View source for Hank Greenberg

{{Short description|American baseball player (1911–1986)}}
{{Redirect|The Hebrew Hammer|other uses|Hebrew Hammer (disambiguation)}}
{{for|the insurance executive|Maurice R. Greenberg}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox baseball biography
|name=Hank Greenberg
|position=[[First baseman]] / [[Left fielder]]
|image=Hank Greenberg 1946.jpg
|caption=Greenberg in 1946
|bats=Right
|throws=Right
|birth_date={{birth date|mf=yes|1911|1|1}}
|birth_place= [[Manhattan]], New York, U.S.
|death_date={{death date and age|mf=yes|1986|9|4|1911|1|1}}
|death_place=[[Beverly Hills, California]], U.S.
|debutleague = MLB
|debutdate=September 14
|debutyear=1930
|debutteam=Detroit Tigers
|finalleague = MLB
|finaldate=September 18
|finalyear=1947
|finalteam=Pittsburgh Pirates
|statleague = MLB
|stat1label=[[Batting average (baseball)|Batting average]]
|stat1value=.313
|stat2label=[[Home run]]s
|stat2value=331
|stat3label=[[Runs batted in]]
|stat3value=1,276
|teams=
* [[Detroit Tigers]] ({{mlby|1930}}, {{mlby|1933}}–{{mlby|1941}}, {{mlby|1945}}–{{mlby|1946}})
* [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] ({{mlby|1947}})
|highlights=
* 5× [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star]] ([[1937 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1937]]–[[1940 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1940]], [[1945 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1945]])
* 2× [[World Series champion]] ({{wsy|1935}}, {{wsy|1945}})
* 2× [[AL MVP]] (1935, 1940)
* 4× [[List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders|AL home run leader]] (1935, 1938, 1940, 1946)
* 4× [[List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders|AL RBI leader]] (1935, 1937, 1940, 1946)
* [[Detroit Tigers#Retired numbers and honorees|Detroit Tigers No. 5]] retired
|hoflink = National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum
|hoftype = National
|hofdate=[[1956 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting|1956]]
|hofvote=85.0% (ninth ballot)
|module=
{{Infobox military person
 | embed         = yes 
 | name          = Hank Greenberg
 | allegiance    = United States
 | branch        = [[United States Army]]<br />[[United States Army Air Forces]]
 | service_years  = 1940–1941<br /> 1942–1944 <!-- He was honorably discharged in December 1941 and re-enlisted in February 1942. -->
 | rank          = [[Captain (United States O-3)|Captain]]
 | unit          = [[XX Bomber Command]]
 | battles       = {{tree list}}
*World War II
** [[China-Burma-India Theater]]
{{tree list/end}}
| signature          = Hank Greenberg Signature.svg }}
{{tree list/end}}
}}

'''Henry Benjamin Greenberg''' (January 1, 1911 – September 4, 1986), nicknamed "'''Hammerin' Hank'''", "'''Hankus Pankus'''", and "'''the Hebrew Hammer'''", was an American professional [[baseball]] player and team executive. He played in [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB), primarily for the [[Detroit Tigers]] as a [[first baseman]] in the 1930s and 1940s. A member of the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Baseball Hall of Fame]] and a two-time [[MLB Most Valuable Player Award|Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award]] winner, he was one of the premier power hitters of his generation and is widely considered one of the greatest [[Slugging percentage|sluggers]] in baseball history.

Greenberg played the first twelve of his 13 major league seasons for Detroit; with the Tigers, he was an [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star]] for four seasons and was named the [[Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award|American League (AL) Most Valuable Player]] in 1935 and 1940. He had a [[batting average (baseball)|batting average]] over .300 in eight seasons, and won two [[World Series]] championships with the Tigers ({{wsy|1935}} and {{wsy|1945}}). He was the AL [[List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders|home run leader]] four times and his 58 home runs for the Tigers in 1938 equaled [[Jimmie Foxx]]'s 1932 mark for the most in one season by anyone other than [[Babe Ruth]], and tied Foxx for the most home runs between Ruth's record 60 in 1927 and [[Roger Maris]]' record 61 in 1961. Greenberg was the first major league player to hit 25 or more home runs in a season in each league, and remains the AL record-holder for most [[runs batted in]] in a single season by a right-handed batter.

When the United States joined [[World War II]], Greenberg was the first major leaguer to join the armed forces; he spent 47 months in military service, more than any other major league player, all of which took place during what would have been prime years in his major league career. Like many players who served in WWII, his career statistics suffered because of the war and would have certainly been higher had he not served in the armed services during wartime. In 1947, Greenberg signed a contract for a record $85,000 salary before being sold to the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]], where he played his final MLB season that year. After retiring from playing, Greenberg continued to work in baseball as a team executive for the [[Cleveland Indians]] and [[Chicago White Sox]].

Greenberg was the first [[Jewish American|Jewish]] superstar in American team sports. He attracted national attention in 1934 in the middle of a pennant race when he grappled with the decision of whether or not to play baseball on the Jewish [[High Holy Days]]; after consultation with his rabbi, he decided to play on [[Rosh Hashanah]], but refused to play on [[Observance of Yom Kippur by Jewish athletes|Yom Kippur]], instead spending the day at the synagogue. Having endured his share of [[anti-semitic|antisemitic]] abuse in his career, Greenberg was one of the few opposing players to publicly welcome African-American player [[Jackie Robinson]] to the major leagues in 1947.

==Early life==
Greenberg was born on January 1, 1911, in [[Greenwich Village]], New York City, to [[Romanian Jews|Romanian Jewish]] immigrant parents from [[Bucharest]], Sarah (née Schwartz) (1881–1951) and David Greenberg (1883–1969). He was the third of four children and had two brothers, Ben (1906–1994) and Joe (1915–2001), and a sister, Lillian (1907–1989). His parents had originally wanted to name him "Hyman"; however, the name on his birth certificate was erroneously listed as "Henry".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/hank-greenberg/|title=Hank Greenberg (SABR BioProject)|publisher=[[Society for American Baseball Research]] |quote=His parents were both Jewish immigrants from Romania. David Greenberg and Sarah Schwartz met in America, and married in 1906. Henry Benjamin Greenberg, who would later be known throughout baseball as "Hammerin' Hank", was born on January 1, 1911. He was originally supposed to be named Hyman, but apparently the man filling out his birth certificate had never heard of such a name. Henry had an older brother, Ben, an older sister, Lillian, and a younger brother, Joe.}}</ref>

The family owned a successful cloth-shrinking plant in New York. Eventually, they moved from Greenwich Village to [[the Bronx]] where Greenberg attended [[James Monroe High School (New York)|James Monroe High School]]. There, Greenberg was an outstanding all-around athlete and was bestowed with the long-standing nickname of "Bruggy" by his basketball coach.<ref>[[#Rosengren|Rosengren]], p. 16.</ref> His preferred sport was [[baseball]], and his preferred position was [[first baseman|first base]]. However, his best sport was [[basketball]] and he helped the high school basketball team win the city championship. Greenberg also excelled at soccer and  track and field.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/hank-greenberg/|title=Hank Greenberg (SABR BioProject)|publisher=[[Society for American Baseball Research]] |quote=Greenberg was a multisport star at James Monroe High, and his best sport wasn't baseball, but basketball. He also excelled at soccer and track and field, and while he wasn’t a particular fan of football, he tried out nonetheless just to prove that he could play it, and wound up catching a touchdown pass in the season’s final game.}}</ref>

