View source for Economy of Brazil

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox economy
| country = Brazil
| image = Itaim Bibi Business District.jpg
| image_size = 310px
| caption = [[São Paulo]], the [[Financial centre|financial capital]] of Brazil
| currency = [[Brazilian real]] (BRL, {{BRL}})
| year = 1 January – 31 December
| organs = [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], [[BRICS]], [[MERCOSUR]], [[G20]] and others
| group = {{plainlist|
*[[Developing country|Developing/Emerging]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>
*[[List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita|Upper-middle income economy]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>
*[[Newly industrialized country]]
}}
| population = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 213 million (2024)<ref name="ibge.gov.br">[https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-noticias/2012-agencia-de-noticias/noticias/41111-populacao-estimada-do-pais-chega-a-212-6-milhoes-de-habitantes-em-2024 População do Brasil - Número Oficial IBGE]</ref>
| gdp = {{plainlist|
* {{Increase}} $2.642 trillion ([[GDP (nominal)|nominal]]; {{abbr|2026|2026 forecast}})<ref name="IMF DataMapper">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BRA |title=IMF DataMapper: Brazil |website=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=2025 |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
* {{increase}} $5.230 trillion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]; {{abbr|2026|2026 forecast}})<ref name="IMF DataMapper"/> 
}}
| gdp rank = {{plainlist|
* [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|10th (nominal; 2026)]]
* [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|8th (PPP; 2026)]]
}}
| growth = {{plainlist|   
* {{Increase}} 2.3%&nbsp;(2025)<ref name="IMF DataMapper" />
* {{Increase}} 1.9%&nbsp;({{abbr|2026f|2026 forecast}})<ref name="IMF DataMapper" />
* {{Increase}} 2.0%&nbsp;({{abbr|2027f|2026 forecast}})<ref name="IMF DataMapper" />
}}
| per capita = {{plainlist|
* {{Increase}} $12,313 (nominal; {{abbr|2026|2026 forecast}})<ref name="IMF DataMapper"/>
* {{increase}} $24,428 (PPP; {{abbr|2026|2026 forecast}})<ref name="IMF DataMapper"/> 
}}
| per capita rank = {{plainlist|
*[[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|79th (nominal; 2026)]]
*[[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|82nd (PPP; 2026)]]
}}
| sectors = {{plainlist|
*[[Primary sector of the economy|Agriculture]]: 6.24%
*[[Secondary sector of the economy|Industry]]: 22.26%
*[[Tertiary sector of the economy|Services]]: 58.88%
*(2023)<ref>[https://www.statista.com/statistics/254407/share-of-economic-sectors-in-the-gdp-in-brazil/ Brazil: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020 ]</ref>}}
| inflation = {{IncreaseNegative}} 4.14% YoY (Mar 2026)<ref>[https://www.ibge.gov.br/explica/inflacao.php IPCA Brazil]</ref>
| poverty = {{decreasePositive}} 21% on less than $8.30/day (2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.UMIC?locations=BR |title=Poverty headcount ratio at $8.30 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population) - Brazil |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=23 June 2025 }}</ref>
| gini = {{DecreasePositive}} 50.3 {{color|red|very high}} (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gini index - Brazil |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=BR |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref>
| hdi = {{plainlist|
*{{increase}} 0.805 {{color|green|very high}}(2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=Brasil atinge maior IDH da história, mas desigualdade segue, diz ONU… - Veja mais em https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2026/05/26/idh-brasil-maior-da-historia-recorde-desigualdade-segue.htm?cmpid=copiaecola |website=noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2026/05/26/idh-brasil-maior-da-historia-recorde-desigualdade-segue.htm}}</ref> 
*{{increase}} 0.594 {{color|darkorange|medium}} (2023)<ref name="HDI">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2024 |access-date=4 May 2024 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref>}} ([[List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI|IHDI 94th]])
| cpi = {{increasePositive}} 35 out of 100 points (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-31 |title=2022 Corruption Perceptions Index - Explore Brazil's results |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2023 |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> ([[Corruption Perception Index|107th]])
| labor = {{plainlist|
*{{increasePositive}} 108,318,282 (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=BR |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref>
*{{increasePositive}} 56.85% employment rate (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Employment rate in Brazil 2023 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1393111/employment-rate-brazil/ |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref>
}}
| occupations = {{plainlist|
*[[Primary sector of the economy|Agriculture]]: 8.2%
*[[Secondary sector of the economy|Industry]]: 20.17%
*[[Tertiary sector of the economy|Services]]: 71.63%
*(2023)<ref>[https://www.statista.com/statistics/271042/employment-by-economic-sector-in-brazil/#:~:text=Employment%20by%20economic%20sector%20in%20Brazil%202019&text=In%202019%2C%209.08%20percent%20of,percent%20in%20the%20service%20sector. Brazil: Distribution of employment by economic sector from 2009 to 2019 ]</ref>}}
| unemployment = {{decreasePositive}} 5.8% (Apr 2026)<ref name=unpwage>{{Cite web |title=Divulgação trimestral {{!}} IBGE |url=https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/trabalho/9173-pesquisa-nacional-por-amostra-de-domicilios-continua-trimestral.html?=&t=series-historicas |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=www.ibge.gov.br}}</ref>
| consumption = {{increasePositive}} 82.7% of GDP (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.TOTL.ZS?locations=BR |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref>
| gfcf = {{increasePositive}} 17% of GDP (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.FTOT.ZS?locations=BR |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref>
| average gross salary = {{decreaseNegative}} {{BRLConvert|3732}} monthly<ref name=unpwage/> (Apr 2026)
| industries = {{hlist| [[Textiles]]| [[shoes]]| [[kitchenware]] [[petrochemical]]| [[cement]]| [[lumber]]| [[iron ore]]| [[tin]]| [[steel]]| [[aircraft]]| [[motor vehicles]] and parts| other [[machinery]]| [[electrical equipment]]}}
| exports = {{increasePositive}} $348.7&nbsp;billion (2025)<ref name=trade>{{Cite web |title=Exportações brasileiras alcançam US$ 349 bi em 2025 e batem recorde histórico |url=https://www.gov.br/mdic/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2026/janeiro/exportacoes-brasileiras-alcancam-us-349-bi-em-2025-e-batem-recorde-historico |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Gov.br |language=pt}}</ref>
| export-goods = [[Soybean]] and derivatives ([[soybean meal]] and [[soybean oil]]), [[iron ore]] and derivatives (semi-finished iron and [[steel]]), [[Petroleum|oil]], pulp ([[cellulose]]), [[maize]], [[beef]], [[chicken meat]], [[pork]], [[sugar]], [[coffee]], [[tobacco]], [[cotton]], [[orange juice]], [[gold]], [[ethanol]], [[footwear]], [[Embraer|aircraft]], [[copper]], [[plastics]], [[wood]], transport equipment, automobiles, vehicle parts, electrical equipment
| export-partners = {{plainlist|
*{{Flag|China}} 28%
*{{Flag|European Union}} 14.3%
*{{Flag|United States}} 12%
*{{Flag|Argentina}} 4.1%
*{{Flag|Mexico}} 2.3%<ref name=mdic_stat>{{cite news|title=Resultados do Comércio Exterior Brasileiro - Dados Consolidados |language=pt|url=https://balanca.economia.gov.br/balanca/publicacoes_dados_consolidados/pg.html|date=February 7, 2025|access-date=February 8, 2025}}</ref>}}
| imports = {{increaseNegative}} $280.4&nbsp;billion (2025)<ref name=trade/>
| import-goods = [[Fertilizers]], [[Petroleum|oil]], [[medicines]] and [[pharmaceuticals]], telecommunications equipment, [[semiconductors]], electronics, machinery, electrical and transport equipment, chemical products, automotive parts, [[wheat]], [[barley]]
| import-partners = {{plainlist|
*{{Flag|China}} 24.2%
*{{Flag|European Union}} 18%
*{{Flag|United States}} 15.5%
*{{Flag|Argentina}} 5.2%
*{{Flag|Russia}} 4.1%<ref name=mdic_stat/>}}
| current account = {{decreaseNegative}} −$4.9 billion (Nov 2025)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banco Central do Brasil |url=https://www.bcb.gov.br/en/statistics/externalsectorstatistics |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=www.bcb.gov.br}}</ref>
| FDI = {{increase}} $997.5 billion (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Brazil - International Trade Portal |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/brazil/investment |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=www.lloydsbanktrade.com |language=en}}</ref>
| gross external debt = {{increaseNegative}} $660.47&nbsp;billion (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |date=1950–2021 |title=Dívida externa bruta (Gross external debt) |url=http://www.ipeadata.gov.br/ExibeSerie.aspx?serid=38367 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130183408/http://www.ipeadata.gov.br/ExibeSerie.aspx?serid=38367 |archive-date=30 January 2012 |access-date=November 7, 2022 |website=UOL}} [https://economia.uol.com.br/noticias/estadao-conteudo/2022/08/26/divida-externa-bruta-estimada-foi-de-us-325689-bi-em-maio-diz-bc.htm Alt URL]</ref>
| revenue = $382.6 billion (2022)<ref name="gov.br">[https://www.gov.br/economia/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2022/janeiro/governo-central-encerra-2021-com-deficit-primario-de-r-35-bilhoes#:~:text=Receitas%20e%20despesas,%24%201%2C947%20trilh%C3%A3o%2C%20em%202020. Revenues and spending in Brazilian Reais]</ref>
| expenses = $319.4 billion (2022)<ref name="gov.br" />
| debt = {{increaseNegative}} 78.07 % of GDP (Sep 2025)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brazil Government Debt: % of GDP |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/brazil/government-debt--of-nominal-gdp|access-date=2023-11-23|website=CEIC Data}}</ref>
| balance = {{IncreaseNegative}} −8.13% of GDP (Nov 2025)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banco Central do Brasil |url=https://www.bcb.gov.br/en/statistics/fiscalstatistics |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=www.bcb.gov.br |language=pt-br}}</ref>
| aid = 
| reserves = {{decreaseNegative}} $362 billion (Mar 2026)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcb.gov.br/estatisticas/detalhamentoGrafico/graficosestatisticas/reservasInternacionais|title=Detalhamento do Gráfico – Reservas Internacionais|website=Banco Central do Brasil|language=pt-br|access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref>
| credit = {{plainlist|
*[[Standard & Poor's]]:<ref>[https://g1.globo.com/jornal-nacional/noticia/2023/06/14/standard-and-poors-melhora-a-avaliacao-do-brasil-pela-primeira-vez-desde-2019.ghtml Standard & Poor's]</ref>
*BB (Domestic)
*BB (Foreign)
*BB (T&C Assessment)
*Outlook: Positive
*[[Moody's]]:<ref>[https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/economia/macroeconomia/moodys-eleva-nota-de-credito-do-brasil-e-pais-se-aproxima-de-grau-de-investimento/ Moody's]</ref>
*Ba1
*Outlook: Positive
*[[Fitch Ratings|Fitch]]:<ref>{{cite news|title=Fitch Upgrades Brazil to 'BB'; Outlook Stable|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/fitch-upgrades-brazil-to-bb-outlook-stable-26-07-2023|website=[[Fitch Ratings]]| date=26 July 2023|access-date=11 September 2023}}</ref>
*BB
*Outlook: Stable
}}
| spelling = US
}}

[[Brazil]] has a diversified [[Developing country|developing economy]]. It is the largest in [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the second in [[Americas]], in nominal terms.<ref>[https://blogs.forbes.com/kerenblankfeld/2010/12/13/is-brazils-economy-getting-too-hot/ Is Brazil's Economy Getting Too Hot?] [[Forbes]]. Retrieved on 24 October 2011.</ref> As of 2026, it is an [[List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita|upper-middle income]] [[Developing country|developing]] economy with the second largest GDP in the [[Americas]] in nominal and [[purchasing power parity]] terms. It is ranked as the tenth largest economy in the world in nominal terms, and the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|8th largest]] in PPP terms.<ref name="IMFWEODE">{{cite web |date=16 April 2024 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,980,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}</ref><ref name="IMFWEODE2">{{cite web |date=16 April 2024 |title=WEO Database, April 2024. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: World, European Union |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?a=1&c=001,998,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,PPPPC,PPPSH,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}</ref> In 2024, according to ''[[Forbes]]'', Brazil was the 7th largest country in the world by number of billionaires.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/devinseanmartin/2024/04/02/the-countries-with-the-most-billionaires-2024/?sh=3d9cfd2c54f8 |title=Forbes billionaires}}</ref> Brazil is one of the ten chief [[Industry (economics)|industrial]] states in the world according to [[International Labour Organization]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The ILO Governing Body at a glance|url=https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/%40ed_norm/%40relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_867123.pdf|publisher=International Labour Organization|access-date=16 April 2026}}</ref> According to the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), Brazil's nominal GDP was US$2.642 trillion; the country has a long history of being among the largest economies in the world and the GDP per capita was US$12,313 per capita.<ref name="IMFWEODE"/><ref name="IMFWEODE2"/>

The country is rich in natural resources. From 2000 to 2012, Brazil was one of the [[economic growth|fastest-growing]] major economies in the world, with an average annual GDP growth rate of over 5%. Its GDP surpassed that of the United Kingdom in 2012, temporarily making Brazil the world's sixth-largest economy. However, Brazil's economic growth decelerated in 2013<ref>{{cite web| url = https://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/8/17/despite-protests-wont-lead-to-radical-change-in-brazil.html| title = Brazil's Economy Projected to shrink {{!}} Al Jazeera America}}</ref> and the country [[2014–2016 Brazilian economic recession|entered a recession in 2014]]. The economy started to recover in 2017, with a 1% growth in the first quarter, followed by a 0.3% growth in the second quarter compared to the same period of the previous year. It officially exited the recession. According to data released on 3 March 2026 by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), Brazil's economy grew by 3.4% in 2024 and 2.3% in 2025, indicating robust growth in the last two years. In the fourth quarter of 2025, gross domestic product (GDP) increased by 0.1% compared with the third quarter, when it had also recorded growth of 0.1%, reflecting relative stability in quarterly performance.<ref>[https://economia.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2026/03/03/pib-do-brasil-em-2025 PIB do Brasil cresce 2,3% em 2025]</ref>

