View source for Carme (moon)

{{short description|Moon of Jupiter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox planet
 | name            = Carme
 | image           = Carmé.jpg
 | caption         = Carme photographed by the [[Haute-Provence Observatory]] in December 1998
 | pronounced      = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɑr|m|iː}}<ref>{{cite dictionary|last=Webster|first=Noah|author-link=Noah Webster|year=1884|title=A Practical Dictionary of the English Language}}</ref><ref>{{Dict.com|Carme}}</ref>
 | adjective       = Carmean {{IPAc-en|k|ɑr|ˈ|m|iː|ə|n}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Yenne|first=Bill|year=1987|title=The Atlas of the Solar System}}</ref>
 | named_after     = [[Carme (mythology)|Κάρμη]] ''Karmē''
 | mpc_name        = Jupiter XI
 | alt_names       = 
 | discovery_ref   = <ref name="Nicholson1938"/>
 | discoverer      = [[Seth Barnes Nicholson|Seth B. Nicholson]]
 | discovery_site  = [[Mount Wilson Observatory|Mt. Wilson Observatory]]
 | discovered      = 30 July 1938
 | earliest_precovery_date = 
 | satellite_of    = [[Jupiter]]
 | group           = [[Carme group]]
 | orbit_ref       = <ref name="MPC127087"/>
 | epoch           = 17 December 2020 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2459200.5)
 | observation_arc = 82.02 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (29,958 days)
 | semimajor       = {{cvt|0.1509370|AU|km|lk=in}}
 | eccentricity    = 0.2294925
 | period          = –693.17 d
 | mean_anomaly    = 17.48241[[Degree (angle)|°]]
 | mean_motion     = {{Deg2DMS|0.51935560|sup=ms}} / day
 | inclination     = 163.53496° (to [[ecliptic]])
 | asc_node        = 209.94088°
 | arg_peri        = 133.45035°
 | mean_diameter   = {{val|46.7|0.9|u=km}}<ref name="Grav2015"/>
 | mass            = {{val|8.69|e=16|u=kg}} (calculated)
 | density         = 1.63 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (assumed)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Zhenghan |last2=Yang |first2=Kun |last3=Liu |first3=Xiaodong |date=2023-12-23 |title="Life" of dust originating from the irregular satellites of Jupiter |arxiv=2402.03680 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=527 |issue=4 |pages=11327–11337 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stad3829 |issn=0035-8711|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 | surface_grav    = 
 | escape_velocity = 
 | rotation        = {{val|10.40|0.05|ul=h}}<ref name="Luu1991"/>
 | albedo          = {{val|0.035|0.006}}<ref name="Grav2015"/>
 | magnitude       = 18.9<ref name="SheppardMoons"/>
 | abs_magnitude   = 10.5<ref name="MPC127087"/>
 | spectral_type   = [[D-type asteroid|D]]<ref name="Grav2015"/>
}}

'''Carme''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɑr|m|iː}} is one of the largest [[irregular satellite]]s of [[Jupiter]].

==Discovery and naming== 
[[File:Carme-WISE.gif|thumb|left|upright|Carme observed by the [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]] (WISE) spacecraft in 2014]]

It was discovered by [[Seth Barnes Nicholson]] at [[Mount Wilson Observatory]] in [[California]] in July 1938.<ref name="Nicholson1938"/> 

It is named after the mythological [[Carme (mythology)|Carme]], mother by [[Zeus]] of [[Britomartis]], a [[Crete|Cretan]] goddess. 
Carme did not receive its present name until 1975;<ref>[http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/02800/02846.html IAUC 2846: ''Satellites of Jupiter''] 1974 October 7 (naming the moon)</ref> before then, it was simply known as '''{{nowrap|Jupiter XI}}'''. It was sometimes called "[[Pan (mythology)|Pan]]"<ref name="Gaposchkin">{{cite book| last=Payne-Gaposchkin|first=Cecilia|author2=Katherine Haramundanis|title=Introduction to Astronomy|year=1970|publisher=[[Prentice-Hall]]|location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J.|isbn=0-13-478107-4}}</ref> between 1955 and 1975 (Pan is now the name of [[Pan (moon)|a satellite of Saturn]]).

==Orbit==
Carme [[orbit]]s Jupiter at an average distance of 22,579,859 km in 693.17 days, at an [[inclination]] of 165° to the [[ecliptic]], in a [[retrograde motion|retrograde]] direction and with an [[eccentricity (orbit)|eccentricity]] of 0.23. They are continuously changing due to [[Sun|solar]] and planetary perturbations.

It gives its name to the [[Carme group]], made up of retrograde irregular moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22.7–23.5 million km, at an inclination of about 165°, and eccentricities between 0.24 and 0.28.

