View source for Hezbollah

{{Short description|Islamist movement and militant group based in Lebanon}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Hizbullah|the Indonesian militant group formed during the Japanese occupation|Hizbullah (Indonesia)}}
{{AI-generated|partial=y|certain=y|date=April 2026|reason=edits such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hezbollah&diff=1285543629&oldid=1285315968 these] and others by this user - ChatGPT params plus textual indicators of AI output}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Islamic Resistance in Lebanon
| native_name = المقاومة الإسلامية في لبنان<br />{{Transliteration|ar|ALA|Al-Muqāwamah al-Islāmīyah fī Lubnān}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| logo = Logo of the Hezbollah.svg
| leader1_title = [[Secretary-General of Hezbollah|Secretary-General and Leader]]
| leader1_name = [[Naim Qassem]]
| leader2_title = [[Supreme Leader of Iran|Supreme Leader]]
| leader2_name = [[Mojtaba Khamenei]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-11 |title=Hezbollah’s Qassem pledges allegiance to Iran’s new leader Mojtaba Khamenei |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1980967 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref>
| leader3_title = [[Deputy Secretary-General of Hezbollah|Deputy Secretary-General]]
| leader3_name = [[Mohammad Raad]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Hezbollah Reshuffling Its Leadership with New Appointments? |url=https://thisisbeirut.com.lb/articles/1304773/is-hezbollah-reshuffling-its-leadership-with-new-appointments |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=This is Beirut |language=en}}</ref>
| leader4_title = Head of the Executive Council
| leader4_name = [[Ali Damoush]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beeri |first=Tal |date=2025-01-12 |title=Ali Damoush - The New Head of Hezbollah's Executive Council |url=https://israel-alma.org/ali-damoush-the-new-head-of-hezbollahs-executive-council/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Alma Research and Education Center |language=en-US}}</ref>
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1982}}
| founder = [[Subhi al-Tufayli]]<br/>
[[Abbas al-Musawi]]{{Assassinated|Assassination of Abbas al-Musawi}}<br/>[[Hassan Nasrallah]]{{Assassinated|2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike}}
| wing1_title = [[Parliamentary group]]
| wing1 = [[Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/37247 |title=Fadlallah Hits Back at March 14 over Karam Release, Marouni Slams 'Treason Accusations' |publisher=Naharnet |date=April 18, 2013}}</ref>
| wing2_title = Paramilitary wing
| wing2 = [[Jihad Council]]<br />[[Lebanese Resistance Brigades]]
| ideology = {{tree list}}
* [[Islamic nationalism]]<ref name="Dalacoura 2012">{{Cite book |author-last=Dalacoura |author-first=Katerina |year=2012 |chapter=Islamist Terrorism and National Liberation: Hamas and Hizbullah |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PlTKrMFyawoC&pg=PA66 |title=Islamist Terrorism and Democracy in the Middle East |location=[[Cambridge]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=66–96 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511977367.004 |isbn=978-0-511-97736-7 |lccn=2010047275 |s2cid=150958046}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=Ekaterina|last=Stepanova|url=http://books.sipri.org/files/RR/SIPRIRR23.pdf|title=Terrorism in Asymmetrical Conflict: Ideological and Structural Aspects|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310143530/http://books.sipri.org/files/RR/SIPRIRR23.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-10|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2008|page=113}}</ref>
* [[Khomeinism]]<ref name="Shiite_jihad"/>
** [[Shia Islamism]]<ref name="Shiite_jihad"/>
*** [[Jihadism]] ([[Jihad#Shia|Shia]])<ref name="Shiite_jihad">{{cite report |author=Philip Smyth |date=February 2015 |title=The Shiite Jihad in Syria and Its Regional Effects |url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus138_Smyth-2.pdf |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Studies |pages=7–8 |access-date=13 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150705/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus138_Smyth-2.pdf }}</ref>
** [[Anti-imperialism]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Elie Alagha |first=Joseph |title=Hizbullah's Documents: From the 1985 Open Letter to the 2009 Manifesto |year=2011 |publisher=[[Amsterdam University Press]] |isbn=978-90-8555-037-2 |pages=15, 20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b0ntL1fUi8kC&pg=PA15}}<br />{{cite book |last=Shehata |first=Samer |title=Islamist Politics in the Middle East: Movements and Change |year=2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-78361-3 |page=176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhl_E-XAeLYC&pg=PA176}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=El Husseinia |first=Rola |title=Hezbollah and the Axis of Refusal: Hamas, Iran and Syria |journal=Third World Quarterly |year=2010 |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=803–815 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2010.502695|s2cid=219628295 }}</ref>
** [[Anti-Zionism]]<ref name=Gleis>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vYBtwkj78BUC&pg=PT63|title=Hezbollah and Hamas: A Comparative Study|author1=Joshua L. Gleis |author2=Benedetta Berti |year=2012|publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-1-4214-0671-8}}</ref>
* [[Pan-Islamism]]<ref name="Dalacoura 2012"/>
* [[Populism]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iemed.org/publication/hezbollah-and-the-lebanese-popular-movement/ | title=Hezbollah and the Lebanese Popular Movement }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592310701674358 | doi=10.1080/09592310701674358 | title=Hezbollah: A Proletarian Party with an Islamic Manifesto – A Sociopolitical Analysis of Islamist Populism in Lebanon and the Middle East |year=2007 | last1=Salamey | first1=Imad | last2=Pearson | first2=Frederic | journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies | volume=18 | issue=3 | pages=416–438 | s2cid=143896155 |issn = 0959-2318 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* ''[[Ideology of Hezbollah|see more...]]''