According to the [[World Economic Forum]], Brazil was the top country in upward evolution of [[Competition (companies)|competitiveness]] in 2009, gaining eight positions among other countries, overcoming Russia for the first time, and partially closing the competitiveness gap with [[India]] and [[China]] among the [[BRICS]] economies. Important steps taken since the 1990s toward fiscal sustainability, as well as measures taken to liberalize and open the economy, have significantly boosted the country's competitiveness fundamentals, providing a better environment for private-sector development.<ref name="weforum.org">[http://www.weforum.org/pdf/GCR09/Report/Part1/Chapter%201.1_The%20Global%20Competitiveness%20Index%202009-2010.pdf Global Competitiveness Report 2009–2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001092614/http://www.weforum.org/pdf/GCR09/Report/Part1/Chapter%201.1_The%20Global%20Competitiveness%20Index%202009-2010.pdf |date=1 October 2009 }} [[World Economic Forum]]. Retrieved on 24 October 2011.</ref> Brazil is a member of diverse economic organizations, such as [[Mercosur]], [[Forum for the Progress and Development of South America|Prosur]], [[G8+5]], [[G-20 major economies|G20]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], [[Paris Club]], [[Cairns Group]], and is advanced to be a permanent member of the [[OECD]].<ref>[https://www.gov.br/mre/en/contact-us/press-area/press-releases/joint-press-release-by-the-ministry-of-foreign-affairs-the-office-of-the-president2019s-chief-of-staff-and-the-ministry-of-economy-2013-brazil-is-invited-to-start-the-oecd-accession-process Brazil is invited to start the OECD accession process]</ref>

From a colony focused on primary sector goods (sugar, gold and cotton), Brazil managed to create a diversified industrial base during the 20th century, including the adoption of [[Artificial intelligence in the Brazilian industry|artificial intelligence in the industrial sector]], enhancing productivity and innovation. The steel industry is a prime example of that, with Brazil being the 9th largest steel producer in 2018, and the 5th largest steel net exporter in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Crude Steel Production - Summary |date=25 January 2019 |publisher=World Steel Association |url=https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:dcd93336-2756-486e-aa7f-64f6be8e6b1e/2018%2520global%2520crude%2520steel%2520production.pdf |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=2 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042330/https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:dcd93336-2756-486e-aa7f-64f6be8e6b1e/2018%2520global%2520crude%2520steel%2520production.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Gerdau]] is the largest producer of [[long steel]] in the Americas, and [[Vale S.A.|Vale]] is the largest producer of [[iron ore]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2021 |title=Top five iron ore producing companies in 2020 by mining output |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/features/top-five-iron-ore-producing-companies-world/ |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=NS Energy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Petrobras]], the Brazilian oil and gas company, is the most valuable company in Latin America.<ref>[https://noticias.r7.com/economia/petrobras-passa-a-ser-a-empresa-mais-valiosa-da-america-latina-07012022 Petrobras passa a ser a empresa mais valiosa da América Latina]</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|Economic history of Brazil|Economy of the Empire of Brazil}}

When the [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] explorers arrived in the 16th century, the [[Indigenous peoples of Brazil|native tribes of current-day Brazil]] totaled about 2.5&nbsp;million people and had lived virtually unchanged since the [[Stone Age]]. From Portugal's [[Colonial Brazil|colonization of Brazil]] (1500–1822) until the late 1930s, the Brazilian economy relied on the production of [[primary products]] for [[export]]s.

In the [[Portuguese Empire]], Brazil was a colony subjected to an imperial [[mercantile]] policy, which had three main large-scale economic production cycles – sugar, gold and from the early 19th century on, coffee. The economy of Brazil was heavily dependent on African [[slave labor]] until the late 19th century (about 3 million imported African slaves in total). In that period Brazil was also the colony with the largest number of European settlers, most of them [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] (including Azoreans and Madeirans) but also some Dutch (see [[Dutch Brazil]]), Spaniards, English, French, Germans, Flemish, Danish, Scottish and Sephardic [[Brazilian Jews|Jews]].

Subsequently, Brazil experienced a period of strong economic and demographic growth accompanied by mass immigration from Europe, mainly from [[Portuguese Brazilian|Portugal]] (including the [[Azores]] and [[Madeira]]), [[Italian Brazilian|Italy]], [[Spanish Brazilian|Spain]], [[German Brazilian|Germany]], [[Polish Brazilian|Poland]], [[Ukrainian Brazilian|Ukraine]], [[Swiss Brazilian|Switzerland]], [[Austrian Brazilian|Austria]] and [[Russia]]. Smaller numbers of immigrants also came from the [[Dutch Brazilian|Netherlands]], [[French Brazilian|France]], [[Finland]], [[Iceland]] and the [[Scandinavian Brazilian|Scandinavian]] countries, [[Lithuanians in Brazil|Lithuania]], [[Belgian Brazilian|Belgium]], [[Bulgarian Brazilian|Bulgaria]], [[Hungarian Brazilian|Hungary]], [[Greek Brazilian|Greece]], [[Latvia]], [[English Brazilian|England]], [[Irish Brazilian|Ireland]], [[Scottish Brazilian|Scotland]], [[Croat Brazilian|Croatia]], [[Czech Brazilian|Czech Republic]], [[Malta]], [[North Macedonia]] and [[Luxembourg Brazilian|Luxembourg]], the [[Arab Brazilian|Middle East]] (mainly from [[Lebanese Brazilian|Lebanon]], [[Syrian Brazilian|Syria]] and [[Armenian Brazilian|Armenia]]), [[Japanese Brazilian|Japan]], the [[Confederados|United States]] and [[Afrikaners|South Africa]], until the 1930s. In fact, international mass immigration to Brazil during the 19th century had positive effects on the country's [[Human capital|human capital development]]. Immigrants usually exhibited better formal and informal training than native Brazilians and tended to have more entrepreneurial spirit. Their arrival was beneficial for the region, not only because of the skills and knowledge they brought to the country themselves, but also because of spillover effects of their human capital to the native Brazilian population. Human capital [[Spillover (economics)|spillover effects]] were strongest in regions with the highest numbers of immigrants, and the positive effects are still observable today, in some regions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baten|first1=Jörg|last2=Stolz|first2=Yvonne|last3=Botelho|first3=Tarcísio|date=2013|title=Growth Effects of 19th century mass migration: "Fome Zero" for Brazil?|journal=European Review of Economic History|volume=17-1|pages=95–121}}</ref>

In 2007, with a population of over 190 million and abundant natural resources, Brazil is one of the ten largest markets in the world, producing tens of millions of tons of steel, 26 million tons of cement, 3.5&nbsp;million television sets, and 3 million refrigerators. In addition, about 70&nbsp;million cubic meters of petroleum were being processed annually into fuels, lubricants, propane gas, and a wide range of hundreds of petrochemicals.<ref name=":0b">{{Cite news|url=https://www.capitalinvest-group.com/en/invest-in-brazil-ma-guide/|title=Why Invest in Brazil|date=23 August 2018|work=M&A Advisors Brazil|access-date=12 October 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://countryeconomy.com/demography/population/brazil|title=Brazil - Population 2017|work=countryeconomy.com|access-date=12 October 2018|language=en}}</ref>

Brazil has at least 161,500 kilometers of paved roads, more than 150 gigawatts of installed electric power capacity<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www2.aneel.gov.br/aplicacoes/capacidadebrasil/capacidadebrasil.cfm| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130226091925/http://www.aneel.gov.br/aplicacoes/capacidadebrasil/capacidadebrasil.cfm| archive-date = 26 February 2013| title = BIG - Banco de Informa es de Gera o}}</ref> and its real per capita GDP surpassed US$9,800 in 2017.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2022 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=PPPGDP,&sy=2020&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|access-date=2022-04-19 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://knoema.com/atlas/Brazil/GDP-per-capita|title=Brazil GDP per capita, 1980–2017 – knoema.com|work=Knoema|access-date=12 October 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Its industrial sector accounts for three-fifths of the South American economy's industrial production.<ref name="BG">[https://archive.today/20070615145847/http://www.brasil.gov.br/ingles/about_brazil/ About Brazil] Brazilian government. Retrieved on 24 October 2011.</ref> The country's [[Brazilian science and technology|scientific and technological]] development is argued to be attractive to [[foreign direct investment]], in 2019, Brazil occupied the 4th largest destination for foreign investments, behind only the United States, China and Singapore.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/economia/noticia/2020-01/brasil-passou-para-quarto-destino-de-investimentos-no-mundo-em-2019| title = Brazil moved to fourth investment destination in the world in 2019| date = 20 January 2020}}</ref>

The agricultural sector, locally called the ''agronegócio'' (agro-business), has also been dynamic: for two decades this sector has kept Brazil among the most highly productive countries in areas related to the rural sector.<ref name="BG"/> The agricultural sector and the mining sector also supported trade surpluses which allowed for massive currency gains (rebound) and external debt paydown. Due to a downturn in Western economies, Brazil found itself in 2010 trying to halt the appreciation of the real.<ref>[http://www.soundsandcolours.com/articles/brazil/brazils-currency-wars-a-real-problem/ Brazil's Currency Wars – A "Real" Problem] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728223809/http://www.soundsandcolours.com/articles/brazil/brazils-currency-wars-a-real-problem/ |date=28 July 2014 }} Sounds and Colours. Retrieved on 24 October 2011.</ref>

One of the most important [[Corruption in Brazil|corruption cases in Brazil]] concerns the company [[Odebrecht]]. Since the 1980s, Odebrecht has spent several billion dollars in the form of bribes to bribe parliamentarians to vote in favour of the group. At the municipal level, Odebrecht's corruption was aimed at "stimulating privatisations", particularly in water and sewer management.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://mondediplo.com/2017/10/08brazil| title = Brazil's Odebrecht scandal, by Anne Vigna (Le Monde diplomatique - English edition, October 2017)| date = October 2017}}</ref>

== Data ==
{{See also|Hyperinflation in Brazil}}
[[File:Brazilian bonds.webp|thumb|300px|center|Brazilian bonds had an [[Inverted yield curve]] in August 2014 when the 1 year bond got above the 10 year bond
{{legend-line|#009739 solid 3px|10 year bond}}
{{legend-line|#FEDD00 solid 3px|5 year bond}}
{{legend-line|#012169 solid 3px|1 year bond}}
]]
{|style="margin: 0 auto; float:center;"
|[[File:Brazil Inflation 1981-1995.webp|thumb|Brazil Inflation 1981-1995]]
|[[File:Brazil inflation 1996-2022.webp|thumb|279px|Brazil inflation 1996-2022]]
|}

{{multiple image
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 | direction = horizontal
 | width = 200
 | image1 = Berlin Brandenburg Airport KLM Cityhopper Embraer E195-E2 PH-NXC (DSC02878).jpg
 | image2 = Sao Paulo Stock Exchange.jpg
 | image3 = Foz do Iguaçu Paraná.jpg
 | footer = Brazil is one of the ten chief industrial states in the world according to [[International Labour Organization|ILO]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Governing Body|url=http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/how-the-ilo-works/governing-body/lang--en/index.htm|publisher=International Labour Organization|access-date=24 May 2012}}</ref>
}}

