and_development/ |archive-date=October 6, 2010  }}</ref> The city is also home to National Sanitation Foundation International ([[NSF International]]), the nonprofit non-governmental organization that develops generally accepted standards for a variety of public health related industries and subject areas.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://blog.mlive.com/ann_arbor_business_review/2007/11/company_of_2007_nsf_internatio.html |title=Company of 2007: NSF International |author=Nathan Bomey and Greg Migliore |journal=Ann Arbor Business Review |date=November 15, 2007 |access-date=September 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131110213246/http://blog.mlive.com/ann_arbor_business_review/2007/11/company_of_2007_nsf_internatio.html |archive-date=November 10, 2013 }}</ref>

Non-high tech companies in Ann Arbor include [[Domino's Pizza]], headquartered on [[Domino's Farms]], a {{convert|271|acre|ha|adj=on}} [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]-inspired complex just northeast of the city.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://blog.mlive.com/ann_arbor_business_review/2007/11/commercial_real_estate_winner.html |title=Commercial Real Estate winner: Domino's Farms |author=Migliore, Greg |journal=Ann Arbor Business Review |date=November 15, 2007 |access-date=September 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131104205755/http://blog.mlive.com/ann_arbor_business_review/2007/11/commercial_real_estate_winner.html |archive-date= November 4, 2013 }}</ref> Another Ann Arbor-based company is [[Zingerman's|Zingerman's Delicatessen]], which serves sandwiches and has developed businesses under a variety of brand names.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.mlive.com/grpress/business/2008/09/zingermans_recipe_for_success.html | title=Zingerman's recipe for success will be served | author=Albanese, Erin | journal=The Grand Rapids Press | date=September 1, 2008 | access-date=September 6, 2009 }}</ref> Avfuel, a global supplier of aviation fuels and services, is headquartered in Ann Arbor<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://blog.mlive.com/ann_arbor_business_review/2008/04/aviation_fuel_co_plans_ann_arb.html |title=Aviation fuel co. plans Ann Arbor HQ expansion |author=Meisler, Dan |journal=Ann Arbor Business Review |date=April 18, 2008 |access-date=September 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131104201458/http://blog.mlive.com/ann_arbor_business_review/2008/04/aviation_fuel_co_plans_ann_arb.html |archive-date= November 4, 2013 }}</ref> as is [[Pinkerton (detective agency)|Pinkerton]], a detective and private security firm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact Us |url=https://pinkerton.com/contact-us |access-date=April 29, 2023 |website=pinkerton.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Many [[cooperative]] enterprises were founded in the city; among those that remain are the People's Food Co-op and the [[Inter-Cooperative Council at the University of Michigan]], a [[student housing cooperative]] founded in 1937.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc.coop/learn/history/ |title=About ICC—Inter-Cooperative Council |year=2007 |publisher=Inter-Cooperative Council, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A. |access-date=August 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624064519/http://www.icc.coop/learn/history/ |archive-date=June 24, 2008  }}</ref> There are also three [[cohousing]] communities—[[Sunward Cohousing|Sunward]], Great Oak, and Touchstone—located immediately to the west of the city limits.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://directory.ic.org/intentional_communities_in_Michigan | title=Communities Directory | publisher=Fellowship for Intentional Community | year=2010 | access-date=October 19, 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110214425/http://directory.ic.org/intentional_communities_in_Michigan | archive-date=November 10, 2013 }}</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Ann Arbor, Michigan}}

[[File:Michigan Theater (51706119067).jpg|thumb|Michigan Theater is the location of the Ann Arbor Film Festival, the Ann Arbor Symphony, and the Ann Arbor Concert Band|alt=See caption]]

Several performing arts groups and facilities are on the University of Michigan's campus, as are [[Museums at the University of Michigan|museums]] dedicated to art, [[archaeology]], and natural history and sciences. Founded in 1879, the [[University Musical Society]] is an independent performing arts organization that presents over 60 events each year, bringing international artists in music, dance, and theater. Since 2001 [[Shakespeare in the Arb]] has presented one play by Shakespeare each June, in a large park near downtown.<ref name=blog>{{cite web|url=http://mbgna.blogspot.com/2015/04/shakespeare-in-arb-fifteen-years-of.html|title=Shakespeare in the Arb: Fifteen Years of Outdoor Theater Magic|last=Matthaei-Nichols|date=April 9, 2015|access-date=June 9, 2015|archive-date=June 10, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610140751/http://mbgna.blogspot.com/2015/04/shakespeare-in-arb-fifteen-years-of.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Regional and local performing arts groups not associated with the university include the Ann Arbor Civic Theatre, the Arbor Opera Theater, the [[Ann Arbor Symphony Orchestra]], [[The Ark (folk venue)|The Ark]],<ref name="AAArt">{{cite web | url=https://creativewashtenaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/2016-Guide_low_res.pdf | title=The Annual Arts & Cultural Guide - Your Guide to the Arts and Culture in the Greater Ann Arbor Area | year=2016 |publisher=The Arts Alliance | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817103731/https://creativewashtenaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/2016-Guide_low_res.pdf | archive-date=August 17, 2022}}</ref> and [[Performance Network Theatre]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.performancenetwork.org/about-us/ | title=About | publisher=Performance Network Theatre | year=2009 | access-date=August 23, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102111140/http://performancenetwork.org/about-us/ | archive-date=November 2, 2013 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> [[State Theatre (Ann Arbor, Michigan)|State Theatre]] and the adjacent [[Michigan Theater (Ann Arbor, Michigan)|Michigan Theater]] are a [[movie palace]] and a [[performing arts center]], respectively.<ref name="AAArt" /> Another unique piece of artistic expression in Ann Arbor is the [[Fairy Doors of Ann Arbor, MI|fairy doors]]. These small portals are examples of [[installation art]] and can be found throughout the downtown area.<ref>{{cite web |author=Headlee, Celeste| url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5393277 | title=The Wee Fairy Doors of Ann Arbor, Mich. | publisher=NPR | date=May 9, 2006| access-date=August 4, 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323134324/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5393277| archive-date=March 23, 2014}}</ref>

[[File:WeinmannBlockAnnArborMI.JPG|thumb|The [[Weinmann Block]] is listed on the NRHP|alt=A photograph of the front and side facade of the [[Weinmann Block]]]]

