View source for Emperor Annei

{{Short description|Legendary emperor of Japan}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Emperor Annei<br>{{nobold|{{lang|ja|安寧天皇}}}}
| succession   = [[Emperor of Japan]]
| image        = Tennō Annei thumb.jpg
| caption      = 
| reign        = 549 BC – 511 BC (traditional)<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322210732/http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/genealogy/img/keizu-e.pdf|archivedate=March 22, 2011|url=http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/genealogy/img/keizu-e.pdf|title=Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan|work=Kunaicho.go.jp|access-date=May 8, 2019}}</ref>
| coronation   = 
| cor-type     = Japan
| predecessor  = [[Emperor Suizei|Suizei]]
| successor    = [[Emperor Itoku|Itoku]]
| posthumous name = [[Posthumous name#Chinese-style (Han-style) shigō|Chinese-style ''shigō'']]:<br/>Emperor Annei ({{lang|ja|安寧天皇}})<br/><br/>[[Posthumous name#Japanese-style shigō|Japanese-style ''shigō'']]:<br/>Shikitsuhikotamatemi no Sumeramikoto ({{lang|ja|磯城津彦玉手看天皇}})
| spouse       = [[Nunasokonakatsu-hime]]
| issue        = {{plainlist|
*{{ill|Okisomimi-no-Mikoto|ja|息石耳命}}
*[[Emperor Itoku]]
*{{ill|Shikitsuhiko-no-Mikoto|ja|磯城津彦命}}
}}
| royal house  = [[Imperial House of Japan]]
| father       = [[Emperor Suizei]]
| mother       = [[Isuzuyori-hime]]
| religion     = [[Shinto]]
| birth_date   = 567 BC<ref name="Henshall">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmYYAgAAQBAJ&q=Annei+567&pg=PA487|title=Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945|author=Kenneth Henshall|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2013|page=487|isbn=9780810878723}}</ref>
| birth_place  = 
| death_date   = 511 BC (aged 56)
| death_place  = 
| burial_place = {{Nihongo||畝傍山西南御陰井上陵|''Unebi-yama no hitsujisaru Mihodo no i no e no misasagi''}} (Kashihara)
}}

{{Nihongo|'''Emperor Annei'''|安寧天皇|Annei-tennō}}, also known as {{Nihongo||師木津日子玉手見命|''Shikitsuhikotamatemi no Mikoto''}} was the third [[legend]]ary [[emperor of Japan]], according to the traditional [[List of Emperors of Japan|order of succession]].<ref name="kunaicho">{{cite web|url=http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/003/index.html|title=安寧天皇 (3)|work=[[Imperial Household Agency]] (Kunaichō)|language=ja|access-date=May 8, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Fane">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=Annei|title=''The Imperial House of Japan''|author=[[Richard Ponsonby-Fane|Ponsonby-Fane, Richard]]|publisher=Ponsonby Memorial Society|year=1959|page=29 & 418}}</ref> Very little is known about this Emperor due to a lack of material available for further verification and study. Annei is known as a "legendary emperor" among historians as his actual existence is disputed. Nothing exists in the ''[[Kojiki]]'' other than his name and genealogy. Annei's reign allegedly began in 549 BC, he had one wife and three sons. After his death in 511 BC, his second or third son supposedly became the [[Emperor Itoku|next emperor]].