In 1929, the 18-year-old {{Height|ft=6|in=4}} Greenberg was recruited by the [[New York Yankees]], who already had [[Lou Gehrig]] at first base. As first base was already taken on the Yankee team, Greenberg turned down the Yankees' offer and instead attended [[New York University]] on an athletic scholarship; there, he was a member of [[Sigma Alpha Mu]]. During this time, he also had a tryout with the [[New York Giants (baseball)|New York Giants]]; Giants manager [[John McGraw]], however, was not impressed by the first baseman. Hence, after his freshman year ended, Greenberg signed with the [[Detroit Tigers]] for $9,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|9000|1930|r=-3}}}} today).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://forward.com/culture/337258/why-hank-greenberg-never-became-a-new-york-yankee/|title=Why Hank Greenberg Never Became a New York Yankee |first=John|last=Rosengren|work=[[The Forward]] |date=March 31, 2016}}</ref>

==Professional career==
===Minor leagues===
Greenberg played [[minor league baseball]] for three years. He played 17 games in 1930 for the [[Hartford Senators]] of the [[Eastern League (1938–present)|Eastern League]] before playing the remainder of the year with the [[Raleigh Capitals]] of the [[Piedmont League]], hitting .314 with 19 home runs. In 1931, he played for the [[Evansville Hubs]] in the [[Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League]], hitting .318 with 15 home runs and 85 runs batted in. In 1932, the [[Beaumont Exporters]] in the [[Texas League]], he hit 39 homers with 131 RBIs, winning the league's [[Texas League Most Valuable Player Award|Most Valuable Player award]], and leading Beaumont to the Texas League title.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hank Greenberg Minor League Statistics |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=greenb001hen |publisher=[[Baseball-Reference.com]]}}</ref>

===Major leagues===
====Early years====
On September 14, 1930, Greenberg made his major league debut as a pinch hitter against the [[New York Yankees]]. It was the only game he appeared in that year but, as a result, made him the youngest player (19) to appear in the major leagues in 1930.<ref>{{cite web |title=New York Yankees vs Detroit Tigers Box Score: September 14, 1930 |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/DET/DET193009140.shtml |publisher=[[Baseball-Reference.com]]}}</ref> It was another three years before he rejoined the majors. In 1933, for the Tigers, Greenberg hit .301 with 87 runs batted in. At the same time, he was third in the league in strikeouts (78).<ref name=hank-bbref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/g/greenha01.shtml |title=Hank Greenberg Career Statistics | publisher=[[Baseball-Reference.com]]}}</ref>

In 1934, his second season in the majors, Greenberg hit .339 and helped the Tigers reach their first [[World Series]] in 25 years. He led the league in doubles, with 63 (the fourth-highest all-time in a single season), and extra-base hits (96). Additionally, he was third in the AL in slugging percentage (.600) – behind [[Jimmie Foxx]] and [[Lou Gehrig]], but ahead of [[Babe Ruth]] – and in RBIs (139), sixth in batting average (.339), seventh in home runs (26), and ninth in on-base percentage (.404).<ref name=hank-bbref/>

[[File:Hank Greenberg and Joe Louis 1935.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Greenberg and heavyweight boxer [[Joe Louis]] in 1935]]

Late in the 1934 season, he announced that he would not play on September 10, which was [[Rosh Hashanah]], the Jewish New Year, or on September 19, the Day of Atonement, [[Yom Kippur]]. Detroit fans grumbled at the decision, however, with one reportedly saying, "Rosh Hashanah comes every year but the Tigers haven't won the pennant since 1909." As a result, Greenberg did considerable soul-searching, and discussed the matter with his [[rabbi]] and his father; finally he relented and agreed to play on Rosh Hashanah, but stuck with his decision not to play on Yom Kippur.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gurvis |first1=Jacob |title=The Jewish Sport Report: Hank Greenberg's 1934 High Holiday conundrum |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/561162/jewish-sport-report-hank-greenbergs-1934-high-holiday/ |work=[[The Forward]] |date=September 15, 2023}}</ref> Dramatically, Greenberg hit two home runs in a 2–1 Tigers victory over the [[1934 Boston Red Sox|Red Sox]] on Rosh Hashanah. The next day, the ''[[Detroit Free Press]]'' ran the Hebrew lettering for "Happy New Year" across its front page.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Keelean |first1=Matt |title=September 10, 1934: Happy New Year, Hank Greenberg! |url=https://sabr.org/gamesproj/game/september-10-1934-happy-new-year-hank-greenberg/ |publisher=[[Society for American Baseball Research]] (SABR Games Project)}}</ref>

Columnist and poet [[Edgar A. Guest]] expressed the general opinion in a poem titled "Came Yom Kippur: Speaking of Greenberg", in which he used the Irish (and thus Catholic) names Murphy and Mulroney.<ref>{{cite web |title=Came Yom Kippur: A Hank Greenberg Poem |url=https://www.baseball-almanac.com/poetry/po_came_yom_kippur.shtml |website=Baseball Almanac}}</ref> The poem, published in the ''[[Detroit Free Press]]'', ends with the lines:

{{poem quote
|text=
We shall miss him on the infield and shall miss him at the bat.
But he's true to his religion – and I honor him for that!
}}

The Detroit press was not so kind regarding the Yom Kippur decision, nor were many fans, but Greenberg in his autobiography recalled that he received a standing ovation from congregants at [[Congregation Shaarey Zedek]] when he arrived.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Warikoo |first1=Niraj |title=Hank Greenberg left legacy for Jewish-Americans |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/tigers/2014/09/23/hank-greenberg-detroit-jewish-holidays-yom-kippur/16126643/ |work=[[USA Today]] |date=September 23, 2014}}</ref> With Greenberg absent from the lineup, the Tigers lost to the New York Yankees 5–2. They went on to face the St. Louis Cardinals in the [[1934 World Series]], losing in seven games against the "Gashouse Gang".<ref>[[#Schoor|Schoor]], pp. 152–157.</ref>

In 1935, Greenberg led the league in RBIs (168), total bases (389), and extra base hits (98), tied Foxx for the AL title in home runs (36), was 2nd in the league in doubles (46), slugging percentage (.628), was 3rd in the league in triples (16), and in runs scored (121), 6th in on-base percentage (.411) and walks (87), and was 7th in batting average (.328). He was unanimously voted as the [[Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award|Most Valuable Player]] in the [[American League]].<ref name="mvp">{{cite web |title=MLB Most Valuable Player MVP Award Winners |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/mvp.shtml |publisher=[[Baseball-Reference.com]]}}</ref> By the [[All-Star break (MLB)|All-Star break]] that season, Greenberg had hit 25 home runs and set an MLB record (still standing) of 103 RBIs, but was not selected to the AL All-Star roster; one reason was that AL manager [[Mickey Cochrane]] had put himself on the All-Star roster despite eventually not playing in the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/la-xpm-2012-jul-10-la-sp-sn-all-star-game-greenberg-20120710-story.html|title=All-Star Game: Was Hank Greenberg left off despite being RBI leader? |first=Brian|last=Cronin|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=July 10, 2012}}</ref>

