View source for Demographics of Romania

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox place demographics
| place              = [[Romania]]
| image              = File:Romania population pyramid 2026.png
| image_size         = 350
| caption            = [[Population pyramid]] of [[Romania]] as of 2026
<!-- Population data -->
| size_of_population = {{increase}}19,051,562 (2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/poprez_ian2023e.pdf| title=Populația rezidentă la 23 martie 2023 | language=ro | trans-title=Resident population as of March 23, 2023 | publisher=Institutul Național de Statistică | website=INS | access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref>
| density            = {{convert|83.4|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
| growth             = {{Increase}} 1.19% (2023)
| birth              = {{decrease}} 9.292 births/1,000 population (2023)
| death              = {{negative increase}} 13.393 deaths/1,000 population (2023)
| life               = {{increase}} 76.6 years (2023)
| life_male          = {{increase}} 72.9 years
| life_female        = {{increase}} 80.5 years
| fertility          = 1.71 children born/woman (2022)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population/RO | title=World Population Dashboard – Romania |publisher=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref>
| infant_mortality   = 5.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/infant-mortality-rate-by-country | title=Infant Mortality Rate by Country 2023 |website=World Population Review}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/infant-mortality-rate/country-comparison | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112125427/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/infant-mortality-rate/country-comparison | url-status=dead | archive-date=January 12, 2026 | title=Infant mortality rate |website=The World Factbook |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref>
| net_migration      = −0.24 migrants/1,000 population (2015)

<!-- age structure-->
 | age_0–14_years     = 3,073,902 (16.1%)
 | age_15–64_years    = 12,253,533 (64.3%)
 | age_65_years       = 3,726,380 (19.6%)

<!-- sex ratio -->
 | total_mf_ratio     = 0.95 males/female (2014)
 | sr_at_birth        = 1.06 males/female
 | sr_under_15        = 1.05 males/female
 | sr_15–64_years     = 1.02 males/female
 | sr_65_years_over   = 0.73 males/female

<!-- nationality -->
 | nation             = ''noun'': Romanian(s), ''adjective'': Romanian
 | major_ethnic       = {{increaseNeutral}} [[Romanians]] (89.33%)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/cp-date-provizorii-rpl_2.pdf |title=Population data |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|National Institute of Statistics]] |access-date=2023-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230125029/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/cp-date-provizorii-rpl_2.pdf |archive-date=2022-12-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 | minor_ethnic       = {{ubli|{{decreaseNeutral}} [[Hungarians]] (6.05%)|{{increaseNeutral}} [[Romani people|Romanis]] (3.44%)|{{decreaseNeutral}} Other groups (1.18%)}}

<!-- language -->
 | official           = [[Romanian language|Romanian]]
 | spoken             = Romanian and other minority languages
}}
[[Demography|Demographic]] features of the [[Population (human biology)|population]] of [[Romania]] include [[population density]], [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]], education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.

About 89.3% of the people of Romania are ethnic [[Romanians]] (as per [[2021 Romanian census|2021 census]]), whose native language, [[Romanian language|Romanian]], is an [[Eastern Romance languages|Eastern Romance language]], descended from [[Latin]] (more specifically from [[Vulgar Latin]]) with some [[Slavic languages|Slavic]], [[French language|French]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[German language|German]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Modern Greek|Greek]] and [[Italian language|Italian]] borrowings.

Romanians are by far the most numerous group of speakers of an [[Eastern Romance languages|Eastern Romance language]] today. It has been said that they constitute "an island of Latinity"<ref>See, for example, {{cite conference |title=Italian Decentralisation in Romania |first=Fabio |last=Bordignon |conference=Summit Economic Forum |location=Warsaw |date=19 November 2003 |url=http://www.ceinet.org/download/sef_2003/s7_Bordignon.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926190733/http://www.ceinet.org/download/sef_2003/s7_Bordignon.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-26 }}</ref> in [[Eastern Europe]], surrounded on all sides either by [[Slavs|Slavic peoples]] (namely [[South Slavs|South Slavic]] and [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] peoples) or by the [[Hungarians]]. The [[Hungarians in Romania|Hungarian minority in Romania]] constitutes the country's largest minority, or as much as 6.0 per cent of the entire population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Comunicat_DATE_PROVIZORII_RPL_2011.pdf|title=COMUNICAT DE PRESĂ : 2 februarie 2012 privind rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului Populaţiei şi Locuinţelor|date=2011|website=Recensământul populației și locuințelor|access-date=3 October 2017|archive-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802060014/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Comunicat_DATE_PROVIZORII_RPL_2011.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> With a population of about 19,054,267 people in 2022, Romania received 989,357 Ukrainian refugees on 27 May 2022, according to the [[United Nations]] (UN).<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Refugees fleeing Ukraine (since 24 February 2022)|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine|date=2022}}</ref>

The [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] that began on 24 February 2022 triggered a major [[2022 Ukrainian refugee crisis|refugee crisis in Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|access-date=24 March 2022|url=http://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine}}</ref> In connection with the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, as part of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War|Russian-Ukrainian war]], by 15 May 2022, more than 6,223,821 Ukrainian refugees left the territory of Ukraine, moving to the countries closest to the west of Ukraine, of which more than 188,270 people fled to neighbouring Romania.<ref name="auto"/>

== Population evolution ==
{{Main|Demographic history of Romania}}
{{see also|List of cities and towns in Romania|Metropolitan areas in Romania}}
[[File:BirthDeath 1950 RO.svg|thumb|350px|Birth and death rates in 1950–2008. A [[Decree 770|huge surge of the birth rate in 1967]]
 is the most prominent feature of these graphs.]]
Romania's population has declined steadily in recent decades, from a peak of 23.2 million in 1990 to 19.12 million in 2021.<ref name="ziare">{{cite web |url=http://www.ziare.com/social/romani/populatia-romaniei-scadere-alarmanta-suntem-la-nivelul-lui-1966-1398271 |title=Populația României, creșterea alarmantă: Suntem la nivelul Germaniei. Anual cresc 17 orașe mici |work=Ziare.com |date=10 December 2015|language=ro}}</ref> Among the causes of [[population decline]] are high [[Mortality rate|mortality]], a low [[fertility rate]] since 1990, and tremendous levels of [[emigration]].<ref name="ziare" />

In 1990, Romania's population was estimated at 23.21 million.<ref name="WPP">{{cite report |title=World Population Prospects. The 2010 Revision |volume= I: Comprehensive Tables |page=162 |publisher=Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, United Nations, New York |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/trends/WPP2010/WPP2010_Volume-I_Comprehensive-Tables.pdf |year=2011}}</ref> Between 1990 and 2006, the estimated population loss exceeded 1.5 million,<ref name="WPP"/> though the actual figure is likely higher due to the surge in labor migration after 2001 and the tendency of some migrants to settle permanently in their host countries.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.apapr.ro/images/BIBLIOTECA/demografie/ince%20declinul%20demografic%20ro%202007.pdf |title=Declinul demografic și viitorul populației României. O perspectivă din anul 2007 asupra populației României în secolul 21 |publisher=Editura Alpha MDN |work=Institutul Național de Cercetări Economice al Academiei Române |author=Vasile Ghețău |date=2007 |isbn=978-973-7871-88-6 |language=ro |access-date=2016-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020061037/http://www.apapr.ro/images/BIBLIOTECA/demografie/ince%20declinul%20demografic%20ro%202007.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Sources give varied estimates for Romania's historical population. The National Institute for Research and Development in Informatics (NIRDI) gives the following numbers (the figure for 2020 was provided by the National Institute of Statistics – INS):
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{{Chart|definition=Romania Total Population.chart|data=Romania Total Population.tab|Width=700}}
{{Chart|definition=Romania Population Change.chart|data=Romania Population Change.tab|Width=700}}
<ref>Note: Crude migration change (per 1000) is a trend analysis, an extrapolation based average population change (current year minus previous) minus natural change of the current year (see table vital statistics). As average population is an estimate of the population in the middle of the year and not end of the year.</ref>
{{Chart|definition=Romania Natural population growth.chart|data=Romania Natural population growth.tab|Width=700}}
{{Chart|definition=Romania TFR.chart|data=Romania TFR.tab|Width=700}}

==Ethnic groups==
{{main|Minorities in Romania}}
[[File:Românii pe județe (România, 1930-2021).jpg|thumb|right|Romanians by counties (Ethnic maps 1930–2021)]]
[[File:Romania 1930 ethnic map EN.png|thumb|right|Ethnic map (1930 census)]]
[[File:Romania harta etnica 1977.PNG|thumb|right|Ethnic map (1977 census)]]
[[File:RoCensus2002Inhab.png|thumb|right|Ethnicity in Romania by county (inhabitants) based on the 2002 census data]]
[[File:Romani_in_Romania_(2002).png|thumb|right|Romanians in Romania based on 2002 census data]]
[[File:Romania detailed ethnic map.PNG|thumb|Ethnic map ([[2011 Romanian census|2011 census]])]]

Slightly more than 10% of the population of Romania is formed of [[minorities in Romania]]. The principal minorities are Hungarians and Roma, although other smaller ethnic groups exist too. Before [[World War II]], minorities represented more than 28% of the total population. During the war that percentage was halved, largely by the loss of the border areas of [[Bessarabia]] and northern [[Bukovina]] (to the former [[Soviet Union]], now [[Moldova]] and [[Ukraine]]) and southern [[Dobrudja]] (to [[Bulgaria]]). Two-thirds of the ethnic German population either [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)|left or were deported after World War II]], a period that was followed by decades of relatively regular (by communist standards) migration. During [[Kingdom of Romania#The interbellum years|the interwar period in Romania]], the total number of ethnic Germans amounted to as much as 786,000 (according to some sources and estimates dating to 1939),<ref>Gerhard Reichning (1995), {{lang|de|Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen}}, Part 1, Bonn, p. 17</ref><ref>Federal Statistical Office of West Germany (1958). {{lang|de|italic=no|"Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste"}}. {{lang|de|Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50}}. Stuttgart: [[Kohlhammer Verlag|Kohlhammer]]. p. 46</ref> a figure which had subsequently fallen to circa 36,000 as of 2011 in contemporary Romania. One reason for the decline of Romanian Germans is that after the [[Romanian Revolution]] there has been a mass migration of [[Transylvania Saxons]] to Germany, in what was described by [[Simon Jenkins]]<!--opinion piece, so attribute to him personally--> in the British daily newspaper ''[[The Guardian]]'' as "the most astonishing, and little reported, ethnic migration in modern Europe".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/oct/01/romania-saxon-conservation-village|title=A forgotten Saxon world shows how ancient and modern can co-exist|last=Jenkins|first=Simon|date=2009-10-01|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-09-25}}</ref>

Of a total population of three quarters of a million [[History of the Jews in Romania|Jews]] before World War II, about a third were killed during the [[Holocaust]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/killedtable.html|title=Estimated Number of Jews Killed in the Final Solution|website=Jewish Virtual Library|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref> Mass emigration, mostly to [[Israel]] and [[United States]], has reduced the surviving Jewish community to less than 6,000 in 2002 (it is estimated that the real numbers could be 3–4 times higher).<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20051202063320/http://www.romanianjewish.org/ro/fedrom_01.html Comunitati evreiesti din România]}}, B'nai B'rith International and Federația Comunitatii Evreiesti din România. Accessed 4 December 2006.</ref>