{{tree list/end}}
| headquarters = [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]]
| slogan = فَإِنَّ حِزْبَ ٱللَّهِ هُمُ ٱلْغَالِبُونَ<br />('Certainly [[God in Islam|God]]'s party that will prevail.'){{Cite quran|5|56}}
| website = {{URL|moqawama.org.lb}}
| colours = Yellow and green
| logo_size = 150
| colorcode = {{party color|Hezbollah}}
| religion = [[Shia Islam]] ([[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver]])
| national = [[March 8 Alliance]]
| international = [[Axis of Resistance]] (informal)
| seats1_title = [[Parliament of Lebanon|Parliament]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-Elections/2018/May-09/448707-interior-ministry-releases-numbers-of-votes-for-new-mp.ashx |title=Interior Ministry releases numbers of votes for new MPs |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=9 May 2018 |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308112628/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-Elections/2018/May-09/448707-interior-ministry-releases-numbers-of-votes-for-new-mp.ashx }}</ref>
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|15|128|{{party color|Hezbollah}}|per=1}}
| country = Lebanon
| flag = Flag of Hezbollah.svg{{!}}200px
}}
{{Infobox War Faction|
| name             = Hezbollah
| active           = 1982–present
| ideology         = 
| allegiance       = {{flag|Iran}} ([[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]])<ref name="Council-on-Foreign-Relations">{{Cite web |title=What Is Hezbollah? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-hezbollah |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |date=22 January 2020 }}</ref>
| headquarters     = [[Beirut|Beirut, Lebanon]]
| size             = 100,000 (2021, according to [[Hassan Nasrallah]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/lebanons-hezbollah-chief-nasrallah-says-group-has-never-been-stronger-2021-10-18/|title = Lebanon's Hezbollah chief Nasrallah says group has never been stronger|work = Reuters|date = 18 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/hassan-nasrallah-says-hezbollah-has-100000-fighters|title=Hassan Nasrallah says Hezbollah has 100,000 fighters|date=18 October 2021|website=The New Arab}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211018-lebanon-hezbollah-chief-says-movement-has-100-000-fighters|title=Lebanon Hezbollah chief says movement has 100,000 fighters|date=18 October 2021|website=France 24}}</ref>
| partof           = 
| predecessor      = 
| successor        = 
| allies           = {{collapsible list|title = State allies|
{{unbulletedlist
| {{flag|Cuba}}<ref name="Cuba">{{cite news |title=Report: Hezbollah opens base in Cuba|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4116628,00.html |work=Ynet news |date=9 January 2011 |access-date=16 July 2020}}</ref>
| {{flag|Iran}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ajc.org/news/hezbollah-is-the-long-arm-of-iran-factsheet-5|title=Hezbollah is the Long Arm of Iran – Factsheet 5|date=20 September 2019 |access-date=February 8, 2023}}</ref>
| {{flag|North Korea}}<ref name=maj2011feb>{{cite journal |last=Pardo |first=Ramon Pacheco |title=Beyond Iran |journal=The Majalla |date=February 2011 |volume=1561 |pages=12–14 |url=http://www.majalla.com/eng/print-edition-pdf/al-majalla-issue-1561.pdf#12 |access-date=5 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715162856/http://www.majalla.com/eng/print-edition-pdf/al-majalla-issue-1561.pdf#12 |archive-date=15 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| {{flag|Russia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://alwaght.com/en/News/41746/New-Experience-of-Hezbollah-with-Russian-Military |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728190943/http://alwaght.com/en/News/41746/New-Experience-of-Hezbollah-with-Russian-Military |archive-date=28 July 2018 |title=New Experience of Hezbollah with Russian Military |work=ALWAGHT |date=2 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kendall-Taylor |first1=Andrea |last2=Fontaine |first2=Richard |date=2024-04-23 |title=The Axis of Upheaval |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/china/axis-upheaval-russia-iran-north-korea-taylor-fontaine|access-date=2024-08-01 |work=[[Foreign Affairs]] |language=en-US |volume=103 |issue=3 |issn=0015-7120 |archive-date=2024-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909210430/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/china/axis-upheaval-russia-iran-north-korea-taylor-fontaine?check_logged_in=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{flag|Venezuela}}<ref name="allyvenezuela">{{cite web |title=Iran and Venezuela: Axis of Anti-Americanism |url=https://www.unitedagainstnucleariran.com/iran-and-venezuela/hezbollah |website=United Against Nuclear Iran |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref>