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2023 (with IMF estimates for 2024–2028). Inflation below 5% is in green.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref>
{{static row numbers}}{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!GDP<br />(in bn. US$PPP)
!GDP per capita<br />(in US$ PPP)
!GDP<br />(in bn. US$ nominal)
!GDP per capita<br />(in US$ nominal)
!GDP growth<br />(real)
!Inflation rate<br />(in Percent)
!Unemployment<br />(in Percent)
!Government debt<br />(in % of GDP)
|-
|1980
|570.5
|4,811.9
|145.8
|1,203.6
|{{Increase}}9.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}90.2%
|n/a
|n/a
|-
|1981
|{{Increase}}597.0
|{{Increase}}4,925.3
|{{Increase}}167.6
|{{Increase}}1,353.0
|{{Decrease}}−4.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}101.7%
|n/a
|n/a
|-
|1982
|{{Increase}}637.7
|{{Increase}}5,147.3
|{{Increase}}179.2
|{{Increase}}1,415.3
|{{Increase}}0.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}100.6%
|n/a
|n/a
|-
|1983
|{{Increase}}640.1
|{{Decrease}}5,057.3
|{{Decrease}}143.7
|{{Decrease}}1,110.7
|{{Decrease}}−3.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}135.0%
|n/a
|n/a
|-
|1984
|{{Increase}}698.4
|{{Increase}}5,402.7
|{{Decrease}}143.0
|{{Decrease}}1,082.2
|{{Increase}}5.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}192.1%
|n/a
|n/a
|-
|1985
|{{Increase}}777.4
|{{Increase}}5,890.6
|{{Increase}}226.9
|{{Increase}}1,682.8
|{{Increase}}7.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}226.0%
|n/a
|n/a
|-
|1986
|{{Increase}}852.9
|{{Increase}}6,334.2
|{{Increase}}263.3
|{{Increase}}1,913.3
|{{Increase}}7.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}147.1%
|n/a
|n/a
|-
|1987
|{{Increase}}905.5
|{{Increase}}6,596.4
|{{Increase}}286.5
|{{Increase}}2,042.9
|{{Increase}}3.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}228.3%
|n/a
|n/a
|-
|1988
|{{Increase}}939.9
|{{Increase}}6,722.2
|{{Increase}}320.1
|{{Increase}}2,240.5
|{{Increase}}0.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}629.1%
|n/a
|n/a
|-
|1989
|{{Increase}}1,008.0
|{{Increase}}7,083.3
|{{Increase}}439.4
|{{Increase}}3,022.0
|{{Increase}}3.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}1430.7%
|n/a
|n/a
|-
|1990
|{{Decrease}}1,002.1
|{{Decrease}}6,836.1
|{{Increase}}455.3
|{{Increase}}3,108.8
|{{Decrease}}−4.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}2947.7%
|n/a
|n/a
|-
|1991
|{{Increase}}1,046.7
|{{Increase}}7,020.5
|{{Decrease}}399.2
|{{Decrease}}2,717.5
|{{Increase}}1.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}432.8%
|10.1%
|n/a
|-
|1992
|{{Increase}}1,065.6
|{{Increase}}7,031.3
|{{Decrease}}382.5
|{{Decrease}}2,561.1
|{{Decrease}}−0.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}952.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}11.6%
|n/a
|-
|1993
|{{Increase}}1,141.7
|{{Increase}}7,414.4
|{{Increase}}429.2
|{{Increase}}2,828.5
|{{Increase}}4.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}1927.4%
|{{DecreasePositive}}11.0%
|n/a
|-
|1994
|{{Increase}}1,228.3
|{{Increase}}7,852.0
|{{Increase}}546.8
|{{Increase}}3,547.0
|{{Increase}}5.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}2075.8%
|{{DecreasePositive}}10.5%
|n/a
|-
|1995
|{{Increase}}1,309.4
|{{Increase}}8,364.1
|{{Increase}}770.9
|{{Increase}}4,923.9
|{{Increase}}4.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}66.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}9.9%
|n/a
|-
|1996
|{{Increase}}1,362.9
|{{Increase}}8,457.1
|{{Increase}}851.1
|{{Increase}}5,281.7
|{{Increase}}2.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}15.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}11.2%
|n/a
|-
|1997
|{{Increase}}1,433.4
|{{Increase}}8,757.6
|{{Increase}}883.9
|{{Increase}}5,400.0
|{{Increase}}3.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}6.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}11.6%
|n/a
|-
|1998
|{{Increase}}1,454.5
|{{Decrease}}8,749.7
|{{Decrease}}864.3
|{{Decrease}}5,199.5
|{{Increase}}0.3%
|{{Increase}}3.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}14.7%
|n/a
|-
|1999
|{{Increase}}1,481.9
|{{Increase}}8,816.5
|{{Decrease}}599.6
|{{Decrease}}3,567.6
|{{Increase}}0.5%
|{{Increase}}4.9%
|{{Steady}}14.7%
|n/a
|-
|2000
|{{Increase}}1,581.9
|{{Increase}}9,328.0
|{{Increase}}655.5
|{{Increase}}3,864.9
|{{Increase}}4.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}7.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}13.9%
|65.6%
|-
|2001
|{{Increase}}1,640.1
|{{Increase}}9,536.6
|{{Decrease}}560.0
|{{Decrease}}3,256.2
|{{Increase}}1.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}6.8%
|{{DecreasePositive}}12.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}70.1%
|-
|2002
|{{Increase}}1,716.5
|{{Increase}}9,852.9
|{{Decrease}}509.8
|{{Decrease}}2,926.3
|{{Increase}}3.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}8.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}13.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}78.8%
|-
|2003
|{{Increase}}1,770.3
|{{Increase}}10,037.8
|{{Increase}}558.2
|{{Increase}}3,165.2
|{{Increase}}1.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}14.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}13.7%
|{{DecreasePositive}}73.8%
|-
|2004
|{{Increase}}1,922.6
|{{Increase}}10,772.3
|{{Increase}}669.3
|{{Increase}}3,750.1
|{{Increase}}5.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}6.6%
|{{DecreasePositive}}12.9%
|{{DecreasePositive}}70.1%
|-
|2005
|{{Increase}}2,046.3
|{{Increase}}11,334.1
|{{Increase}}891.6
|{{Increase}}4,938.5
|{{Increase}}3.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}6.9%
|{{DecreasePositive}}11.4%
|{{DecreasePositive}}68.6%
|-
|2006
|{{Increase}}2,193.1
|{{Increase}}12,012.3
|{{Increase}}1,107.6
|{{Increase}}6,067.0
|{{Increase}}4.0%
|{{Increase}}4.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}11.5%
|{{DecreasePositive}}65.8%
|-
|2007
|{{Increase}}2,389.0
|{{Increase}}12,949.0
|{{Increase}}1,397.1
|{{Increase}}7,572.6
|{{Increase}}6.1%
|{{Increase}}3.6%
|{{DecreasePositive}}10.9%
|{{DecreasePositive}}64.1%
|-
|2008
|{{Increase}}2,558.9
|{{Increase}}13,726.5
|{{Increase}}1,695.9
|{{Increase}}9,096.9
|{{Increase}}5.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}5.7%
|{{DecreasePositive}}9.4%
|{{DecreasePositive}}62.3%
|-
|2009
|{{Increase}}2,572.1
|{{Decrease}}13,638.5
|{{Decrease}}1,669.2
|{{Decrease}}8,851.1
|{{Decrease}}−0.1%
|{{Increase}}4.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}9.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}65.5%
|-
|2010
|{{Increase}}2,798.9
|{{Increase}}14,672.8
|{{Increase}}2,208.7
|{{Increase}}11,578.7
|{{Increase}}7.5%
|{{Increase}}5.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}8.5%
|{{DecreasePositive}}63.0%
|-
|2011
|{{Increase}}2,970.6
|{{Increase}}15,491.0
|{{Increase}}2,614.0
|{{Increase}}13,631.4
|{{Increase}}4.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}6.6%
|{{DecreasePositive}}7.8%
|{{DecreasePositive}}61.2%
|-
|2012
|{{Increase}}2,998.5
|{{Increase}}15,555.6
|{{Decrease}}2,464.1
|{{Decrease}}12,782.8
|{{Increase}}1.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}5.4%
|{{DecreasePositive}}7.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}62.2%
|-
|2013
|{{Increase}}3,133.9
|{{Increase}}16,168.6
|{{Increase}}2,471.7
|{{Decrease}}12,752.3
|{{Increase}}3.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}6.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}7.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}60.2%
|-
|2014
|{{Increase}}3,187.2
|{{Increase}}16,352.3
|{{Decrease}}2,456.1
|{{Decrease}}12,601.3
|{{Increase}}0.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}6.3%
|{{DecreasePositive}}6.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}62.3%
|-
|2015
|{{Decrease}}3,014.8
|{{Decrease}}15,379.9
|{{Decrease}}1,800.0
|{{Decrease}}9,183.0
|{{Decrease}}−3.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}9.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}8.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}72.6%
|-
|2016
|{{Decrease}}2,939.1
|{{Decrease}}14,915.4
|{{Decrease}}1,796.6
|{{Decrease}}9,117.6
|{{Decrease}}−3.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}8.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}11.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}78.3%
|-
|2017
|{{Increase}}3,018.7
|{{Increase}}15,242.7
|{{Increase}}2,063.5
|{{Increase}}10,419.6
|{{Increase}}1.3%
|{{Increase}}3.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}12.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}83.6%
|-
|2018
|{{Increase}}3,146.4
|{{Increase}}15,805.9
|{{Decrease}}1,916.9
|{{Decrease}}9,629.6
|{{Increase}}1.8%
|{{Increase}}3.7%
|{{DecreasePositive}}12.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}85.6%
|-
|2019
|{{Increase}}3,241.9
|{{Increase}}16,176.0
|{{Decrease}}1,873.3
|{{Decrease}}9,364.2
|{{Increase}}1.2%
|{{Increase}}3.7%
|{{DecreasePositive}}12.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}87.1%
|-
|2020
|{{Decrease}}3,335.9
|{{Decrease}}16,063.9
|{{Decrease}}1,476.1
|{{Decrease}}7,057.5
|{{Decrease}}−3.3%
|{{Increase}}3.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}13.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}96.0%
|-
|2021
|{{Increase}}3,787.7
|{{Increase}}18,028.3
|{{Increase}}1,670.6
|{{Increase}}7,952.6
|{{Increase}}5.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}8.3%
|{{DecreasePositive}}13.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}90.1%
|-
|2022
|{{Increase}}4,180.2
|{{Increase}}19,824.7
|{{Increase}}1,951.0
|{{Increase}}9,256.3
|{{Increase}}3.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}9.4%
|{{DecreasePositive}}9.3%
|{{DecreasePositive}}85.3%
|-
|2023
|{{Increase}}4,456.6
|{{Increase}}21,052.9
|{{Increase}}2,173.8
|{{Increase}}10,268.0
|{{Increase}}3.2%
|{{Increase}}3.7%
|{{DecreasePositive}}8.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}88.0%
|-
|2024
|{{Increase}}4,702.0
|{{Increase}}22,123.5
|{{Increase}}2,188.4
|{{Increase}}10,296.2
|{{Increase}}3.5%
|{{Increase}}3.4%
|{{DecreasePositive}}8.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}90.3%
|-
|2025
|{{Increase}}4,890.9
|{{Increase}}22,928.1
|{{Increase}}2,307.1
|{{Increase}}10,816.8
|{{Increase}}2.2%
|{{Increase}}3.3%
|{{Increase}}8.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}92.4%
|-
|2026
|{{Increase}}5,094.0
|{{Increase}}23,799.3
|{{Increase}}2,444.9
|{{Increase}}11,423.8
|{{Increase}}2.3%
|{{Increase}}3.0%
|{{Steady}}8.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}93.9%
|-
|2027
|{{Increase}}5,309.5
|{{Increase}}24,728.8
|{{Increase}}2,571.5
|{{Increase}}11,977.4
|{{Increase}}2.4%
|{{Increase}}3.0%
|{{Increase}}8.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}95.0%
|-
|2028
|{{Increase}}5,539.3
|{{Increase}}25,724.6
|{{Increase}}2,709.5
|{{Increase}}12,583.1
|{{Increase}}2.5%
|{{Increase}}3.0%
|{{Increase}}7.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}96.0%
|-
|2029
|{{Increase}}5,780.4
|{{Increase}}26,771.9
|{{Increase}}2,854.9
|{{Increase}}13,222.9
|{{Increase}}2.5%
|{{Increase}}3.0%
|{{Increase}}7.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}98.0%
|}

The daily [[median income|median per person income]] was $15.74 PPP in 2023.<ref name="r236">{{cite web | publisher=World Bank | title=Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP): Percentiles | at=Welfare type: Income| date=2026 | url=https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0063646/poverty-and-inequality-platform-pip-percentiles | access-date=2026-03-21}}</ref>

== Sectors ==
The [[service sector]] is the largest component of the [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) at 67.0 percent, followed by the [[industrial sector]] at 27.5 percent. [[Agriculture]] represents 5.5 percent of GDP (2011).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worlddiplomacy.org/Countries/Brazil/InfoBra.html |title=Brazil - Order and Progress |access-date=1 August 2014 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808034934/http://www.worlddiplomacy.org/Countries/Brazil/InfoBra.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Brazilian labor force is estimated at 100.77 million of which 10 percent is occupied in agriculture, 19 percent in the industry sector and 71 percent in the service sector.

[[File:Brazil_vs._Year.png|This chart shows Brazil's increase in income throughout the years]]

=== Agricultural, animal husbandry and forestry ===
{{Main|Agriculture in Brazil|Animal husbandry in Brazil|Deforestation in Brazil}}

{{See also|Brazilian wine|Banana production in Brazil|Beer in Brazil|Coconut production in Brazil|Coffee production in Brazil|Irrigation in Brazil|||}}

{| style="toc: 25em; font-size: 85%; lucida grande, sans-serif; text-align: left; max-width:22em" class="wikitable floatright plainrowheaders"
|+Agriculture production
|-
! scope="row" | Main products
| Soybeans, maize, sugarcane, coffee, beef, chicken meat, cellulose, cotton, cocoa, citrus (orange, lemon), pineapple
|-
! scope="row" | Labor force
| 15.7% of total labor force
|-
! scope="row" |GDP of sector
| 5.9% of total GDP
|}
[[File:Arroz 097.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[Combine harvester]] on a plantation|alt=Refer to caption]]
[[File:Brasil economia.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Economic activity in Brazil (1977).]]

Brazil is the world's largest producer of [[sugarcane]], [[soy]], [[coffee]], [[Orange (fruit)|orange]], [[guaraná]], [[açaí]] and [[Brazil nut]]; is one of the top 5 producers of [[maize]], [[papaya]], [[tobacco]], [[pineapple]], [[banana]], [[cotton]], [[beans]], [[coconut]], [[watermelon]] and [[lemon]]; is one of the top 10 world producers of [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]], [[cashew]], [[avocado]], [[tangerine]], [[persimmon]], [[mango]], [[guava]], [[rice]], [[sorghum]] and [[tomato]]; and is one of the top 15 world producers of [[grape]], [[apple]], [[melon]], [[peanut]], [[common fig|fig]], [[peach]], [[onion]], [[palm oil]] and [[natural rubber]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/| title = Production of Brazil in 2018, by FAO}}</ref>

In the production of animal proteins, Brazil is today one of the largest countries in the world. In 2019, the country was the world's largest exporter of [[chicken meat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aviculturaindustrial.com.br/imprensa/conheca-os-3-paises-que-desafiam-o-brasil-nas-exportacoes-de-frango/20200122-093443-o532|title=Conheça os 3 países que desafiam o Brasil nas exportações de frango|website=Avicultura Industrial|access-date=31 October 2020|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814020818/https://www.aviculturaindustrial.com.br/imprensa/conheca-os-3-paises-que-desafiam-o-brasil-nas-exportacoes-de-frango/20200122-093443-o532|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.farmnews.com.br/mercado/maiores-exportadores-de-carne-de-frango/|title=Maiores exportadores de carne de frango entre 2015 e 2019|first=Ivan|last=Formigoni|date=30 May 2019}}</ref> It was also the second largest producer of [[beef]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beefpoint.com.br/ibge-rebanho-de-bovinos-tinha-21823-milhoes-de-cabecas-em-2016/|title=IBGE: rebanho de bovinos tinha 218,23 milhões de cabeças em 2016 {{pipe}} BeefPoint|website=beefpoint.com.br |date=29 September 2017 }}</ref> the world's third largest producer of [[milk]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://agronewsbrazil.com.br/brasil-e-o-3o-maior-produtor-de-leite-do-mundo-superando-o-padrao-europeu-em-alguns-municipios/|title=Brasil é o 3º maior produtor de leite do mundo, superando o padrão Europeu em alguns municípios|date=8 February 2020|access-date=31 October 2020|archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917042822/https://agronewsbrazil.com.br/brasil-e-o-3o-maior-produtor-de-leite-do-mundo-superando-o-padrao-europeu-em-alguns-municipios/|url-status=dead}}</ref> the world's fourth largest producer of [[pork]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.farmnews.com.br/mercado/principais-paises-produtores-de-carne-suina/|title=Principais países produtores de carne suína entre 2017 e 2019|date=23 July 2019}}</ref> and the seventh largest producer of [[Egg as food|egg]]s in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aviculturaindustrial.com.br/imprensa/brasil-e-setimo-maior-produtor-mundial-de-ovos/20171113-144114-a215|title=Brasil é sétimo maior produtor mundial de ovos|website=Avicultura Industrial|access-date=31 October 2020|archive-date=28 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228082059/https://www.aviculturaindustrial.com.br/imprensa/brasil-e-setimo-maior-produtor-mundial-de-ovos/20171113-144114-a215|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Agribusiness contributes to Brazil's [[trade balance]], in spite of [[trade barrier]]s and subsidizing policies adopted by the developed countries.<ref name = "BGA"/>

In the space of fifty five years (1950 to 2005), the population of Brazil grew from 51 million to approximately 187&nbsp;million inhabitants,<ref>[http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/disseminacao/online/popclock/popclock.php Popclock] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430010335/http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/disseminacao/online/popclock/popclock.php |date=30 April 2007 }} IBGE</ref> an increase of over 2 percent per year. Brazil created and expanded a complex [[agribusiness]] sector.<ref name = "BGA"/> However, some of this is at the expense of the environment, including the [[Amazon Basin|Amazon]].