[[Hungarians in Romania|Hungarians]] (Magyars; especially in [[Harghita County|Harghita]], [[Covasna County|Covasna]], and [[Mureș County|Mureș counties]]) and [[Romani people in Romania|Roma]] are the principal minorities, with a declining [[Germans of Romania|German]] population ([[Banat Swabians]] in [[Timiș County|Timiș]]; [[Transylvanian Saxons]] in [[Sibiu County|Sibiu]], [[Brașov County|Brașov]] and elsewhere), and smaller numbers of [[Czechs of Romania|Czechs]], [[Slovaks of Romania|Slovaks]], [[Serbs of Romania|Serbs]], [[Croats of Romania|Croats]], and [[Banat Bulgarians]] (in [[Banat]]), [[Ukrainians]] (especially in [[Maramureș]] and [[Bukovina]]), [[Greeks of Romania|Greeks]] (especially in [[Braila (county)|Brăila]] and [[Constanța County|Constanța]]), [[Turks of Romania|Turks]] and [[Tatars of Romania|Tatars]] (mainly in [[Constanța County|Constanța]]), [[Armenians of Romania|Armenians]], [[Russians]] ([[Lipovans]], [[Old Believers]] in [[Tulcea (county)|Tulcea]]), [[History of the Jews in Romania|Jews]] and others. Since the [[Romanian Revolution of 1989]], Bucharest and other cities have again become increasingly cosmopolitan, including identifiable presences from outside the EU ([[Chinese of Romania|Chinese]], Turks, Moldovans, Syrians, Iraqis, [[Afro-Romanian|Africans]]) as well as from the EU (French, Italians, Germans from Germany, British, Greeks).<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.mediafax.ro/social/locuitorii-straini-ai-capitalei-peste-30-000-de-migranti-inregistrati-in-bucuresti-10519706 |title = Locuitorii străini ai Capitalei: Peste 30.000 de migranţi, înregistraţi în Bucureşti}}</ref> In Romania, there are also [[guest worker]]s from countries such as Vietnam and Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://observator.tv/social/firmele-cauta-cu-disperare-angajati-in-asia-pe-un-santier-din-bucuresti-am-gasit-zeci-de-vietnamezi-au-parte-de-salarii-speciale-247740.html |title = Firmele caută angajaţi în Asia. Pe un şantier din Bucureşti, lucrează zeci de vietnamezi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://observator.tv/economic/nepalezi-solutie-criza-angajatori-251794.html |title = Nepalezii, soluția de criză a angajatorilor din România. Cei mai mulți lucrează în industria alimentară}}</ref>

Minority populations are greatest in [[Transylvania]] and the [[Banat]], areas in the north and west of the country, which were part of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] (after 1867 [[Austria-Hungary]]) until the end of [[Treaty of Trianon|World War I]]. Even before the union with Romania, ethnic Romanians comprised the overall majority in Transylvania. However, ethnic Hungarians and Germans were the dominant urban population until relatively recently, while Hungarians still constitute the majority in Harghita and Covasna counties.

The Roma constitute one of Romania's largest minorities. According to the [[2011 Romanian census]], they number 621,573 people or 3.08% of the total population, being the second-largest ethnic minority in Romania after Hungarians,<ref name="CensusRef">{{cite web
|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf
|title=Romanian 2011 census
|publisher=www.edrc.ro
|access-date=2011-12-10
|language=ro
|archive-date=2013-07-17
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717125951/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> with significant populations in [[Mureș County|Mureș]] (8.9%) and [[Călărași County|Călărași]] (7,47%) counties. There are different estimates about the size of the total population of people with Roma ancestry in Romania because a lot of people of Roma descent do not declare themselves as Roma. The number of the Roma is usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Romania's population.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115042138/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=January 15, 2026 | title=Europe :: Romania |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency| date=19 April 2022}}</ref>

In 2007, the [[Council of Europe]] (CoE) estimated that approximately 1.85 million Roma lived in Romania,<ref>[http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp "Roma and Travellers"]. Council of Europe. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622154153/http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp|date=2007-06-22}}</ref> based on an average between the lowest estimate (1.2 to 2.2 million people<ref>Council of Europe, [https://rm.coe.int/09000016805defd1 doc. GT-ROMS(2003)9-prov. (restricted)], 17 September 2003.</ref>) and the highest estimate (1.8 to 2.5 million people<ref>Liégeois, Jean-Pierre (1994). ''Roma, Gypsies, Travellers'', p. 34.</ref>) with a maximum percentage of 12%, available at the time; the highest estimate, generated for the year 1991 and originating from a [[Securitate]] report, is considered unreliable, and Romanian post-communist censuses have consistently produced far lower figures.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/10.3828/rost.2024.24|title=The political construction of Roma population estimates|first=Martin|last=Kovats|journal=[[Romani Studies (journal)|Romani Studies]]|volume=35|issue=1|year=2025|doi=10.3828/rost.2024.24|doi-access=free}}</ref> The CoE's average estimate is equivalent to 8.32% of the population,<ref name="EU">{{cite web |title=Facts and Figures: National strategy for Roma Integration |url=https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/romania_en |website=European Commission |publisher=European Union |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-inclusion-eu-country/roma-inclusion-romania_en|title=Roma inclusion in Romania|publisher=[[European Commission]]}}</ref> a figure difficult to verify due to the mobility of Romani and the reluctance of some to disclose their ethnicity.<ref>{{cite thesis|url=https://oda.oslomet.no/oda-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/3172263/no.oslomet%3Ainspera%3A290307405%3A124714310.pdf|title=Inclusive Education for Roma Students in Bucharest|first=Meryem Nur|last=Karagöz|publisher=[[Oslo Metropolitan University]]|degree=[[Master's degree|Master's]]|page=1|year=2024}}</ref>

After the Hungarians and the Roma, the [[Ukrainians of Romania]] are the third-largest minority. According to the 2011 Romanian census they number 51,703 people, making up 0.3% of the total population.<ref name="insse3">[http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Comunicat_DATE_PROVIZORII_RPL_2011.pdf "Comunicat de presă privind rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului Populației și Locuințelor – 2011"] {{in lang|ro}}. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802060014/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Comunicat_DATE_PROVIZORII_RPL_2011.pdf |date=2019-08-02 }}. 2011 census. Accessed February 2, 2012.</ref> Ukrainians mainly live in northern Romania, in areas close to the Ukrainian border. Over 60% of all Romanian Ukrainians live in [[Maramureș County]] (where they make up 6.77% of the population).

==Censuses in Romania==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Evolution of Romania's population, 1859–1899<ref name="Leonida Colescu"> Leonida Colescu, director of Romanian Statistics Service between 1899–1922, discovered that the number of people was overestimated in the census conducted in 1859–1860 and calculated that the real figure was 3,864,848 people. {{cite book |last1=Leonida Colescu |title=Analiza rezultatelor recensãmântului general al populatiei României din 1899 |date=1944 |publisher=Institutul National de Statistica |page=7–8; 19 |url=http://omeka.bjc.ro/omeka/files/original/23/1264/BJAman_T_II_3.030.1.pdf}}</ref>
|-
! Year !! Population
|-
| 1859–60|| 3,864,848<ref name="Leonida Colescu"></ref>−4,424,961<ref>{{cite book |title=Atunci și acum: Principatele Unite (1859) și România (2022) |publisher=Institutul National de Statistica |url=https://insse.ro/cms/files/newsletter/2023/unire_final.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 1884|| 4,648,123
|-
| 1889|| 5,038,342
|-
| 1894|| 5,406,249
|-
| 1899|| 5,956,690
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Population of Romania by ethnic group in 1899<ref>{{cite book |last1=Andrei Tudorel (coordonator) |title=Romania un secol de istorie – date statistice |date=2018 |publisher=Institutul National de Statistica |pages=19–20 |url=https://insse.ro/cms/files/evenimente/RoCentenar/ROCentenar.pdf}}</ref>
|-
! Ethnicity !! Number !! %
|-
| [[Romanians]] || style="text-align:right;"| || style="text-align:right;"| 92.15
|-
| [[Hungarians]] || style="text-align:right;"|  || style="text-align:right;"| 1.82
|-
| [[Germans]] || style="text-align:right;"|  || style="text-align:right;"| 0.13
|-
| [[Austrians]] || style="text-align:right;"|  || style="text-align:right;"| –
|-
|-
| [[Russians]] || style="text-align:right;"|  || style="text-align:right;"|  0.08
|-
| [[Bulgarians]] || style="text-align:right;"| || style="text-align:right;"| 0.13
|-
| [[Turkish people|Turks]] || style="text-align:right;"|  || style="text-align:right;"| 0.40
|-
|-
| [[Serbs]]|| style="text-align:right;"| || style="text-align:right;"| 0.07
|-
|-
| [[Greeks]]|| style="text-align:right;"| || style="text-align:right;"| 0.34
|-
| [[Italians]] || style="text-align:right;"| || style="text-align:right;"| 0.15
|-
|-
| Foreigners without protection || style="text-align:right;"| || style="text-align:right;"| 4.68
|-
| Others || style="text-align:right;"|  || style="text-align:right;"| 0.00
|-
| Unknown || style="text-align:right;"| || style="text-align:right;"| 0.00
|-
| Total ||5,956,690|| 
|}

{{bar box
|float=left
|title= Population of Romania by religion in 1899
|titlebar=#ddd
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodoxy]] |blue|91.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Judaism]] |red|4.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Catholicism]] |brown|2.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Protestantism]] |green|0.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims|Muslim]] |gray|0.7}}
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Population of Romania by ethnic group in 1912<ref>{{cite book |last1=Andrei Tudorel (coordonator) |title=Romania un secol de istorie – date statistice |date=2018 |publisher=Institutul National de Statistica |pages=21–23 |url=https://insse.ro/cms/files/evenimente/RoCentenar/ROCentenar.pdf}}</ref>
|-
! Ethnicity !! Number !! %
|-
| [[Romanians]] || style="text-align:right;"| || style="text-align:right;"| 93.47
|-
| [[Hungarians]] || style="text-align:right;"|  || style="text-align:right;"| 0.96
|-
| [[Germans]] || style="text-align:right;"|  || style="text-align:right;"| 0.11
|-
| [[Austrians]] || style="text-align:right;"|  || style="text-align:right;"| 0.63
|-
|-
| [[Russians]] || style="text-align:right;"|  || style="text-align:right;"| 0.06
|-
| [[Bulgarians]] || style="text-align:right;"| || style="text-align:right;"| 0.16
|-
| [[Turkish people|Turks]] || style="text-align:right;"|  || style="text-align:right;"| 0.47
|-
|-
| [[Serbs]]|| style="text-align:right;"| || style="text-align:right;"| 0.06
|-
|-
| [[Greeks]]|| style="text-align:right;"| || style="text-align:right;"| 0.24
|-
| [[Italians]] || style="text-align:right;"| || style="text-align:right;"| 0.15
|-
|-
| Foreigners without protection || style="text-align:right;"| || style="text-align:right;"| 3.63
|-
| Others || style="text-align:right;"|  || style="text-align:right;"| 0.01
|-
| Unknown || style="text-align:right;"| || style="text-align:right;"| 0.01
|-
| Total || 7,234,920 || 
|}