==Physical characteristics==
With a diameter of {{val|46.7|0.9|u=km}} (Albedo 3.5), it is the largest member of the Carme group and the fourth-largest irregular moon of Jupiter.<ref name="Grav2015"/> 

Like the other members of the Carme group (except for [[Kalyke]]) it is light red in color (B−V=0.76, V−R=0.47), similar to [[D-type asteroid]]s.<ref name="Grav2003">{{cite journal|last=Grav|first=Tommy|title=Photometric survey of the irregular satellites|journal=Icarus|volume=166|issue=1|date=2003|pages=33–45|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2003.07.005|author2=Holman, M. J.|author3= Gladman, B. J.|author4= Aksnes, K.|bibcode=2003Icar..166...33G|arxiv = astro-ph/0301016 |s2cid=7793999}}</ref>

The rotation period was found to be approximately 10 hours and 24 min.<ref name="Luu1991"/> This was regarded by a later paper as uncertain due to the short observation periods.<ref name="Denk2026"/>

== Origin ==
Carme probably did not form near Jupiter but was captured by Jupiter later. Like the other members of the Carme group, which have similar orbits, Carme is probably the remnant of a broken, captured heliocentric asteroid. 

==See also==
*[[Kallichore (moon)]] – a small Carme group moon that might be visited by the [[European Space Agency]]'s [[Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer]] (''Juice'') mission in 2031
*[[Irregular satellite]]s
*[[Jupiter's moons in fiction]]

==References==
<references>
<ref name="MPC127087">{{cite web
  |title      = M.P.C. 127087
  |url        = https://minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/2020/MPC_20201117.pdf
  |work       = Minor Planet Circular
  |publisher  = Minor Planet Center
  |date       = 17 November 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="SheppardMoons">{{cite web
  |title      = Scott S. Sheppard - Jupiter Moons
  |url        = https://sites.google.com/carnegiescience.edu/sheppard/moons/jupitermoons
  |last       = Sheppard |first = Scott
  |work       = Department of Terrestrial Magnetism 
  |publisher  = Carnegie Institution for Science
  |access-date = 26 November 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Nicholson1938">{{cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=S. B. |title=Two New Satellites of Jupiter |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |year=1938 |volume=50 |issue=297 | pages=292–293 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0050//0000292.000.html |doi=10.1086/124963 |bibcode=1938PASP...50..292N|s2cid=120216615 }}</ref>

<ref name="Luu1991">{{cite journal
  |first      = Jane |last = Luu
  |date       = September 1991
  |title      = CCD photometry and spectroscopy of the outer Jovian satellites
  |journal    = Astronomical Journal
  |volume     = 102
  |pages      = 1213–1225
  |issn       = 0004-6256
  |doi        = 10.1086/115949
  |bibcode    = 1991AJ....102.1213L}}</ref>

<ref name="Grav2015">{{cite journal
  |display-authors = etal
  |first1     = T. |last1 = Grav
  |first2     = J. M. |last2 = Bauer
  |first3     = A. K. |last3 = Mainzer
  |first4     = J. R. |last4 = Masiero
  |first5     = C. R. |last5 = Nugent
  |first6     = R. M. |last6 = Cutri
  |date       = August 2015
  |title      = NEOWISE: Observations of the Irregular Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn
  |journal    = The Astrophysical Journal
  |volume     = 809
  |issue      = 1
  |id         = 3
  |pages      = 9
  |doi        = 10.1088/0004-637X/809/1/3
  |arxiv = 1505.07820 |bibcode    = 2015ApJ...809....3G|s2cid = 5834661 |url = https://authors.library.caltech.edu/61254/1/Grav_2015.pdf }}</ref>

<ref name="Denk2026">{{cite journal
  |display-authors = etal
  |first1 = Tilmann |last1 = Denk
  |first2 = David A. |last2 = Williams
  |first3 = Federico |last3 = Tosi
  |first4 = James F. |last4 = Bell III
  |first5 = Stefano |last5 = Mottola
  |first6 = Imke |last6 = de Pater
  |title      = Io and the Minor Jovian Moons – Prospects for JUICE
  |journal    = Space Science Reviews
  |date       = 5 March 2026
  |volume     = 222
  |issue      = 2
  |article-number       = 27
  |doi-access = free
  |doi        = 10.1007/s11214-025-01263-6
  |bibcode    = 2026SSRv..222...27D}}</ref>

</references>

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070608214836/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jup_Carme Carme Profile] by [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov NASA's Solar System Exploration]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060901072706/http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~jewitt/irregulars.html David Jewitt pages]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081206061458/http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/sheppard/satellites/jupsatdata.html Jupiter's Known Satellites] (by [[Scott S. Sheppard]])

{{Moons of Jupiter}}

[[Category:Carme group]]
[[Category:Moons of Jupiter]]
[[Category:Irregular satellites]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1938|19380730]]
[[Category:Moons with a retrograde orbit]]