}}}}
{{collapsible list|title = Non-state allies|
{{unbulletedlist
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Amal Movement.svg}} [[Amal Movement]]
| {{flagicon image|Liwa Zainebiyoun infobox flag.png}} [[Liwa Zainebiyoun]]
| {{flagicon image|Liwa Fatemiyoun infobox flag.png}} [[Liwa Fatemiyoun]]
| {{flag|Houthis}}<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2018/Jul-11/456144-yemeni-fm-slams-hezbollahs-houthi-support-report.ashx|title=Yemeni FM slams Hezbollah's Houthi support: report|journal=The Daily Star|access-date=28 July 2018|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728190925/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2018/Jul-11/456144-yemeni-fm-slams-hezbollahs-houthi-support-report.ashx}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-nasrallah-idUSKBN1DK22D|title=Lebanon's Hezbollah denies sending weapons to Yemen|date=20 November 2017|publisher=Reuters}}</ref>
| {{flag|Hamas}}
| {{Flagicon image|PMF infobox.png}} [[Popular Mobilization Forces]]
| [[File:PMC Wagner Center logo.png{{!}}class=skin-invert|22px]] [[Wagner Group]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1831422/wagner-group-hezbollah-weapons-syria-assad | title=Wagner Group 'tasked to deliver Russian weapons to Hezbollah' – US intelligence | date=4 November 2023 }}</ref><br />
}}}}
{{collapsible list|title = Former allies|
{{unbulletedlist
| {{flag|Lebanon}} (partial,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thetower.org/5354-hezbollah-fights-alongside-laf-demonstrating-its-continuing-control-over-lebanon/ |title=Hezbollah Fights Alongside LAF Demonstrating its Continuing Control over Lebanon |date=21 August 2017 |website=The Tower |access-date=28 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202024824/http://www.thetower.org/5354-hezbollah-fights-alongside-laf-demonstrating-its-continuing-control-over-lebanon/ |archive-date=2 February 2020 }}</ref>  [[Cabinet of Nawaf Salam#2026 Hezbollah-Israel conflict|before 2026]])<ref name="Daily Sabah_2026-03-02">{{Citation | url=https://www.dailysabah.com/world/mid-east/lebanon-moves-to-ban-hezbollahs-military-activities| title=Lebanon moves to ban Hezbollah’s military activities| newspaper=Daily Sabah| date= 2026-03-02| accessdate=2026-04-29 |author = Anadolu Agency}}</ref><ref name="Reuters_2026-04-29">{{Citation | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-military-says-projectiles-were-fired-lebanon-2026-03-01/| title=Lebanon bans Hezbollah military actions after attack on Israel| newspaper=Reuters| date= | accessdate=2026-04-29}}</ref>
|{{flag|Iraq}} ([[Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition|RSII coalition]], against the Islamic State only)<ref name="iq2">{{cite web |url=http://www.iraqinews.com/arab-world-news/funeral-2-hezbollah-elements-killed-jurf-al-sakhar-baiji/ |title=Iraq admits Lebanese Hezbollah and Iranian RG fight alongside Iraqi security forces |date=9 November 2014 |access-date=28 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615191324/https://www.iraqinews.com/arab-world-news/funeral-2-hezbollah-elements-killed-jurf-al-sakhar-baiji/ |archive-date=15 June 2018}}</ref>
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the United Arab Republic (1958–1971), Flag of Syria (1980–2024).svg|23px}} [[Ba'athist Syria]] (until 2024)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/why-assads-alliance-iran-and-hezbollah-will-endure|title=Why Assad's alliance with Iran and Hezbollah will endure|date=February 8, 2019|access-date=February 8, 2023}}</ref>
}}}}
''[[Foreign relations of Hezbollah|see more...]]''