{{bar box
|float=left
|title= Population of Romania by religion in 1912
|titlebar=#ddd
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodoxy]] |blue|93.1}}
{{bar percent|[[Judaism]] |red|3.3}}
{{bar percent|[[Catholicism]] |brown|2.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Protestantism]] |green|0.3}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims|Muslim]] |gray|0.7}}
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Population of Romania by ethnic group in 1930<ref>{{cite book | title = Populația pe Neamuri | pages = XXIV | publisher = Institutul Central de Statistică | url = http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Recensamant1930-II-XXIV.jpg | access-date = 2008-07-20 | language = ro }}</ref>
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
! Ethnicity !! Number !! %
|-
| [[Romanians]] || style="text-align:right;"| 12,981,324 || style="text-align:right;"| 71.9
|-
| [[Hungarians]] || style="text-align:right;"| 1,425,507 || style="text-align:right;"| 7.9
|-
| [[Germans]] || style="text-align:right;"| 745,421 || style="text-align:right;"| 4.1
|-
| [[Jews]] || style="text-align:right;"| 728,115 || style="text-align:right;"| 4.0
|-
| [[Ruthenians]] and [[Ukrainians]] || style="text-align:right;"| 582,115 || style="text-align:right;"| 3.2
|-
| [[Russians]] || style="text-align:right;"| 409,150 || style="text-align:right;"| 2.3
|-
| [[Bulgarians]] || style="text-align:right;"| 366,384 || style="text-align:right;"| 2.0
|-
| [[Romani people in Romania|Roma (Gypsies)]] || style="text-align:right;"| 262,501 || style="text-align:right;"| 1.5
|-

| [[Turkish people|Turks]] || style="text-align:right;"| 154,772 || style="text-align:right;"| 0.9
|-
| [[Gagauzians]] || style="text-align:right;"| 105,750 || style="text-align:right;"| 0.6
|-
| [[Czechs]] and [[Slovaks]] || style="text-align:right;"| 51,842 || style="text-align:right;"| 0.3
|-
| [[Serbs]], [[Croats]] and [[Slovenes]] || style="text-align:right;"| 51,062 || style="text-align:right;"| 0.3
|-
| [[Polish people|Poles]] || style="text-align:right;"| 48,310 || style="text-align:right;"| 0.3
|-
| [[Greeks]] || style="text-align:right;"| 26,495 || style="text-align:right;"| 0.2
|-
| [[Tatars]] || style="text-align:right;"| 22,141 || style="text-align:right;"| 0.1
|-
| [[Armenians]] || style="text-align:right;"| 15,544 || style="text-align:right;"| <0.1
|-
| [[Hutsuls]] || style="text-align:right;"| 12,456 || style="text-align:right;"| <0.1
|-
| [[Albanians]] || style="text-align:right;"| 4,670 || style="text-align:right;"| <0.1
|-
| Others || style="text-align:right;"| 56,355 || style="text-align:right;"| 0.3
|-
| Undeclared || style="text-align:right;"| 7,114 || style="text-align:right;"| <0.1
|-
| Total || 18,057,028 || 100.0
|}

<div style= "overflow-x:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|+ Population of Romania by ethnic group, 1948–2021
|-
! rowspan="2" | Ethnic<br />group
! colspan="2" | census 1948<sup>1</sup>
! colspan="2" | census 1956<sup>2</sup>
! colspan="2" | census 1966<sup>3</sup>
! colspan="2" | census 1977<sup>4</sup>
! colspan="2" | census 1992<sup>5</sup>
! colspan="2" | census 2002<sup>6</sup>
! colspan="3" | census 2011<sup>7</sup>
! colspan="3" | census 2021<sup>8</sup>
|-
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! %<sup>*</sup>
! Number
! %
! %<sup>*</sup>
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Romanians]] || 13,597,613 || 85.7 || 14,996,114 || 85.7 || 16,746,510 || 87.7 || 18,999,565 || 88.1 || {{font color|blue|20,408,542}} || 89.5 || 19,399,597 || 89.5|| 16,792,868|| <small>83.5</small>
|88.9|| 14,801,442|| <small>77.7</small>
|89.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Hungarians]] ||  1,499,851 || 9.4 || 1,587,675 || 9.1 || 1,619,592 || 8.5 ||  1,713,928 || 7.9 || 1,624,959 || 7.1 ||  1,431,807 || 6.6||  1,227,623 || <small>6.1</small>
|6.5||1,002,151 || <small>5.3</small>
|6.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Romani people in Romania|Roma (Gypsies)]] ||  53,425 || 0.3 ||  104,216 || 0.6 || 64,197 || 0.3 ||  227,398 || 1.05 || 401,087 || 1.8 || 535,140 || 2.5|| 621,573 || <small>3.1</small>
|3.3|| 569,477 || <small>3.0</small>
|3.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Ukrainians]] || 37,582 || 0.2 || 60,479 || 0.4 || 54,705 || 0.3 || 55,510 || 0.3 || 65,764 || 0.3 ||  61,098 || 0.3|| 50,920 || <small>0.3</small>
|0.3||45,835 || <small>0.3</small>
|0.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Germans]]|| 343,913 || 2.2 || 384,708 || 2.2 || 382,595 || 2.0 || 359,109 || 1.6 || 119,462 || 0.5 || 59,764|| 0.3|| 36,042 || <small>0.2</small>
|0.2|| 22,907 || <small>0.1</small>
|0.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |  [[Turkish people|Turks]]|| | 28,782 ||| 0.2 ||  14,329 || 0.2 ||  18,040 || 0.1 ||  23,422 || 0.1 ||  29,832 || 0.1 ||  32,098 || 0.2|| 27,698|| <small>0.1</small>
|0.1|| 20,945||<small>0.1</small>
|0.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Russians]]|| rowspan="2" | 39,332 || rowspan="2" | 0.2 || rowspan="2" | 38,731 || rowspan="2" | 0.2 || rowspan="2" | 39,483 || rowspan="2" | 0.2 ||  21,206 || 0.2 || 7,983 || 0.1 || rowspan="2" | 35,791|| rowspan="2" | 0.2 || rowspan="2" | 23,864 || rowspan="2" | <small>0.1</small>
| rowspan="2" |0.1|| rowspan="2" | 19,394|| rowspan="2" |<small>0.1</small>
| rowspan="2" |0.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Lipovans]]||  11,090  || 0.1 ||  30,623 || 0.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Tatars]]
|
|
|
|
|
| || 23,369 || 0.1 ||24,596|| 0.1
|
|
|
|
|
|18,156
|<small>0.1</small>
|0.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |  [[Serbs]]|| rowspan="3" | 45,447 || rowspan="3" | 0.3 || rowspan="3" | 46,517 || rowspan="3" | 0.3 || rowspan="3" | 44,236 || rowspan="3" | 0.3 || 34,429 || 0.2 ||  29,408 || 0.1 ||  22,561 || 0.1||18,076||<small>0.1</small>
|0.1||12,026||<small>0.0</small>
|0.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Croats]]||  7,500 || 0.0 ||  4,085 || 0.0 || 6,807 || 0.0||5,408||<small>0.0</small>
|0.0||4,842||<small>0.0</small>
|0.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Slovenes]]|| || || || ||  175 || 0.0|| ||
| || ||
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Slovaks]]|| rowspan="2" |35,143 || rowspan="2" | 0.2 || 23,331 || 0.2 || 22,151 || 0.1 ||  21,286 || 0.1 ||  19,594 || 0.1 ||  17,226 || 0.2||13,654||<small>0.1</small>
|0.1||10,232||<small>0.0</small>
|0.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Czechs]]||  11,821 || 0.0 || 9,978 || 0.0 ||  7,683 || 0.0 || 5,797 || 0.0 ||  3,941 || 0.0||2,477||<small>0.0</small>
|0.0||1,576||<small>0.0</small>
|0.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Bulgarians]]|| 13,408 || 0.1 || 12,040 || 0.1 ||  11,193 || 0.1 ||  10,372 || 0.0 || 9,851 || 0.1 || 8,025 || 0.0|| 7,336||<small>0.0</small>
|0.0||5,975||<small>0.0</small>
|0.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Greeks]]||  8,696 || 0.1 || 11,166 || 0.0 ||  9,088 || 0.0 || 6,262 || 0.0 || 3,940 || 0.0 || 6,472 || 0.0||3,668||<small>0.0</small>
|0.0||2,086||<small>0.0</small>
|0.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Jews]]||  138,795 || 0.9 ||  146,264 || 0.8 ||  42,888 || 0.2 ||  24,667 || 0.1 ||8,955 || 0.0 || 5,785 || 0.0|| 3,271||<small>0.0</small>
|0.0|| 2,378||<small>0.0</small>
|0.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |  [[Polish people|Poles]]||  6,753 || 0.0 ||  7,627 || 0.0 ||  5,860 || 0.0|| 4,641|| 0.0 ||  4,232 || 0.0 ||  3,559 || 0.0|| 2,543||<small>0.0</small>
|0.0|| 2,137||<small>0.0</small>
|0.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |  [[Armenians]]|| 6,987 || 0.0 ||  6,441 || 0.0 ||  3,436 || 0.0 || 2,342 || 0.0 || 1,957 || 0.0 ||  1,780 || 0.0|| 1,361||<small>0.0</small>
|0.0|| 1,213||<small>0.0</small>
|0.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |  [[Ethnic Macedonians|Macedonians]]|| || || || || || ||  1,176 || 0.0 ||   6,867 || 0.0 ||  731 || 0.0|| 1,264||<small>0.0</small>
|0.0|| 1,089||<small>0.0</small>
|0.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |  [[Csangos]]|| || || || || || || || || || ||  1,266|| 0.0|| 1,536||<small>0.0</small>
|0.0|| ||
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Aromanians]]
|
|
|
|
|
| || 982 || 0.0 || 21,736 || 0.1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|  Others || style="text-align:right;" | 15,897 || 0.1 || style="text-align:right;"| 17,522 || 0.1 || 6,990 || <0.1 || 5,731 || <0.1 || 9,368 || <0.1 || 28,303 || 0.1|| 23,741||<small>0.1</small>
|0.1|| 25,028||<small>0.2</small>
|
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|  Undeclared ||  || ||  || || || ||  ||  || ||  ||  || || 1,236,810||6.14
| || 2,484,926||13.0
|
|-
! style="text-align:left;"| Total
! colspan="2" | 15,872,624
! colspan="2" | 17,489,450
! colspan="2" | 19,103,163
! colspan="2" | 21,559,910
! colspan="2" | 22,810,035
! colspan="2" | 21,680,974
! colspan="3" | 20,121,641
! colspan="3" | 19,053,815
|-
! colspan="19" style="text-align:left;" | <small><sup>1</sup> The results of the 1948 census are according to language. <sup>2</sup> Source:<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |first=Varga E. |last=Árpád |url=http://www.kia.hu/konyvtar/erdely/supplem.htm |title=Hungarians in Transylvania between 1870 and 1995. Supplementary Tables |publisher=Kia.hu |access-date=2018-04-11 |archive-date=2019-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323041307/http://www.kia.hu/konyvtar/erdely/supplem.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> <sup>3</sup> Source:<ref name="autogenerated2"/> <sup>4</sup> Source:<ref name="autogenerated2"/> <sup>5</sup> Source:<ref name="autogenerated2"/> <sup>6</sup> Source:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/RPL2002INS/vol4/tabele/t1.pdf |title=Population data |website=www.insse.ro |access-date=2014-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109174832/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/RPL2002INS/vol4/tabele/t1.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <sup>7</sup> Source:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - REZULTATE DEFINITIVE RPL2011.doc |access-date=2018-04-11 |archive-date=2013-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717125951/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <sup>8</sup> Source:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/cp-date-provizorii-rpl_2.pdf |title=Population data |website=wwwi.insse.ro |access-date=2023-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230125029/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/cp-date-provizorii-rpl_2.pdf |archive-date=2022-12-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref></small>%*<small>:</small> <small>of those declared ethnicity</small>
|}
</div>