That season, Greenberg led the Tigers to another pennant. However, during Game 2, he sprained his wrist and was sidelined for the remainder of the series as the Tigers won their first [[1935 World Series|World Series title]].<ref>[[#Schoor|Schoor]], pp. 158–161.</ref>

In April 1936, Greenberg re-injured his wrist in a collision with [[Jake Powell]] of the Washington Senators and did not play the remainder of the season. He finished the season with 16 hits, 1 home run, and 15 RBIs in 12 games.<ref name=hank-bbref/>

In 1937, Greenberg recovered from his injury and was voted to the AL All-Star roster, but did not play. On September 19, 1937, he hit the first home run into the center-field [[bleachers]] at Yankee Stadium. He led the AL by driving in 184 runs (third all-time, behind [[Hack Wilson]] in 1930 and [[Lou Gehrig]] in 1931), and in extra-base hits (103), while batting .337 with 200 hits. He was second in the league in home runs (40), doubles (49), total bases (397), slugging percentage (.668), and walks (102), third in on-base percentage (.436), and seventh in batting average (.337). Greenberg came in third in the vote for MVP, behind teammate [[Charlie Gehringer]] and [[Joe DiMaggio]].<ref name=hank-bbref/>

[[File:1937 all stars crop FINAL2.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Seven of the American League's [[1937 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1937 All-Star players]], from left to right: [[Lou Gehrig]], [[Joe Cronin]], [[Bill Dickey]], [[Joe DiMaggio]], [[Charlie Gehringer]], [[Jimmie Foxx]], and Greenberg. All seven would eventually be elected to the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]].]]

A prodigious [[home run]] hitter, Greenberg narrowly missed breaking [[Babe Ruth]]'s single-season home run record in 1938, when he hit 58 home runs, leading the league for the second time.<ref name=hank-bbref/> That year, he had 11 games with multiple home runs, a new major league record. Greenberg matched what was then the single-season home run record by a right-handed batter, ([[Jimmie Foxx]], 1932); the mark stood for 66 years until it was broken by [[Sammy Sosa]] and [[Mark McGwire]] in [[1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase|1998]]. It remained the AL single season record by a right handed hitter until [[Aaron Judge]] surpassed it in 2022. Greenberg also had a 59th home run washed away in a [[Rainout (sports)|rainout]]. It has been long speculated that Greenberg was intentionally walked late in the season to prevent him from breaking Ruth's record, but Greenberg dismissed this speculation, calling it "crazy stories". Howard Megdal has calculated that in September 1938, Greenberg was walked in over 20% of his plate appearances, above his average for the season.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/21/sports/baseball/21score.html?scp=2&sq=Hank%20Greenberg&st=cse|title=Religion Aided a Home Run Chase, and May Have Led to Its Failure|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date= March 20, 2010  |first=Howard |last=Megdal}}</ref> Baseball historian Ron Kaplan, while not dismissing antisemitism's role in Greenberg's decreased home run rate, states that there was nothing different in the way Greenberg was pitched to in the final days of the 1938 season.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kaplan |first1=Ron |title=Hank Greenberg in 1938: Hatred and Home Runs in the Shadow of War |date=2017 |publisher=Sports Publishing |isbn=978-1613219911 |url=https://archive.org/details/hankgreenbergin10000kapl/mode/2up}}</ref>

Greenberg was again voted to the AL All-Star roster in 1938, but because he was not named to the 1935 AL All-Star roster and was benched in the 1937 game, he declined to accept a starting position on the 1938 AL team and did not play (the NL won 4–1). He led the league in runs scored (144) and at-bats per home run (9.6), tied for the AL lead in walks (119), was second in RBIs (146), slugging percentage (.683), and total bases (380), and third in OBP (.438) and set a still-standing major league record of 39 homers in his home park, the newly re-configured Briggs Stadium. He also set a major-league record with 11 multiple-home run games and came in third in the vote for MVP, behind [[Jimmie Foxx]] and [[Bill Dickey]].<ref name=hank-bbref/>

In 1939, Greenberg was voted to the AL All-Star roster for the third year in a row and was a starter at first base, and singled and walked in four at-bats (AL won 3–1). He finished second in the AL in home runs (33) and strikeouts (95), third in doubles (42) and slugging percentage (.622), fourth in RBIs (112), sixth in walks (91), and ninth in on-base percentage (.420).<ref name=hank-bbref/>

After the 1939 season ended, Greenberg was asked by general manager [[Jack Zeller]] to take a salary cut of $5,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|5000|1939|r=-3}}}} today) as a result of his off-year in power and run production. He was asked to move from first base to left field to accommodate [[Rudy York]], who was one of the best young hitters of his generation; York was tried at catcher, third baseman, and outfielder and proved to be a defensive liability at each position. Greenberg in turn, demanded a $10,000 bonus if he mastered left field, insisting ''he'' was the one taking the risk in learning a new position. Greenberg received his bonus at the end of spring training.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tigers move first baseman Hank Greenberg to the outfield |url=https://baseballhall.org/discover/inside-pitch/hank-greenberg-moves-to-left-field |publisher=[[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum]]}}</ref>

[[File:Hank Greenberg Tigers.jpg|thumb|left|Hank Greenberg in action for the Detroit Tigers in 1940]]

In 1940, Greenberg switched from playing the first base position to the [[Left fielder|left field]] position. For the fourth consecutive time, he was voted by the season's American All-Star team manager [[Joe McCarthy (baseball manager)|Joe McCarthy]] to the AL All-Star team. In the bottom of the sixth inning, Greenberg and [[Lou Finney]] were sent into the game to replace right fielder [[Charlie Keller]] and left fielder [[Ted Williams]], with Greenberg playing in left field and Finney in right field. Greenberg batted twice in the game and fouled out to the catcher twice. The NL won the game 4–0, the first All-Star Game shutout.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Spatz |first1=Lyle |title=July 9, 1940: Five NL pitchers combine for first All-Star shutout at Sportsman's Park |url=https://sabr.org/gamesproj/game/july-9-1940-five-nl-pitchers-combine-for-first-all-star-shutout-at-sportsmans-park/ |publisher=[[Society for American Baseball Research]] (SABR Games Project)}}</ref>

That season, Greenberg led the AL in home runs for the third time in six years with 41; in RBIs (150), doubles (50), total bases (384), extra-base hits (99), at-bats per home run (14.0), and slugging percentage (.670; 44 points ahead of [[Joe DiMaggio]]). Greenberg finished second in the league to Williams in runs scored (129) and OBP (.433), all while batting .340 (fifth-best in the [[American League|AL]]).<ref name=hank-bbref/> He also led the Tigers to the AL pennant, and won his second [[Most valuable player|AL MVP]] award, becoming the first player in major-league history to win an MVP award at two different playing positions.<ref name="mvp"/> However, the Tigers subsequently lost the [[1940 World Series]] against the [[1940 Cincinnati Reds season|Cincinnati Reds]] in seven games.<ref>[[#Schoor|Schoor]], pp. 178–181.</ref>