The [[Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum]], an interactive [[Science museum#Science centres|science center]], is located in a renovated and expanded historic downtown fire station.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aadl.org/aaobserver/220930 | title=The firehouse and the Hands-on Museum | author=Shackman, Grace | date=November 1996 | publisher=Ann Arbor Observer | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229184830/https://aadl.org/aaobserver/220930 | archive-date=February 29, 2024}}</ref> The Ann Arbor Art Center is a [[nonprofit organization|nonprofit]] that organizes art activities and exhibitions.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.annarborartcenter.org/about-us/ | title=About Us | publisher=The Ann Arbor Art Center | year=2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915205220/https://www.annarborartcenter.org/about-us/ | archive-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> Aside from the [[Ann Arbor District Library]], which maintains four branch outlets in addition to its main downtown building, and being the home to the [[Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/aboutlib.asp|title=Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum|publisher=Presidential Libraries System – National Archives and Records Administration|access-date=August 13, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825083415/http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/aboutlib.asp|archive-date=August 25, 2009}}</ref> Ann Arbor ranks first among U.S. cities in the number of booksellers and books sold per capita.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecurrent.com/ag/2003/shop/list.php#boo |title=Ann Arbor Guide 2003–4 |year=2003–2004 |publisher=Ecurrent.com |access-date=August 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041210170216/http://ecurrent.com/ag/2003/shop/list.php |archive-date=December 10, 2004 }}</ref>

Several annual events—many of them centered on performing and visual arts—draw visitors to Ann Arbor. One such event is the [[Ann Arbor Art Fairs]], a set of four concurrent juried fairs held on downtown streets. Scheduled on Thursday through Sunday of the third week of July, the fairs draw upward of half a million visitors.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.artfair.org/ | title=About—Mission & History | publisher=Ann Arbor Street Art Fair | year=2006 | access-date=August 4, 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410121649/http://artfair.org/ | archive-date=April 10, 2014 }}</ref> Another is the [[Ann Arbor Film Festival]], held during the third week of March, which receives more than 2,500 submissions annually from more than 40 countries and serves as one of a handful of Academy Award–qualifying festivals in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=About |url=http://www.aafilmfest.org/about/ |publisher=Ann Arbor Film Festival |access-date=May 31, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621095019/http://www.aafilmfest.org/about/ |archive-date=June 21, 2009 }}</ref>

Ann Arbor has a long history of openness to marijuana, given Ann Arbor's decriminalization of [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]], the large number of [[medical marijuana]] dispensaries in the city (one dispensary, called People's Co-op, was directly across the street from [[Michigan Stadium]] until zoning forced it to move one mile to the west), the large number of pro-marijuana residents, and the annual [[Hash Bash]]: an event that is held on the first Saturday of April. Until (at least) the successful passage of Michigan's medical marijuana law, the event had arguably strayed from its initial intent, although for years, a number of attendees have received serious legal responses due to marijuana use on University of Michigan property, which does not fall under the city's progressive and compassionate ticketing program.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.annarbor.com/news/40-years-of-hash-bash-marijuana-festival-that-started-in-early-1970s-still-going-strong-in-ann-arbor/ | title=40 years of Hash Bash: Marijuana festival started in 1972 in Ann Arbor stands test of time | publisher=Ann Arbor.com | date=March 31, 2011 | access-date=August 4, 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231055000/http://www.annarbor.com/news/40-years-of-hash-bash-marijuana-festival-that-started-in-early-1970s-still-going-strong-in-ann-arbor/ | archive-date=December 31, 2013 |author-first1=Ryan J. |author-last1=Stanton}}</ref>

A person from Ann Arbor is called an "Ann Arborite", and many long-time residents call themselves "townies". The city itself is often called "A²" ("A-squared") or "A2" ("A two") or "AA", "The Deuce" (mainly by Chicagoans), and "Tree Town".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ssw.umich.edu/about/UM-A2.html | title=About U-M SSW—Ann Arbor | publisher=University of Michigan School of Social Work | year=2009 | access-date=August 24, 2009 | archive-date=September 12, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912002024/http://www.ssw.umich.edu/about/UM-A2.html | url-status=live }}</ref> With [[tongue-in-cheek]] reference to the city's liberal political leanings, some occasionally refer to Ann Arbor as "The People's Republic of Ann Arbor"<ref>{{cite news | author=Bakopoulos, Dean | url=http://www.pub.umich.edu/daily/1997/apr/04-17-97/week/arts21.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102004715/http://www.pub.umich.edu/daily/1997/apr/04-17-97/week/arts21.html | archive-date=January 2, 2008 | title=Places I'll remember: A farewell to Ann Arbor | work=The Michigan Daily | date=April 17, 1997 | access-date=August 29, 2010}}</ref> or "25 square miles surrounded by reality."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.boothnewspapers.com/markets/aa.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621195124/http://www.boothnewspapers.com/markets/aa.html | archive-date=June 21, 2006 | title=Welcome to Ann Arbor | publisher=Booth Newspapers |work=The Ann Arbor News | year=2007 | access-date=August 4, 2008}}</ref> In ''[[A Prairie Home Companion]]'' broadcast from Ann Arbor, [[Garrison Keillor]] described Ann Arbor as "a city where people discuss socialism, but only in the fanciest restaurants."<ref>{{cite news | author=Grass, Michael | title=A2, a training ground for life's finer experiences | url=https://www.michigandaily.com/uncategorized/a2-training-ground-lifes-finer-experiences/ | work=The Michigan Daily | date=September 2, 2002 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002085532/https://www.michigandaily.com/uncategorized/a2-training-ground-lifes-finer-experiences/ | archive-date=October 2, 2023}}</ref> Ann Arbor sometimes appears on [[citation index]]es as an author, instead of a location, often with the [[academic degree]] ''MI'', a misunderstanding of the abbreviation for Michigan.<ref name="pmid18354457">{{cite journal |author=Postellon DC |title=Hall and Keynes join Arbor in the citation indexes |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=452 |issue=7185 |page=282 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18354457 |doi=10.1038/452282b|bibcode=2008Natur.452..282P |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Sports==