== Vital statistics==
[[File:Romania total fertility rate by county (2019).png|thumb|Romania total fertility rate by county (2019)
]]

===Total fertility rate from 1850 to 1899===
The [[total fertility rate]] is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: [[Our World In Data]] and [[Gapminder Foundation]].<ref name="ourworldindata.org">{{citation|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1945&country=ROU|title=Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries|author=Max Roser|date=2014|work=[[Our World In Data]], [[Gapminder Foundation]]|access-date=2019-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180302/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1945&country=ROU|archive-date=2019-02-09|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1850!!1851!!1852!!1853!!1854!!1855!!1856!!1857!!1858!!1859!!1860<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Total fertility rate in Romania||5.22|| 5.08 ||4.94||4.8||4.66||4.52||4.38||4.24||4.11||3.97||4.23
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1861!!1862!!1863!!1864!!1865!!1866!!1867!!1868!!1869!!1870<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left"|Total fertility rate in Romania||4.29|| 4.29 ||4.07||4.82||4.64||4.19||4.25||4.48||4.56||4.61
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1871!!1872!!1873!!1874!!1875!!1876!!1877!!1878!!1879!!1880<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left"|Total fertility rate in Romania||4.49|| 4.29 ||4.36||4.6||5.2||4.96||4.74||4.22||4.97||5.05
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1881!!1882!!1883!!1884!!1885!!1886!!1887!!1888!!1889!!1890<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left"|Total fertility rate in Romania||5.56|| 5.41 ||5.74||5.55||5.78||5.65||5.49||5.68||5.44||5.16
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1891!!1892!!1893!!1894!!1895!!1896!!1897!!1898!!1899<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left"|Total fertility rate in Romania||5.67|| 5.23 ||5.43||5.48||5.67||5.45||5.75||4.92||5.63
|}

===Before World War I===

{{sticky-header}}{{sort under}}{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under sticky-header-multi" style="text-align:right;"
|-
!
! style="width:80pt;"|Average population
! style="width:80pt;"|Live births
! style="width:80pt;"|Deaths
! style="width:80pt;"|Natural change
! style="width:80pt;"|Crude birth rate (per 1000)
! style="width:80pt;"|Crude death rate (per 1000)
! style="width:80pt;"|Natural change (per 1000)
! style="width:80pt;"|[[Total fertility rate]]s<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| 1900
| 6,050,000
| 235,000
| 146,000
| 89,000
| 38.8
| 24.2
| 14.7
|5.20
|-
| 1901
| 6,120,000
| 241,000
| 160,000
| 81,000
| 39.3
| 26.2
| 13.2
|5.27
|-
| 1902
| 6,210,000
| 242,000
| 172,000
| 70,000
| 39.0
|  27.7
| 11.3
| 5.23
|-
| 1903
| 6,290,000
| 252,000
| 156,000
| 96,000
| 40.1
| 24.8
| 15.3
|5.37
|-
| 1904
| 6,390,000
| 256,000
| 156,000
| 100,000
| 40.1
| 24.4
| 15.6
|5.37
|-
| 1905
| 6,480,000
| 248,000
| 160,000
| 88,000
| 38.3
| 24.7
| 13.6
|5.13
|-
| 1906
| 6,570,000
| 262,000
| 157,000
| 105,000
| 39.9
| 23.9
| 16.0
|5.35
|-
| 1907
| 6,680,000
| 274,000
| 176,000
| 98,000
| 41.1
| 26.3
| 14.8
|5.51
|-
| 1908
| 6,770,000
| 273,000
| 185,000
| 88,000
| 40.3
| 27.4
| 13
|5.40
|-
| 1909
| 6,860,000
| 282,000
| 188,000
| 94,000
| 41.1
| 27.4
| 13.7
|5.51
|-
| 1910
| 6,970,000
| 274,000
| 173,000
| 101,000
| 39.3
| 24.8
| 14.5
|5.27
|-
| 1911
| 7,090,000
| 300,000
| 179,000
| 121,000
| 42.3
| 25.3
| 17.1
|5.67
|-
| 1912
| 7,240,000
| 314,000
| 166,000
| 148,000
|  43.4
| 22.9
| 20.4
| 5.82
|-
| 1913
| 7,360,000
| 310,000
| 192,000
| 118,000
| 42.1
| 26.1
| 16.0
|5.64
|-
| 1914
| 7,770,000
| 327,000
| 183,000
| 144,000
| 42.1
| 23.5
| 18.5
|5.64
|-
| 1915
| 7,910,000
| 320,000
| 194,000
| 126,000
| 40.5
| 24.5
| 15.9
|5.43
|}

{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1916!!1917!!1918<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left"|Total fertility rate in Romania|| 4.84 ||4.25||3.67
|}

===Interwar period (between World War I and II)===

{{sticky-header}}{{sort under}}{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under sticky-header-multi" style="text-align:right;"
|-
!
! style="width:80pt;"|Average population
! style="width:80pt;"|Live births
! style="width:80pt;"|Deaths
! style="width:80pt;"|Natural change
! style="width:80pt;"|Crude birth rate (per 1000)
! style="width:80pt;"|Crude death rate (per 1000)
! style="width:80pt;"|Natural change (per 1000)
! style="width:80pt;"|[[Total fertility rate]]s<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| 1919
| 15,920,000
| 366,000
| 328,000
| 38,000
| 23.0
| 20.6
| 2.4
|3.08
|-
| 1920
| 16,010,000
| 539,000
| 415,000
| 124,000
| 33.7
| 25.9
| 7.7
|4.52
|-
| 1921
| 16,240,000
| 620,000
| 372,000
| 248,000
| 38.2
| 22.9
| 15.3
|5.12
|-
| 1922
| 16,500,000
| 614,000
| 376,000
| 238,000
| 37.2
| 22.8
| 14.4
|4.98
|-
| 1923
| 16,770,000
| 609,000
| 372,000
| 237,000
| 36.4
| 22.1
| 14.4
|4.88
|-
| 1924
| 16,990,000
| 623,000
| 383,000
| 240,000
| 36.7
| 22.5
| 14.1
|4.92
|-
| 1925
| 17,190,000
| 606,000
| 362,000
| 244,000
| 35.2
| 21.1
| 14.1
|4.72
|-
| 1926
| 17,460,000
| 608,000
| 373,000
| 235,000
| 34.8
| 21.4
| 13.4
|4.66
|-
| 1927
| 17,690,000
| 603,000
| 393,000
| 210,000
| 34.1
| 22.2
| 11.9
|4.57
|-
| 1928
| 17,970,000
| 624,000
| 352,000
| 272,000
| 34.7
| 19.6
| 15.1
|4.65
|-
| 1929
| 17,640,000
| 601,000
| 378,000
| 223,000
| 34.1
| 21.4
| 12.6
|4.57
|-
| 1930
| 17,870,000
| 625,000
| 347,000
| 278,000
| 35.0
| 19.4
| 15.6
|4.69
|-
| 1931
| 18,190,000
| 605,000
| 379,000
| 226,000
| 33.3
| 20.8
| 12.4
|4.46
|-
| 1932
| 18,427,000
| 662,000
| 399,000
| 263,000
| 35.9
| 21.7
| 14.3
|4.81
|-
| 1933
| 18,653,000
| 598,000
| 348,000
| 250,000
| 32.1
| 18.7
| 13.4
|4.30
|-
| 1934
| 18,914,000
| 612,416
| 390,668
| 221,748
| 32.4
| 20.7
| 11.7
|4.34
|-
| 1935
| 19,088,000
| 585,503
| 402,720
| 182,783
| 30.7
| 21.1
| 9.6
|4.11
|-
| 1936
| 19,319,000
| 608,906
| 382,179
| 226,727
| 31.5
| 19.8
| 11.7
|4.22
|-
| 1937
| 19,535,000
| 601,310
| 377,954
| 223,356
| 30.8
| 19.3
| 11.4
|4.13
|-
| 1938
| 19,750,000
| 585,423
| 379,445
| 205,978
| 29.6
| 19.2
| 10.4
|3.97
|-
| 1939
| 19,934,000
| 563,817
| 370,348
| 193,469
| 28.3
| 18.6
| 9.7
|3.79
|}

{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1940!!1941!!1942!!1943!!1944!!1945<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left"|Total fertility rate in Romania||3.55|| 3.08 ||2.87||3.14||2.91||2.63
|}

===After World War II===
{{section update|date=January 2022}}

Main sources:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://statistici.insse.ro:8077/tempo-online/#/pages/tables/insse-table|title=TEMPO Online}}</ref><ref name="ourworldindata.org"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tsdde220&plugin=0|title=Eurostat – Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table|website=Eurostat|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref>

Source: National Institute of Statistics<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://insse.ro/cms/en|title=Welcome to National Institute of Statistics &#124; National Institute of Statistics|website=INS}}</ref>

Notable events in Romanian demographics:
* 1947 – Establishment of the [[People's Republic of Romania]]
* 1965 – Establishment of the [[Socialist Republic of Romania]]
* 1967–1989 – [[Decree 770]]
* 1989 – [[Romanian revolution]]
* 2007 – [[2007 enlargement of the European Union|Romania joins the EU]]