Greenberg admitted in his autobiography after his career ended that he had taken part in sign stealing in September 1940 season, which was inspired by teammates [[Tommy Bridges]] and [[Pinky Higgins]], who noticed that the new rifle they used for their hunt had a telescopic lens that could read signs when in the stands in the outfield. He also said that sign stealing was going on in the [[1948 Cleveland Indians season|1948 Cleveland Indians]] and the [[1959 Chicago White Sox season|1959 Chicago White Sox]] teams.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Corcoran |first1=Cliff |title='Everybody tries to cheat a little': The weird and wild history of MLB sign-stealing |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/598405/2018/10/18/everybody-tries-to-cheat-a-little-the-weird-and-wild-history-of-mlb-sign-stealing/ |work=[[The Athletic]] |date=October 18, 2018}}</ref>

====World War II service====
[[File:Henry Greenberg Military ID photo.png|thumb|upright=0.7|Greenberg's military ID photo]]

On October 16, 1940, Greenberg became the first American League player to register for the nation's first peacetime draft. In the spring of 1941, the Detroit [[draft board]] initially classified Greenberg as [[4F (military conscription)|4F]] for "[[flat feet]]" after his first physical for military service, and he was recommended for light duty. The rumors that he had bribed the board, and concern that he would be likened to [[Jack Dempsey]] (who had received negative publicity for failure to serve in [[World War I]]), led Greenberg to request to be reexamined. On April 18, he was found fit for regular military service and was reclassified.<ref name="baseballinwartime">{{cite web |url=http://www.baseballinwartime.com/player_biographies/greenberg_hank.htm |first=Gary |last=Bedingfield |publisher=[[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum]] |title=Baseball in Wartime: Hank Greenberg}}</ref>

On May 7, 1941, he was inducted into the U.S. Army after playing left field in 19 games, and reported to [[Fort Custer Training Center|Fort Custer]] at [[Battle Creek, Michigan]].<ref name="baseballinwartime"/> His salary was cut from $55,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|55000|1940|r=-3}}}} today) a year to $21 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|21|1940|r=-2}}}} today) a month.<ref>[[#Rosengren|Rosengren]], p. 230.</ref> In November, while serving as an anti-tank gunner, he was promoted to [[sergeant]], but was [[honorably discharged]] on December 5 (the [[United States Congress]] released men aged 28 years and older from service), two days before [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] bombed [[Pearl Harbor]].<ref>[[#Rosengren|Rosengren]], pp. 233–234.</ref>

After the [[bombing of Pearl Harbor]] and the United States officially joining the war effort, Greenberg re-enlisted as a sergeant on February 1, 1942, and volunteered for service in the [[Army Air Forces]], becoming the first major league player to do so. He graduated from [[Officer Candidate School]] and was commissioned as a [[US First Lieutenant|first lieutenant]] in the [[United States Army Air Corps|Air Corps]] (the new "Air Force" service retained the old name for [[1941 in aviation#June|its own logistics and training elements]]) and was assigned to the Physical Education Program.<ref name="baseballinwartime"/>

In February 1944, he was sent to the U.S. Army [[Special Services (entertainment)|Special Services]] school. Promoted to [[captain]], he requested overseas duty later that year and served in the [[China Burma India Theater of World War II|China-Burma-India Theater]] for over six months, scouting locations for [[B-29]] bomber bases and was a physical training officer with the [[58th Air Division|58th Bomber Wing]]. He was a Special Services officer of the [[XX Bomber Command|20th Bomber Command]], [[20th Air Force]] in China when it began bombing Japan on June 15. He was ordered to New York, and in late 1944, to [[Richmond, Virginia]]. Greenberg served 47 months, the longest of any major league player.<ref>[[#Rosengren|Rosengren]], pp. 235–250.</ref>

====Return to baseball====
Greenberg remained in military uniform until he was placed on the military inactive list and discharged from the U.S. Army on June 14, 1945. He was the first major league player to return to the majors after the war. In his first game back on July 1, he hit a home run. The [[1945 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1945 All-Star Game]], scheduled for July 10, had been officially cancelled on April 24 and [[Major League Baseball]] did not name All-Stars that season due to strict travel restrictions in place during the last days of the war. In place of the All-Star Game, seven interleague games were played on July 9 and 10 to benefit the [[American Red Cross]] and the War Relief fund. An [[Associated Press]] All-Star roster was named for the AL and NL by a group of their sportswriters that included Greenberg as one of the All-Stars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baseball-almanac.com/asgbox/yr1945as.shtml|title=1945 All-Star Game|publisher=[[Baseball Almanac]]}}</ref>

Greenberg, who played left field in 72 games and batted .311 in 1945, helped lead the Tigers to a come-from-behind American League pennant, clinching it with a dramatic grand slam home run in the ninth inning on the final day of the season against the [[1945 St. Louis Browns season|St. Louis Browns]], avoiding a one-game playoff against the now-second-place [[1945 Washington Senators season|Washington Senators]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Detroit Tigers vs St. Louis Browns Box Score: September 30, 1945 |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SLA/SLA194509300.shtml |publisher=[[Baseball-Reference.com]]}}</ref> The Tigers went on to beat the Cubs in the [[1945 World Series]] in seven games.<ref>{{cite web | title=1945 World Series - Detroit Tigers over Chicago Cubs (4-3) | website=Baseball-Reference.com | url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/postseason/1945_WS.shtml | access-date=2024-10-14}}</ref> Greenberg hit two of the only three home runs hit in that World Series, with [[Phil Cavarretta]] hitting one for the Cubs in Game 1. Greenberg homered in Game 2, where he batted in three runs in a 4–1 Tigers win, and hit a two-run homer in in the eighth inning of Game 6 that tied the score 8–8; the Cubs went on to win that game with a run in the bottom of the 12th.<ref>[[#Schoor|Schoor]], pp. 199–203.</ref>

In 1946, he returned to peak form and playing at first base. He led the AL in home runs (44) and RBIs (127), both for the fourth time. He was second in slugging percentage (.604) and total bases (316) behind [[Ted Williams]].<ref name=hank-bbref/>

[[File:Hank Greenberg 1947.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Greenberg with the Pirates in 1947]]

In 1947, Greenberg and the Tigers had a lengthy salary dispute. When Greenberg decided to retire rather than play for less, Detroit sold his contract to the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]]. To persuade him not to retire, Pittsburgh made Greenberg the first baseball player to make $100,000 in a season as pure salary. Team co-owner [[Bing Crosby]] recorded a song, "Goodbye, Mr. Ball, Goodbye" with [[Groucho Marx]] and Greenberg to celebrate Greenberg's arrival. The Pirates also reduced the size of [[Forbes Field]]'s cavernous left field, renaming the section "Greenberg Gardens" to accommodate Greenberg's pull-hitting style.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Backer |first1=Ron |title=Greenberg Gardens Revisited: A Story about Forbes Field, Hank Greenberg, and Ralph Kiner |url=https://sabr.org/journal/article/greenberg-gardens-revisited-a-story-about-forbes-field-hank-greenberg-and-ralph-kiner/ |publisher=[[Society for American Baseball Research]]}}</ref>