The importance given to the rural producer takes place in the shape of the agricultural and cattle-raising plan and through another specific subsidy program geared towards family agriculture Programa de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (Pronaf), which guarantees financing for equipment and cultivation and encourages the use of new technology. With regards to family agriculture, over 800 thousand rural inhabitants are assisted by credit, research and extension programs. A special line of credit is available for women and young farmers.<ref name = "BGA"/>
[[Image:Pecuária PR Avicultura em Santa Helena.jpg|thumb|right|Brazil is the world's largest exporter of [[chicken meat]]. Farm in [[Southern Brazil]].]]
With The Land Reform Program, on the other hand, the country's objective is to provide suitable living and working conditions for families who live in areas allotted by the State, an initiative capable of generating [[Employment|jobs]]. Through partnerships, public policies and international partnerships, the government is working towards guaranteeing [[infrastructure]] for the settlements, following the examples of schools and health outlets. The idea is that access to land represents just the first step towards the implementation of a quality land reform program.<ref name = "BGA"/>

Over 600,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of land are divided into approximately five thousand areas of rural [[property]]; an agricultural area currently with three borders: the [[Central-West Region, Brazil|Central-western region]] ([[savannah]]), the [[North Region, Brazil|northern region]] (area of transition) and parts of the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|northeastern region]] (semi-arid). At the forefront of grain crops, which produce over 110 million tonnes/year, is the [[soybean]], yielding 50&nbsp;million tonnes.<ref name = "BGA"/>

In the cattle-raising sector, the "green ox," which is raised in pastures, on a diet of hay and mineral salts, conquered markets in Asia, Europe and the Americas, particularly after the "[[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy|mad cow disease]]" scare period. Brazil has the largest cattle herd in the world, with 198 million heads,<ref>[http://www.brasil.gov.br/ingles/about_brazil/indicators/ Indicators] Brazilian Government. Retrieved on 24 October 2011.</ref> responsible for exports of more than US$1&nbsp;billion/year.<ref name = "BGA"/>

A pioneer and leader in the manufacture of short-fiber timber [[cellulose]], Brazil has also achieved positive results within the packaging sector, in which it is the fifth largest world producer. In the foreign markets, it answers for 25 percent of global exports of raw cane and refined sugar; it is the world leader in [[soybean]] exports and is responsible for 80 percent of the planet's [[orange juice]], and since 2003, has had the highest sales figures for beef and chicken.<ref name="BGA">[http://www.brasil.gov.br/ingles/about_brazil/brasil_topics/ Agriculture] Brazilian Government. Retrieved on 24 October 2011.</ref>

===Mining===
{{Main|Mining in Brazil}}

{{See also|Coal mining in Brazil|Gold mining in Brazil||}}

[[Image:MINA DE OURO - REJEITO DE MINERAÇÃO.jpg|thumb|right|[[Gold]] production in the area of [[Pantanal]].]]
In the mining sector, Brazil stands out in the extraction of [[iron ore]] (where it is the world's second largest exporter), [[copper]], [[gold]], [[bauxite]] (one of the 5 largest producers in the world), [[manganese]] (one of the 5 largest producers in the world), [[tin]] (one of the largest producers in the world), [[niobium]] (concentrates 98% of reserves known to the world) and [[nickel]]. In terms of gemstones, Brazil is the world's largest producer of [[amethyst]], [[topaz]], [[agate]] and one of the main producers of [[tourmaline]], [[emerald]], [[aquamarine (gemstone)|aquamarine]], [[garnet]] and [[opal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.br/anm/pt-br/pagina-inicial|title=ANM|website=gov.br Agência Nacional de Mineração}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/brasil-extrai-cerca-de-2-gramas-de-ouro-por-habitante-em-5-anos-29062019|title=Brasil extrai cerca de 2 gramas de ouro por habitante em 5 anos|date=29 June 2019|website=R7.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Economia_Negocios/0,,MUL190262-9356,00-VOTORANTIM+METAIS+ADQUIRE+RESERVAS+DE+ZINCO+DA+MASA.html|title=G1 > Economia e Negócios - NOTÍCIAS - Votorantim Metais adquire reservas de zinco da Masa|website=g1.globo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2019/12/12/niobio-g1-visita-em-mg-complexo-industrial-do-maior-produtor-do-mundo.ghtml|title=Nióbio: G1 visita em MG complexo industrial do maior produtor do mundo|website=G1 |date=12 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cprm.gov.br/publique/Redes-Institucionais/Rede-de-Bibliotecas---Rede-Ametista/Algumas-Gemas-Classicas-1104.html|title=Serviço Geológico do Brasil|website=cprm.gov.br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://noticias.band.uol.com.br/noticias/100000911432/rio-grande-do-sul-o-maior-exportador-de-pedras-preciosas-do-brasil.html|title=Rio Grande do Sul: o maior exportador de pedras preciosas do Brasil|website=Band.com.br|access-date=31 October 2020|archive-date=2 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502153003/https://noticias.band.uol.com.br/noticias/100000911432/rio-grande-do-sul-o-maior-exportador-de-pedras-preciosas-do-brasil.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2019, Brazil's figures were as follows: it was the world's largest producer of [[niobium]] (88.9 thousand tons);<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-niobium.pdf| title = USGS Niobium Production Statistics}}</ref> the 2nd largest world producer of [[tantalum]] (430 tons);<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tantalum.pdf| title = USGS Tantalum Production Statistics}}</ref> the 2nd largest world producer of [[iron ore]] (405 million tons);<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iron-ore.pdf| title = USGS Iron Ore Production Statistics}}</ref> the 4th largest world producer of [[manganese]] (1.74 million tons);<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-manganese.pdf| title = USGS Manganese Production Statistics}}</ref> the 4th largest world producer of [[bauxite]] (34 million tons);<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-bauxite-alumina.pdf| title = USGS Bauxite Production Statistics}}</ref> the 4th largest world producer of [[vanadium]] (5.94 thousand tons);<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-vanadium.pdf| title = USGS Vanadium Production Statistics}}</ref> the 5th largest world producer of [[lithium]] (2.4 thousand tons);<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf| title = USGS Lithium Production Statistics}}</ref> the 6th largest world producer of [[tin]] (14 thousand tons);<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf| title = USGS Tin Production Statistics}}</ref> the 8th largest world producer of [[nickel]] (60.6 thousand tons);<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-nickel.pdf| title = USGS Nickel Production Statistics}}</ref> the 8th largest world producer of [[phosphate]] (4.7 million tons);<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-phosphate.pdf| title = USGS Phosphate Production Statistics}}</ref> the 12th largest world producer of [[gold]] (90 tons);<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf| title = USGS Gold Production Statistics}}</ref> the 14th largest world producer of [[copper]] (360 thousand tons);<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf| title = USGS Copper Production Statistics}}</ref><ref name="Anuario Mineral Brasileiro">{{cite web| url = https://www.gov.br/anm/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/serie-estatisticas-e-economia-mineral/anuario-mineral/anuario-mineral-brasileiro| title = Anuario Mineral Brasileiro| work = Agência Nacional de Mineração}}</ref> the 14th largest world producer of [[titanium]] (25 thousand tons);<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-titanium.pdf| title = USGS Titanium Production Statistics}}</ref> the 13th largest world producer of [[gypsum]] (3 million tons);<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gypsum.pdf| title = USGS Gypsum Production Statistics}}</ref> the 3rd largest world producer of [[graphite]] (96 thousand tons);<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-graphite.pdf| title = USGS Graphite Production Statistics}}</ref> the 21st largest world producer of [[sulfur]] (500 thousand tons);<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-sulfur.pdf| title = USGS Sulfur Production Statistics}}</ref> the 9th largest world producer of [[salt]] (7.4 million tons);<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-salt.pdf| title = USGS Salt Production Statistics }}</ref> besides having had a [[chromium]] production of 200 thousand tons.<ref name="Anuario Mineral Brasileiro"/>

Brazil holds the world's second-largest proven reserves of [[Rare-earth element|rare earth elements]] (approx. 21-22 million tonnes), after China. The industry is rapidly advancing with active projects like Serra Verde in Goiás, though it faces challenges with processing capacity and environmental concerns, particularly in regions with overlapping rural settlements.

=== Industrial ===
{{Main|Industry in Brazil}}

{{See also|Automotive industry in Brazil|Brazilian packaging market|Defense industry of Brazil|||}}

{| width="25%" style="toc: 25em; font-size: 85%; lucida grande, sans-serif; text-align: left;" class="wikitable floatright"
|+Industrial production
|-
! style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:left; vertical-align:top"| Main industries
| style="background:#f0f0f0; vertical-align:top"| textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, armaments, motor vehicles and parts, other machinery and equipment
|-
!style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|Industrial growth rate
|style="vertical-align:top"| 1.1% (2018)<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.gov.br/pt-br/noticias/financas-impostos-e-gestao-publica/2019/02/producao-industrial-registra-crescimento-em-2018-aponta-ibge| title = Industrial production registers growth in 2018, IBGE| work = Governo do Brasil}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|Labor force
| style="background:#f0f0f0; vertical-align:top"| 13.3% of total labor force
|-
!style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|GDP of sector
|style="vertical-align:top"| 22.2% of total GDP
|}
[[File:Untitled (Vibro Air) Embraer EMB-135BJ Legacy D-AVIB (5024079232).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Embraer Legacy 600]] jet manufactured by [[Embraer]]]]
[[File:Embraer KC-390, Paris Air Show 2019, Le Bourget (SIAE0824).jpg|thumb|Embraer KC-390 military transport aircraft.]]
[[File:Guarani (6125539182).jpg|thumb|VBTP-MR Guarani armoured personnel carrier.]]
Brazil has the second-largest manufacturing sector in the Americas. Accounting for 28.5 percent of GDP, Brazil's industries range from automobiles, steel and petrochemicals to computers, aircraft, and [[consumer durable]]s. With increased economic stability provided by the [[Plano Real]], Brazilian and multinational businesses have invested heavily in new equipment and technology, a large proportion of which has been purchased from U.S. firms.

The [[World Bank]] lists the main producing countries each year, based on the total production value. According to the 2019 list, Brazil has the 13th most valuable industry in the world (US$173.6 billion). In the [[Americas]], it is second only to the United States (2nd place) and Mexico (12th place).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true| title = Manufacturing, added value (current US $)}}</ref> In the [[food industry]], in 2019, Brazil was the second largest exporter of processed foods in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alimentosprocessados.com.br/industria-na-sociedade-brasileira.php|title=Alimentos Processados {{pipe}} A indústria de alimentos e bebidas na sociedade brasileira atual|website=alimentosprocessados.com.br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2020/02/18/faturamento-da-industria-de-alimentos-cresceu-67percent-em-2019.ghtml|title=Faturamento da indústria de alimentos cresceu 6,7% em 2019|website=G1|date=18 February 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/economia/noticia/2020-02/industria-de-alimentos-e-bebidas-faturaram-r-6999-bi-em-2019|title=Indústria de alimentos e bebidas faturou R$ 699,9 bi em 2019|date=18 February 2020|website=Agência Brasil}}</ref> In 2016, the country was the 2nd largest producer of [[Pulp (paper)|pulp]] in the world and the 8th producer of [[paper]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://valor.globo.com/empresas/noticia/2020/02/21/producao-nacional-de-celulose-cai-66percent-em-2019-aponta-iba.ghtml|title=Produção nacional de celulose cai 6,6% em 2019, aponta Ibá|website=Valor Econômico|date=21 February 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.celuloseonline.com.br/sabe-qual-e-o-estado-brasileiro-que-mais-produz-madeira-nao-e-sao-paulo/|title=Sabe qual é o estado brasileiro que mais produz Madeira?|date=9 October 2017|access-date=31 October 2020|archive-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012095718/https://www.celuloseonline.com.br/sabe-qual-e-o-estado-brasileiro-que-mais-produz-madeira-nao-e-sao-paulo/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/espirito-santo/noticia/sao-mateus-e-o-6-maior-produtor-de-madeira-em-tora-para-papel-e-celulose-no-pais-diz-ibge.ghtml|title=São Mateus é o 6º maior produtor de madeira em tora para papel e celulose no país, diz IBGE|website=G1|date=28 September 2017 }}</ref> In the [[footwear industry]], in 2019, Brazil ranked 4th among world producers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/sp/ribeirao-preto-franca/noticia/2019/07/14/industrias-calcadistas-em-franca-sp-registram-queda-de-40percent-nas-vagas-de-trabalho-em-6-anos.ghtml|title=Indústrias calçadistas em Franca, SP registram queda de 40% nas vagas de trabalho em 6 anos|website=G1|date=14 July 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fenac.com.br/producao-de-calcados-deve-crescer-3-em-2019|title=Fenac - Centro de Eventos e Negócios {{pipe}} Produção de calçados deve crescer 3% em 2019|first=Agência Maya: Criação de Sites e Marketing|last=Digital|website=fenac.com.br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abicalcados.com.br/noticia/abicalcados-apresenta-relatorio-setorial-2019|title=Abicalçados apresenta Relatório Setorial 2019|website=abicalcados.com.br|access-date=31 October 2020|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422064032/https://www.abicalcados.com.br/noticia/abicalcados-apresenta-relatorio-setorial-2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fazcomex.com.br/blog/exportacao-de-calcados-saiba-mais/|title=Exportação de Calçados: Saiba mais|date=27 February 2020}}</ref> In 2019, the country was the 8th producer of [[vehicles]] and the 9th producer of [[steel]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://diariodocomercio.com.br/livre/minas-gerais-produz-323-do-aco-nacional-em-2019/|title=Minas Gerais produz 32,3% do aço nacional em 2019|first=Diário do|last=Comércio|date=24 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/o-novo-mapa-das-montadoras/|title=O novo mapa das montadoras, que agora rumam para o interior do País|date=8 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/sul-do-rio-costa-verde/noticia/industria-automobilistica-do-sul-do-rio-impulsiona-superavit-na-economia.ghtml|title=Indústria automobilística do Sul do Rio impulsiona superavit na economia|website=G1|date=12 July 2017 }}</ref> In 2018, the [[chemical industry]] of Brazil was the 8th in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pwc.com.br/pt/publicacoes/setores-atividade/assets/quimico-petroquimico/2013/pwc-chemicals-port-13.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.pwc.com.br/pt/publicacoes/setores-atividade/assets/quimico-petroquimico/2013/pwc-chemicals-port-13.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Indústria Química no Brasil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/br/Documents/energy-resources/Deloitte-Abiquim-Setor-Quimico-Relatorio.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/br/Documents/energy-resources/Deloitte-Abiquim-Setor-Quimico-Relatorio.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Estudo de 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economia.uol.com.br/noticias/estadao-conteudo/2020/02/03/producao-nacional-da-industria-de-quimicos-cai-57-em-2019-diz-abiquim.htm|title=Produção nacional da indústria de químicos cai 5,7% em 2019, diz Abiquim|website=economia.uol.com.br}}</ref> In [[textile industry]], Brazil, although it was among the 5 largest world producers in 2013, is very little integrated in world trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bnb.gov.br/documents/80223/2509338/textil_16_2017%28V2%29.pdf/063d7521-342f-e81e-232a-e251964fa1c3 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.bnb.gov.br/documents/80223/2509338/textil_16_2017%28V2%29.pdf/063d7521-342f-e81e-232a-e251964fa1c3 |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Industria Textil no Brasil}}</ref> In the aviation sector, Brazil has [[Embraer]], the third largest aircraft manufacturer in the world, behind [[Boeing]] and [[Airbus]].