Ann Arbor is a major center for college sports, most notably at the [[University of Michigan]]. Several well-known college sports facilities exist in the city, including [[Michigan Stadium]], the largest [[American football]] stadium and the [[List of stadiums by capacity|third-largest stadium]] of any kind in the world with a capacity of 107,601.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Battle over Michigan Stadium has national implications | author=Schultz, Marisa | journal=The Detroit News | date=December 24, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mgoblue.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/080715aaa.html|title=U-M Announces New Seating Capacity for Michigan Stadium|website=www.mgoblue.com|date=August 7, 2015|access-date=March 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625150652/http://www.mgoblue.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/080715aaa.html|archive-date=June 25, 2017}}</ref> The stadium is colloquially known as "The Big House" due to its status as the largest American football stadium.<ref name="Michigan Stadium">{{cite web | url=http://www.mgoblue.com/facilities/michigan-stadium.html | title=Michigan Stadium | publisher=MGoBlue.com | date=June 5, 2009 | access-date=August 23, 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419162602/http://www.mgoblue.com/facilities/michigan-stadium.html | archive-date=April 19, 2014 }}</ref> [[Crisler Center]] and [[Yost Ice Arena]] play host to the school's basketball (both [[Michigan Wolverines men's basketball|men's]] and [[Michigan Wolverines women's basketball|women's]]) and [[Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey|ice hockey]] teams, respectively.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mgoblue.com/facilities/page.aspx?id=12098 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530195324/http://www.mgoblue.com/facilities/page.aspx?id=12098 | archive-date=May 30, 2008 | title=University of Michigan Athletics Facilities | publisher=MGoBlue.com | year=2009 | access-date=August 23, 2009}}</ref> [[Concordia University, Ann Arbor, Michigan|Concordia University]], a member of the [[National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics|NAIA]], also fields sports teams.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.concordiacardinals.com/index.php | title=Concordia University Athletics | publisher=Concordia University—Ann Arbor, Michigan | year=2009 | access-date=August 23, 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110212641/http://www.concordiacardinals.com/index.php | archive-date=November 10, 2013 }}</ref>

In semi-professional sports Ann Arbor is represented in the [[National Premier Soccer League|NPSL]] by [[AFC Ann Arbor]], a soccer club founded in 2014 who call themselves The Mighty Oak.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.afcannarbor.com/history | publisher=AFC Ann Arbor | title=Club History - AFC Ann Arbor | year=2024 | access-date=August 4, 2024}}</ref>

==Government==
{{See also|List of mayors of Ann Arbor, Michigan}}
[[File:Washtenaw County Courthouse (Ann Arbor).jpg|thumb|Washtenaw County Courthouse|alt=A photograph of the front facade of the Washtenaw County Courthouse]]
As the [[county seat]] of [[Washtenaw County, Michigan|Washtenaw County]],<ref name="Clark">{{cite web |url=http://clarke.cmich.edu/resource_tab/bibliographies_of_clarke_library_material/michigan_local_history/county_material/washtenaw.html |publisher=[[Charles V. Park Library|Clarke Historical Library]], [[Central Michigan University]] |title=Bibliography on Washtenaw County |access-date=January 23, 2013 |archive-date=February 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217094416/http://clarke.cmich.edu/resource_tab/bibliographies_of_clarke_library_material/michigan_local_history/county_material/washtenaw.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the Washtenaw County Trial Court (22nd Circuit Court) is located in Ann Arbor at the Washtenaw County Courthouse on Main Street. Seven judges serve on the court.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://washtenawtrialcourt.org/ |title=Washtenaw County Trial Court |publisher=Washtenawtrialcourt.org |date=February 20, 2012 |access-date=April 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323140232/http://washtenawtrialcourt.org/ |archive-date=March 23, 2014 }}</ref> The 15th [[Michigan district courts|Michigan district court]], which serves only the city itself, is located within the Ann Arbor Justice Center, immediately next to city hall. The  [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan|U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan]] and [[United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit|Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit]] are also located in downtown Ann Arbor, at the federal building on Liberty Street.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aadl.org/node/5049 |title=The Ugliest Building in Ann Arbor? &#124; Ann Arbor District Library |publisher=Aadl.org |access-date=April 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110221027/http://www.aadl.org/node/5049 |archive-date=November 10, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.concentratemedia.com/devnews/annarborfederalbuilding0051.aspx |title=Downtown Ann Arbor's Federal Building in line for green upgrades |publisher=Concentratemedia.com |date=April 8, 2009 |access-date=April 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110215301/http://www.concentratemedia.com/devnews/annarborfederalbuilding0051.aspx |archive-date=November 10, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mied.uscourts.gov/Visiting/Locations/ |title=Locations, Driving Directions, Parking |publisher=United States District Court – Eastern District of Michigan |year=2009 |access-date=August 23, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825160412/http://www.mied.uscourts.gov/Visiting/Locations/ |archive-date=August 25, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/lib_hist/Courthouses/michigan/annarbor.html |title=Ann Arbor courthouse |date=February 22, 2012 |access-date=June 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222105240/http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/lib_hist/Courthouses/michigan/annarbor.html |archive-date=February 22, 2012 }}</ref>

In the [[Michigan Legislature]], the city is split between [[Michigan's 23rd House of Representatives district|Districts 23]], [[Michigan's 33rd House of Representatives district|33]], [[Michigan's 47th House of Representatives district|47]], and [[Michigan's 48th House of Representatives district|48]] in the [[Michigan House of Representatives]]. In the [[Michigan Senate]], Ann Arbor is covered by [[Michigan's 14th Senate district|Districts 14]] and [[Michigan's 15th Senate district|15]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mcgi.state.mi.us/districtlocator/ | title=Michigan District Locator | publisher=State of Michigan | year=2024 | accessdate=September 18, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829002323/https://www.mcgi.state.mi.us/districtlocator/ | archive-date=August 29, 2024}}</ref> Ann Arbor is within the [[Michigan's 6th congressional district|6th congressional district]], currently represented by [[Debbie Dingell]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/MI/6 | title=Michigan's 6th Congressional District | year=2024 | accessdate=September 18, 2024 | publisher=GovTrack | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629051125/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/MI/6 | archive-date=June 29, 2024}}</ref>

[[File:MainStreetPostOfficeAnnArborMI.JPG|thumb|[[Washtenaw County Administration Building]]|alt=A photograph of the front facade of the [[Washtenaw County Administration Building]]]]