Greenberg played first base for the Pirates in 1947 and his time there coincided with the arrival of [[Jackie Robinson]] in the Major Leagues. He was one of the few opposing players to publicly welcome Robinson to the majors at a time when most opposing players were openly hostile. Greenberg himself had faced hostilities from opposing players and spectators who often shouted antisemitic slurs at him during games and, hence, knew what Robinson was going through.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cottrell |first1=Robert C. |title=Two Pioneers: How Hank Greenberg and Jackie Robinson Transformed Baseball -- and America |year=2012 |publisher=Potomac Books |isbn=978-1597978422 |url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/two-pioneers-robert-c-cottrell/1110791903}}</ref> During a game against the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]], he collided with Robinson while covering first base. Afterwards, Greenberg asked if Robinson was alright and encouraged him to "Stick in there. You’re doing fine. Keep your chin up." Robinson later praised Greenberg, saying, "Class tells. It sticks out all over Mr. Greenberg."<ref>{{cite news |agency=[[Associated Press|AP]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TOZPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EwgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6881%2C3176768 |title=Jackie Likes Greenberg |newspaper=[[Eugene Register-Guard]] |date=May 18, 1947 |access-date=October 16, 2016}}</ref>

That year he also had a chance to mentor a young future Hall-of-Famer, the 24-year-old [[Ralph Kiner]]. Greenberg was impressed by the rookie, later saying of him, "Ralph had a natural home run swing. All he needed was somebody to teach him the value of hard work and self-discipline. Early in the morning on off-days, every chance we got, we worked on hitting." Kiner hit 51 home runs that year to lead the National League and ended his career with 369 home runs, eventually being elected to the [[Baseball Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hank Greenberg (SABR BioProject) |url=https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/hank-greenberg/ |publisher=[[Society for American Baseball Research]] |quote=Upon joining the Pirates in spring training, Greenberg immediately took Kiner under his wing, teaching him the finer points of what it takes to be a consistent slugger in the major leagues... Kiner went on to a Hall of Fame career, with 369 home runs.}}</ref>

In his final season of 1947, Greenberg tied for the league lead in walks with 104, with a .408 on-base percentage and finished eighth in the league in home runs and tenth in slugging percentage. Greenberg became the first major league player to hit 25 or more home runs in a season in each league. Despite still being productive, Greenberg decided to retire as a player to take a front-office post with the Cleveland Indians. No player had ever retired after a final season in which they hit so many home runs. Since then, only Ted Williams (1960; 29), [[Dave Kingman]] (1986; 35), [[Mark McGwire]] (2001; 29), [[Barry Bonds]] (2007; 28) and [[David Ortiz]] (2016; 38) have hit as many or more homers in their final season.<ref name=hank-bbref/>

==Player profile==
===Career overall===
{{quote box |width=30% |align=right |quote=He was one of the truly great hitters, and when I first saw him at bat, he made my eyes pop out. |source= — [[Joe DiMaggio]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Richard J. Noyes|author2=Pamela J. Robertson|title=Guts in the Clutch: 77 Legendary Triumphs, Heartbreaks, and Wild Finishes in 12 Sports|publisher=BookSurge Publishing|year=2009|page = 112|isbn=978-1439202241 |url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/guts-in-the-clutch-pamela-l-robertson/1134488486}}</ref>|style=padding:10px;}}

It is speculated that, had it not been for his service in World War II, Greenberg would have approached 500 home runs and 1,800 RBIs; he missed all but 19 games of the 1941 season, the three full seasons that followed, and most of 1945 to World War II military service.<ref>{{cite book | title=Playing for Their Nation: Baseball and the American Military during World War II | publisher=University of Nebraska Press | author=Bullock, Steven R. |url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/playing-for-their-nation-steven-r-bullock/1102804119 | page=127 | year=2004 | isbn=0-8032-1337-9}}</ref>

Starring as a [[first baseman]] and [[left fielder]] with the Tigers (1930, 1933–46) and doing duty only briefly with the Pirates (1947), Greenberg played nine full seasons. He compiled 331 home runs, 1,046 runs and 1,276 RBIs in 1,394 games. Greenberg was also an excellent contact hitter, earning a lifetime batting average of .313. During his career, he was named to the [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star Team]] four times, and won the [[MLB Most Valuable Player award|AL Most Valuable Player Award]] twice, in 1935 and 1940.<ref name=hank-bbref/>

As a fielder, the {{Height|ft=6|in=4}} Greenberg was awkward and unsure of himself early in his career, but mastered first base through countless hours of practice. Over the course of his career he demonstrated a higher-than-average fielding percentage and range at first base. When asked by the Tigers' front office to move to [[left field]] in 1940 to make room for [[Rudy York]], he worked tirelessly to master that position as well, reducing his errors in the outfield from 15 in 1940 to 0 in 1945.<ref name=hank-bbref/>

{| class="wikitable"  style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center;"
! Category!! G !! AB !! R !! H !! 2B !! 3B !! HR !! RBI !! SB !! CS !! BB !! SO !! BA !! OBP !! SLG !! OPS !! PO !! A !! E !! DP !! FLD% !! Ref.
|-
| Total || 1,394 || 5,193 || 1,046 || 1,628 || 379 || 71 || 331 || 1,276 || 58 || 30 || 852 || 844 || .313 || .412 || .605 || 1.017 || 11,023 || 741 || 122 || 974 || .990 || <ref name=hank-bbref/>
|}
In 23 World Series games, Greenberg batted .318 (27-for-85) with 17 runs scored, 7 doubles, 2 triples, 5 home runs, 22 RBI and 13 walks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://retrosheet.org/boxesetc/G/Pgreeh102.htm|title=Hank Greenberg career stats at Retrosheet|website=retrosheet.org|accessdate=December 5, 2025}}</ref>

===Antisemitism===
During his career, Greenberg faced a number of antisemitic incidents, racial slurs from both spectators and opposing players. Other players sometimes stared because they had never before seen a Jew. According to sportswriter [[Ross Newhan]], Greenberg may have encountered more bigotry over his career than any  player other than Jackie Robinson.<ref name="Newhan">{{cite news |last1=Newhan |first1=Ross |title=Greenberg Offers Unique Perspective : Baseball: Former player agent, son of Hall of Famer, pupil of Giamatti moves to New York to become deputy commissioner. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-11-28-sp-162-story.html |newspaper=[[LA Times]] |date=1989-11-28 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240814034537/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-11-28-sp-162-story.html |archive-date=2024-08-14}}</ref> Greenberg sometimes retaliated against the racial attacks, once going into the [[Chicago White Sox]] clubhouse and challenging manager [[Jimmy Dykes]] to a fight. On another occasion he called out the entire Yankees team, daring the perpetrator to reveal himself.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/classic/s/add_greenberg_hank.html |title=Greenberg was Tiger at the plate|first=Nick|last=Acocella|work=[[ESPN]] |date=November 19, 2003}}</ref>