Brazil holds the position of South America's top oil and gas producer with record output exceeding 4.89 million boe/d in early 2026, primarily driven by massive pre-salt, deep-water offshore projects. State-controlled company [[Petrobras]] dominates the sector.

Brazil is a global powerhouse in iron and steel production, ranking as the ninth-largest steel producer and second-largest iron ore exporter worldwide. With 33.3 billion tons of iron ore reserves, the industry is a key economic driver, centered in Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, with major producers including Gerdau and CSN.

The Brazilian pharmaceutical market is a rapidly growing sector, valued at approximately US$38 billion in 2024 and projected to reach US$73.79 billion by 2032.

In the last years, the [[Arms industry|defence industry]] in Brazil achieved prominence with exports of more than US$1 billion per year and sales abroad of high-technology products like the transport jet [[Embraer C-390 Millennium]], the [[Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano]], a light [[attack aircraft]], the 6×6 armoured personnel carrier [[VBTP-MR Guarani]] and others armaments like pistols and rifles by the company [[Taurus Armas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.br/defesa/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/noticias/exportacoes-de-produtos-de-defesa-somam-us-1-1-bilhao-este-ano-e-superam-em-mais-de-60-o-total-do-ano-passado |title=Exportações de produtos de defesa somam US$ 1,1 bilhão este ano e superam em mais de 60% o total do ano passado|date=26 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="DF21">{{Cite web |url=https://www.taurusri.com.br/Download.aspx?Arquivo=KO2kCzyUcYSN3TAmYZtsHw== |title=2021 Management Report |date=March 15, 2022 |accessdate=July 29, 2022 |publisher=Taurus IR |website= |pages=3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 23, 41, 78 |language=en |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729155230/https://www.taurusri.com.br/Download.aspx?Arquivo=KO2kCzyUcYSN3TAmYZtsHw== |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Embraer]] is one the world's top 100 [[defense contractors]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 {{!}} Defense News |url=https://people.defensenews.com/top-100/ |access-date=2023-07-25 |website= Defensenews.com}}</ref>

=== Service ===
Brazil has a large and diverse services sector.

==== Banking and finance ====
{{See also|List of banks in Brazil}}

During the early 1990s, the banking sector accounted for as much as 16 percent of the GDP. Although undergoing a major overhaul, Brazil's financial services industry provides local businesses with a wide range of products and is attracting numerous new entrants, including U.S. financial firms. On 8 May 2008, the São Paulo Stock Exchange ([[Bovespa]]) and the São Paulo-based Brazilian Mercantile and Futures Exchange (BM&F) merged, creating [[BM&F Bovespa]], one of the largest stock exchanges in the world. Also, the previously monopolistic reinsurance sector is being opened up to third-party companies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u113719.shtml|title=Government breaks reinsurance monopoly, discards privatization (in Portuguese)|access-date=29 April 2008}}</ref>

==== Telecommunications ====
{{Main|Telecommunications in Brazil|Internet in Brazil}}

{{As of|2005|alt=As of}} 31 December 2007, there were an estimated 21,304,000 broadband lines in Brazil. Over 75 percent of the broadband lines were via [[digital subscriber line|DSL]] and 10 percent via cable modems.

==== Creative Industries ====
{{Main|Creative industry in Brazil}}

The first study into the impact of the [[Creative industries|Creative Industries]] on the Brazilian economy was published by [[FIRJAN]].<ref name="MIC">{{cite web|title=Indústria Criativa - Mapeamento da Indústria Criativa no Brasil (PDF - 1,85 MB)|url=http://www.firjan.org.br/economiacriativa/download/Analise_completa.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810083733/http://www.firjan.org.br/economiacriativa/download/Analise_completa.pdf|archive-date=10 August 2013|website=FIRJAN, Sistema (2012)|accessdate=16 December 2013}}</ref> The creative economy in Latin America was termed the "[[Orange Economy]]"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Restrepo, Márquez|first=Felipe Buitrago, Iván Duque|date=2013|title=The Orange Economy • An Infinite Opportunity|url=https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/The-Orange-Economy-An-Infinite-Opportunity.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/The-Orange-Economy-An-Infinite-Opportunity.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|access-date=29 December 2021|publisher=Inter-American Development Bank}}</ref> in a publication released by the [[Inter-American Development Bank]] (IDB). This 2013 study valued Brazil's Orange Economy at US$66.87 billion providing 5,280,000 jobs and responsible for US$9.414 million in exports, with the value of creative exports being higher than the US$8.016 million value of coffee exports over the same period.
[[File:Lençóis Maranhenses 2018 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Lençóis Maranhenses National Park|Lençóis Maranhenses]].]]
A 2021 study into the [[Intellectual property|Intellectual Property]] Intensive Sectors in the Brazilian Economy<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial|date=March 2021|title=Setores Intensivos em Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual na Economia Brasileira|url=https://www.gov.br/inpi/pt-br/central-de-conteudo/estatisticas-e-estudos-economicos/arquivos/publicacoes/setores-intensivos-em-direitos-de-propriedade-intelectual.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.gov.br/inpi/pt-br/central-de-conteudo/estatisticas-e-estudos-economicos/arquivos/publicacoes/setores-intensivos-em-direitos-de-propriedade-intelectual.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|access-date=29 December 2021|publisher=Government of Brazil}}</ref> was undertaken as part of the National Strategy on Intellectual Property 2021–2030.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Grupo Interministerial de Propriedade Intelectual|title=Estratégia Nacional de Propriedade Intelectual 2021-2030|url=https://www.gov.br/inpi/pt-br/central-de-conteudo/noticias/cerimonia-marca-50-anos-do-inpi-e-lancamento-da-estrategia-nacional-de-propriedade-intelectual/EstratgiaNacionaldePropriedadeIntelectual.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212021657/https://www.gov.br/inpi/pt-br/central-de-conteudo/noticias/cerimonia-marca-50-anos-do-inpi-e-lancamento-da-estrategia-nacional-de-propriedade-intelectual/EstratgiaNacionaldePropriedadeIntelectual.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-12 |url-status=live|access-date=29 December 2021|publisher=Government of Brazil}}</ref> The study found that 450 of the 673 economic classes could be classified as IP-intensive sectors that collectively employed 19.3 million people. The share of GDP between 2014 and 2016 across these economic classes amounted to R$2.1 trillion ''reais'' or 44.2% of GDP over this time.

==== Housing and real estate ====
{{Main|Housing in Brazil}}

==== Education ====
{{Main|Education in Brazil}}

{{excerpt|Education in Brazil}}

==== Healthcare ====
{{Main|Healthcare in Brazil}}

{{excerpt|Healthcare in Brazil}}

==== Retail ====
{{Main|List of supermarket chains in Brazil|Camelô|Category:Brazilian brands}}

==== Tourism ====
{{main|Tourism in Brazil}}

In the list of world tourist destinations, in 2018, Brazil was the 48th most visited country, with 6.6 million tourists (and revenues of 5.9 billion dollars). Tourism in [[South America]] as a whole is still underdeveloped: in Europe, for example, countries obtain annual tourism figures like $73.7 billion (Spain), receiving 82.7 million tourists or 67.3 billion (France), receiving 89.4 million tourists. While Europe received 710 million tourists in 2018, Asia 347 million and North America 142.2 million, South America received only 37 million, Central America 10.8 million and the Caribbean 25.7 million.<ref>{{cite book| url = https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284421152| title = Highlights of international tourism| year = 2019| publisher = World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)| doi = 10.18111/9789284421152| isbn = 9789284421152| s2cid = 240665765}}</ref>

=== Energy ===
{{Main|Energy policy of Brazil|Renewable energy in Brazil}}

{{See also|Electricity sector in Brazil}}

[[File:Energia Eolica.jpg|thumb|right|[[Wind power]] in [[Parnaíba]].]]
[[File:Usina solar de Pirapora 2.gif|thumb|Pirapora Solar Complex, the largest in Brazil and Latin America, with a capacity of 321 MW.]]
The Brazilian government has undertaken an ambitious program to reduce dependence on imported petroleum. Imports previously accounted for more than 70% of the country's oil needs but Brazil became self-sufficient in oil in 2006–2007. Brazil was the 10th largest oil producer in the world in 2019, with 2.8 million barrels / day. Production manages to supply the country's demand.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production?pd=5&p=0000000000000000000000000000000000vg&u=0&f=A&v=mapbubble&a=-&i=none&vo=value&&t=C&g=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001&l=249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvnvvvs0008&s=94694400000&e=1546300800000| title = Production of Crude Oil including Lease Condensate 2019}}</ref> In the beginning of 2020, in the production of [[Petroleum|oil]] and [[natural gas]], the country exceeded 4 million barrels of oil equivalent per day, for the first time. In January this year, 3.168 million barrels of oil per day and 138.753 million cubic meters of natural gas were extracted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anp.gov.br/noticias/5628-producao-de-petroleo-e-gas-no-brasil-ultrapassa-4-milhoes-de-boe-d-pela-primeira-vez|title=Produção de petróleo e gás no Brasil ultrapassa 4 milhões de boe/d pela primeira vez|website=anp.gov.br|access-date=31 October 2020|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220091405/http://www.anp.gov.br/noticias/5628-producao-de-petroleo-e-gas-no-brasil-ultrapassa-4-milhoes-de-boe-d-pela-primeira-vez|url-status=dead}}</ref>[[File:ItaipuAerea2AAL.jpg|thumb|[[Itaipu Dam]] in [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]].|left]]

Brazil is one of the main world producers of [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric power]]. In 2019, Brazil had 217 hydroelectric plants in operation, with an installed capacity of 98,581 MW, 60.16% of the country's energy generation.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://cbie.com.br/artigos/quantas-usinas-geradoras-de-energia-temos-no-brasil/| title = How many power plants do we have in Brazil?| date = 5 April 2019}}</ref> In the total generation of electricity, in 2019 Brazil reached 170,000 megawatts of installed capacity, more than 75% from renewable sources (the majority, hydroelectric).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.aneel.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa-exibicao/-/asset_publisher/XGPXSqdMFHrE/content/brasil-alcanca-170-mil-megawatts-de-capacidade-instalada-em-2019/656877?inheritRedirect=false| title = Brasil alcança 170 mil megawatts de capacidade instalada em 2019| access-date = 31 October 2020| archive-date = 13 April 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193140/https://www.aneel.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa-exibicao/-/asset_publisher/XGPXSqdMFHrE/content/brasil-alcanca-170-mil-megawatts-de-capacidade-instalada-em-2019/656877?inheritRedirect=false| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.energiaeambiente.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/IEMA-AGUA_vFinal.pdf| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180401075849/http://www.energiaeambiente.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/IEMA-AGUA_vFinal.pdf| url-status = dead| archive-date = 2018-04-01| title = IEMA (Instituto de Energia e Meio Ambiente),2016.Série TERMOELETRICIDADE EM FOCO: Uso de água em termoelétricas}}</ref>[[File:Angra dos Reis - usinas nucleares.jpg|thumb|[[Angra Nuclear Power Plant]] in [[Angra dos Reis]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]]]]In 2013, the [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast Region]] used about 50% of the load of the National Integrated System (SIN), being the main energy consuming region in the country. The region's installed electricity generation capacity totaled almost 42,500 MW, which represented about a third of Brazil's generation capacity. The [[hydroelectric]] generation represented 58% of the region's installed capacity, with the remaining 42% corresponding basically to the [[thermoelectric]] generation. São Paulo accounted for 40% of this capacity; Minas Gerais by about 25%; Rio de Janeiro by 13.3%; and Espírito Santo accounted for the rest. The [[South Region, Brazil|South Region]] owns the [[Itaipu Dam]], which was the largest hydroelectric plant in the world for several years, until the inauguration of [[Three Gorges Dam]] in China. It remains the second largest operating [[hydroelectric]] in the world. Brazil is the co-owner of the Itaipu Plant with [[Paraguay]]: the dam is located on the [[Paraná River]], located on the border between countries. It has an installed generation capacity of 14 [[Watt|GW]] for 20 generating units of 700 [[Watt|MW]] each. [[North Region, Brazil|North Region]] has large hydroelectric plants, such as [[Belo Monte Dam]] and [[Tucuruí Dam]], which produce much of the national energy. Brazil's hydroelectric potential has not yet been fully exploited, so the country still has the capacity to build several renewable energy plants in its territory.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://web.bndes.gov.br/bib/jspui/bitstream/1408/4401/1/O%20BNDES%20e%20a%20quest%C3%A3o%20energ%C3%A9tica%20e%20logistica%20na%20Regi%C3%A3o%20Sudeste_5_P.pdf| title = O BNDES e a questão energética e logística da Região Sudeste}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/hybiggest.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060519000659/http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/hybiggest.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = 2006-05-19| title = Power: World's biggest hydroelectric facility}}</ref>[[File:Oil platform P-51 (Brazil).jpg|thumb|right|Oil platform P-51 of [[Petrobras]].]]{{As of|2022|07|url=http://www.ons.org.br/paginas/conhecimento/acervo-digital/documentos-e-publicacoes|post=,}} according to ONS, total installed capacity of [[wind power]] was 22 GW, with average [[capacity factor]] of 58%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes/Boletim%20Mensal%20de%20Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20E%C3%B3lica%202021-06.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes/Boletim%20Mensal%20de%20Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20E%C3%B3lica%202021-06.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Boletim Mensal de Geração Eólica Junho/2021|language=pt|date=1 July 2021|publisher=Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico – ONS|pages=6, 14|access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://megawhat.energy/news/147158/eolica-supera-22-gw-em-operacao-no-brasil|title=Eólica supera 22 GW em operação no Brasil|date=21 July 2022|publisher=Megawhar|access-date=2 August 2022|language=pt-br}}</ref> While the world average wind production capacity factors is 24.7%, there are areas in Northern Brazil, specially in Bahia State, where some wind farms record with average capacity factors over 60%;<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.brasil.gov.br/noticias/infraestrutura/2014/12/brasil-e-o-pais-com-melhor-fator-de-aproveitamento-da-energia-eolica|title=Brasil é o país com melhor fator de aproveitamento da energia eólica|work=Governo do Brasil|access-date=7 October 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223102/http://www.brasil.gov.br/noticias/infraestrutura/2014/12/brasil-e-o-pais-com-melhor-fator-de-aproveitamento-da-energia-eolica|archive-date=7 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> the average capacity factor in the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast Region]] is 45% in the coast and 49% in the interior.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-233/topico-520/Boletim_2020_Q1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-233/topico-520/Boletim_2020_Q1.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Boletim Trimestral de Energia Eólica – Junho de 2020|language=pt-BR|publisher=[[Empresa de Pesquisa Energética]]|date=23 June 2020|page=4|access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref> In 2019, wind energy represented 9% of the energy generated in the country.<ref name="cbie.com.br">{{cite web| url = https://cbie.com.br/artigos/quantas-usinas-geradoras-de-energia-temos-no-brasil/| title = Quantas usinas geradoras de energia temos no Brasil?| date = 5 April 2019}}</ref> In 2019, it was estimated that the country had an estimated wind power generation potential of around 522 GW (this, only onshore), enough energy to meet three times the country's current demand.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/ventos-promissores-a-caminho/| title = Ventos promissores a caminho}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www2.ctee.com.br/brazilwindpower/2016/zpublisher/materia/?url=potencial-eolico-onshore-brasileiro-pode-ser-de-880-gw-indica-estudo-20161026| title = Brazilian onshore wind potential could be 880 GW, study indicates| access-date = 1 November 2020| archive-date = 14 August 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200814221022/http://www2.ctee.com.br/brazilwindpower/2016/zpublisher/materia/?url=potencial-eolico-onshore-brasileiro-pode-ser-de-880-gw-indica-estudo-20161026| url-status = dead}}</ref> In 2021 Brazil was the 7th country in the world in terms of installed wind power (21 GW),<ref name="Renewable Capacity Statistics 2021">[https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf Renewable Capacity Statistics 2021]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf|title=Global wind statistics|date=2022-04-22|website=IRENA|language=en-US|access-date=2022-04-22}}</ref> and the 4th largest producer of wind energy in the world (72 TWh), behind only China, USA and Germany.<ref>[[Hannah Ritchie]] and [[Max Roser]], [https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy Wind Power generation]</ref>