{{sticky-header}}{{sort under}}{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under sticky-header-multi" style="text-align:right;"
|-
!
! style="width:80pt;"|Average population (July 1)
! style="width:80pt;"|Live births
! style="width:80pt;"|Deaths
! style="width:80pt;"|Natural change
! style="width:80pt;"|Crude birth rate (per 1000)
! style="width:80pt;"|Crude death rate (per 1000)
! style="width:80pt;"|Natural change (per 1000)
! style="width:80pt;"|Crude migration change (per 1000)
! style="width:80pt;"|Total fertility rates{{refn|group=fn|In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases. }}
|-
| 1946
| 15,760,000
| 391,273
| 296,439
| 94,834
| 24.8
| 18.8
| 6.0
| 
|   3.32
|-
| 1947
| 15,860,000
| 370,562
|   349,331
| 21,231
| 23.4
|  22.0
| 1.3
| 5.0
|   3.14
|-
| 1948
| 15,893,000
| 379,868
| 248,238
| 131,630
| 23.9
| 15.6
| 8.3
| −6.2
|   3.20
|-
| 1949
| 16,084,000
| 444,065
| 219,881
| 224,184
|  27.6
| 13.7
| 13.9
| −2.1
|  3.70
|-
| 1950
| 16,311,000
| 426,820
| 202,010
| 224,810
| 26.2
| 12.4
| 13.8
| 0.1
|   3.14
|-
| 1951
| 16,464,000
| 412,534
| 210,021
| 202,513
| 25.1
| 12.8
| 12.3
| −3.0
|   3.01
|-
| 1952
| 16,630,000
| 413,217
| 195,287
| 217,930
| 24.8
| 11.7
| 13.1
| −3.2
|   2.97
|-
| 1953
| 16,847,000
| 401,717
| 194,752
| 206,965
| 23.8
| 11.6
| 12.3
| 0.6
|   2.76
|-
| 1954
| 17,040,000
| 422,346
| 195,091
| 227,255
| 24.8
| 11.4
| 13.3
| −2.0
|   2.98
|-
| 1955
| 17,325,000
| 442,864
| 167,535
| 275,329
| 25.6
| 9.7
| 15.9
| 0.6
|   3.07
|-
| 1956
| 17,583,000
| 425,704
| 174,847
| 250,857
| 24.2
| 9.9
| 14.3
| 0.4
|   2.89
|-
| 1957
| 17,829,000
| 407,819
| 181,923
| 225,896
| 22.9
| 10.2
| 12.7
| 1.1
|   2.73
|-
| 1958
| 18,056,000
| 390,500
| 156,493
|  style="text-align:right;| 234,007
| 21.6
| 8.7
| 13.0
| −0.4
|   2.58
|-
| 1959
| 18,226,000
| 368,007
| 186,767
| 181,240
| 20.2
| 10.2
| 9.9
| −0,6
|   2.43
|-
| 1960
| 18,403,414
| 352,241
| 160,720
| 191,521
| 19.1
| 8.7
| 10.4
| −0.8
|   2.33
|-
| 1961
| 18,566,932
| 324,859
| 161,936
| 162,923
| 17.5
| 8.7
| 8.8
| 0
|   2.17
|-
| 1962
| 18,680,721
| 301,985
| 172,429
| 129,556
| 16.2
| 9.2
| 6.9
| −0.8
| 2.04
|-
| 1963
| 18,813,131
| 294,886
|  style="text-align:right;| 155,767
| 139,119
| 15.7
| 8.3
| 7.4
| −0.4
| 2.01
|-
| 1964
| 18,927,081
| 287,383
|  152,476
| 134,907
| 15.2
|  8.1
| 7.1
| −1.1
| 1.96
|-
| 1965
| 19,027,367
| 278,362
| 163,393
| 114,969
| 14.6
| 8.6
| 6.0
| −0.8
| 1.91
|-
| 1966
| 19,140,783
| 273,678
| 157,445
| 116,233
| 14.3
| 8.2
| 6.1
| −0.1
| 1.90
|-
| 1967
| 19,284,814
|  527,764
| 179,129
|  348,635
| 27.4
| 9.3
|  18.1
| −10.7
|   3.66
|-
| 1968
| 19,720,984
| 526,091
| 188,509
| 337,582
| 26.7
| 9.6
| 17.1
| 5.1
|   3.63
|-
| 1969
| 20,010,178
| 465,764
| 201,225
| 264,539
| 23.3
| 10.1
| 13.2
| 1.3
|   3.19
|-
| 1970
| 20,252,541
| 427,034
| 193,255
| 233,779
| 21.1
| 9.5
| 11.5
| 0.4
|   2.89
|-
| 1971
| 20,469,658
| 400,146
| 194,306
| 205,840
| 19.5
| 9.5
| 10.1
| 0.6
|   2.66
|-
| 1972
| 20,662,648
| 389,153
| 189,793
| 199,360
| 18.8
| 9.2
| 9.6
| −0.3
|   2.55
|-
| 1973
| 20,827,525
| 378,696
| 203,559
| 175,137
| 18.2
| 9.8
| 8.4
| −0.5
|   2.44
|-
| 1974
| 21,028,841
| 427,732
| 191,286
| 236,446
| 20.3
| 9.1
| 11.2
| −1.7
|   2.72
|-
| 1975
| 21,245,103
| 418,185
| 197,538
| 220,647
| 19.7
| 9.3
| 10.4
| −0.2
|   2.62
|-
| 1976
| 21,445,698
| 417,353
| 204,873
| 212,480
| 19.5
| 9.6
| 9.9
| −0.6
|   2.58
|-
| 1977
| 21,657,569
| 423,958
| 208,685
| 215,273
| 19.6
| 9.6
| 9.9
| −0.2
|   2.60
|-
| 1978
| 21,854,622
| 416,598
| 211,846
| 204,752
| 19.1
| 9.7
| 9.4
| −0.4
|   2.54
|-
| 1979
| 22,048,305
| 410,603
| 217,509
| 193,094
| 18.6
| 9.9
| 8.8
| 0
|   2.50
|-
| 1980
| 22,201,387
| 398,904
| 231,876
| 167,028
| 18.0
| 10.4
| 7.5
| −0.6
|   2.45
|-
| 1981
| 22,352,635
| 381,101
| 224,635
| 156,466
| 17.0
| 10.0
| 7.0
| −0.2
|   2.37
|-
| 1982
| 22,477,703
| 344,369
| 224,120
| 120,249
| 15.3
| 10.0
| 5.3
| 0.2
|   2.17
|-
| 1983
| 22,553,074
| 321,498
| 233,892
| 87,606
| 14.3
| 10.4
| 3.9
| −0.5
| 2.00
|-
| 1984
| 22,624,505
| 350,741
| 233,699
| 117,042
| 15.5
| 10.3
| 5.2
| −2.0
|   2.19
|-
| 1985
| 22,724,836
| 358,797
| 246,670
| 112,127
| 15.8
| 10.9
| 4.9
| −0.5
|   2.26
|-
| 1986
| 22,823,479
| 376,896
| 242,330
| 134,566
| 16.5
| 10.6
| 5.9
| −1.6
|   2.39
|-
| 1987
| 22,940,430
| 383,199
| 254,286
| 128,913
| 16.7
| 11.1
| 5.6
| −0.5
|   2.42
|-
| 1988
| 23,053,552
| 380,043
| 253,370
| 126,673
| 16.5
| 11.0
| 5.5
| −0.6
|   2.31
|-
| 1989
| 23,151,564
| 369,544
| 247,306
| 122,238
| 16.0
| 10.7
| 5.3
| −1.1
|   2.19
|-
| 1990
|   23,206,720
| 314,746
| 247,086
| 67,660
| 13.6
| 10.6
| 2.9
| −0.5
| 1.83
|-
| 1991
| 23,185,084
| 275,275
| 251,760
| 23,515
| 11.9
| 10.9
| 1.0
| −1.9
| 1.56
|-
| 1992
| 22,788,969
| 260,393
| 263,855
|    −3,462
| 11.4
| 11.6
|   −0.2
| −16.9
| 1.50
|-
| 1993
| 22,755,260
| 249,994
| 263,323
|    −13,329
| 11.0
| 11.6
|   −0.6
| −0.9
| 1.45
|-
| 1994
| 22,730,622
| 246,736
| 266,101
|    –19,365
| 10.9
| 11.7
|   −0.9
| −0.2
| 1.42
|-
| 1995
| 22,680,951
| 236,640
| 271,672
|    −35,032
| 10.4
| 12.0
|   −1.5
| −0.6
| 1.34
|-
| 1996
| 22,607,620
| 231,348
| 286,158
|    −54,810
| 10.2
| 12.7
|   −2.4
| −0.8
| 1.29
|-
| 1997
| 22,545,925
| 236,891
| 279,315
|   −42,424
| 10.5
| 12.4
|   −1.9
| −0.9
| 1.31
|-
| 1998
| 22,502,803
| 237,297
| 269,166
|    −31,869
| 10.5
| 12.0
|   −1.4
| −0.5
| 1.33
|-
| 1999
| 22,458,022
| 234,600
| 265,194
|    −30,594
| 10.4
| 11.8
|   −1.4
| -0.6
| 1.32
|-
| 2000
| 22,435,205
| 234,521
| 255,820
|    −21,299
| 10.5
| 11.4
|   −0.9
| −0.1
| 1.32
|-
| 2001
| 22,408,393
| 220,368
| 259,603
|    −39,235
| 9.8
| 11.6
|   −1.8
| 0.6
|  1.23
|-
| 2002
| 21,675,775
| 210,529
| 269,666
|    −59,137
| 9.7
| 12.4
|   −2.7
| −30.1
|  1.26
|-
| 2003
| 21,574,365
| 212,459
| 266,575
|    −54,116
| 9.8
| 12.4
|   −2.5
| −2.2
| 1.29
|-
| 2004
| 21,451,845
| 216,261
| 258,890
|    −42,629
| 10.1
| 12.1
|   −2.0
| −3.7
| 1.32
|-
| 2005
| 21,319,673
| 221,020
| 262,101
|    −41,081
| 10.4
| 12.3
|   −1.9
| −4.2
| 1.38
|-
| 2006
| 21,193,749
| 219,483
| 258,094
|    −38,611
| 10.4
| 12.2
|   −1.8
| −4.1
| 1.41
|-
| 2007
| 20,882,980
| 214,728
| 251,965
|   −37,237
| 10.3
| 12.1
|   −1.8
| −12.9
| 1.43
|-
| 2008
| 20,537,848
| 221,900
| 253,202
|   −31,302
| 10.8
| 12.3
|   −1.5
| −15.0
| 1.58
|-
| 2009
| 20,367,437
| 222,388
| 257,213
|   −34,825
| 10.9
| 12.6
|   −1.7
| −6.6
| 1.65
|-
| 2010
| 20,246,798
| 212,199
| 259,723
|   −47,524
| 10.5
| 12.8
|   −2.3
| −3.6
| 1.58
|-
| 2011
| 20,147,657
| 196,242
| 251,439
|  −55,197
| 9.7
| 12.5
|   −2.7
| −2.2
| 1.46
|-
| 2012
| 20,060,182
| 201,104
| 255,539
|  −54,435
| 10.0
| 12.7
|   −2.7
| −1.6
| 1.52
|-
| 2013
| 19,988,694
| 214,932
| 250,466
|  −35,534
| 10.8
| 12.5
|   −1.7
| −0.6
| 1.45
|-
| 2014
| 19,916,451
| 202,501
| 255,604
|  −53,103
|  10.2
|  12.8
|   −2.6
| −0.8
| 1.55
|-
| 2015
| 19,822,250
| 206,190
| 262,981
|  −56,791
|  10.4
|  13.3
|   −2.9
| −1.7
| 1.61
|-
| 2016
| 19,706,424
| 209,641
| 258,896
|  −49,255
|  10.6
|  13.1
|   −2.5
| −3.2
| 1.68
|-
| 2017
| 19,592,933
| 214,928
| 262,811
|  −47,883
|  11.0
| 13.4
|   −2.4
| −3.1
| 1.77
|-
| 2018
| 19,483,840
| 214,614
| 265,494
|  −50,880
|  11.0
|  13.6
|   −2.6
| −2.8
| 1.81
|-
| 2019
| 19,394,228
| 215,467
| 261,445
|  −45,978
| 11.1
|  13.5
|  −2.4
| −2.0
| 1.86
|-
| 2020
| 19,296,076
| 211,273
| 300,114
|  −88,841
| 11.0
| 15.6
|  −4.6
| −0.3
| 1.80
|-
| 2021
| 19,140,432
| 203,418
| 336,678
|  −133,260
| 10.6
| 17.6
|  −7.0
| −1.7
| 1.81
|-
| 2022
| 19,053,345
| 188,322
| 273,980
|  −85,658
| 9.9
| 14.4
|  −4.5
| 1.1
| 1.71
|-
| 2023
| 19,065,215
| 164,004
| 244,624
|  −80,620
| 8.6
| 12.8
|  −4.2
| 5.1
| 1.54
|-
| 2024
| 19,055,961
| 157,270
| 245,698
|  −88,428
| 8.3
| 12.9
|  −4.6
| 4.8
| 1.39
|-
| 2025p
|19,043,151*
| 145,669
| 239,582
|  –93,913
| 7.7
| 12.6
|  −4.9
| 
|1.35(e)
|-
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> Data as of January 1, 2025. Data as of July 1 are to be released.

Note: 

The 2011 Romanian census gave a figure of 20,121,641.

The 2021 Romanian census gave a figure of 19,053,815.

Live births, deaths, natural increase, and their rates refer to the usual resident population of Romania between 2013 and 2024.