| opponents        = {{collapsible list|title = State opponents|
{{unbulletedlist
| {{flag|Lebanon}} ([[Cabinet of Nawaf Salam#2026 Hezbollah-Israel conflict|since 2026]])<ref name="Daily Sabah_2026-03-02"/><ref name="Reuters_2026-04-29"/>
| {{flag|Israel}}<ref name="Hezbollah – International terrorist organisation">{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Terrorism/Hizbullah/Pages/Hezbollah-International-terrorist-organization.aspx|title=Hezbollah – International terrorist organisation|date=22 July 2013|publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref>
| {{flag|United States}}<ref name="US">{{cite book|last=Levitt|first=Matthew|title=Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2013|page=23|isbn=978-1-84904-333-5}}</ref>
| {{flag|Syria|revolution}} (since [[Fall of the Assad Regime|2024]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alabi |first=Rizik |date=6 February 2025 |title=Syrian Army Advances Into Lebanese Territory, Clashes With Hezbollah |url=https://themedialine.org/headlines/syrian-army-advances-into-lebanese-territory-clashes-with-hezbollah/ |access-date=6 February 2025 |website=[[The Media Line]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
| {{flag|Turkey}} ([[Northwestern Syria offensive (2019–2020)|2020]] [[Operation Spring Shield|only]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/israel-impressed-how-turkish-army-crushed-hezbollah-in-idlib-syria/|title=Israel Impressed How Turkish Army Crushed Hezbollah In Idlib, Syria|first=Xavier|last=Francis|date=21 May 2020|website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/israel-learned-from-hezbollahs-defeat-at-the-hands-of-turkey-628836/amp|title=Israel learned from Hezbollah's defeat at the hands of Turkey|work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/syria/turkish-strike-in-syria-kills-nine-hezbollah-members-according-to-source-1.8599581|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229163342/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/syria/turkish-strike-in-syria-kills-nine-hezbollah-members-according-to-source-1.8599581|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 February 2020|title=Turkish strike in Syria kills nine Hezbollah members, according to source|newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref>
}}}}
{{collapsible list|title = Non-state opponents|
{{unbulletedlist
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Lebanon.svg|23px}} [[Parliament of Lebanon|Lebanese opposition]]
| {{flag|Al-Qaeda}}
| {{flag|Islamic State}}
| {{flagicon|Syria|revolution}} [[Free Syrian Army]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Al-Nusra Front (Variant).svg}} [[Al-Nusra Front]]
| {{flagicon image|InfoboxHTS.svg|border|260px}} [[Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the People's Mujahedin of Iran.svg|size=20px}} [[People's Mujahedin of Iran]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mojahedin.org/newsen/61627/Beware-Iran%27s-%27Axis-of-Resistance%27|title=Beware Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' &#124; People's Mojahedin Organisation of Iran (PMOI/MEK)|access-date=2020-01-16|archive-date=2021-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031201920/https://english.mojahedin.org/newsen/61627/Beware-Iran%27s-%27Axis-of-Resistance%27|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}}}
{{collapsible list|title = Former opponents|
{{unbulletedlist
| {{flagicon|Iraq|1991}} [[Ba'athist Iraq]] (1982–2003)<ref name="archive.org5">{{cite web|url=http://memri.org/bin/latestnews.cgi?ID=IA44808|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103949/http://memri.org/bin/latestnews.cgi?ID=IA44808 |archive-date=11 February 2009|title= The Iranian Roots of Hizbullah|author=Nimrod Raphaeli|date=11 February 2009|website=MEMRI}}</ref>
| {{flag|Soviet Union}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Addis |first=Casey L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IaeJG5rh5AIC&pg=PA8 |title=Hezbollah: Background and Issues for Congress |date=May 2011 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=978-1-4379-4177-7 |pages=8 |language=en |quote=Echoing the ideology of Iranian Supreme Leader Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Hezbollah's 1985 statement identified the United States and the Soviet Union as Islam's principal enemies and called for the "obliteration" of Israel.}}</ref>
}}}}
| designated_as_terror_group_by = {{collapsible list|title=See list:|
| {{flag|Argentina}}<ref name="JPostAR"/>
| {{flag|Australia}}<ref name=guardaust/>
| {{flag|Austria}}<ref name=jnsCzech/>
| {{flag|Bahrain}}<ref name="JPostBahrain"/>
| {{flag|Canada}}<ref name=h/>
| {{flag|Colombia}}<ref name="Anadolu-Agency-2020" />
| {{flag|Costa Rica}}<ref name="CostaRica" />
| {{flag|Czech Republic}}<ref name=jnsCzech/>
| {{flag|Dominican Republic}}<ref name=jnsCzech/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caliber.az/en/post/honduras-labels-hamas-and-irgc-as-terrorist-organisations|title=Honduras labels Hamas and IRGC as terrorist organisations|date=15 May 2026|work=Caliber.az|quote=Earlier, the Dominican Republic also designated the IRGC and Hezbollah as terrorist organisations.}}</ref>
| {{flag|Ecuador}}<ref name="el"/>
| {{flag|Estonia}}<ref name=jpost646587/>
| {{flag|European Union}}<ref name="Rudoren-Jodi-2013a"/>
| {{flag|France}}<ref name="Algemeiner-Journal-2013"/>
| {{flag|Germany}}<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news | title=After U.S., Israeli pressure, Germany bans Hezbollah activity, raids mosques | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-lebanon-hezbollah/after-u-s-israeli-pressure-germany-bans-hezbollah-activity-raids-mosques-idUSKBN22C0LC | date=30 April 2020 | work=[[Reuters]] | access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref>