==Legendary narrative==
Emperor Annei's name appears in both the ''[[Kojiki]]'' and ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'' where only his genealogy is recorded. While the Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, no extant contemporary records have been discovered that confirm a view that this historical figure actually reigned. Before his accession to the throne, he was allegedly known as Prince Shikitsu-hiko Tamatemi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&q=Suizei&pg=PA32|title=''Japan Encyclopedia''|author=[[Louis-Frédéric|Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric]]|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2002|page=32|isbn=9780674017535}}</ref> Shikitsu-hiko Tamatemi was either the eldest son or the only son of [[Emperor Suizei]] with [[Isuzuyori-hime]].<ref name="Fane"/><ref name="Brown 251">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&q=Katsuragi|title=A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219|author=[[Delmer Brown|Brown, Delmer M.]] and Ichirō Ishida|publisher=University of California Press|year=1979|page=251|isbn=9780520034600}}</ref> The ''Kojiki'' records that he ruled from the palace of {{Nihongo||片塩浮穴宮|[[Ukena-no-miya]]|extra=and in the ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'' as {{Nihongo2|片塩浮孔宮}}}} at Katashiro in [[Kawachi Province|Kawachi]] in what would come to be known as [[Yamato Province]].<ref name="Brown 251"/> During Emperor Annei's alleged lifetime, he had one wife named "[[Nunasokonakatsu-hime]]" and fathered three children with her. Annei's reign lasted from 549 BC until his death in 511 BC, his second or third son then took the throne and would later be referred to as [[Emperor Itoku]].<ref name="Brown 251"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA4|title=Nihon Ōdai Ichiran|author=[[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac.]]|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland|language=fr|year=1834|page=4}}</ref>

[[File:Annei misasagi Nara.jpg|thumb|right|Memorial Shinto shrine and mausoleum honoring Emperor Annei.]]

==Known information==
The existence of at least the first nine Emperors is disputed due to insufficient material available for further verification and study.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.t-net.ne.jp/~keally/kofun.html|title=Kofun Culture|author=Kelly, Charles F.|work=www.t-net.ne.jp|access-date=May 8, 2019}}</ref> ''Annei'' is thus regarded by historians as a "legendary Emperor", and is considered to have been the second of [[Nihon Shoki#Kesshi Hachidai|eight Emperors without specific legends associated with them]].{{efn|Also known as the {{Nihongo|"eight undocumented monarchs"|欠史八代|''Kesshi-hachidai''}}.<ref name="aston">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oEfAAAAYAAJ|title=Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2|author=[[William George Aston|Aston, William George.]]|publisher=The Japan Society London|date=1896|pages=109, 141–142|isbn=9780524053478 }}</ref>}} The name Annei''-tennō'' was assigned to him [[Posthumous name|posthumously]] by later generations, and literally means "steady tranquillity".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itxxAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21|title=''A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era''|author=[[Francis Brinkley|Brinkley, Frank]]|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica Company|year=1915|page=21|quote=Posthumous names for the earthly ''Mikados'' were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of the ''Records'' and the ''Chronicles.''}}</ref> His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Annei, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the [[Imperial House of Japan|imperial dynasty]] were compiled as the chronicles known today as the ''[[Kojiki]]''.<ref name="aston"/> The name "Annei" is first credited to Japanese scholar and writer [[Ōmi no Mifune]], who allegedly came up with the name sometime in the latter half of the 8th century.<ref>''[[Britannica Kokusai Dai-Hyakkajiten]]'' article "[https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%B7%A1%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%89%E8%88%B9-38876#E3.83.96.E3.83.AA.E3.82.BF.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.E5.9B.BD.E9.9A.9B.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.20.E5.B0.8F.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8 Ōmi no Mifune]". [[Britannica]].</ref>