=== Current vital statistics ===
The current vital statistics of Romania are as follows

{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align:center;"
|+
|-
! Period
! Live births
! Deaths
! Natural increase
|-
! January-March 2025
| 33,261
| 65,815
| −32,554
|-
! January-March 2026
| 33,017
| 64,990
| −31,973
|-
! Difference
| {{decrease}} −244 (−0.73%)
| {{decreasepositive}} -825 (-1.25%)
| {{increase}} +581
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | Source:<ref>{{cite web|title=Vital statistics |url=https://insse.ro/cms/ro/tags/comunicat-miscarea-naturala-populatiei|website=National Institute of Statistics}}</ref>
|}

{{Chart|definition=Romania Natural Population Change.chart|data=Romania Natural Population Change.tab|Width=700}}

===Total fertility rates by region and county===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Total fertility rate by NUTS 2 region |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00100/default/table |access-date=2025-04-12 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref>
![[Development regions of Romania |Regions]]
!TFR
|-
|[[Centru (development region)|Centru]]
|1.53
|-
|[[Nord-Est (development region)|Nord-Est]]
|1.50
|-
|[[Nord-Vest (development region)|Nord-Vest]]
|1.42
|-
|[[Sud-Est (development region)|Sud-Est]]
|1.41
|-
|'''{{Flag|Romania}}'''
|'''1.39'''
|-
|[[Sud - Muntenia (development region)|Sud − Muntenia]]
|1.36
|-
|[[Vest (development region)|Vest]]
|1.33
|-
|[[Sud-Vest (development region)|Sud-Vest]]
|1.26
|-
|[[București - Ilfov]]
|1.19
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fertility indicators by NUTS 3 region |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/demo_r_find3/default/table?lang=en |access-date=27 September 2025 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref>
!Regions
!TFR
|-
|[[Bihor County]]
|1.67
|-
|[[Bistrița-Năsăud County]]
|1.64
|-
|[[Cluj County]]
|1.34
|-
|[[Maramureș County]]
|1.47
|-
|[[Satu Mare County]]
|1.53
|-
|[[Sălaj County]]
|1.96
|-
|[[Alba County]]
|1.55
|-
|[[Brașov County]]
|1.67
|-
|[[Covasna County]]
|1.63
|-
|[[Hargita County]]
|1.71
|-
|[[Mureș County]]
|1.67
|-
|[[Sibiu County]]
|1.60
|-
|[[Bacău County]]
|1.61
|-
|[[Botoșani County]]
|1.64
|-
|[[Iași County]]
|1.69
|-
|[[Neamț County]]
|1.62
|-
|[[Suceava County]]
|2.08
|-
|[[Vaslui County]]
|1.79
|-
|[[Brăila County]]
|1.44
|-
|[[Buzău County]]
|1.50
|-
|[[Constanța County]]
|1.56
|-
|[[Galați County]]
|1.63
|-
|[[Tulcea County]]
|1.49
|-
|[[Vrancea County]]
|1.55
|-
|[[Argeș County]]
|1.40
|-
|[[Călărași County]]
|1.59
|-
|[[Dâmbovița County]]
|1.38
|-
|[[Giurgiu County]]
|1.52
|-
|[[Ialomița County]]
|1.84
|-
|[[Prahova County]]
|1.45
|-
|[[Teleorman County]]
|1.43
|-
|[[București]]
|1.38
|-
|[[Ilfov County]]
|1.20
|-
|[[Dolj County]]
|1.50
|-
|[[Gorj County]]
|1.23
|-
|[[Mehedinți County]]
|1.25
|-
|[[Olt County]]
|1.44
|-
|[[Vâlcea County]]
|1.26
|-
|[[Arad County]]
|1.57
|-
|[[Caraș-Severin County]]
|1.43
|-
|[[Hunedoara County]]
|1.39
|-
|[[Timiș County]]
|1.38
|-
|'''{{flag|Romania}}'''
|'''1.54'''
|}

{{Hidden begin
|title= Population estimates by sex and age group (1 January 2021) (provisional estimates)<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=unstats.un.org}}</ref>
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| Total
| 9,387,590
| 9,814,072
| 19,201,662
| 100
|-
| 0–4
| 521,481
| 493,753
| 1,015,234
| 5.29
|-
| 5–9
| 491,575
| 465,014
| 956,589
| 4.98
|-
| 10–14
| 542,113
| 513,007
| 1,055,120
| 5.49
|-
| 15–19
| 529,720
| 497,225
| 1,026,945
| 5.35
|-
| 20–24
| 516,683
| 488,542
| 1,005,225
| 5.24
|-
| 25–29
| 521,145
| 486,568
| 1,007,713
| 5.25
|-
| 30–34
| 692,834
| 641,537
| 1,334,371
| 6.95
|-
| 35–39
| 666,920
| 624,800
| 1,291,720
| 6.73
|-
| 40–44
| 773,295
| 740,280
| 1,513,575
| 7.88
|-
| 45–49
| 757,067
| 717,118
| 1,474,185
| 7.68
|-
| 50–54
| 802,907
| 770,972
| 1,573,879
| 8.20
|-
| 55–59
| 502,848
| 511,124
| 1,013,972
| 5.28
|-
| 60–64
| 574,456
| 653,682
| 1,228,138
| 6.40
|-
| 65−69
| 536,795
| 676,615
| 1,213,410
| 6.32
|-
| 70−74
| 403,858
| 556,959
| 960,817
| 5.00
|-
| 75−79
| 234,736
| 370,749
| 605,485
| 3.15
|-
| 80−84
| 181,168
| 332,869
| 514,037
| 2.68
|-
| 85−89
| 92,247
| 181,016
| 273,263
| 1.42
|-
| 90−94
| 34,236
| 68,768
| 103,004
| 0.54
|-
| 95−99
| 9,544
| 18,845
| 28,389
| 0.15
|-
| 100+
| 1,962
| 4,629
| 6,591
| 0.03
|-
! width="50"|Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| 0–14
| 1,555,169
| 1,471,774
| 3,026,943
| 15.76
|-
| 15–64
| 6,337,875
| 6,131,848
| 12,469,723
| 64.94
|-
| 65+
| 1,494,546
| 2,210,450
| 3,704,996
| 19.30
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

=== Life expectancy 1950–2020 ===
[[File:Life expectancy in Romania.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Life expectancy in Romania since 1932]]
[[File:Life expectancy by WBG -Romania -diff.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Life expectancy in Romania since 1960 by gender]]
Average [[life expectancy]] at birth of the total population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations|website=esa.un.org|access-date=2018-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919061238/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|archive-date=2016-09-19|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
!Period
!Life expectancy in years
|-
|1950–1955
|{{steady}} 61.15{{0}}
|-
|1955–1960
|{{increase}} 63.287
|-
|1960–1965
|{{increase}} 67.78{{0}}
|-
|1965–1970
|{{decrease}} 67.34{{0}}
|-
|1970–1975
|{{increase}} 69.02{{0}}
|-
|1975–1980
|{{increase}} 69.59{{0}}
|-
|1980–1985
|{{increase}} 69.73{{0}}
|-
|1985–1990
|{{decrease}} 69.52{{0}}
|-
|1990–1995
|{{increase}} 69.60{{0}}
|-
|1995–2000
|{{increase}} 69.71{{0}}
|-
|2000–2005
|{{increase}} 71.47{{0}}
|-
|2005–2010
|{{increase}} 73.08{{0}}
|-
|2010–2015
|{{increase}} 74.85{{0}}
|-
|2015–2020
|?
|}

== Birth rates by county ==
Romania has 41 counties and one city with a special status, namely [[Bucharest]]. [[Ilfov County]] has the highest crude birth rate (12.0‰), while [[Vâlcea County]] has the lowest crude birth rate (6.6‰). Birth rates are generally higher in rural areas compared to urban areas.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+ Crude birth rate by county in 2016 (INS)<ref>{{cite web|title=Demographic evenements in 2016|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/evenimente_demografice_in_anul_2016_0.pdf|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171123020748/http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/evenimente_demografice_in_anul_2016_0.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2017|website=INS|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
! [[Județ]]
! Total CBR (‰) || Urban (‰) || Rural (‰)
|-
| style="text-align:left" | '''Romania'''
| '''8.6''' || '''8.3''' || '''8.9'''
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Alba County]] || 8.0 || 7.5 || 8.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Arad County]] || 8.5 || 8.1 || 8.9
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Argeș County]] || 8.3 || 8.2 || 8.3
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Bacău County]] || 8.0 || 7.5 || 8.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Bihor County]] || 9.2 || 8.6 || 9.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Bistrița-Năsăud County]] || 9.7 || 9.8 || 9.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Botoșani County]] || 8.3 || 8.1 || 8.4
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Brașov County]] || 9.6 || 8.6 || 12.6
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Brăila County]] || 6.9 || 6.2 || 8.4
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Bucharest | Bucharest City]] || 8.8 || 8.8 || {{n/a}}
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Buzău County]] || 7.6 || 7.7 || 7.6
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Caraș-Severin County]] || 6.9 || 6.7 || 7.3
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Călărași County]] || 8.7 || 8.5 || 8.9
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Cluj County]] || 9.5 || 9.2 || 9.9
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Constanța County]]|| 9.3 || 8.8 || 10.4
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Covasna County]] || 9.6 || 8.1 || 11.2
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Dâmbovița County]] || 8.3 || 7.7 || 8.6
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Dolj County]] || 7.9 || 7.9 || 7.9
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Galați County]] || 7.4 || 6.7 || 8.3
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Giurgiu County]] || 8.3 || 7.2 || 8.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Gorj County]] || 7.5 || 7.9 || 7.1
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Harghita County]] || 9.4 || 8.4 || 10.2
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Hunedoara County]] || 7.2 || 7.4 || 6.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Ialomița County]] || 8.2 || 7.8 || 8.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Iași County]] || 9.4 || 9.1 || 9.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Ilfov County]] || 12.0 || 12.3 || 11.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Maramureș County]] || 8.7 || 8.3 || 9.2
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Mehedinți County]] || 7.8 || 7.6 || 8.1
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Mureș County]] || 9.4 || 8.2 || 10.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Neamț County]] || 7.5 || 7.0 || 7.9
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Olt County]] || 7.0 || 7.8 || 6.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Prahova County]] || 7.9 || 7.6 || 8.2
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Satu Mare County]] || 8.6 || 7.6 || 9.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Sălaj County]] || 10.0 || 10.2 || 9.9
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Sibiu County]] || 9.3 || 8.4 || 11.3
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Suceava County]] || 10.3 || 9.6 || 10.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Teleorman County]] || 6.8 || 6.5 || 6.9
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Timiș County]] || 9.4 || 9.0 || 10.0
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Tulcea County]] || 7.3 || 7.8 || 6.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Vaslui County]] || 8.2 || 7.5 || 8.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Vâlcea County]] || 6.6 || 7.2 || 5.9
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Vrancea County]] || 8.3 || 7.9 || 8.5
|}

==Demographics statistics==
[[File:Population development of Romania.svg|thumb|350px|Population history of Romania (modern borders)]]
[[File:Evolutia demografica din România.png|thumb|right|350px|Live births and deaths between 1930 and 2006]]
[[File:Romania Population 1950-2021 Forecast 2022-2032 UN World Population Prospects 2022.svg|thumb|350px|Population, [[fertility rate]] and [[net reproduction rate]] since 1950, United Nations estimates]]
Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019.<ref name="WPR 2018">{{citation|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/romania-population/|title=Romania Population 2019|website=World Population Review}}</ref>

*One birth every 3 minutes
*One death every 2 minutes
*Net loss of one person every 5 minutes
*One net migrant every 19 minutes

The following demographic statistics are from the [[CIA World Factbook]], unless otherwise indicated.<ref name = "cia.gov">{{citation|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115042138/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 15, 2026|title=World Factbook EUROPE : Romania|work=[[The World Factbook]]|date=12 July 2018}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>

=== Population ===

{{circa}} 19,000,000  (January 2023 est.)