| {{flag|Gulf Cooperation Council}}<ref name="GCC"/>
| {{flag|Guatemala}}<ref name=jpost646700/>
| {{flag|Honduras}}<ref name="ColombiaHonduras"/>
| {{flag|Israel}}<ref name="Hezbollah – International terrorist organisation"/>
| {{flag|Kosovo}}<ref name="The Republic of Kosovo ....">Weinthal, Benjamin.  [https://www.jpost.com/International/The-Republic-of-Kosovo-designates-Hezbollah-a-terrorist-organization-594016 "The Republic of Kosovo ...."] ''The Jerusalem Post''. 30 June 2019. 2 July 2019.</ref>
| {{flag|Lithuania}}<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |date=2020-08-13 |title=Lithuania bans Hezbollah affiliates in move hailed by Israel |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/13/lithuania-bans-hezbollah-affiliates-in-move-hailed-by-israel |access-date=2023-11-06 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref>
| {{flag|Netherlands}}<ref name="Fairclough-Gordon-2012"/>
| {{flag|New Zealand}}<ref name="NZ-r1373-terrorlist"/>
| {{flag|Paraguay}}<ref name="JPostPAR"/>
| {{flag|Serbia}}<ref name="english.alarabiya.net"/>
| {{flag|Slovenia}}<ref name="Ahren" />
| {{flag|Syria}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-19 |title=Syrian security forces foil cross-border sabotage plot in Quneitra, ministry says |url=https://sana.sy/en/syria/2311450/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/international/article-893062|title=IRGC, Hezbollah, Hamas as terrorist orgs., local Muslim groups denounce act|website=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref>
| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<ref name="WSJ-Gulf-Coop"/>
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}<ref name=UKban/>
| {{flag|United States}}<ref name="state.gov"/>
}}
| battles          = {{tree list}}
* [[Lebanese Civil War]]
* [[Iran–Iraq War]]<ref name="archive.org5"/>
* [[Hezbollah–Israel conflict]]
* [[South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)]]
* [[2006 Lebanon War]]
* [[2008 Lebanon conflict]]
* [[Syrian civil war]] ([[Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war|and its Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents]])
* [[War in Iraq (2013–2017)]]<ref name="iq">{{cite web |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/11/hezbollah-fighters-train-iraqi-shiite-militants-near-mosul.php |title=Hezbollah fighters train Iraqi Shiite militants near Mosul  |date=5 November 2016 |website=longwarjournal.org – FDD's Long War Journal}}</ref><ref name="iq2"/>
* [[Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)]]
** [[2024 Lebanon War]]
** [[2026 Lebanon war]]
* [[Hezbollah–Syria clashes (2024–present)]]
{{tree list/end}}
}}

'''Hezbollah'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|h|ɛ|z|b|ə|ˈ|l|ɑː}} {{respell|HEZ|bə|LAH}};<ref name="HarperCollins-2013" /> {{langx|ar|حزب الله|Ḥizbu 'llāh}}, {{IPA|ar|ħizbuˈɫːaːh|pron}}, {{lit|Party of [[God in Islam|God]]}}<br />Other [[Romanization of Arabic|transliterations]] include '''''Hizbullah''''', '''''Hizballah''''', ''Hizbollah'', ''Hezbolla'', ''Hezballah'', ''Hisbollah'', ''Hizbu'llah'' and ''Hizb Allah''.}} is a [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] [[Shia Islamism|Shia Islamist]] political party with an active [[paramilitary]] wing that has been banned by the Lebanese government since March 2026, amid [[2026 Lebanon war|Israel's war on Lebanon]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-15 |title=Hezbollah |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hezbollah |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref name="Council-on-Foreign-Relations" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=MPs, parties welcome Lebanon’s decision to ban Hezbollah’s military wing |url=https://www.arabnews.jp/en/middle-east/article_165153/ |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=Arab News Japan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lebanon bans Hezbollah’s military activities after rocket attack on Israel |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/2/lebanese-pm-nawaf-salam-announces-ban-on-hezbollah-military-activities |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026 |title=Lebanon bans Hezbollah's armed wing after rocket fire |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2026/03/02/lebanon-bans-hezbollah-s-armed-wing-after-rocket-fire_6751019_4.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026 |title=Lebanon bans Hezbollah military actions after attack on Israel |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-military-says-projectiles-were-fired-lebanon-2026-03-01/}}</ref> Hezbollah's paramilitary wing is the [[Jihad Council]],<ref name="LevittP15">{{cite book |last=Levitt |first=Matthew |author-link=Matthew Levitt |year=2013 |title=Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God |page=15 |publisher=Hurst Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTJeAQAAQBAJ&q=jihad+council+hezbollah&pg=PA14 |quote=... the Jihad Council coordinates 'resistance activity'. |isbn=978-1-84904-333-5}}<br />{{cite news |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/May-15/256484-hezbollah-cutting-costs-as-iranian-aid-dries-up.ashx |title=Hezbollah cutting costs as Iranian aid dries up |first=Antoine |last=Ghattas Saab |work=The Daily Star |quote=...&nbsp;Hezbollah's military wing ... Known as the 'Jihad Council' |date=15 May 2014 |access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref> and its political wing is the [[Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc]] party in the [[Parliament of Lebanon|Lebanese Parliament]]. [[Hezbollah armed strength|Its armed strength]] was assessed to be equivalent to that of a medium-sized army in 2016.<ref name="haaretz.com">{{cite web |date=August 2016 |title=Hezbollah: Not a terror group but a midsized army |url=https://www.haaretz.com/st/c/prod/eng/2016/07/lebanon2/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408153940/http://www.haaretz.com/st/c/prod/eng/2016/07/lebanon2/ |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |work=Haaretz}}</ref>