In the [[1935 World Series]], umpire [[George Moriarty]] warned three [[Chicago Cubs]] players to stop yelling antisemitic slurs at Greenberg and eventually cleared the players from the Cubs bench. Moriarty was disciplined for this action by then-commissioner [[Kenesaw Mountain Landis]].<ref>{{cite web |title=George Moriarty (SABR BioProject) |url=https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/george-moriarty/ |publisher=[[Society for American Baseball Research]] |quote=Moriarty has the distinction of ejecting three players from World Series play, more than any other umpire. In Game 3 of the 1935 Series, he berated and then booted the Cubs’ Charlie Grimm, Tuck Stainback, and Woody English for, among other things, excessive heckling of Hank Greenberg. For that stunt, Moriarty was fined $200; he had violated Kenesaw Mountain Landis' rule against ejecting players from World Series games without the commissioner’s prior approval.}}</ref>

Greenberg initially resented being singled out as a Jewish ballplayer and, unlike his parents, was not a particularly observant Jew. However, he later accepted his place in baseball, saying:

{{blockquote |When I was playing, I used to resent being singled out as a Jewish ballplayer. I wanted to be known as a great ballplayer, period. I'm not sure why or when I changed, because I'm still not a particularly religious person. Lately, though, I find myself wanting to be remembered not only as a great ballplayer, but even more as a great Jewish ballplayer.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kriegel |first1=Leonard |title=Hank Greenberg, Reluctant Jewish Hero |url=https://forward.com/culture/138454/hank-greenberg-reluctant-jewish |work=[[The Forward]] |date=June 8, 2011}}</ref>}}

In his autobiography, Greenberg wrote that he used the antisemitism that he faced as a source of motivation.<ref name="Newhan" /> At {{Height|ft=6|in=4}} and towering above his contemporaries, he disproved the commonly held stereotype that Jews were not athletic and did not belong in sports. His decision to not play on [[Yom Kippur]] at a time of rampant antisemitism in the United States, and around the world, was significant and made him a hero in the [[American Jewish]] community. [[Sandy Koufax]], who did not play in Game 1 of the [[1965 World Series]] because it fell on Yom Kippur, has often pointed out that his decision to not play was not unprecedented: "Hank Greenberg did it first."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Halberstam |first1=David J. |title=While Koufax is rightly lauded, Yom Kippur example set by Hank Greenberg |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/2015/09/17/sandy-koufax-yom-kippur-hank-greenberg/32549633/ |work=[[USA Today]] |date=September 17, 2015}}</ref>

==Post-playing career==
=== Management and ownership ===
After the 1947 season, Greenberg retired as a player, and [[Cleveland Indians]] owner [[Bill Veeck]] hired him as the Indians' farm director. When Veeck was forced to sell the Indians due to a divorce settlement, new owner [[Ellis Ryan]] retained Greenberg, promoting him to [[general manager (baseball)|general manager]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dickson |first=Paul |title=Bill Veeck: Baseball's Greatest Maverick |publisher=[[Walker Publishing Company]] |year=2012 |page=140 |isbn=978-0-8027-1778-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/billveeckbasebal0000dick}}</ref>

During his tenure, he sponsored more [[African American]] players than any other major league executive. Greenberg's contributions to the Cleveland farm system led to the team's successes throughout the 1950s, although [[Bill James]] once wrote that the Indians' late 1950s collapse should also be attributed to him.<ref>[[#James|James]], p. 435.</ref> In 1949, [[Larry Doby]] also recommended Greenberg scout three players Doby used to play with in the [[Negro leagues]]: [[Hank Aaron]], [[Ernie Banks]], and [[Willie Mays]]. The next offseason Doby asked what Indians' scouts said about his recommendations. Greenberg replied: "Our guys checked 'em out and their reports were not good. They said that Aaron has a hitch in his swing and will never hit good pitching. Banks is too slow and didn't have enough range [at shortstop], and Mays can't hit a curveball."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cleveland Indians Encyclopedia|edition=Third|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjLiv-NNsiQC&q=larry+doby&pg=PA605|last=Schneider|first=Russell|isbn=1582618402|year=2004|publisher=Sports Publishing L.L.C.|page=4}}</ref>

[[File:Hank Greenberg 1957.jpg|thumb|left|210px|Greenberg as general manager of the [[Cleveland Indians]] in 1957]]

While Ryan had initially been content to leave baseball matters to Greenberg, he tried to seize greater control after the 1952 season, when the Indians suffered a drop in attendance despite coming within two games of the pennant. The Indians board sided with Greenberg, prompting Ryan to sell out to a group headed by [[Myron H. Wilson]], who voiced full confidence in Greenberg. Under Wilson, Greenberg's role as operating head of the franchise was cemented to the point that he represented the Indians at owners meetings alongside vice president and board member George Medinger. During this time, he and Pirates owner [[John W. Galbreath]] helped negotiate an amended player pension plan in which the players got 60% of television revenues from the All-Star Game and World Series.<ref>[[#Greenberg|Greenberg and Berkow]], pp. 251–252.</ref>

In 1953, he was partly responsible for an important change to baseball's [[Waivers (baseball)|waivers]] rule. In previous seasons, once a player passed through waivers in his team's league (AL or NL), any team from the other league could acquire him, a detail the Yankees used to often outbid other AL teams for NL players. Greenberg successfully campaigned for a new rule that, after June 15, required players to pass through waivers in both leagues before teams in the other league could attempt to obtain them.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sheehan |first1=Joseph M. |title=Greenberg Casts His Waiver Rule On Majors and Picks Up Maglie |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1955/08/03/archives/greenberg-casts-his-waiver-rule-on-majors-and-picks-up-maglie.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 3, 1955 |via=TimesMachine |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Greenberg's influence grew even more in 1956 when he joined a syndicate headed by [[William R. Daley|Bill Daley]] that bought the Indians from Wilson. Although Greenberg had been operating head of the franchise since 1950, this was the first time that he had been a part-owner. However, in 1957, he was forced to resign as general manager, as he put it, "in order to satisfy a hostile press." He remained a part-owner, however, and in 1958 tried to buy out Daley and become principal owner. He intended to serve as his own general manager if successful. However, Daley and several other directors bought him out.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bohmer |first1=David |title=Cleveland Guardians team ownership history |url=https://sabr.org/bioproj/topic/cleveland-guardians-team-ownership-history/ |publisher=[[Society for American Baseball Research]]}}</ref>

In 1959, Greenberg and Veeck teamed up for a second time when they led a syndicate that purchased the [[Chicago White Sox]]; Veeck served as team president with Greenberg as vice president and general manager. During Veeck and Greenberg's first season, the White Sox won their first AL pennant since 1919. Veeck would sell his shares in the White Sox in 1961, and Greenberg stepped down as general manager on August 26 of that season.<ref>{{cite web |title=September 22, 1959: White Sox clinch first American League pennant in 40 years |url=https://sabr.org/gamesproj/game/white-sox-clinch-first-american-pennant-in-40-years-september-22-1959-chicago-white-sox-4-cleveland-indians-2-at-cleveland-stadium/ |publisher=[[Society for American Baseball Research]] (SABR Games Project)}}</ref>