===Median age===
:total: 42.4 years. 
:male: 40.6  years
:female: 44.1  years (2021 census)<ref>{{Cite web | title=Institutul Naţional de Statistică: Fenomenul de îmbătrânire s-a accentuat în România | url=https://www.mediafax.ro/social/institutul-national-de-statistica-fenomenul-de-imbatranire-s-a-accentuat-in-romania-21556491 | access-date=2026-05-27 | website=www.mediafax.ro}}</ref>

===Birth rate===
:8.7 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 211th

===Death rate===
:12 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 17th

===Total fertility rate===
:1.71 children born/woman (2017) Country comparison to the world: 154th

===Net migration rate===
:−0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 113th
:−0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)<ref name="CIAgov" />

===Mother's mean age at first birth===
:27.7 years (2024 est.)<ref>{{Cite web| title=Evenimente demografice - Anul 2024 | language=ro | trans-title=Demographic Events - Year 2024 | url=https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/evenimente_demografice_in_anul_2024.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602162053/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/evenimente_demografice_in_anul_2024.pdf | archive-date=2025-06-02}}</ref>

===Population growth rate===
:−0.35% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 219th
:−0.127% (2007 estimate).<ref name="CIAgov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115042138/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 15, 2026|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=Cia.gov|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref>

===Urban–rural ratio===
Romania is one of the least urbanised countries in Europe. Just a slight majority, 54.7% lives in urban areas (est. 2023), and the rate of urbanization is −0.15% annual rate of change (2020–25 est.)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260116031247/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/urbanization cia.gov]
</ref>

===Sex ratio===
;''at birth:'':1.06 male(s)/female
;''under 15 years:'':1.05 male(s)/female
;''15–64 years:'':0.99 male(s)/female
;''65 years and over:'':0.71 male(s)/female
;''total population:'':0.95 male(s)/female (2008 est.)

===Infant mortality rate===
5.5  deaths/1,000 live births (2024);<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112125427/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/infant-mortality-rate/country-comparison cia.gov]</ref> down from
9.2 deaths/1,000 live births (May 2010);<ref name="dimn2010-08-21">[http://www.wall-street.ro/articol/Economie/89095/Populatia-Romaniei-in-continua-scadere.html Populatia Romaniei, in continua scadere], July 12, 2010, Wall-street.ro, Accessed online on August 2, 2012</ref> down from 17.3 deaths/1,000 live births in 2002.<ref name="UNDP.ro">{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.ro/mdg/pdf/MDGR+Eng.pdf|title=UNDP Romania|website=Undp.ro|access-date=3 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003225651/http://www.undp.ro/mdg/pdf/MDGR+Eng.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Life expectancy at birth===
*total population: 76.25 years (2025 est.) Country comparison to the world: 86th <ref>{{Cite web | title=Life Expectancy by Country and in the World (2026) - Worldometer | url=https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/life-expectancy/ | access-date=2026-05-27 | website=www.worldometers.info}}</ref>
**male: 72.74 years (2025 est.)
**female: 79.82 years (2025 est.)

===Literacy===
definition: age 14 and over can read and write (2021 Census)<ref>{{Cite web | title=Rezultate definitive RPL 2021 – Recensamantul Populatiei si Locuintelor | url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-rpl-2021/rezultate-definitive/ | access-date=2026-05-27 | website=www.recensamantromania.ro}}</ref>
:total population: 99.17%
:male: 99.03%
:female: 99.29%

===School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)===
:total: 14 years
:male: 14 years
:female: 15 years (2016)

===Unemployment, youth ages 15–24===
:total: 20.6%. Country comparison to the world: 62nd
:male: 19.9%
:female: 21.8% (2016 est.)

===Nationality===
The noun form is Romanian(s), and the adjectival form is Romanian.

==Age structure==
[[File:Romania_Population_Pyramid.svg|thumb|right|350px|Population pyramid of Romania in 2021]]

*''0–14 years:'' 15.4%
*''15–64 years:'' 62%
*''65 years and over:'' 22.6% (2024 est.)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260115042138/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/ cia.gov]</ref>

As a consequence of the pro-natalist policies of the [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] regime (see [[Decree 770]]), Romania has a higher proportion of its population born in the late 1960s and 1970s than any other Western country except [[Slovenia]]. The generations born in 1967 and 1968 were the largest, although fertility remained relatively high until 1990. 8.55% of the Romanian population was born in the period from 1976 to 1980, compared with 6.82% of [[United States|American]]s and 6.33% of [[British people|Britons]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/peo_tot_pop_age_252_of_the_tot-total-population-age-25-29.|title=Countries Compared by People > Total population > Age 25–29 > % of the total. International Statistics|website=NationMaster.com|access-date=3 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105060750/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/peo_tot_pop_age_252_of_the_tot-total-population-age-25-29.|archive-date=5 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Chart|definition=Romania Age Structure.chart|data=Romania Age Structure.tab|width=700}}

===Age structure by ethnicity===
Population by ethnicity based on age groups, according to the 2011 census:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/noutati/volumul-ii-populatia-stabila-rezidenta-structura-etnica-si-confesionala/|title=VOLUMUL II: POPULAŢIA STABILĂ (REZIDENTĂ) – STRUCTURA ETNICĂ ŞI CONFESIONALĂ|access-date=2020-10-11|archive-date=2021-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926205609/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/noutati/volumul-ii-populatia-stabila-rezidenta-structura-etnica-si-confesionala/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:40pt;" |Age group
! style="width:60pt;" |Total population
! style="width:60pt;" |Romanians
! style="width:60pt;" |Hungarians
! style="width:60pt;" |Roma
! style="width:60pt;" |Ukrainians
! style="width:60pt;" |Germans
! style="width:60pt;" |Turks
! style="width:60pt;" |Others/Undeclared
|-
|'''0–4'''
| style="text-align:right;" |1,045,029
| style="text-align:right;" |766,078
| style="text-align:right;" |52,158
| style="text-align:right;  |73,860
| style="text-align:right;" |2,606
| style="text-align:right;" |890
| style="text-align:right;" |2,348
| style="text-align:right;" |147,089
|-
|'''5–9'''
| style="text-align:right;" |1,054,391
| style="text-align:right;" |804,721
| style="text-align:right;  |55,477
| style="text-align:right;  |69,998
| style="text-align:right;" |3,058
| style="text-align:right;" |990
| style="text-align:right;" |2,095
| style="text-align:right;" |118,052
|-
|{{nowrap|'''10–14'''}}
| style="text-align:right;" |1,090,226
| style="text-align:right;" |861,915
| style="text-align:right;" |58,081
| style="text-align:right;  |64,776
| style="text-align:right;" |3,285
| style="text-align:right;" |1,072
| style="text-align:right;" |1,996
| style="text-align:right;" |99,101
|-
|'''15–19'''
| style="text-align:right;" |1,108,453
| style="text-align:right;" |911,478
| style="text-align:right;" |59,737
| style="text-align:right;  |53,768
| style="text-align:right;" |3,712
| style="text-align:right;" |1,158
| style="text-align:right;" |1,651
| style="text-align:right;" |76,949
|-
|'''20–24'''
| style="text-align:right;" |1,366,374
| style="text-align:right;" |1,119,417
| style="text-align:right;" |76,714
| style="text-align:right;  |60,542
| style="text-align:right;" |3,770
| style="text-align:right;" |1,488
| style="text-align:right;" |2,261
| style="text-align:right;" |102,182
|-
|'''25–29'''
| style="text-align:right;" |1,303,077
| style="text-align:right;" |1,048,482
| style="text-align:right;" |74,135
| style="text-align:right; |49,452
| style="text-align:right;" |3,545
| style="text-align:right;" |1,459
| style="text-align:right;" |2,117
| style="text-align:right;" |123,887
|-
|'''30–34'''
| style="text-align:right;" |1,522,719
| style="text-align:right;" |1,241,284
| style="text-align:right;" |90,620
| style="text-align:right; |51,267
| style="text-align:right;" |3,692
| style="text-align:right;" |1,770
| style="text-align:right;" |2,452
| style="text-align:right;" |131,634
|-
|'''35–39'''
| style="text-align:right;" |1,538,897
| style="text-align:right;" |1,283,084
| style="text-align:right;" |95,034
| style="text-align:right; |45,551
| style="text-align:right;" |3,710
| style="text-align:right;" |1,999
| style="text-align:right;" |2,403
| style="text-align:right;" |107,116
|-
|'''40–44'''
| style="text-align:right;" |1,743,878
| style="text-align:right;" |1,493,176
| style="text-align:right;" |103,663
| style="text-align:right; |39,351
| style="text-align:right;" |3,530
| style="text-align:right;" |2,672
| style="text-align:right;" |2,319
| style="text-align:right;" |99,167
|-
|'''45–49'''
| style="text-align:right;" |1,076,258
| style="text-align:right;" |924,664
| style="text-align:right;" |66,469
| style="text-align:right; |24,319
| style="text-align:right;" |3,082
| style="text-align:right;" |1,933
| style="text-align:right;" |1,642
| style="text-align:right;" |54,149
|-
|'''50–54'''
| style="text-align:right;" |1,332,266
| style="text-align:right;" |1,156,851
| style="text-align:right;" |80,134
| style="text-align:right; |25,816
| style="text-align:right;" |3,259
| style="text-align:right;" |2,530
| style="text-align:right;" |1,732
| style="text-align:right;" |61,944
|-
|'''55–59'''
| style="text-align:right;" |1,448,043
| style="text-align:right;" |1,255,293
| style="text-align:right;" |94,852
| style="text-align:right; |23,064
| style="text-align:right;" |3,109
| style="text-align:right;" |3,375
| style="text-align:right;" |1,554
| style="text-align:right;" |66,796
|-
|'''60–64'''
| style="text-align:right;" |1,244,286
| style="text-align:right;" |1,084,578
| style="text-align:right;" |82,353
| style="text-align:right; |15,976
| style="text-align:right;" |2,874
| style="text-align:right;" |2,523
| style="text-align:right;" |1,090
| style="text-align:right;" |54,892
|-
|'''65–69'''
| style="text-align:right;" |890,340
| style="text-align:right;" |766,197
| style="text-align:right;" |74,709
| style="text-align:right; |8,708
| style="text-align:right;" |2,238
| style="text-align:right;" |2,796
| style="text-align:right;" |682
| style="text-align:right;" |35,010
|-
|'''70–74'''
| style="text-align:right;" |901,370
| style="text-align:right;" |792,445
| style="text-align:right;" |63,963
| style="text-align:right; |7,063
| style="text-align:right;" |2,190
| style="text-align:right;" |3,525
| style="text-align:right;" |560
| style="text-align:right;" |31,624
|-
|'''75–79'''
| style="text-align:right;" |729,965
| style="text-align:right;" |646,048
| style="text-align:right;" |48,315
| style="text-align:right; |4,803
| style="text-align:right;" |1,697
| style="text-align:right;" |2,734
| style="text-align:right;" |430
| style="text-align:right;" |25,938
|-
|'''80–84'''
| style="text-align:right;" |462,807
| style="text-align:right;" |407,295
| style="text-align:right;" |32,265
| style="text-align:right; |2,346
| style="text-align:right;" |1,021
| style="text-align:right;" |1,947
| style="text-align:right;" |231
| style="text-align:right;" |17,702
|-
|'''85+'''
| style="text-align:right;" |263,262
| style="text-align:right;" |229,862
| style="text-align:right;" |18,944
| style="text-align:right; |913
| style="text-align:right;" |542
| style="text-align:right;" |1,181
| style="text-align:right;" |135
| style="text-align:right;" |11,685
|-
|}