Ann Arbor has a [[council–manager]] form of government, with 11 voting members: the mayor and 10 city council members. Each of the city's five wards are represented by two council members, with the mayor elected [[at-large]] during [[United States midterm election|midterm]] years. Half of the council members are elected in midterm years, with the other in general election years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=City Council|url=https://www.a2gov.org/departments/city-council/Pages/Home.aspx|access-date=January 6, 2022|website=www.a2gov.org|language=en-US|archive-date=January 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106205634/https://www.a2gov.org/departments/city-council/Pages/Home.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> The mayor is the presiding officer of the city council and has the power to appoint all council committee members as well as board and commission members, with the approval of the city council. The current mayor of Ann Arbor is [[Christopher Taylor (politician)|Christopher Taylor]], a [[Michigan Democratic Party|Democrat]] who was elected as mayor in 2014.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.a2gov.org/departments/city-council/Pages/Mayor-Christopher-Taylor.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513001747/http://www.a2gov.org/citycouncil/index.html | archive-date=May 13, 2007 | title=Government | year=2007 | publisher=Ann Arbor City Council | access-date=August 23, 2008}}</ref> Day-to-day city operations are managed by a [[City manager|city administrator]] chosen by the city council.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.a2gov.org/government/city_administration/City_Clerk/Documents/charter.pdf| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003030858/http://www.a2gov.org/government/city_administration/City_Clerk/Documents/charter.pdf| archive-date=October 3, 2011| title=Charter for the City of Ann Arbor, Michigan | publisher=Ann Arbor City Government | date=April 9, 1956 | access-date=March 5, 2013 | pages=9, 41}}</ref> While Democrats, {{as of|2024|lc=y|post=,}} hold the mayorship and all ten council seats,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.a2gov.org/departments/city-council/Pages/Home.aspx |title=City Council |publisher=Ann Arbor City Government |access-date=May 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521081323/http://www.a2gov.org/departments/city-council/Pages/Home.aspx |archive-date=May 21, 2016  }}</ref> Ann Arbor has two major political factions.<ref name="local-politics-overview-mlive">{{Cite web |last=Stanton |first=Ryan |date=December 30, 2021 |title=Ann Arbor is one of Michigan's great cities, so why is its government such a mess? |url=https://www.mlive.com/news/ann-arbor/2021/12/ann-arbor-is-one-of-michigans-great-cities-so-why-is-its-government-such-a-mess.html |access-date=April 20, 2023 |website=mlive |language=en}}</ref> A major source of this local divide is differences in views on the city's growth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2, 2022 |title=Critic of Ann Arbor's fast pace of growth faces 8-year incumbent in mayor's race |url=https://www.michiganradio.org/politics-government/2022-11-01/critic-of-ann-arbors-fast-pace-of-growth-faces-8-year-incumbant-in-mayors-race |access-date=April 20, 2023 |website=Michigan Radio |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Current Ann Arbor City Council Members<ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council |url=https://www.a2gov.org/departments/city-council/Pages/Home.aspx |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.a2gov.org}}</ref>
! scope="col" | Ward
! scope="col" | Council member
! scope="col" | Party
! scope="col" | Term
|-
|1
! scope="row" |Lisa Disch
|[[Michigan Democratic Party|Democrat]]
|''2024–2028''
|-
|1
! scope="row" |Cynthia Harrison
|[[Michigan Democratic Party|Democrat]]
|''2022–2026''
|-
|2
! scope="row" |Jon Mallek
|[[Michigan Democratic Party|Democrat]]
|''2024–2028''
|-
|2
! scope="row" |Chris Watson
|[[Michigan Democratic Party|Democrat]]
|''2022–2026''
|-
|3
! scope="row" |Travis Radina
|[[Michigan Democratic Party|Democrat]]
|''2024–2028''
|-
|3
! scope="row" |Ayesha Ghazi Edwin
|[[Michigan Democratic Party|Democrat]]
|''2022–2026''
|-
|4
! scope="row" |Jen Eyer
|[[Michigan Democratic Party|Democrat]]
|''2024–2028''
|-
|4
! scope="row" |Dharma Akmon
|[[Michigan Democratic Party|Democrat]]
|''2022–2026''
|-
|5
! scope="row" |Erica Briggs
|[[Michigan Democratic Party|Democrat]]
|''2024–2028''
|-
|5
! scope="row" |Jenn Cornell
|[[Michigan Democratic Party|Democrat]]
|''2022–2026''
|}

==Education==
===Primary and secondary education===
{{main|Ann Arbor Public Schools}}

[[File:St. Thomas the Apostle Catholic School, Elizabeth Street, Ann Arbor, MI - 54381375694.jpg|thumb|St. Thomas the Apostle Catholic School|alt=See caption]]

[[State school|Public schools]] are part of the [[Ann Arbor Public Schools]] (AAPS) district. AAPS has one of the country's leading music programs. For the 2021–2022 school year, 17,070 students were enrolled in the Ann Arbor Public Schools.{{NCES District ID|2602820|district_name=Ann Arbor Public Schools|access_date=September 10, 2024|do_not_render=true}} Notable schools include [[Pioneer High School (Ann Arbor, Michigan)|Pioneer]], [[Huron High School (Ann Arbor, Michigan)|Huron]], [[Skyline High School (Ann Arbor, Michigan)|Skyline]], [[Community High School (Ann Arbor, Michigan)|Community]] high schools, Pathways to Success Academic Campus, and [[Ann Arbor Open School]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Directory of Schools|url=https://www.a2schools.org/domain/258|access-date=September 9, 2018|archive-date=September 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910094542/https://www.a2schools.org/domain/258|url-status=live}}</ref> The district has a preschool center with both free and tuition-based programs for preschoolers in the district.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://preschool.a2schools.org/preschool.home/about_our_program | title=About Our Programs | publisher=Ann Arbor Preschool & Family Center | year=2009 | access-date=December 4, 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712094244/http://preschool.a2schools.org/preschool.home/about_our_program | archive-date=July 12, 2012 }}</ref> The University High School, a "demonstration school" with teachers drawn from the University of Michigan's education program, was part of the school system from 1924 to 1968.<ref>{{cite magazine | title=The Cubs of the Wolverines | magazine=Michigan Education Magazine | date=Winter 2018 | pages=16–17 | url=https://issuu.com/um-soe/docs/michigan-education-magazine-winter- | access-date=November 23, 2020 | archive-date=August 9, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809135955/https://issuu.com/um-soe/docs/michigan-education-magazine-winter- | url-status=live }}</ref>

Ann Arbor is home to several private schools,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arborweb.com/cg/t0054.html |title=City Guide—Private Schools | publisher=Arborweb.com | year=2009 | access-date=November 1, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923084443/http://arborweb.com/cg/t0054.html |archive-date=September 23, 2013 }}</ref> including [[Clonlara School]], [[Michigan Islamic Academy]], and [[Greenhills School]], a prep school. The city is also home to several [[charter schools in the United States|charter schools]] such as Central Academy (Michigan) (PreK–12) of the [[Global Educational Excellence]] (GEE) charter school company.<ref>"[http://www.gee-edu.com/gee-academies/ GEE Academies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908024800/http://www.gee-edu.com/gee-academies/ |date=September 8, 2015 }}." [[Global Educational Excellence]]. Retrieved on September 1, 2015.</ref>

===Higher education===
The [[University of Michigan]] dominates the city of Ann Arbor, providing the city with its [[college town]] character. University buildings are located in the center of the city and the campus is directly adjacent to the State Street and South University downtown areas.<ref>{{cite magazine | author=Cochran, Jason | date=October 2002 | url=http://www.budgettravel.com/feature/0210_CollegeTown_AnnArbor,4274/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305225616/http://www.budgettravel.com/feature/0210_CollegeTown_AnnArbor,4274/ |archive-date=March 5, 2013 | title=Ann Arbor, Michigan |magazine=Budget Travel | access-date=March 5, 2013}}</ref>