After the [[1960 Major League Baseball season|1960 season]], the American League announced plans to put a team in Los Angeles. Greenberg immediately became the favorite to become the new team's first owner and persuaded Veeck to join him as his partner. However, when [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] owner [[Walter O'Malley]] got wind of these developments, he threatened to scuttle the whole deal by invoking his exclusive rights to operate a major league team in southern California. In truth, O'Malley wanted no part of competing against an expansion team owned by a master promoter such as Veeck, even if he was only a minority partner. Greenberg wouldn't budge and pulled out of the running for what became the [[Los Angeles Angels]]. Greenberg later became a successful [[investment banker]], briefly returning to baseball as a minority partner with Veeck when the latter repurchased the White Sox in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/hank-greenberg/|title=Hank Greenberg (SABR BioProject)|publisher=[[Society for American Baseball Research]] |quote=Always an astute investor, Greenberg plunged into the stock market and made millions on Wall Street in the 1960s. He sold his stake in the White Sox (for a neat profit), left his Manhattan home for sunny Beverly Hills, and lived the life of Reilly.}}</ref> For instance, in 1965, he participated with a group of investors in returning bankrupt [[Overseas National Airways]] to operation.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Civil Aeronautics Board Reports|volume=45|publisher=U.S. General Printing Office|location=Washington, DC| pages=465–466| date=July–November 1966 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/osu.32437011658214?urlappend=%3Bseq=489%3Bownerid=107299695-493|hdl=2027/osu.32437011658214|hdl-access=free |title=Reopened Transatlantic Charter Investigation|ref={{sfnref|Atlantic Reopened|1966}}}}</ref>

In 1970, when [[St. Louis Cardinals]] outfielder [[Curt Flood]] challenged Major League Baseball's reserve clause, Greenberg was amongst the few baseball players to openly support him, and testified on his behalf.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Frommer |first1=Frederic J. |title=When almost nobody else would, Hank Greenberg backed a Black player fighting for free agency |url=https://forward.com/news/sports/509922/free-agency-supreme-court-hank-greenberg-curt-flood-supreme-court-50-anniversary/ |work=[[The Forward]] |date=July 11, 2022}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Hank Greenberg and Caral Gimbel.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Greenberg with his first wife Caral Gimbel in [[Lakeland, Florida]]]]
While he grew up in an [[Orthodox Jewish]] household, Greenberg himself was not an observant Jew and later raised his children in a secular household.<ref>[[#Greenberg|Greenberg and Berkow]], pp. 220, 225.</ref>

[[File:Hank Greenberg 1978.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.6|Greenberg playing tennis, {{circa|1978}}]]

In 1946, Greenberg married Caral Gimbel, daughter of [[Bernard Gimbel]] of the [[Gimbels]] department store family. The marriage was not a happy one, however, and they eventually divorced in 1958. In 1966, Greenberg married actress [[Linda Douglas|Mary Jo Tarola]], who appeared on-screen under the stage name "Linda Douglas", and remained with her until his death.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hank Greenberg (SABR BioProject) |url=https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/hank-greenberg/ |publisher=[[Society for American Baseball Research]] |quote=... his marriage to Caral Gimbel (whose family owned the New York department store of the same name) was turning sour. The two had been husband and wife since 1946, but their paths always seemed to diverge... by 1959 he and Caral were divorced. Together, they had three children: Glenn (also known as "Little Hank"), Steve, and Alva, along with eight grandchildren... He married Mary Jo Tarola, a minor movie actress, in 1966.}}</ref>

Greenberg had three children, all from his first marriage: sons Glenn and [[Stephen Greenberg|Stephen]], and daughter Alva. Stephen played baseball at [[Yale University]] and spent five years in the [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Washington Senators/Texas Rangers]] organization; he later became a baseball executive and sports agent.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Madkour |first1=Abraham D. |title=The life, times and work of dealmaker Steve Greenberg |url=https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Journal/Issues/2015/03/30/Opinion/From-the-Executive-Editor.aspx |work=[[Sports Business Journal]] |date=March 30, 2015}}</ref> Alva became a newspaper editor for the ''Old Lyme Gazette'' in [[Old Lyme, Connecticut]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Alva's Journey |url=https://www.courant.com/1999/09/19/alvas-journey/ |access-date=July 28, 2024 |work=[[Hartford Courant]] |date=September 19, 1999}}</ref>

Later in life, Greenberg became an avid tennis player and often took part in amateur tournaments.<ref>{{cite news |title=Greenberg a Big Hitter In Celebrities' Tennis |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/09/15/archives/greenberg-a-big-hitter-in-celebrities-tennis.html |access-date=July 27, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 15, 1971}}</ref>

Greenberg died after a 13-month battle with [[metastatic]] [[kidney cancer]] at his home [[Beverly Hills, California]], on September 4, 1986. His remains were entombed at [[Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery]], in [[Culver City, California]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1986/09/09/greenberg-one-of-cooperstowns-finest/9426da06-d385-4835-b6be-2cea0832d825/|title=Greenberg: One of Cooperstown's Finest |first=Shirley|last=Povich|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=September 9, 1986}}</ref>

==Honors==
{{MLBBioRet
|Align  = right
|Image  = Greenberg_DET.png
|Name   = Hank Greenberg
|Number = 5
|Team   = Detroit Tigers
|Year   = 1983
}}
Greenberg was elected to [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|National Baseball Hall of Fame]] in 1956 on his ninth ballot, garnering 85% of the votes. He was the first Jewish player elected to the Hall of Fame.<ref>{{cite web |title=Greenberg, Hank |url=https://baseballhall.org/hall-of-famers/greenberg-hank |publisher=[[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum]]}}</ref>

On June 12, 1983, the [[Detroit Tigers]] retired Greenberg's number 5 during "Greenberg-Gehringer Day" at [[Tiger Stadium (Detroit)|Tiger Stadium]], along with former teammate [[Charlie Gehringer]]'s number 2. Both Greenberg and Gehringer attended the ceremony.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tigers Retired Numbers |url=https://www.mlb.com/tigers/history/retired-numbers |website=[[Major League Baseball|MLB.com]]}}</ref> In 1999, he was ranked No. 37 by ''[[The Sporting News]]'' on its list of "Baseball's 100 Greatest Players",<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Baseball's 100 Greatest Players: No. 37, Hank Greenberg |magazine=[[The Sporting News]]|date=April 26, 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050416222917/http://www.sportingnews.com/baseball/100/index-37.html |archive-date=April 16, 2005 |url=http://www.sportingnews.com/baseball/100/index-37.html}}</ref> and was a nominee for the [[Major League Baseball All-Century Team]] the same year. In 2020, Greenberg was ranked by ''[[The Athletic]]'' at No. 67 on its "Baseball 100" list, complied by sportswriter [[Joe Posnanski]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Posnanski |first1=Joe |title=The Baseball 100: No. 67, Hank Greenberg |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/1536136/2020/01/20/the-baseball-100-no-67-hank-greenberg/ |work=[[The Athletic]] |date=January 20, 2020}}</ref>