Nuclear energy accounts for about 4% of Brazil's electricity.<ref name=uic>{{cite web|publisher=Uranium Information Centre |url=http://www.uic.com.au/nip95.htm |title=Nuclear Power in Brazil. Briefing Paper # 95 |date=May 2007 |access-date=19 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208105204/http://www.uic.com.au/nip95.htm |archive-date=8 February 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The nuclear power generation monopoly is owned by [[Eletronuclear|Eletronuclear (Eletrobrás Eletronuclear S/A)]], a wholly owned subsidiary of [[Eletrobrás]]. Nuclear energy is produced by [[List of nuclear reactors#Brazil|two reactors]] at [[Angra Nuclear Power Plant|Angra]]. It is located at the Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto (CNAAA) on the Praia de Itaorna in [[Angra dos Reis]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]]. It consists of two [[pressurized water reactor]]s, Angra I, with capacity of 657 MW, connected to the power grid in 1982, and Angra II, with capacity of 1,350 MW, connected in 2000. A third reactor, Angra III, with a projected output of 1,350 MW, is planned to be finished.<ref name=merco>{{cite web |publisher=Mecropress |url=http://www.mercopress.com/Detalle.asp?NUM=9036 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907073618/http://www.mercopress.com/Detalle.asp?NUM=9036 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 September 2012 |title=Brazil plans to build seven nuclear reactors |date=23 October 2006 |access-date=19 May 2007 }}</ref>

{{As of|2022|10|url=http://www.ons.org.br/paginas/conhecimento/acervo-digital/documentos-e-publicacoes|post=,}} according to ONS, total installed capacity of [[photovoltaic solar]] was 21 GW, with average [[capacity factor]] of 23%.<ref>[https://canalenergia.com.br/noticias/53228183/solar-atinge-21-gw-e-r-1086-bi-em-investimentos-no-brasil Solar atinge 21 GW e R$ 108,6 bi em investimentos no Brasil]</ref> Some of the most [[Solar irradiance|irradiated]] Brazilian States are MG ("Minas Gerais"), BA ("Bahia") and GO (Goiás), which have indeed world [[Solar irradiance|irradiation]] level records.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sharenergy.com.br/quais-melhores-regioes-brasil-para-geracao-de-energia-fotovoltaica/|title=Quais as melhores regiões do Brasil para geração de energia fotovoltaica? - Sharenergy|date=3 February 2017|work=Sharenergy|access-date=7 October 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-date=7 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223213/http://sharenergy.com.br/quais-melhores-regioes-brasil-para-geracao-de-energia-fotovoltaica/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes/Boletim%20Mensal%20de%20Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Solar%202020-09.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes/Boletim%20Mensal%20de%20Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Solar%202020-09.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Boletim Mensal de Geração Solar Fotovoltaica Setembro/2020|language=pt|date=13 October 2020|publisher=Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico - ONS|pages=6, 13|access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref> In 2019, solar power represented 1,27% of the energy generated in the country.<ref name="cbie.com.br"/> In 2021, Brazil was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (13 GW),<ref>[https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf Renewable Capacity Statistics 2022]</ref> and the 11th largest producer of solar energy in the world (16.8 TWh).<ref>[https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy Hannah Ritchie, Max Roser: Solar Power Generation]</ref>

In 2020, Brazil was also the 2nd largest country in the world in the production of energy through [[biomass]] (energy production from solid biofuels and renewable waste), with 15,2 GW installed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf |title=Renewable Capacity Statistics 2021 page 41 | access-date = 24 May 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Total energy consumption in [[Terrawatt-hour]]s (TWh) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Primary energy consumption |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/primary-energy-cons?tab=chart&country=~GHA |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>
!1970
!1980
!1990
!2000
!2010
!2020
!2023
|-
|453 
|{{Increase}}1,153 
|{{Increase}}1,566 
|{{Increase}}2,357 
|{{Increase}}3,185 
|{{Increase}}3,394 
|{{Increase}}3,854 
|-
! colspan="7" |Per capita energy consumption in [[Kilowatt-hour]]s (KWh)<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Energy use per person |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-energy-use?showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&country=~KEN |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>
|-
|4,704 
|{{Increase}}9,430 
|{{Increase}}10,391 
|{{Increase}}13,400 
|{{Increase}}16,221 
|{{Decrease}}15,921 
|{{Increase}}17,806 
|-
! colspan="7" |Oil production in [[Terrawatt-hour]]s (TWh)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oil production |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-production-by-country?tab=table&time=1970..latest&showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&country=~BRA |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>
|-
|102 
|{{Increase}}115 
|{{Increase}}397 
|{{Increase}}780 
|{{Increase}}1,298 
|{{Increase}}1,853 
|{{Increase}}2,136 
|}

=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in Brazil}}

{{See also|List of highways in Brazil|Rail transport in Brazil|List of airports in Brazil|Ports of Brazil}}

[[Image:Rodovias Duplicadas do Brasil em 2026.jpg|thumb|right|250px|{{center|Road system in Brazil, with [[Dual carriageway|divided highways]] highlighted in red.}}]]
[[File:Ilha de Mocanguê by Diego Baravelli (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Rio–Niterói Bridge]].]]
[[File:Saopaulo aerea aeroportocumbica.jpg|thumb|The [[São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport]] is connected with the [[São Paulo Metro]].]]
[[File:Port Santos.jpg|thumb|[[Port of Santos]], one of the 40 largest and [[List of busiest container ports|busiest ports]] in the world.]]

[[Transport in Brazil]] is basically carried out using the [[road]] mode, the most developed in the region. There is also a considerable infrastructure of [[ports]] and [[airports]]. The [[railway]] and [[fluvial]] sector, although it has potential, is usually treated in a secondary way.

Brazil has more than 1.7&nbsp;million km of [[roads]], of which 215,000&nbsp;km are paved, and about 17,000&nbsp;km are [[dual carriageway|divided highways]]. The two most important highways in the country are [[BR-101]] and [[BR-116]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br/2018/#| title = Anuário CNT do transporte 2018}}</ref> Due to the [[Andes Mountains]], [[Amazon River]] and [[Amazon Forest]], there have always been difficulties in implementing transcontinental or bioceanic highways. Practically the only route that existed was the one that connected Brazil to Buenos Aires, in Argentina and later to Santiago, in Chile. However, in recent years, with the combined effort of South American countries, new routes have started to emerge, such as Brazil-Peru ([[Interoceanic Highway]]), and a new highway between Brazil, Paraguay, northern Argentina and northern Chile ([[Central Bi-Oceanic railway|Bioceanic Corridor]]).

There are more than 2,000 airports in Brazil. The country has the second largest number of airports in the world, behind only the United States. [[São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport|São Paulo International Airport]], located in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, is the largest and busiest in the country – the airport connects São Paulo to practically all major cities around the world. Brazil has 44 international airports, such as those in [[Rio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport|Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brasília International Airport|Brasília]], [[Belo Horizonte International Airport|Belo Horizonte]], [[Salgado Filho International Airport|Porto Alegre]], [[Hercílio Luz International Airport|Florianópolis]], [[Marechal Rondon International Airport|Cuiabá]], [[Salvador International Airport|Salvador]], [[Recife/Guararapes–Gilberto Freyre International Airport|Recife]], [[Fortaleza Airport|Fortaleza]], [[Belém/Val-de-Cans International Airport|Belém]] and [[Eduardo Gomes International Airport|Manaus]], among others. The 10 busiest airports in South America in 2017 were: São Paulo-Guarulhos (Brazil), Bogotá (Colombia), São Paulo-Congonhas (Brazil), Santiago (Chile), Lima (Peru), Brasília (Brazil), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Buenos Aires-Aeroparque (Argentina), Buenos Aires-Ezeiza (Argentina), and Minas Gerais (Brazil).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html| title = Brasil tem 9 dos maiores aeroportos da América Latina| date = 29 October 2018}}</ref>

About [[ports]], Brazil has some of the busiest ports in South America, such as [[Port of Santos]], [[Port of Rio de Janeiro]], [[Port of Paranaguá]], [[Port of Itajaí]], [[Port of Rio Grande]], [[Port of São Francisco do Sul]] and [[Suape Port]]. The 15 busiest ports in South America are: Port of Santos (Brazil), Port of Bahia de Cartagena (Colombia), Callao (Peru), Guayaquil (Ecuador), Buenos Aires (Argentina), San Antonio (Chile), Buenaventura (Colombia), Itajaí (Brazil), Valparaíso (Chile), Montevideo (Uruguay), Paranaguá (Brazil), Rio Grande (Brazil), São Francisco do Sul (Brazil), Manaus (Brazil) and Coronel (Chile).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf| title = Port Activity of Latin America and the Caribbean 2018}}</ref>

The Brazilian [[railway]] network has an extension of about 30,000 kilometers. It is basically used for transporting ores.<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Brazil|date=23 May 2022|year=2022}}</ref>

Among the main Brazilian [[waterways]], two stand out: Hidrovia Tietê-Paraná (which has a length of 2,400&nbsp;km, 1,600 on the Paraná River and 800&nbsp;km on the Tietê River, draining agricultural production from the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás and part of Rondônia, Tocantins and Minas Gerais) and Hidrovia do Solimões-Amazonas (it has two sections: Solimões, which extends from Tabatinga to Manaus, with approximately 1600&nbsp;km, and Amazonas, which extends from Manaus to Belém, with 1650&nbsp;km.

Almost entirely passenger transport from the [[Amazon basin]] is done by this waterway, in addition to practically all cargo transportation that is directed to the major regional centers of Belém and Manaus). In Brazil, this transport is still underutilized: the most important waterway stretches, from an economic point of view, are found in the Southeast and South of the country. Its full use still depends on the construction of locks, major dredging works and, mainly, of ports that allow intermodal integration.

=== Water supply and sanitation ===
{{Main|Water supply and sanitation in Brazil}}

{{excerpt|Water supply and sanitation in Brazil}}

== Science and technology ==
{{Main|Science and technology in Brazil}}

{{See also|Artificial intelligence in Brazilian industry|Brazilian space program}}

{{excerpt|Science and technology in Brazil}}

== Exports and imports ==
{{See also|Mercosur}}

[[File:Agro PR Soja em Guarapuava.jpg|thumb|right|Brazil is the largest producer and exporter of [[soybeans]] in the world. Farm in [[Southern Brazil]].]]
[[File:Coffee farmer in Brazil.jpg|thumb|right|Brazil is the largest producer and exporter of [[coffee]] in the world. [[Brazil]]ian coffee farmer producing.]]
[[File:Museu do Amanha 05 2016 Rio 2085.jpg|thumb|right|[[Museum of Tomorrow|Museu do Amanhã, Rio de Janeiro]].]]
[[File:Recife, Brasil (retrato).jpg|thumb|[[Recife]] with its skyscrapers.]]