Other local colleges and universities include [[Concordia University Ann Arbor]], a [[Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod|Lutheran]] liberal-arts institution. In 2000, the [[Ave Maria School of Law]], a Roman Catholic law school established by [[Domino's Pizza]] founder [[Tom Monaghan]], opened in northeastern Ann Arbor; the school moved to [[Ave Maria, Florida]] in 2009,<ref>{{cite news | author=Brannock, Jennifer | url=http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2007/feb/25/florida_vs_michigan_ave_maria_law_school_not_game_/ | title=Florida vs. Michigan: Ave Maria law school not a game to them | newspaper=Naples Daily News | date=February 25, 2007 | access-date=August 4, 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613173843/http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2007/feb/25/florida_vs_michigan_ave_maria_law_school_not_game_/ | archive-date=June 13, 2013 }}</ref> and the [[Thomas M. Cooley Law School]] acquired the former Ave Maria buildings for use as a branch campus.<ref>{{cite news |author=Paula Gardner |url=http://blog.mlive.com/paulagardner/2009/06/cooley_law_move_into_ave_maria.html |title=Cooley Law move into Ave Maria space good news for office real estate market |work=MLive |access-date=April 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140323135348/http://blog.mlive.com/paulagardner/2009/06/cooley_law_move_into_ave_maria.html |archive-date=March 23, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.nationaljurist.com/content/thomas-cooley-opens-new-branch-old-ave-maria-building |title=Thomas Cooley opens new branch in old Ave Maria building |magazine=The National Jurist |access-date=April 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323134622/http://www.nationaljurist.com/content/thomas-cooley-opens-new-branch-old-ave-maria-building |archive-date=March 23, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.annarbor.com/business-review/law-schools-lease-of-former-ave-maria-site-keeps-area-vibrant |title=Law school's lease of former Ave Maria site keeps area vibrant |website=Annarbor |date=November 7, 2009 |access-date=April 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323172219/http://www.annarbor.com/business-review/law-schools-lease-of-former-ave-maria-site-keeps-area-vibrant/ |archive-date=March 23, 2014 }}</ref>

==Media==

''[[The Ann Arbor News]]'', owned by the Michigan-based [[Booth Newspapers]] chain, was the major newspaper serving Ann Arbor and the rest of Washtenaw County. The newspaper ended its 174-year daily print run in 2009 due to economic difficulties, and began producing two printed editions a week under the name AnnArbor.com.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/ann-arbor/index.ssf/2009/03/ann_arbor_news_to_close_in_jul.html |author=Murray, Stefanie |title=Ann Arbor News to Close in July |journal=The Ann Arbor News |date=March 23, 2009 |access-date=March 23, 2009 |archive-url=https://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091016070437/http://www.mlive.com/news/ann-arbor/index.ssf/2009/03/ann_arbor_news_to_close_in_jul.html |archive-date=October 16, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ann Arbor has been said to be the first significant city to lose its only daily paper.<ref>{{cite web|last=Edmonds |first=Rick |url=http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/business-news/the-biz-blog/96340/why-ann-arbor-will-be-the-first-city-to-lose-its-only-daily-newspaper/ |title=Why Ann Arbor Will be the First City to Lose its Only Daily Newspaper &#124; Poynter |publisher=Poynter. |date=June 16, 2009 |access-date=April 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110215325/http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/business-news/the-biz-blog/96340/why-ann-arbor-will-be-the-first-city-to-lose-its-only-daily-newspaper/ |archive-date=November 10, 2013 }}</ref> The publication resumed using its former name in 2013, and also produces a daily digital edition named MLive.com.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2019/07/19/column-10-years-later-the-death-of-its-daily-newspaper-still-haunts-my-hometown/ | title=10 years later, the death of its daily newspaper still haunts my hometown | last=Zorn | first=Eric | date=July 19, 2019 | publisher=Chicago Tribune | accessdate=August 16, 2024}}</ref> Another Ann Arbor-based publication that has ceased production was the ''Ann Arbor Paper'', a free monthly.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.arborweb.com/cg/t0131.html | title=Ann Arbor Publications | publisher=Arborweb.com | year=2007 | access-date=August 4, 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080828122719/http://arborweb.com/cg/t0131.html| archive-date= August 28, 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> The ''Ann Arbor Chronicle'', an online newspaper, covered local news, including meetings of the library board, county commission, and DDA until September 3, 2014.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Ann Arbor Observer|title=Hard Times at the Ann Arbor News|date=January 2009}}</ref>

Publications in the city include the ''[[Ann Arbor Observer]]'', a free monthly local magazine; and ''Current'', a free entertainment-focused [[Alternative newspaper|alt-weekly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://print.awn.org/businesses/ann_arbor_current/85 |title=Ann Arbor Current &#124; Alternative Weekly Network &#124; AWN Directory |publisher=Print.awn.org |access-date=April 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317032119/http://print.awn.org/businesses/ann_arbor_current/85 |archive-date=March 17, 2014 }}</ref> The ''[[Ann Arbor Business Review]]'' covers local business in the area. ''[[Car and Driver]]''<ref>{{cite journal|author=Migliore, Greg |title=Car and Driver cruising to new Ann Arbor offices |date=March 6, 2008 |journal=Ann Arbor Business Review |access-date=September 6, 2009 |url=http://blog.mlive.com/ann_arbor_business_review/2008/03/car_and_driver_cruising_to_new.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140317031959/http://blog.mlive.com/ann_arbor_business_review/2008/03/car_and_driver_cruising_to_new.html |archive-date=March 17, 2014 }}</ref> magazine and ''[[Automobile Magazine]]''<ref>"Vile Gossip", [[Jean Jennings]], ''Automobile Magazine'', November 2007</ref> are also based in Ann Arbor. The University of Michigan is served by many student publications, including the independent ''[[Michigan Daily]]'' [[student newspaper]], which reports on local, state, and regional issues in addition to campus news.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.michigandaily.com/about |title=About the Daily |newspaper=The Michigan Daily|access-date=August 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117174222/http://www.michigandaily.com/about/ |archive-date=November 17, 2006}}</ref>