Hezbollah was founded in 1982 by Lebanese clerics in response to the [[1982 Lebanon War|Israeli invasion of Lebanon]].<ref name="bbc-hi-me2">{{cite news |date=21 May 2008 |title=Who Are Hezbollah? |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4314423.stm |access-date=15 August 2008 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Inspired by the [[Iranian Revolution]] of 1979 and [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]]'s model of Islamic governance, Hezbollah established strong ties with [[Iran]] and is part of the "[[Axis of Resistance]]".<ref>{{Cite news |title=What is Iran's 'Axis of Resistance'? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/what-is-irans-axis-resistance-which-groups-are-involved-2024-01-29/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208210130/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/what-is-irans-axis-resistance-which-groups-are-involved-2024-01-29/ |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=2026-01-08 |work=Reuters |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> The group was initially supported by 1,500 [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC) instructors, who helped unify various Lebanese Shia factions under Hezbollah's leadership.<ref name="nybooks2">{{cite journal |author=Adam Shatz |date=29 April 2004 |title=In Search of Hezbollah |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/17060 |journal=[[The New York Review of Books]] |volume=51 |issue=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822195222/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/17060 |archive-date=22 August 2006}}</ref> Hezbollah's 1985 manifesto outlined [[Ideology of Hezbollah|its key objectives]], which include expelling Western influence from the region, [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destroying Israel]], pledging allegiance to [[Supreme Leader of Iran|Iran's supreme leader]], and establishing an [[Islamic republic|Islamic government]] influenced by [[Khomeinism|Iran's political ideology]]. However, the manifesto also emphasised Lebanese self-determination.<ref>{{cite book |author=Itamar Rabinovich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVJR9UZnTVAC&pg=PA425 |title=Israel in the Middle East |publisher=UPNE |year=2008| isbn=978-0-87451-962-4 }}</ref> Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Hezbollah fought against Israeli forces and the [[South Lebanon Army]] (SLA), eventually leading to Israel's withdrawal from southern Lebanon in 2000.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lopez |first=German |date=2024-09-24 |title=Israel's Strikes on Lebanon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/24/briefing/israel-hezbollah-lebanon.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Hezbollah also played a prominent role in the [[2006 Lebanon War]] and later became involved in the [[Syrian civil war]], where it fought alongside the Syrian government against rebel forces.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barnard |first=Anne |date=3 January 2014 |title=Mystery in Hezbollah Operatives Life and Death |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/04/world/middleeast/mystery-in-hezbollah-operatives-life-and-death.html |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>

In 2009, Hezbollah updated their manifesto to oppose political sectarianism, appeal to non-Islamic movements, and promote a national unity government. The updated manifesto has the same basic approach to foreign policy, emphasising the hegemonic strategies of the US and Israel's role in the region as a forward base for colonising the region.<ref name="Berti" /><ref name="reuters20091130" />

Since the 1990s, Hezbollah has grown into a significant political force in Lebanon. The group operates a vast social services network, including schools and hospitals, and runs a satellite TV station, [[Al-Manar]]. Politically, Hezbollah's Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc holds 15 seats in the Lebanese Parliament, making it a powerful player in Lebanon's government.<ref name="deeb-hzb-a-primer2">{{cite web |last=Deeb |first=Lara |date=31 July 2006 |title=Hizballah: A Primer |url=http://www.merip.org/mero/mero073106 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019062730/http://merip.org/mero/mero073106 |archive-date=19 October 2011}}</ref> However, the group's influence has led to growing domestic criticism. Following the [[2020 Beirut explosion|2020 Beirut port explosion]], Hezbollah was accused of obstructing efforts to hold those responsible accountable, contributing to a decline in public trust. A 2024 [[Arab Barometer]] survey found that 55% of Lebanese have "no trust at all" in Hezbollah, although it remains popular among the Shia population.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stroul |first=Dana |date=2024-09-23 |title=Israel and Hezbollah Are Escalating Toward Catastrophe |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/israel/israel-and-hezbollah-are-escalating-toward-catastrophe |access-date=2024-09-29 |work=Foreign Affairs}}</ref>