===Trade statistics===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Goods exports<br /><small>(billion US$)</small><ref>{{Cite web |title=Goods exports (BoP, current US$) - Brazil |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.MRCH.CD?end=2023&locations=BR&most_recent_value_desc=true&start=1990 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref>
!Goods imports<br /><small>(in</small> b<small>illion US$)</small><ref>{{Cite web |title=Goods imports (BoP, current US$) - Brazil |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BM.GSR.MRCH.CD?end=2023&locations=BR&most_recent_value_desc=true&start=1975 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref>
!Net trade<br /><small>(in</small> b<small>illion US$)</small><ref>{{Cite web |title=Net trade in goods (BoP, current US$) - Brazil |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BN.GSR.MRCH.CD?end=2023&locations=BR&most_recent_value_desc=true&start=1975 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|{{Increase}}$343.8
|{{Increase}}$241.5
|{{Increase}}$92.8
|-
|2020
|{{Increase}}$210.7
|{{Increase}}$175.0
|{{Increase}}$35.7
|-
|2015
|{{Decrease}}$189.9
|{{Decrease}}$172.5
|{{Increase}}$17.4
|-
|2010
|{{Increase}}$201.2
|{{Increase}}$182.8
|{{Increase}}$18.4
|-
|2000
|{{Increase}}$55.2
|{{Increase}}$57.0
|{{Decrease}}−$1.8
|-
|1990
|{{Increase}}$31.4
|{{Increase}}$20.7
|{{Increase}}$10.8
|-
|1980
|$20.1
|$23.0
|{{Decrease}}−$2.8
|}

=== Products ===

Brazil was the 25th largest exporter in the world in 2020, with 1.1% of the global total.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.CD?locations=BR&most_recent_value_desc=true| title = Exports of goods and services (current US$), by World Bank}}</ref>

In 2021, Brazil exported US$280.4 billion and imported US$219.4 billion, with a surplus of US$61 billion.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.gov.br/pt-br/noticias/financas-impostos-e-gestao-publica/2022/01/balanca-comercial-registra-superavit-de-us-61-bilhoes-em-2021| title = Balança Comercial registra superávit de US$ 61 bilhões em 2021}}</ref>

The country's top ten export products were:<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.fazcomex.com.br/blog/exportacao-no-brasil-quais-os-principais-produtos-exportados/| title = Exportações no Brasil: Os principais produtos exportados| date = 30 June 2021}}</ref>
* Iron ore: US$42.2 billion
* Soy: US$37.3 billion
* Crude petroleum oils: US$27.4 billion
* Sugar: US$8.5 billion
* Beef: US$7.4 billion
* Soybean meal: US$7.2 billion
* Petroleum fuel oils: US$6.6 billion
* Manufacturing Industry: US$6.4 billion
* Chicken meat: US$6.3 billion
* Cellulose: US$6.1 billion

The country also exports maize, coffee, cotton, tobacco, orange juice, footwear, airplanes, helicopters, cars, vehicle parts, gold, ethanol, semi-finished iron, among others.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.fazcomex.com.br| title = Quais os principais produtos exportados do Brasil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Agronegócio tem oito entre os dez produtos líderes das exportações brasileiras em 2019 |url=https://www.aviculturaindustrial.com.br/imprensa/agronegocio-tem-oito-entre-dez-produtos-l%C3%ADderes-das-exportacoes-brasileiras/20200102-130051-c255 |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=Avicultura Industrial |date=2 January 2020 |language=portuguese |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193049/https://www.aviculturaindustrial.com.br/imprensa/agronegocio-tem-oito-entre-dez-produtos-l%C3%ADderes-das-exportacoes-brasileiras/20200102-130051-c255 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Exports ===
{{See also|List of exports of Brazil}}

The main countries to which Brazil [[Exportation|exports]] in 2021 were:<ref name=":2">{{cite web| url = https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2022/01/04/balanca-comercial-veja-ranking-dos-principais-parceiros-do-brasil-em-2021.ghtml| title = Balança comercial: veja ranking dos principais parceiros do Brasil em 2021| date = 4 January 2022}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|China}} China: US$87.6 billion (31.28%)
* {{flagicon|USA}} United States: US$31.1 billion (11.09%)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} Argentina: US$11.8 billion (4.24%)
* {{flagicon|Netherlands}} Netherlands: US$9.3 billion (3.32%)
* {{flagicon|Chile}} Chile: US$6.9 billion (2.50%)
* {{flagicon|Singapore}} Singapore: US$5.8 billion (2.10%)
* {{flagicon|Mexico}} Mexico: US$5.5 billion (1.98%)
* {{flagicon|Germany}} Germany: US$5.5 billion (1.97%)
* {{flagicon|Japan}} Japan: US$5.5 billion (1.97%)
* {{flagicon|Spain}} Spain: US$5.4 billion (1.94%)

The country's export model, until today, is excessively based on exports of basic or semi-manufactured products, generating criticism, since such model generates little monetary value, which prevents further growth in the country in the long run. There are several factors that cause this problem, the main ones being: the excessive collection of taxes on production (due to the country's economic and legislative model being based on [[state capitalism]] and not on Free-Market Capitalism), the lack or deficiency of infrastructure (means of transport such as roads, railways and ports that are insufficient or weak for the country's needs, bad logistics and excessive bureaucracy) for export, high production costs (expensive energy, expensive fuel, expensive maintenance of trucks, expensive loan rates and bank financing for production, expensive export rates), the lack of an industrial policy, the lack of focus on adding value, the lack of aggressiveness in international negotiations, in addition to abusive tariff barriers imposed by other countries on the country's exports. Because of this, Brazil has never been very prominent in international trade.

Due to its size and potential, it would be able to be among the 10 largest exporters in the world, however, its participation in global commercial transactions usually oscillates between 0.5 and 2% only. In 2019, among the ten products that Brazil exports the most and that generate the most value, eight come from the agribusiness. Although still modest, the country's exports have evolved, and today they are more diversified than they were in the past. At the beginning of the 20th century, 70% of Brazilian exports were restricted to coffee. Overall, however, global trade still concentrates its few exports on low-tech products (mainly agricultural and mineral commodities) and, therefore, with low added value.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.agrolink.com.br/colunistas/coluna/o-brasil-exporta-pouco--mas-o-agronegocio-prospera_426298.html| title = O Brasil exporta pouco, mas o agronegócio prospera| date = 7 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/business/avanco-de-commodities-na-exportacao-representa-perda-de-espaco-da-industria/| title = Avanço de commodities na exportação representa perda de espaço da indústria}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://brasil.elpais.com/economia/2020-03-04/mola-de-emprego-e-do-pib-industria-brasileira-nao-reage-e-emperra-avanco-da-economia.html| title = Mola de emprego e do PIB, indústria brasileira não reage e emperra avanço da economia| date = 4 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/materias/2020/12/16/brasil-precisa-exportar-mais-produtos-industrializados-diz-ney-suassuna| title = Brasil precisa exportar mais produtos industrializados, diz Ney Suassuna}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.comexdobrasil.com/participacao-da-industria-nas-exportacoes-brasileiras-desabou-43-em-2020-no-pior-resultado-em-44-anos/| title = Participação da Indústria nas exportações brasileiras tem o pior resultado em 44 anos| date = 4 February 2021}}</ref>

=== Imports ===

The main countries from which Brazil [[Importation|imports]] in 2021 were:<ref name=":2" />
* {{flagicon|China}} China: US$47.6 billion (21.72%)
* {{flagicon|USA}} United States: US$39.3 billion (17.95%)
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} Argentina: US$11.9 billion (5.45%)
* {{flagicon|Germany}} Germany: US$11.3 billion (5.17%)
* {{flagicon|India}} India: US$6.7 billion (3.07%)
* {{flagicon|Russia}} Russia: US$5.7 billion (2.60%)
* {{flagicon|Italy}} Italy: US$5.4 billion (2.50%)
* {{flagicon|Japan}} Japan: US$5.1 billion (2.35%)
* {{flagicon|South Korea}} South Korea: US$5.1 billion (2.33%)
* {{flagicon|France}} France: US$4.8 billion (2.19%)

== Economic status ==

{| width="23%" style="toc: 25em; font-size: 85%; lucida grande, sans-serif; text-align: left;" class="wikitable floatright"
|+Statistical table
|-
!style="text-align:center; background:lightblue" colspan="2"|Inflation (IPCA)
|-
!style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|2002
|style="vertical-align:top"| 12.53%
|-
! style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|2003
| style="background:#f0f0f0; vertical-align:top"| 9.30%
|-
!style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|2004
|style="vertical-align:top"|7.60%
|-
! style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|2005
| style="background:#f0f0f0; vertical-align:top"| 5.69%
|-
!style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|2006
|style="vertical-align:top"| 3.14%
|-
! style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|2007
| style="background:#f0f0f0; vertical-align:top"| 4.46%
|-
!style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|2008
|style="vertical-align:top"| 5.91%
|-
! style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|2009
| style="background:#f0f0f0; vertical-align:top"| 4.31%
|-
!style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|2010
|style="vertical-align:top"| 5.90%
|-
! style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|2011
| style="background:#f0f0f0; vertical-align:top"| 6.50%
|-
!style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|2012
|style="vertical-align:top"| 5.84%
|-
! style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|2013
| style="background:#f0f0f0; vertical-align:top"| 5.91%
|-
!style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|2014
|style="vertical-align:top"| 6.41%
|-
! style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|2015
| style="background:#f0f0f0; vertical-align:top"| 10.67%
|-
!style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|2016
|style="vertical-align:top"| 6.29%
|-
! style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|2017
| style="background:#f0f0f0; vertical-align:top"| 2.95%
|-
!style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|2018
|style="vertical-align:top"| 3.75%
|-
! style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|2019
| style="background:#f0f0f0; vertical-align:top"| 4.31%
|-
!style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|2020
|style="vertical-align:top"| 4.52%
|-
! style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|2021
| style="background:#f0f0f0; vertical-align:top"| 10.06% 
|-
! style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|2022
| style="background:#f0f0f0; vertical-align:top"| 5.79%
|-
!style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top" colspan="2"|Source:<ref>[http://www.ipeadata.gov.br/ Inflation] Ipea</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-10 |title=IPCA vai a 0,62% em dezembro e fecha 2022 em 5,79% {{!}} Agência de Notícias |url=https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-sala-de-imprensa/2013-agencia-de-noticias/releases/36047-ipca-vai-a-0-62-em-dezembro-e-fecha-2022-em-5-79 |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=Agência de Notícias - IBGE |language=pt-BR}}</ref>
|-
!style="text-align:center; background:lightblue" colspan="2"|Average GDP growth rate 1950–2029
|-
!style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|1950–59
|style="vertical-align:top"| 7.1%
|-
! style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|1960–69
| style="background:#f0f0f0; vertical-align:top"| 6.1%
|-
!style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|1970–79
|style="vertical-align:top"| 8.9%
|-
! style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|1980–89
| style="background:#f0f0f0; vertical-align:top"| 3.0%
|-
!style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|1990–99
|style="vertical-align:top"| 1.7%
|-
! style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|2000–09
| style="background:#f0f0f0; vertical-align:top"| 3.3%
|-
!style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top"|2010–19
|style="vertical-align:top"| 1.4%
|-
!2020-29
|2.3%
|-
!style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top" colspan="2"|Source:<ref>[http://www.ipeadata.gov.br/ Average Exchange Rate] Ipea</ref>
|}

=== Sustainable growth ===

Portuguese explorers arrived in 1500, but it was only in 1808 that Brazil obtained a permit from the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colonial government]] to set up its first factories and manufacturers. In the 21st century, Brazil became the eighth largest economy in the world. Originally, its exports were basic raw and primary goods, such as sugar, rubber and gold. Today, 84% of exports are of manufactured and semi-manufactured products.

The period of great economic transformation and growth occurred between 1875 and 1975.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fagoyinbo|first1=Joseph Babatunde|title=The Armed Forces: Instrument of Peace, Strength, Development and Prosperity|date=May 2013|publisher=Author House|isbn=978-1-4772-1844-0|page=209|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUdHBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA209|language=en}}</ref>

In the last decade, domestic production increased by 32.3%. [[Agribusiness]] (agriculture and cattle-raising), which grew by 47% or 3.6% per year, was the most dynamic sector – even after having weathered international crises that demanded constant adjustments to the Brazilian economy.<ref>[http://www.brasil.gov.br/ingles/about_brazil/brasil_topics/economy/categoria_view Sustainable growth] Brazilian Government. Retrieved on 24 October 2011.</ref> The Brazilian government also launched a program for economic development acceleration called [[Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento]], aiming to spur growth.<ref>{{cite news|title=From crisis to crisis in Brazil|url=https://www.economist.com/news/2007/07/24/from-crisis-to-crisis-in-brazil|newspaper=The Economist|date=24 July 2007}}</ref>

Brazil's transparency rank in the international world is 75th according to [[Transparency International]].<ref>[http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table Transparency by country 2009] [[Transparency International]]. Retrieved on 24 October 2011.</ref>

=== Control and reform policies ===
{{See also|Taxation in Brazil|Welfare in Brazil|Universal basic income in Brazil|Poverty in Brazil|Income inequality in Brazil|Unemployment in Brazil|Social security in Brazil|Pension reform in Brazil|}}

Among measures recently adopted to [[Balance (accounting)|balance]] the economy, Brazil carried out reforms to its social security (state and retirement pensions) and tax systems. These changes brought with them a noteworthy addition: a Law of Fiscal Responsibility which controls public expenditure by the executive branches at federal, state and municipal levels. At the same time, investments were made towards administration efficiency and policies were created to encourage exports, industry and trade, thus creating "windows of opportunity" for local and international investors and producers.

With these alterations in place, Brazil has reduced its vulnerability: it does not import the oil it consumes; it has halved its domestic debt through exchange rate-linked certificates and has seen exports grow, on average, by 20% a year. The exchange rate does not put pressure on the industrial sector or inflation (at 4% a year), and does away with the possibility of a [[liquidity crisis]]. As a result, the country, after 12 years, has achieved a positive balance in the accounts which measure exports/imports, plus interest payments, services and overseas payment. Thus, respected economists say that the country will not be deeply affected by the current world economic crisis.<ref>[http://www.brasil.gov.br/ingles/about_brazil/brasil_topics/economy/categoria_view Control and reform] Brazilian Government. Retrieved on 24 October 2011.</ref>

In 2017, President [[Michel Temer]] refused to make public the list of companies accused of "[[modern slavery]]". The list, made public yearly since the presidency of [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Luís Inácio Lula da Silva]] in 2003, was intended to persuade companies to settle their fines and conform to labor regulations, in a country where corruption of the political class risked compromising respect for the law. The relations of the president-in-office with the "landowner lobby" were denounced by dismissed President [[Dilma Rousseff]] on this occasion.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.humanite.fr/au-bresil-temer-protege-les-esclavagistes-633475| title = Au Brésil, Temer protège les esclavagistes | date = 16 March 2017 }}</ref>

[[File:Downtown of Rio de Janeiro.jpg|thumb|right|Central business district of [[Rio de Janeiro]].]]

=== Consistent policies ===
{{See also|Brazil Cost|Brazilian disease|}}

Support for the productive sector has been simplified at all levels; active and independent, [[National Congress of Brazil|Congress]] and the Judiciary Branch carry out the evaluation of rules and regulations. Among the main measures taken to stimulate the economy are the reduction of up to 30 percent on manufactured products tax (IPI), and the investment of $8&nbsp;billion on road cargo transportation fleets, thus improving distribution logistics. Further resources guarantee the propagation of business and information telecenters.