Four major [[amplitude modulation|AM]] radio stations based in or near Ann Arbor are [[WAAM]] 1600, a conservative news and talk station; [[WLBY]] 1290, a business news and talk station; [[WDEO (AM)|WDEO]] 990, Catholic radio; and [[WTKA]] 1050, which is primarily a sports station. The city's [[frequency modulation|FM]] stations include [[National Public Radio|NPR]] affiliate [[WUOM]] 91.7; country station [[WWWW-FM|WWWW]] 102.9; and adult-alternative station [[WQKL]] 107.1. Freeform station [[WCBN-FM]] 88.3 is a local community radio/[[college radio]] station operated by the students of the University of Michigan featuring noncommercial, eclectic music and public-affairs programming.<ref name="radio">{{cite web | url=https://radiostationworld.com/locations/United_States_of_America/Michigan/radio.asp?m=ann | title=Radio Broadcasting Stations—Ann Arbor MI | publisher=RadioStationWorld | year=2007 | access-date=August 4, 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423150031/http://radiostationworld.com/Locations/United_States_of_America/Michigan/radio.asp?m=ann | archive-date=April 23, 2014 }}</ref>  The city is also served by public and commercial radio broadcasters in Ypsilanti, the Lansing/Jackson area, Detroit, Windsor, and Toledo.<ref name="AATVR">{{cite web|url=http://www.michiguide.com/dials/detroit.html |title=Southeast Michigan Radio and TV Dial Guide |publisher=Michiguide|access-date=August 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809053257/http://www.michiguide.com/dials/detroit.html |archive-date=August 9, 2011}}</ref>

Ann Arbor is part of the Detroit television market. [[WPXD]] channel 31, the owned-and-operated Detroit outlet of the [[ION Television|ION Television network]], is licensed to the city. Until its sign-off on August 31, 2017, [[WHTV]] channel 18, a [[MyNetworkTV]]-affiliated station for the [[Lansing, Michigan|Lansing]] market, was broadcast from a transmitter in [[Lyndon Township, Michigan|Lyndon Township]], west of Ann Arbor. Community Television Network (CTN) is a city-provided cable television channel with production facilities open to city residents and nonprofit organizations.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.a2gov.org/government/city_administration/communicationsoffice/ctn/Pages/Home.aspx | title=Community Television Network | publisher=Ann Arbor City Government | year=2007 | access-date=February 19, 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808051112/http://www.a2gov.org/government/city_administration/communicationsoffice/ctn/Pages/Home.aspx | archive-date=August 8, 2013 }}</ref> Detroit and Toledo-area radio and television stations also serve Ann Arbor, and stations from Lansing and Windsor, Ontario, can be seen in parts of the area.<ref name=AATVR />

==Infrastructure==
===Healthcare===
[[File:Barton Dam, (1913), Ann Arbor, Michigan - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Barton Dam]]|alt=See caption]]
[[File:Argo Dam (Michigan).jpg|thumb|[[Argo Dam]]|alt=See caption]]

The [[University of Michigan Health System]] (UMHS) includes University Hospital, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital and Women's Hospital in its core complex. UMHS also operates out-patient clinics and facilities throughout the city. The area's other major medical centers include a large facility operated by the [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Department of Veterans Affairs]] in Ann Arbor,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.annarbor.va.gov/about/index.asp | title=VA Ann Arbor Healthcase System—About this Facility | publisher=United States Department of Veterans Affairs | date=July 10, 2007 | access-date=August 23, 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080905144933/http://www.annarbor.va.gov/about/index.asp| archive-date= September 5, 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> and Saint Joseph Mercy Hospital in nearby [[Superior Township, Washtenaw County, Michigan|Superior Township]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stjoesannarbor.org/annarbor |title=St. Joseph Mercy Hospital |publisher=Saint Joseph Mercy Health System |year=2009 |access-date=August 23, 2009 |archive-date=February 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205200647/http://www.stjoesannarbor.org/annarbor |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Utilities===
The city provides sewage disposal and water supply services, with water coming from the [[Huron River (Michigan)|Huron River]] and groundwater sources. There are two [[water purification|water-treatment]] plants, one main and three outlying reservoirs, four [[pumping station|pump stations]], and two [[water tower]]s. These facilities serve the city, which is divided into five water districts. The city's water department also operates four dams along the Huron River—[[Argo Dam|Argo]], [[Barton Dam|Barton]], [[Geddes Dam|Geddes]], and [[Superior Dam|Superior]]—of which Barton and Superior provide [[hydroelectric power]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ci.ann-arbor.mi.us/PublicServices/Water/WTP/int-treat.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060127005708/http://www.ci.ann-arbor.mi.us/PublicServices/Water/WTP/int-treat.html | archive-date=January 27, 2006 | title=Water Treatment | year=2005 | publisher=City of Ann Arbor | access-date=August 23, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author = City of Ann Arbor |url = https://www.a2gov.org/departments/water-treatment/Pages/Dams-and-Hydros.aspx |title = Dams and Hydros |date = 2020 |publisher = City of Ann Arbor |access-date = April 20, 2020 |archive-date = July 26, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200726072603/https://www.a2gov.org/departments/water-treatment/Pages/Dams-and-Hydros.aspx |url-status = live }}</ref>

The city also offers waste management services, with [[Ecology Center (Ann Arbor)|Recycle Ann Arbor]] handling recycling service.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.recycleannarbor.org/aboutus/aboutus.htm | title=About Us | publisher=Recycle Ann Arbor | year=2007 | access-date=August 4, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080327210526/http://www.recycleannarbor.org/aboutus/aboutus.htm  |archive-date = March 27, 2008}}</ref> Other utilities are provided by private entities. [[Electric power|Electrical power]] and [[Natural gas|gas]] are provided by [[DTE Energy]]. [[AT&T Inc.]] is the primary wired telephone service provider for the area. [[Cable television|Cable TV]] service is primarily provided by [[Comcast]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.arborweb.com/cg/t0137.html | title=Arborweb—City Guide | publisher=Ann Arbor Observer | year=2009 | access-date=August 23, 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110213318/http://www.arborweb.com/cg/t0137.html | archive-date=November 10, 2013 }}</ref>