Despite calls for disarmament under [[United Nations Security Council]] resolutions, Hezbollah has expanded its military capabilities. Its armed wing is now considered stronger than the [[Lebanese Armed Forces]] (LAF),<ref name="NYT052020132">{{cite news |last=Barnard |first=Anne |date=20 May 2013 |title=Hezbollah's Role in Syria War Shakes the Lebanese |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/21/world/middleeast/syria-developments.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |access-date=20 June 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> making it one of the most powerful non-state actors in the world. Hezbollah leader [[Hassan Nasrallah]] declared in 2021 that the group had 100,000 fighters.<ref>{{Cite news |last=El Deeb |first=Sarah |date=18 October 2021 |title=Hezbollah leader declares his group has 100,000 fighters |url=https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-lebanon-beirut-civil-wars-hassan-nasrallah-a3c10d99cca2ef1c3d58dae135297025 |access-date=21 October 2021 |work=Associated Press News}}</ref> Hezbollah has been involved in several high-profile attacks; it is believed to be responsible for the [[1983 US embassy bombing in Beirut|bombing of the US embassy]] and the [[1983 Beirut barracks bombings|US and French barracks]] bombings in Beirut in 1983, the [[assassination of Rafic Hariri]] in 2005,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-11 |title=Lebanon: UN-backed tribunal sentences Hezbollah militant in Hariri assassination |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/12/1079892 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=UN News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-10 |title=Rafik Hariri killing: Hezbollah duo convicted of 2005 bombing on appeal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-60691507 |access-date=2024-12-10 |language=en-GB}}</ref> as well as later attacks, including bombings and hijackings.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Laverty |first1=Rory |last2=Lamothe |first2=Dan |date=2024-09-21 |title=For Americans scarred by Beirut bombings, a measure of delayed justice |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2024/09/21/beirut-bombings-marines-hezbollah/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |quote=Hezbollah was founded in 1982, as violence against U.S. troops in Lebanon spiked. In addition to its roles in the major bombings of 1983, the militant group was involved in the bombing of the U.S. Embassy annex in Beirut in 1984 that killed 23 people, the hijacking of TWA Flight 847 in 1985 and the Khobar Towers attack in Saudi Arabia in 1996 that killed 19 U.S. airmen, according to the Office of the Director of National Intelligence.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lopez |first=German |date=2024-09-24 |title=Israel's Strikes on Lebanon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/24/briefing/israel-hezbollah-lebanon.html |work=The New York Times |quote=Hezbollah first gained international notoriety in 1983, when it blew up the American embassy in Beirut, Lebanon's capital, and later American and French barracks there.}}</ref> While Hezbollah has been regarded as a [[resistance movement]] by some scholars,{{Sfn|Farida|2019|p=1-2}}{{Sfn|Daher|2019|p=8}}{{Sfn|Al-Aloosy|2020|p=43, 74}} the entire organisation, or its military wing alone, has been designated as a [[List of designated terrorist groups|terrorist group]]<ref name="Rudoren-Jodi-2013b2">{{Cite news |author1=Kanter, James |author2=Rudoren, Jodi |date=22 July 2013 |title=European Union Adds Military Wing of Hezbollah to List of Terrorist Organisations |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/23/world/middleeast/european-union-adds-hezbollah-wing-to-terror-list.html |access-date=4 September 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> by at least 28 countries as of April 2026, including most Western countries.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Roche |first1=MaryClare |last2=Robbins |first2=Michael |date=2024-07-12 |title=What the Lebanese People Really Think of Hezbollah |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/lebanon/what-lebanese-people-really-think-hezbollah |access-date=2024-09-28 |work=[[Foreign Affairs]] |language=en-US |issn=0015-7120}}</ref>

Since October 2023, Hezbollah has been [[Hezbollah–Israel conflict (2023–present)|at war with Israel]]. During this war, Nasrallah [[2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike|was assassinated]] after 32 years of leading the group, along with other key members of Hezbollah leadership. The conflict has led to the [[2024 Lebanon War]], which saw Southern Lebanon invaded by Israel, followed by [[2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement|a ceasefire]]. On 7 August 2025, in a government meeting specifically addressing the [[disarmament of Hezbollah]], the majority of the government voted to approve the decision. The Lebanese Army was tasked to create a plan ensuring that only the state has control over weapons in Lebanon. The decision is based on a US plan to disarm Hezbollah. On 5 September, the Lebanese cabinet approved the [[Homeland Shield Plan]], the LAF's roadmap for the disarmament of all militias in Lebanon and specifically Hezbollah.<ref name="aljazeera20250905" /><ref name="apnews20250905" /> On 2 March 2026, Lebanese Prime Minister [[Nawaf Salam]] stated that the organisation's military actions rage outside of Lebanese law.<ref name="lorientlejour.com">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-02 |title=« Rébellion » et « pure folie » : au Liban, les responsables condamnent en bloc les tirs du Hezbollah sur Israël |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1496805/tirs-du-hezbollah-aoun-avertit-contre-lutilisation-du-liban-comme-plateforme-pour-des-guerres-de-soutien-.html |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=L'Orient-Le Jour |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="lbcgroup.tv">{{Cite web |title=PM Salam affirms no military action outside state authority in rebuke to Hezbollah |url=https://www.lbcgroup.tv/news/lebanon-news/909135/lbci-lebanon-articles/en |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=LBCIV7 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Hezbollah}}