==Immigration==
{{Main|Immigration to Romania}}
Foreign-born population (according to [[Eurostat]]):<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/migr_pop3ctb |title=Population on 1 January by age group, sex and country of birth |work=Eurostat}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! !! 2016 !! 2018 !! 2020
|- class="sorttop"
! Population total
| 19,760,585 || 19,533,481 || 19,328,838
|- class="sorttop"
! Total
| 347,344 || 510,526 || 723,913
|-
| data-sort-value="Moldova" | {{flag|Moldova}} || 137,406 || 201,628 || 302,001
|-
| data-sort-value="Italy" | {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Italy}} || 46,172 || 60,543 || 72,473
|-
| data-sort-value="Spain" | {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Spain}} || 35,857 || 46,645 || 59,978
|-
| data-sort-value="Ukraine" | {{flag|Ukraine}} || 14,328 || 25,644 || 47,614
|-
| data-sort-value="United Kingdom" | {{flag|United Kingdom}} || 10,428 || 22,127 || 34,812
|-
| data-sort-value="Germany" | {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Germany}} || 10,750 || 20,739 || 34,071
|-
| data-sort-value="France" | {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|France}} || 9,262 || 15,887 || 21,960
|-
| data-sort-value="Bulgaria" | {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Bulgaria}} || 10,882 || 10,540 || 10,029
|-
| data-sort-value="Hungary" | {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Hungary}} || 7,151 || 8,588 || 9,560
|-
| data-sort-value="Russia" | {{flag|Russia}} || 5,596 || 7,294 || 9,308
|-
| data-sort-value="Turkey" | {{flag|Turkey}} || 6,769 || 7,933 || 9,230
|-
| data-sort-value="Greece" | {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Greece}} || 5,576 || 6,843 || 7,829
|-
| data-sort-value="China" | {{flag|China}} || 4,235 || 5,485 || 6,125
|-
| data-sort-value="United States" | {{flag|United States}} || 3,634 || 5,095 || 5,771
|-
| data-sort-value="Belgium" | {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Belgium}} || 1,808 || 3,120 || 4,970
|-
| data-sort-value="Israel" | {{flag|Israel}} || 2,121 || 3,727 || 4,718
|-
| data-sort-value="Vietnam" | {{flag|Vietnam}} || 111 || 642 || 4,223
|-
| data-sort-value="Ireland" | {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Ireland}} || 1,299 || 2,678 || 3,829
|-
| data-sort-value="Austria" | {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Austria}} || 1,179 || 2,054 || 3,767
|-
| data-sort-value="Syria" | {{flag|Syria}} || 2,833 || 3,376 || 3,191
|-
| data-sort-value="Serbia" | {{flag|Serbia}} || 1,897 || 2,484 || 2,845
|-
| data-sort-value="Portugal" | {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Portugal}} || 929 || 1,771 || 2,369
|-
| data-sort-value="Denmark" | {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Denmark}} || 545 || 1,105 || 2,246
|-
| data-sort-value="Sri Lanka" | {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || 89 || 340 || 2,195
|-
| data-sort-value="Nepal" | {{flag|Nepal}} || 18 || 180 || 2,136
|-
| data-sort-value="Netherlands" | {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Netherlands}} || 552 || 1,220 || 1,921
|-
| data-sort-value="Tunisia" | {{flag|Tunisia}} || 1,362 || 1,652 || 1,672
|-
| data-sort-value="India" | {{flag|India}} || 235 || 421 || 1,572
|-
| data-sort-value="Cyprus" | {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Cyprus}} || 560 || 1,012 || 1,508
|-
| data-sort-value="Iraq" | {{flag|Iraq}} || 1,701 || 2,044 || 1,419
|-
| data-sort-value="Iran" | {{flag|Iran}} || 1,348 || 1,350 || 1,410
|-
| data-sort-value="Norway" | {{flag|Norway}} || 477 || 941 || 1,375
|-
| data-sort-value="Sweden" | {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Sweden}} || 408 || 898 || 1,356
|-
| data-sort-value="Morocco" | {{flag|Morocco}} || 386 || 876 || 1,343
|-
| data-sort-value="Philippines" | {{flag|Philippines}} || 169 || 467 || 1,206
|-
| data-sort-value="Switzerland" | {{flag|Switzerland}} || 361 || 789 || 1,136
|-
| data-sort-value="Poland" | {{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Poland}} || 387 || 970 || 1,061
|-
| data-sort-value="Pakistan" | {{flag|Pakistan}} || 404 || 437 || 1,032
|}

===Net migration data===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Romania net migration<ref>{{cite web |title=Immigration and Emigration Data for Romania |url=https://www.example.com/romania-immigration-emigration-data |publisher=National Institute of Statistics Romania |accessdate=2024-07-06}}</ref>
! Year !! Immigration (Permanent) !! Emigration (Permanent) !! Net migration (permanent) !! Temporary immigration !! Temporary emigration !! Net temporary migration !! Total net migration
|-
| 1991 || 1,602 || 44,160 || −42,558 || – || – || – || −42,558
|-
| 1992 || 1,753 || 31,152 || −29,399 || – || – || – || −29,399
|-
| 1993 || 1,269 || 18,446 || −17,177 || – || – || – || −17,177
|-
| 1994 || 878 || 17,146 || −16,268 || – || – || – || −16,268
|-
| 1995 || 4,458 || 25,675 || −21,217 || – || – || – || −21,217
|-
| 1996 || 2,053 || 21,526 || −19,473 || – || – || – || −19,473
|-
| 1997 || 6,600 || 19,945 || −13,345 || – || – || – || −13,345
|-
| 1998 || 11,907 || 17,536 || −5,629 || – || – || – || −5,629
|-
| 1999 || 10,078 || 12,594 || −2,516 || – || – || – || −2,516
|-
| 2000 || 11,024 || 14,753 || −3,729 || – || – || – || −3,729
|-
| 2001 || 10,350 || 9,921 || 429 || – || – || – || 429
|-
| 2002 || 6,582 || 8,154 || −1,572 || – || – || – || −1,572
|-
| 2003 || 3,267 || 10,673 || −7,406 || 91,726 || 143,977 || −52,251 || −59,657
|-
| 2004 || 2,987 || 13,082 || −10,095 || 98,329 || 194,488 || −96,159 || −106,254
|-
| 2005 || 3,704 || 10,938 || −7,234 || 91,040 || 175,297 || −84,257 || −91,491
|-
| 2006 || 7,714 || 14,197 || −6,483 || 100,537 || 188,439 || −87,902 || −94,385
|-
| 2007 || 9,575 || 8,830 || 745 || 86,267 || 544,074 || −457,807 || −457,062
|-
| 2008 || 10,030 || 8,739 || 1,291 || 138,929 || 302,796 || −163,867 || −162,576
|-
| 2009 || 8,606 || 10,211 || −1,605 || 135,844 || 246,626 || −110,782 || −112,387
|-
| 2010 || 7,059 || 7,906 || −847 || 149,885 || 197,985 || −48,100 || −48,947
|-
| 2011 || 15,538 || 18,307 || −2,769 || 147,685 || 195,551 || −47,866 || −50,635
|-
| 2012 || 21,684 || 18,001 || 3,683 || 167,266 || 170,186 || −2,920 || 763
|-
| 2013 || 23,897 || 19,056 || 4,841 || 153,646 || 161,755 || −8,109 || −3,268
|-
| 2014 || 36,644 || 11,251 || 25,393 || 136,035 || 172,871 || −36,836 || −11,443
|-
| 2015 || 23,093 || 15,235 || 7,858 || 132,795 || 194,718 || −61,923 || −54,065
|-
| 2016 || 27,863 || 22,807 || 5,056 || 137,455 || 207,578 || −70,123 || −65,067
|-
| 2017 || 50,199 || 23,156 || 27,043 || 177,435 || 242,193 || −64,758 || −37,715
|-
| 2018 || 65,678 || 27,229 || 38,449 || 172,578 || 231,661 || −59,083 || −20,634
|-
| 2019 || 64,479 || 26,775 || 37,704 || 202,422 || 233,736 || −31,314 || 6,390
|-
| 2020 || 32,250 || 21,031 || 11,219 || 145,519 || 186,818 || −41,299 || −30,080
|-
| 2021 || 49,769 || 34,341 || 15,428 || 194,642 || 216,861 || −22,219 || −6,791
|-
| 2022 || 54,839 || 48,438 || 6,401 || 293,024 || 202,311 || 90,713 || 97,114
|-
| 2023 || 29,830 || 48,612 || −18,782 || 324,091 || 239,244 || 84,847  || 66,065
|-
| 2024 || 28,431 || 51,062 || -22,631 || 288,011 || 229,180 || 58,831 || 36,200
|}

==Religion==
{{main|Religion in Romania}}
[[Image:ROreligion.png|thumb|300px|Distribution of religions in Romania]]
[[Image:Ortodocsi Romania (2002).png|thumb|Distribution of Orthodox in Romania]]
* [[Romanian Orthodox Church|Romanian Orthodox]] — 86.7%
* [[Roman Catholic]] — 4.7%
* [[Protestant]] Churches (Calvin, Lutheran, Unitarian, Pentecostal, Baptist, Adventist) — 5.3%
* [[Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic|Greek Catholic – Uniate]] — 0.9%
* [[Islam in Romania|Islam]] — 0.3%
* [[Atheist]] — ≈0.04% (9,271 people)
* No religion — 0.1%
* Other religions — 2.0%
* Refused to declare — 0.1%

Religious affiliation tends to follow ethnic lines, with most ethnic Romanians identifying with the [[Romanian Orthodox Church]]. The Greek Catholic or [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches|Uniate church]], reunified with the Orthodox Church by fiat in 1948, was restored after the 1989 revolution. The 2002 census indicated that 0.9% of the population was [[Greek Catholic]], as opposed to about 10% prior to 1948. [[Roman Catholic Church of Romania|Roman Catholic]]s, largely ethnic Hungarians and Germans, constitute 4.7% of the population; Calvinists, Baptists (see [[Baptist Union of Romania]] and [[Convention of the Hungarian Baptist Churches of Romania]]), Pentecostals, and Lutherans made up another 5%. There were smaller numbers of Unitarians, Muslims, and other religions.

==See also==
* [[Ageing of Europe]]
* [[Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania]]
* [[Immigration to Romania]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=fn|refs=
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040127224928/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mi/mi_results.asp?crID=642&fID=r15 United Nations Statistics – Romania]
* [http://www.insse.ro/ Romanian National Statistic Institute] (site is in [[Romanian language|Romanian]], PDF files are in Romanian and English)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191952/http://www.amcopress.ro/images/he04.gif Population density map]

{{Romanian Topics}}
{{Ethnic groups in Romania}}
{{Romanian censuses}}
{{Demographics of Europe}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Demographics of Romania| ]]