A plume of the industrial solvent [[1,4-Dioxane|dioxane]] is migrating under the city from the contaminated Gelman Sciences, Inc. property on the westside of Ann Arbor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1,4-Dioxane {{!}} Washtenaw County, MI|url=https://www.washtenaw.org/1789/14-Dioxane|access-date=March 7, 2025|website=www.washtenaw.org|archive-date=November 20, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120132505/https://www.washtenaw.org/1789/14-Dioxane|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2021|post=,}} the average measured concentration was found to be 201.19 ppb, with the maximum being 6.000 ppm.{{refn|group="note"|The average and maximum were taken for the year 2021, as found in the dataset provided by Scio Residents for Clean Water.<ref name="SRCW_Well_Data">{{cite web | url=https://www.washtenaw.org/3437/Sampling-Results | title=Sampling Results |website=Washtenaw County Health Department | access-date=March 7, 2025}}</ref>}} While the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] does not impose a federal limit on the level of the contaminant allowed in drinking water, the [[World Health Organization]] suggests a limit of 35 [[Parts per billion|ppb]]. The Gelman plume is a potential threat to one of the City of Ann Arbor's drinking water sources, the [[Huron River]], which flows through downtown Ann Arbor.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Hogue|first=Cheryl|date=November 8, 2020|title= 1,4-Dioxane: Another forever chemical plagues drinking-water utilities|url=https://cen.acs.org/environment/pollution/14-Dioxane-Another-forever-chemical/98/i43|magazine=Chemical & Engineering News|publisher=American Chemical Society|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118172610/https://cen.acs.org/environment/pollution/14-Dioxane-Another-forever-chemical/98/i43|archive-date=January 18, 2025|access-date=March 8, 2025}}</ref>

===Transportation===
{{Main|Transportation in Ann Arbor, Michigan}}

[[File:Blake Transit Center from northeast.jpg|thumb|[[Blake Transit Center]]|alt=See caption]]

The streets in downtown Ann Arbor conform to a [[grid pattern]], though this pattern is less common in the surrounding areas. Major roads branch out from the downtown district to the highways surrounding the city. The city is belted by three freeways: [[Interstate 94 in Michigan|Interstate&nbsp;94]] (I-94), which runs along the southern and western portion of the city; [[U.S. Route 23 in Michigan|U.S. Highway&nbsp;23]] (US&nbsp;23), which primarily runs along the eastern edge of Ann Arbor; and [[M-14 (Michigan highway)|M-14]], which runs along the northern edge of the city. Other nearby highways include [[U.S. Route 12 in Michigan|US&nbsp;12]] (Michigan Avenue), [[M-17 (Michigan highway)|M-17]] (Washtenaw Avenue), and [[M-153 (Michigan highway)|M-153]] (Ford Road). Several of the major surface arteries lead to the I-94/M-14 interchange in the west, US&nbsp;23 in the east, and the city's southern areas.<ref name="MDOT07">{{cite MDOT map |year = 2007 |sections = C1–C11 |access-date = August 4, 2008  }}</ref> The Washtenaw County [[Border-to-Border Trail]] connects Ann Arbor to Ypsilanti, mostly along the Huron River, for pedestrians, bicycles and other non-motorized transportation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore the Border to Border Trail |url=https://b2btrail.org/explore-the-trail/ |access-date=April 20, 2023 |website=Border to Border |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Eric |last=Gallippo |date=December 14, 2016 |title=B2B Trail, Ypsi bike lanes to expand in 2017 |url=https://www.secondwavemedia.com/concentrate/devnews/nonmotorized0391.aspx |access-date=April 20, 2023 |website=Concentrate |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Ann Arbor Area Transportation Authority]] (AAATA), which brands itself as "TheRide", operates public [[bus]] services throughout the city and nearby [[Ypsilanti, Michigan|Ypsilanti]]. The AAATA operates the [[Blake Transit Center]] on Fourth Ave. in downtown Ann Arbor, and the Ypsilanti Transit Center. A separate [[zero-fare]] bus service operates within and between the University of Michigan campuses. In 2019, 36% of trips in Ann Arbor were taken by walking, biking or transit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sumerton |first=Amy |date=July 25, 2023 |title=Transit in Transition |url=https://annarborobserver.com/transit-in-transition/ |access-date=January 8, 2024 |website=Ann Arbor Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

Since April 2012, the "AirRide" connects to [[Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport|Detroit Metro Airport]] a dozen times a day.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.michiganradio.org/post/new-airride-bus-travels-between-ann-arbor-and-detroit-metro | title=New AirRide bus travels between Ann Arbor and Detroit Metro | date=March 30, 2012 | publisher=Michigan Radio|access-date=March 30, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323170945/http://michiganradio.org/post/new-airride-bus-travels-between-ann-arbor-and-detroit-metro| archive-date=March 23, 2014}}</ref> The [[Michigan Flyer]], a service operated by Indian Trails, cooperates with AAATA for their AirRide and additionally offers bus service to East Lansing.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.michiganflyer.com/ | title=Michigan Flyer—Home | publisher=Michigan Flyer | year=2009 | access-date=March 26, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215123518/http://www.michiganflyer.com/ | archive-date=February 15, 2014 }}</ref> [[Greyhound Lines]] provides [[intercity bus service]].<ref name="GL">{{Cite press release|title=Greyhound Relocates in Ann Arbor, Michigan |date=July 8, 2014 |publisher=[[Greyhound Lines|Greyhound Lines, Inc.]] |url=https://www.greyhound.com/en/newsroom/viewrelease.aspx?id=572&year=2014 |access-date=March 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100115/https://www.greyhound.com/en/newsroom/viewrelease.aspx?id=572&year=2014 |archive-date=April 2, 2015  }}</ref> [[Megabus (North America)|Megabus]] has direct service to [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://us.megabus.com/city-guides/ann-arbor | title=Trip to Ann Arbor | publisher=Megabus | year=2024| accessdate=August 12, 2024}}</ref> while a bus service is provided by [[Amtrak Thruway]] for rail passengers making connections to services in [[East Lansing, Michigan|East Lansing]] and [[Toledo, Ohio]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://content.amtrak.com/content/timetable/Lake%20Shore%20Limited.pdf | title=Lake Shore Limited Route Timetable | publisher=Amtrak | date=August 12, 2024 | accessdate=August 12, 2024}}</ref>

Amtrak, which provides service to the city at the [[Ann Arbor (Amtrak station)|Ann Arbor Train Station]], operates the ''[[Wolverine (passenger train)|Wolverine]]'' train between Chicago and [[Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac]] via Detroit. The present-day train station neighbors the city's old [[Ann Arbor station (Michigan Central Railroad)|Michigan Central Depot]], which was renovated as a restaurant in 1970.<ref>{{cite web|author=Drukas, Alexander J. |url=http://blog.mlive.com/ann_arbor_business_review/2008/03/ann_arbors_classic_brunch_stil.html |title=Ann Arbor's classic brunch still delights |date=March 27, 2008 |access-date=August 4, 2012 |publisher=MLive.com |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131104203517/http://blog.mlive.com/ann_arbor_business_review/2008/03/ann_arbors_classic_brunch_stil.html |archive-date= November 4, 2013 }}</ref> The [[Ann Arbor Railroad (1988)|Ann Arbor Railroad]] passes through the city and provides freight service but no passenger service.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Freight rail in Michigan |url=https://www.aar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/AAR-Michigan-State-Fact-Sheet.pdf |website=American Association of Railroads}}</ref>