The policy for industry, technology and foreign trade, at the forefront of this sector, for its part, invests $19.5&nbsp;billion in specific sectors, following the example of the software and semiconductor, pharmaceutical and medicine product, and capital goods sectors.<ref>[http://www.brasil.gov.br/ingles/about_brazil/brasil_topics/economy/categoria_view Consistent policies] Brazilian government. Retrieved on 24 October 2011.</ref>

=== Mergers and acquisitions ===
Between 1985 and 2017, 11,563 [[Mergers and acquisitions|mergers & acquisitions]] with a total known value of US$1,185&nbsp;billion<!-- 1,185 billion = 1.18 trillion?? --> with the involvement of Brazilian firms were announced.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://imaa-institute.org/m-and-a-statistics-countries/|title=M&A Statistics by Countries - Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA)|work=Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA)|access-date=23 February 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> The year 2010 was a new record in terms of value with $115&nbsp;billion of transactions. It is worth noticing, that in the top 100 deals by value there are only four cases of Brazilian companies acquiring a foreign company. This reflects the strong interest in the country from a direct investment perspective.

Here is a list of the largest deals where Brazilian companies took on either the role of the acquiror or the target:
{| class="wikitable"
! Date Announced
! Acquiror Name
! Acquiror Mid Industry
! Acquiror Nation
! Target Name
! Target Mid Industry
! Target Nation
! Value of Transaction ($mil)
|-
|9 January 2010
|[[Petrobras]]
|Oil & Gas
|Brazil
|Brazil-Oil & Gas Blocks
|Oil & Gas
|Brazil
|42,877.03
|-
|20 February 2017
|[[Vale (company)|Vale SA]]
|Metals & Mining
|Brazil
|Valepar SA
|Metals & Mining
|Brazil
|20,956.66
|-
|8 November 2006
|Cia Vale do Rio Doce SA
|Metals & Mining
|Brazil
|Inco Ltd
|Metals & Mining
|Canada
|17,150.30
|-
|20 February 2008
|[[B3 (stock exchange)|BM&F]]
|Brokerage
|Brazil
|Bovespa Holding SA
|Brokerage
|Brazil
|10,309.09
|-
|13 January 2000
|[[Telefónica]] SA
|Telecommunications Services
|Spain
|Telecommunicacoes de São Paulo
|Telecommunications Services
|Brazil
|10,213.31
|-
|31 July 2014
|Telefónica Brasil SA
|Telecommunications Services
|Brazil
|GVT Participacoes SA
|Telecommunications Services
|Brazil
|9,823.31
|-
|5 October 2010
|Telefónica SA
|Telecommunications Services
|Spain
|Brasilcel NV
|Telecommunications Services
|Brazil
|9,742.79
|-
|11 March 2008
|[[Banco Itaú|Banco Itaú Holding Financeira]]
|Banks
|Brazil
|[[Itaú Unibanco|Unibanco Holdings SA]]
|Other Financials
|Brazil
|8,464.77
|-
|3 March 2004
|[[Ambev]]
|Food and Beverage
|Brazil
|John Labatt Ltd
|Food and Beverage
|Canada
|7,758.01
|-
|10 January 2010
|[[China Petrochemical Corporation]]
|Oil & Gas
|China
|Repsol YPF Brasil SA
|Oil & Gas
|Brazil
|7,111.00
|-
|2 July 2012
|Banestado Participacoes
|Other Financials
|Brazil
|[[Rede S.A.|Redecard SA]]
|Computers & Peripherals
|Brazil
|6,821.71
|}

=== Entrepreneurship ===
[[Image:Sede-da-embraer.jpg|thumb|right|[[Embraer]], a Brazilian company, is the third-largest [[commercial jet]] maker in the world, just behind [[Airbus]] and [[Boeing]].]]

According to a search of [[Global Entrepreneurship Monitor]] in 2011 Brazil had 27 million adults aged between 18 and 64 either starting or owning a business, meaning that more than one in four Brazilian adults were entrepreneurs. In comparison to the other 54 countries studied, Brazil was the third-highest in total number of entrepreneurs. The [[Institute of Applied Economic Research]] (Ipea), a government agency, found that 37&nbsp;million jobs in Brazil were associated with businesses with less than 10 employees.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.grupomaquina.com/maquinaNet/techEngine?sid=MaquinaNet&command=noticiaClippingSite&action=visualizar&idNoticia=2368106366895 |title=:: Máquina News :: |access-date=13 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426232504/http://web.grupomaquina.com/maquinaNet/techEngine?sid=MaquinaNet&command=noticiaClippingSite&action=visualizar&idNoticia=2368106366895 |archive-date=26 April 2014  }} A spirit for enterprise, ''[[Financial Times]]'', 8 May 2013</ref>

Even though Brazil ranks internationally as one of the hardest countries in the region to do business due to its complicated bureaucracy, there is a healthy number of entrepreneurs, thanks to the huge internal consumer market and various government programs.

The most recent research of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor revealed in 2013 that 50.4% of Brazilian new entrepreneurs are men, 33.8% are in the 35–44 age group, 36.9% completed high school and 47.9% earn 3–6 times the Brazilian minimum wage. In contrast, 49.6% of entrepreneurs are female, only 7% are in the 55–64 age group, 1% have postgraduate education and 1.7% earn more than 9 times the minimum wage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gemconsortium.org/docs/2645/gem-2012-global-report |title=GEM 2012 Global Report :: GEM Global Entrepreneurship Monitor :: |access-date=13 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623235936/http://www.gemconsortium.org/docs/2645/gem-2012-global-report |archive-date=23 June 2013  }} GEM 2012 Global Report</ref>

=== Credit rating ===
Brazil's [[credit rating]] was downgraded by Standard & Poor's (S&P) to BBB in March 2014, just one notch above junk.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-27/rousseff-losing-bond-investors-as-downgrade-to-junk-looms.html Rousseff Losing Bond Investors as Downgrade to Junk Looms – Bloomberg] Bloomberg</ref> It was further downgraded in January 2018 by S&P to BB−, which is 2 notches below investment grade.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/brazil-sovereign-downgrade-idUSL1N1P628Y|title=S&P cuts Brazil credit rating as pension reform doubts grow|date=11 January 2018|work=Reuters|access-date=6 January 2020|language=en}}</ref>

=== Climate change ===
{{See also|Climate finance in Brazil}}

{{excerpt|Climate change in Brazil|Economic impacts}}

=== Largest companies ===
{{See also|List of largest Brazilian companies}}
{{multiple image
| align             = center
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| width             = 200
| image1            = Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima4.jpg
| image2            = Avenida Paulista - chão.jpg
| footer            = [[Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima]], [[Avenida Paulista]] and [[Brooklin Novo]], in [[São Paulo]], are the largest economic and financial centers in the country.
| image3            = 14 06 2019 Foto do dia (48063388692).jpg
}}

[[File:Marginal Pinheiros e Jockey Club.jpg|thumb|[[São Paulo]] is the largest [[Financial centre|financial center]] in the country and one of the largest in the world.]]
In 2017, 20 Brazilian companies were listed in the [[Forbes Global 2000]] list – an annual ranking of the top 2000 public companies in the world by [[Forbes magazine]] based on a combination of sales, assets, profit, and market value.<ref name="fg2-2017">{{cite news | title=Forbes Global 2000: Brazil | url=https://www.forbes.com/global2000/list/#country:Brazil | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423003358/http://www.forbes.com/global2000/list#country:Brazil | url-status=dead | archive-date=23 April 2011 | date=5 June 2017}}</ref> The 20 companies listed were:

{| class="wikitable" sortable"
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
!World Rank !! Company !! Industry !! Revenue <br /> (billion $) !! Profits <br /> (billion $) !! Assets <br /> (billion $) !! Market Value <br /> (billion $) !! Headquarters
|-style="text-align:right"
|38 || style="text-align:left" | [[Itaú Unibanco|Banco Itaú Unibanco]] || style="text-align:left" | Banking || 61.3 || 6.7 || 419.9  || 79.2 || style="text-align:left" | [[São Paulo]]
|-style="text-align:right"
|62 || style="text-align:left" | [[Banco Bradesco]] || style="text-align:left" | Banking || 70.2 || 4.3  || 362.4  || 53.5 || style="text-align:left" | [[Osasco]], [[São Paulo (state)|SP]]
|-style="text-align:right"
|132 || style="text-align:left" | [[Banco do Brasil]] || style="text-align:left" | Banking || 57.3  || 2.3  || 430.6  || 29 || style="text-align:left" | [[Brasília]]
|-style="text-align:right"
|156 || style="text-align:left" | [[Vale (mining company)|Vale]] || style="text-align:left" | Mining || 27.1 || 3.8 || 99.1 || 45.4 || style="text-align:left" | [[Rio de Janeiro]]
|-style="text-align:right"
|399 || style="text-align:left" | [[Petrobras]] || style="text-align:left" | Oil & Gas || 81.1 || −4.3 || 247.3  || 61.3 || style="text-align:left" | [[Rio de Janeiro]]
|-style="text-align:right"
|610|| style="text-align:left" | [[Eletrobras]] || style="text-align:left" | Utilities || 17.4  || 0.983 || 52.4 || 7.2 || style="text-align:left" | [[Rio de Janeiro]]
|-style="text-align:right"
|791 || style="text-align:left" | [[Itaúsa]] || style="text-align:left" | Conglomerate || 1.3 || 2.4 || 18.1 || 23 || style="text-align:left" | [[São Paulo]]
|-style="text-align:right"
|895 || style="text-align:left" | [[JBS S.A.|JBS]] || style="text-align:left" | Food Processing || 48.9 || 0.108 || 31.6  || 8.2 || style="text-align:left" | [[São Paulo]]
|-style="text-align:right"
|981|| style="text-align:left" | [[Ultrapar]] || style="text-align:left" | Conglomerate || 22.2 || 0.448 || 7.4 || 12.5 || style="text-align:left" | [[São Paulo]]
|-style="text-align:right"
|1103 || style="text-align:left" | [[Cielo S.A.|Cielo]] || style="text-align:left" | Financial services || 3.5 || 1.1 || 9.4 || 20.9 || style="text-align:left" | [[Barueri]], [[São Paulo|SP]]
|-style="text-align:right"
|1233 || style="text-align:left" | [[Braskem]] || style="text-align:left" | Chemicals || 13.8 || −0.136 || 15.9 || 7.9 || style="text-align:left" | [[São Paulo]]
|-style="text-align:right"
|1325 || style="text-align:left" | [[BRF S.A.|BRF]] || style="text-align:left" | Food processing || 9.7 || −0.107 || 13.8 || 9.3 || style="text-align:left" | [[Itajaí]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|SC]]
|-style="text-align:right"
|1436 || style="text-align:left" | [[Sabesp]] || style="text-align:left" | Waste Management || 4 || 0.846 || 11.6 || 7.4 || style="text-align:left" | [[São Paulo]]
|-style="text-align:right"
|1503 || style="text-align:left" | [[Oi (telecommunications)|Oi]] || style="text-align:left" | Telecommunications || 7.5 || −2 || 25.2 || 0.952 || style="text-align:left" | [[Rio de Janeiro]]
|-style="text-align:right"
|1515 || style="text-align:left" | [[Gerdau]] || style="text-align:left" | Iron & Steel || 10.8 || −0.395 || 16.8 || 1.4 || style="text-align:left" | [[Porto Alegre]], [[Rio Grande do Sul|RS]]
|-style="text-align:right"
|1545 || style="text-align:left" | [[Companhia Brasileira de Distribuição|CBD]] || style="text-align:left" | Retail || 12 || 0.139 || 13.9 || 5.9 || style="text-align:left" | [[São Paulo]]
|-style="text-align:right"
|1572 || style="text-align:left" | [[CCR S.A.|CCR]] || style="text-align:left" | Transportation || 2.9 || 0.429 || 7.5 || 11.5 || style="text-align:left" | [[São Paulo]]
|-style="text-align:right"
|1597 || style="text-align:left" | [[Bovespa]] || style="text-align:left" | Stock Exchange || 0.666 || 0.415 || 9.7 || 12.8 || style="text-align:left" | [[São Paulo]]
|-style="text-align:right"
|1735 || style="text-align:left" | [[CPFL Energia]] || style="text-align:left" | Electricity || 5.4 || 0.258 || 13 || 8.4 || style="text-align:left" | [[Campinas]], [[São Paulo|SP]]
|-style="text-align:right"
|1895 || style="text-align:left" | [[Cogna Educação]] || style="text-align:left" | Higher Education || 1.5 || 0.535 || 5.4 || 7.1 || style="text-align:left" | [[Belo Horizonte]], [[Minas Gerais|MG]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of companies of Brazil]]
* [[Economic history of Brazil]]
* [[List of Brazilians by net worth]]
* [[List of economic crises in Brazil]]
* [[Brazil and the World Bank]]
* [[Economy of São Paulo]]
* [[List of Brazilian federative units by gross domestic product]]
* [[List of Brazilian states by poverty rate]]
* [[2015–2017 Brazilian economic crisis]]
* [[Corruption in Brazil]]
* [[Trade unions in Brazil]]
* [[List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP growth]]
* [[List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP (nominal)]]
* [[List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP (PPP)]]
* [[Inflation indexes in Brazil]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Furtado, Celso. ''Formação econômica do Brasil'' [http://www.afoiceeomartelo.com.br/posfsa/Autores/Furtado,%20Celso/Celso%20Furtado%20-%20Forma%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Econ%C3%B4mica%20do%20Brasil.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126191450/http://www.afoiceeomartelo.com.br/posfsa/Autores/Furtado,%20Celso/Celso%20Furtado%20-%20Forma%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Econ%C3%B4mica%20do%20Brasil.pdf |date=26 January 2021 }}
* Prado Junior, Caio. ''História econômica do Brasil''[http://www.afoiceeomartelo.com.br/posfsa/Autores/Prado%20Jr,%20Caio/Historia%20Economica%20do%20Brasil.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830222001/http://www.afoiceeomartelo.com.br/posfsa/Autores/Prado%20Jr,%20Caio/Historia%20Economica%20do%20Brasil.pdf |date=30 August 2021 }}

== External links ==
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*[http://www.fazenda.gov.br/ Ministry of Finance (Brazil)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120153904/http://www.fazenda.gov.br/ |date=20 January 2010 }}
*[http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/ IBGE : Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]
*[https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/BRA/Year/LTST/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Brazil]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20260114030746/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/ Brazil profile] at the [[CIA World Factbook]]
*[http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/brazil Brazil profile] at [[The World Bank]]

{{Economy of Brazil}}
{{Brazil topics}}
{{World Trade Organization}}
{{South America in topic|Economy of}}

[[Category:Economy of Brazil| ]]
[[Category:World Trade Organization member economies|Brazil]]

[[de:Brasilien#Wirtschaft]]