Greenberg was elected to the [[Michigan Sports Hall of Fame]] in 1958.<ref>{{cite web |title=Henry Benjamin (Hank) Greenberg |url=https://michigansportshof.org/inductee/hank-greenberg/ |publisher=Michigan Sports Hall of Fame}}</ref> Additionally, he was elected to the [[International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame]] in 1979,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishsports.net/BioPages/HenryGreenberg.htm |title=Henry Benjamin "Hank" Greenberg, inductee (Class of 1979) |publisher=International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame |access-date=July 31, 2023 |archive-date=July 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731143043/https://www.jewishsports.net/BioPages/HenryGreenberg.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> and to the [[National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame]] in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hank Greenberg |publisher=National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame|url=http://www.jewishsports.org/jewishsports/detail.asp?id=33 |archive-date=February 10, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210175811/http://www.jewishsports.org/jewishsports/detail.asp?id=33 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

In 2013, the [[Bob Feller Act of Valor Award]] honored Greenberg as one of 37 Baseball Hall of Fame members for his service in the United States Army Air Force during World War II.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://actofvaloraward.org/hof-players/|title=WWII HOF Players – Act of Valor Award|access-date=August 11, 2021|archive-date=October 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008204152/https://actofvaloraward.org/hof-players/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2006, Greenberg was featured on a United States [[postage stamp]]. The stamp is one of a block of four honoring "baseball sluggers", the others being [[Mickey Mantle]], [[Mel Ott]], and [[Roy Campanella]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usps.com/communications/news/stamps/2005/sr05_054.htm |title=The 2006 Commemorative Stamp Program|work=United States Postal Service|access-date=January 31, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018040857/http://www.usps.com/communications/news/stamps/2005/sr05_054.htm |archive-date=October 18, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

In 1998, Greenberg was the subject of a documentary which was directed and written by [[Aviva Kempner]] entitled ''[[The Life and Times of Hank Greenberg]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=van Gelder |first1=Lawrence |title='The Life and Times of Hank Greenberg': He Fell Short of Babe Ruth, but Not for Jews |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/film/011200greenburg-film-review.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 12, 2000}}</ref> In 2010, he was again one of the main subjects of the film ''[[Jews and Baseball: An American Love Story]]'', alongside Hall of Famer [[Sandy Koufax]] of the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]]. The film was directed by Peter Miller and written by [[Ira Berkow]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Anderson |first=John |url=https://variety.com/2010/film/reviews/jews-and-baseball-an-american-love-story-1117943960/ |title=Jews and Baseball: An American Love Story |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=October 31, 2010}}</ref>

In May 2024, the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] passed a [[house resolution]] which recognized the contributions of Jewish Americans in wake of rising [[antisemitism]] in the country. Greenberg, along with Koufax, were one of a handful of people who was singled out in the resolution by name.<ref>{{cite act |title=H. R. 1215 |type=none |date=May 22, 2024 |institution=[[United States House of Representatives]] |url=https://docs.house.gov/billsthisweek/20240603/H%20Res%201215.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=House passes bill lauding contributions of American Jews |url=https://www.jns.org/house-passes-bill-lauding-contributions-of-einstein-sandy-koufax-other-jews/ |access-date=June 5, 2024 |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |date=June 4, 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Major League Baseball titles leaders]]
*[[List of Jewish Major League Baseball players]]
*[[List of Major League Baseball home run records]]
*[[List of Major League Baseball doubles records]]
*[[List of Major League Baseball career batting average leaders]]
*[[List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders]]
*[[List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders]]
*[[List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders]]
*[[List of Major League Baseball career on-base percentage leaders]]
*[[List of Major League Baseball career slugging percentage leaders]]
*[[List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders]]
*[[List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders]]
*[[List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders]]
*[[List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Book sources===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|author1=Greenberg, Hank|author2=Berkow, Ira|title=Hank Greenberg: The Story of My Life|year=1989|publisher=Triumph Books|isbn=1892049236|url=https://archive.org/details/hankgreenberg00hank |url-access=registration |ref=Greenberg}}
*{{cite book |author=Schoor, Gene |title=The History of the World Series: The Complete Chronology of America's Greatest Sports Tradition |year=1990 |publisher=William Morrow and Company |isbn=0-688-07995-4 |ref=Schoor |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofworld00scho |url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |author=James, Bill |title=The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract |url=https://archive.org/details/newbilljameshist00jame |publisher=Free Press |year=2001|isbn=0-684-80697-5 |ref=James}}
*{{cite book|author=Rosengren, John|title=Hank Greenberg: The Hero of Heroes|year=2013|publisher=New American Library|isbn=978-0451235763 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/hankgreenbergbas0000rose |ref=Rosengren}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|author=Kurlansky, Mark|title=Hank Greenberg: The Hero Who Didn't Want To Be One|url=https://archive.org/details/hankgreenbergher0000kurl_o7c9|url-access=registration|year=2011|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0300136609}}
*{{cite book|author=Cottrell, Robert C.|title=Two Pioneers: How Hank Greenberg and Jackie Robinson Transformed Baseball – And America|url=https://archive.org/details/twopioneershowha0000cott|url-access=registration|year=2012|publisher=Potomac Books|isbn=978-1597978422}}
* {{cite book |title=Jewish Jocks: An Unorthodox Hall of Fame |author=Berkow, Ira |year=2013 |publisher=Twelve Books |isbn=978-1455516131 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/jewishjocksunort0000foer/page/65/mode/2up |chapter=Hank Greenberg: The Plot Against Greenberg? |editor1=Franklin Foer |editor2=Marc Tracy |chapter-url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |title=American Jews and America's Game: Voices of a Growing Legacy in Baseball |author=Ruttman, Larry |year=2013 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0803264755 |chapter=Henry 'Hank' Greenberg: Hall of Fame Infielder and Outfielder, Revealing the Survival of American Judaism Generation by Generation |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/americanjewsamer0000rutt/page/8/mode/2up|chapter-url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book|author=Klima, John |title=The Game Must Go On: Hank Greenberg, Pete Gray, and the Great Days of Baseball on the Home Front in WWII|year=2015|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|isbn=978-1250064790|url=https://archive.org/details/gamemustgoonhank0000klim|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book|author=Kaplan, Ron |title=Hank Greenberg in 1938: Hatred and Home Runs in the Shadow of War|year=2017|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing|isbn=978-1613219911 |url=https://archive.org/details/hankgreenbergin10000kapl|url-access=registration}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{Baseballstats|br=g/greenha01|fangraphs=1004996|mlb=115096|brm=greenb001hen|retro=G/Pgreeh102}}
*{{Baseball Hall of Fame profile|greenberg-hank}}
*{{SABR Baseball Biography Project|hank-greenberg}}
*{{IMDb name|0338516|Hank Greenberg}}
*{{Find a Grave|3828}}

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