[[Ann Arbor Municipal Airport]] is a small, city-run [[general aviation]] airport located just south of the city.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.a2gov.org/departments/fleet-facility/Airport/Pages/default.aspx | title=Ann Arbor Airport | publisher=City of Ann Arbor | year=2024 | accessdate=August 6, 2024}}</ref>

==Sister cities==

Ann Arbor has eight [[Twin towns and sister cities|sister cities]]:<ref name="sister cities">{{cite web |url=http://www.internationalcenter.umich.edu/about/services.html |quote=Our International Visitor Leadership Program coordinator also serves as the University of Michigan's official representative to the City of Ann Arbor's Sister City Program, which manages relationships with six sister cities: Tübingen, Germany; Hikone, Japan; Dakar, Senegal; Juigalpa, Nicaragua; Peterborough, Canada; and Belize City, Belize. |title=About our services|publisher=University of Michigan International Center |access-date=July 31, 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080620043345/http://www.internationalcenter.umich.edu/about/services.html| archive-date= June 20, 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>Ann Arbor City Council Minutes (November 6, 2003). Ann Arbor City Government.</ref>
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Tübingen]], [[Baden-Württemberg]], Germany (since 1965) The schools in Ann Arbor and Tübingen have regular exchanges.<ref>[https://www.a2schools.org/cms/lib/MI01907933/Centricity/domain/2403/deutsch-pdf/GAPP-INFO-PACKET.pdf The German-American Partnership Program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101205010/https://www.a2schools.org/cms/lib/MI01907933/Centricity/domain/2403/deutsch-pdf/GAPP-INFO-PACKET.pdf |date=November 1, 2021 }}, Huron High School,  July 26, 2019</ref>
*{{flagicon|Belize}} [[Belize City]], Belize (since 1967)
*{{flagicon|JPN}}[[Hikone, Shiga]], Japan (since 1969) The schools in Ann Arbor and Hikone have regular exchanges.<ref>Cavanagh, Tara. "[http://news.a2schools.org/videos-hikone-ann-arbor-exchange-provides-lessons-in-culture-lifelong-friendships/ Videos: Hikone-Ann Arbor exchange provides lessons in culture, lifelong friendships] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801094435/http://news.a2schools.org/videos-hikone-ann-arbor-exchange-provides-lessons-in-culture-lifelong-friendships/ |date=August 1, 2018 }}." [[Ann Arbor Public Schools]]. Date unstated.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hans |first1=Casey |url=http://news.a2schools.org/hikone-delegation-comes-to-ann-arbor-for-32nd-cultural-exchange/ |title=Hikone delegation comes to Ann Arbor for 32nd cultural exchange |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801094529/http://news.a2schools.org/hikone-delegation-comes-to-ann-arbor-for-32nd-cultural-exchange/ |archive-date=August 1, 2018 |work=[[Ann Arbor Public Schools]] |date=October 11, 2010}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Peterborough, Ontario]], Canada (since 1983)
*{{flagicon|Nicaragua}} [[Juigalpa, Chontales]], Nicaragua (since 1986)
*{{flagicon|Senegal}} [[Dakar]], Senegal (since 1997)
*{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Remedios, Cuba|Remedios]], Cuba (since 2003)
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Lubny]], Ukraine (since 2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mlive.com/news/ann-arbor/2024/01/ann-arbor-recognizes-lubny-ukraine-as-first-new-sister-city-in-over-20-years.html | title=Ann Arbor recognizes Lubny, Ukraine, as first new sister city in over 20 years | date=January 23, 2024 }}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Ann Arbor staging]]
* [[Ardis Publishing]]
* [[List of people from Ann Arbor]]
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="note"}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book | title=A History of Ann Arbor | author=Marwil, Jonathan | year=1991 | publisher=University of Michigan Press | isbn=978-0-472-06463-2}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | author=Brown, Bill | title=You Should've Heard Just What I Seen: Collected Newspaper Articles, 1981–1984 | year=2010 | publisher=Colossal Books | isbn=978-0-557-66844-1}}
* {{cite book | title=Encyclopedia of Michigan | year=1981 | location=St. Clair Shores, MI | publisher=Somerset Publishers | isbn=978-0-403-09995-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Fisher, Dale|title=Ann Arbor: Visions of the Eagle|year=1996|publisher=Grass Lake, MI: Eyry of the Eagle Publishing|isbn=978-0-9615623-4-2|url=https://archive.org/details/annarbor00dale}}
* {{cite book | title=Michigan Gazetteer | year=1991 | location=Wilmington, DE | publisher=American Historical Publications}}
* {{cite web | url=http://moaa.aadl.org/moaa/pictorial_history | title=Pictorial History of Ann Arbor | publisher=Ann Arbor District Library | access-date=November 8, 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428061415/http://moaa.aadl.org/moaa/pictorial_history | archive-date=April 28, 2014 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book | editor=Schmittroth, Linda | year=1994 | title=Cities of the United States | location=Detroit | publisher=Gale Group | edition=4th}}
* {{cite book | author=Shackman, Grace | title=Ann Arbor Observed | year=2006 | publisher=University of Michigan Press | isbn=978-0-472-03175-7}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Ann Arbor|auto=1}}
* [http://www.a2gov.org/ City's official website]
* [http://www.annarbor.org/ Ann Arbor Area Convention and Visitor's Bureau]
*[https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/23607 Collection: "Ann Arbor and the University of Michigan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603224045/https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/23607 |date=June 3, 2024 }} from the [[University of Michigan Museum of Art]]
*[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/mb?a=listis&c=1874608773 Materials on Ann Arbor's history] from [[HathiTrust]]

{{Adjacent communities|North-west=[[Pinckney, Michigan]]|North=[[Whitmore Lake, Michigan]]|North-east=[[South Lyon, Michigan]]|WEST=[[Dexter, Michigan]]|Centre=Ann Arbor, Michigan|EAST=[[Ypsilanti, Michigan]]|South-west=[[Saline, Michigan]]|South=[[Milan, Michigan]]}}
{{Ann Arbor, Michigan}}
{{Michigan}}
{{Washtenaw County, Michigan}}
{{Metro Detroit}}
{{Great Lakes Megalopolis}}
{{Michigan county seats}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ann Arbor, Michigan| ]]
[[Category:Populated places in the United States established in 1824]]
[[Category:Academic enclaves]]
[[Category:County seats in Michigan]]
[[Category:Cities in Washtenaw County, Michigan]]
[[Category:Populated places in Metro Detroit]]
[[Category:1824 establishments in Michigan Territory]]
[[Category:Geographical articles missing image alternative text]]