While the actual site of Annei's grave is not known, the Emperor is traditionally venerated at a [[memorial]] [[Shinto]] [[shrine]] (陵,''misasagi'') in [[Kashihara, Nara|Kashihara]]. The [[Imperial Household Agency]] designates this location as Annei's [[mausoleum]], and is formally named ''Unebi-yama no hitsujisaru Mihodo no i no e no misasagi(畝傍山西南御陰井上陵, The royal tomb over the mihodo at the south west of [[Mount Unebi|mount unebi]]) ''.<ref name="Fane"/> The first emperor that historians believe might have actually existed is [[Emperor Sujin]], the 10th emperor of Japan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2007/03/27/reference/life-in-the-cloudy-imperial-fishbowl/#.UhYzedK-2uI|title=Life in the Cloudy Imperial Fishbowl|newspaper=Japan Times|author=Yoshida, Reiji.|date=March 27, 2007|access-date=May 7, 2019}}</ref> Outside of the Kojiki, the reign of [[Emperor Kinmei]]{{efn|The 29th Emperor<ref name="Titsingh pp. 34-36">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon%20o%20dai%20itsi%20ran&pg=PA34|title=Nihon Ōdai Ichiran|author=[[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac.]]|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland|language=fr|year=1834|pages=34–36}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA261|title=A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219|author=[[Delmer Brown|Brown, Delmer M.]] and Ichirō Ishida|publisher=University of California Press|year=1979|pages=261–262|isbn=9780520034600}}</ref>}} ({{circa|509}}&nbsp;– 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography is able to assign verifiable dates.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axRyAAAAMAAJ&q=According+to+legend%2C+the+first+Japanese+Emperor+was+Jimmu.+Along+with+the+next+13+Emperors%2C+Jimmu+is+not+considered+an+actual%2C+historical+figure.+Historically+verifiable+Emperors+of+Japan+date+from+the+early+sixth+century+with+Kimmei.|title=''Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds''|author=Hoye, Timothy.|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=1999|page=78|isbn=9780132712897|quote=According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.}}</ref> The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of [[Emperor Kanmu]]{{efn|Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the imperial dynasty}} between 737 and 806 AD.<ref name="aston"/>

==Consorts and Children==
*Empress: {{Nihongo|[[Nunasokonakatsu-hime]]|渟名底仲媛命}}, [[Kamo no Okimi|Prince Kamo's]] daughter ([[Kotoshironushi]]'s son)
** {{Nihongo|Prince Okisomimi|息石耳命}}
** {{Nihongo|Prince Ōyamatohikosukitomo|大日本彦耜友尊}}, later [[Emperor Itoku]]
** {{Nihongo|{{ill |Prince Shikitsuhiko|ja|磯城津彦命}}|磯城津彦命}}

==See also==
* [[Emperor of Japan]]
* [[List of Emperors of Japan]]
* [[Imperial cult]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|thumb|right|120px|[[Imperial Seal of Japan|Japanese Imperial kamon]] — a stylized [[chrysanthemum]] blossom]]
{{Reflist|1}}

==Further reading==
* [[William George Aston|Aston, William George.]] (1896). [https://books.google.com/books?id=_oEfAAAAYAAJ  ''Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697.''] London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.  {{OCLC|448337491}}
* [[Delmer Brown|Brown, Delmer M.]] and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&q=Gukansho  ''Gukanshō: The Future and the Past.''] Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-03460-0}};  {{OCLC|251325323}}
* [[Basil Hall Chamberlain|Chamberlain, Basil Hall.]] (1920). [http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/kj/index.htm ''The Kojiki.''] Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on April 12, May 10, and June 21, 1882; reprinted, May, 1919.  {{OCLC|1882339}}
* [[Louis-Frédéric|Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric]] and Käthe Roth. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC  ''Japan encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-674-01753-5}};  {{OCLC|58053128}}
* [[Richard Ponsonby-Fane|Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon]]. (1959). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Imperial+House+of+Japan  ''The Imperial House of Japan.''] Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. {{OCLC|194887}}
* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac.]] (1834). ''[[Nihon Ōdai Ichiran]]''; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran  ''Annales des empereurs du Japon.'']  Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.  {{OCLC|5850691}}
* [[H. Paul Varley|Varley, H. Paul.]] (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tVv6OAAACAAJ  ''Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns.''] New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-04940-5}};  {{OCLC|59145842}}

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{{s-bef|before=[[Emperor Suizei]]}} 
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Emperors of Japan|Legendary Emperor of Japan]]|years=549 BC – 511 BC<br>''(traditional dates)''}} 
{{s-aft|after=[[Emperor Itoku]]}}
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{{Emperors of Japan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Annei}}
[[Category:Legendary emperors of Japan]]
[[Category:People of the Jōmon period]]