In 1982, Hezbollah was conceived by Lebanese clerics and funded by [[Iran]] primarily to fight the [[1982 Lebanon War|Israeli invasion of Lebanon]].<ref name="bbc-hi-me2"/> The 1982 and the [[1978 South Lebanon conflict|1978 Israeli invasion]]s had created a humanitarian crisis in Lebanon; many villages in the south had been destroyed and large numbers of Shias had been displaced from their homes.{{sfn|Al-Aloosy|2020|p=176-177}} In addition, the Shia had long been underrepresented in Lebanese politics.{{sfn|Farida|2019|p=2}} Both these factors fostered resentment among the local Shia population, making them a fertile ground for recruitment.{{sfn|Al-Aloosy|2020|p=176-177}} Hezbollah was set up by local Shia committees, under the leadership of [[Ruhollah Khomeini]].{{sfn|Farida|2019|p=2}} Its forces were trained and organised by a contingent of 1,500 [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|Iranian Revolutionary Guards]] that arrived from Iran with permission from the [[Ba'athist Syria|Syrian government]], which [[Syrian occupation of Lebanon|occupied Lebanon's eastern highlands]], permitted their transit to a base in the [[Beqaa Valley]].<ref name="nybooks">{{cite journal |author=Adam Shatz |date=29 April 2004 |title=In Search of Hezbollah |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/17060 |journal=[[The New York Review of Books]] |volume=51 |issue=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822195222/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/17060 |archive-date=22 August 2006 |access-date=14 August 2006}}</ref>

Scholars differ as to when Hezbollah came to be a distinct entity. Various sources list the official formation of the group as early as 1982,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/ |title=Hezbollah (a.k.a., Hizbollah, Hizbu'llah)|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927093727/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/|archive-date=27 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/17/AR2006071700912.html|title=What Is Hezbollah?|first=Jefferson |last=Morley|date=17 July 2006|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Westcott |first=Kathryn |date=4 April 2002 |title=Who are Hezbollah? |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1908671.stm |access-date=23 September 2024 |work=BBC News}}</ref> whereas Diaz and Newman maintain that Hezbollah remained an amalgamation of various violent Shia extremists until as late as 1985.<ref>Diaz & Newman, 2005, p. 55</ref> Another version states that it was formed by supporters of Sheikh [[Ragheb Harb]], a leader of the southern Shia resistance killed by Israel in 1984.<ref>Helena Cobban, Boston Review [http://bostonreview.net/BR30.2/cobban.html Hizbullah's New Face] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712050456/http://bostonreview.net/BR30.2/cobban.html |date=12 July 2009 }} Accessed 14 August 2006</ref> Regardless of when the name came into official use, a number of Shia groups were slowly assimilated into the organisation, such as [[Islamic Jihad Organization|Islamic Jihad]], [[Organization of the Oppressed on Earth|Organisation of the Oppressed on Earth]] and the [[Revolutionary Justice Organization|Revolutionary Justice Organisation]].<ref name="US-Department-of-State-1999" /> These designations are considered to be synonymous with Hezbollah by the US,<ref name="US-Department-of-State-1999">{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rpt/fto/2801.htm |title=Background Information on Foreign Terrorist Organisations |publisher=U.S. Department of State |date=1 October 1999 |access-date=25 July 2006 }}</ref> Israel,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1990_1999/1996/4/HIZBULLAH+-+11-Apr-96.htm|publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Hizbullah|date=11 April 1996|access-date=25 July 2006}}</ref> and Canada.<ref name="Canada-Gazette-Part-II-2003">{{cite journal |url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/archives/p2/2003/2003-02-13-x/pdf/g2-137x1.pdf|journal=Canada Gazette Part II|title=SOR/2003-53: Criminal Code; Regulations Amending the Regulations Establishing a List of Entities|volume=137|issue=1 extra|page=1|date=12 February 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118214555/http://www.gazette.gc.ca/archives/p2/2003/2003-02-13-x/pdf/g2-137x1.pdf|archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref>

According to [[Robert Fisk]]<ref name="PitytheNation">{{cite book |last1=Fisk |first1=Robert |author-link1=Robert Fisk |title=Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280130-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrXpeELOUNsC}}</ref> and Israeli General Shimon Shapira,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shapira|first1=Shimon|date=2020-08-10|title=Inside the Struggle Between Israel and Hezbollah|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/israel-middle-east/articles/struggle-israel-hezbollah|access-date=2024-03-14|website=[[Tablet (magazine)|Tablet]]}}</ref> the date of 8 June 1982, two days after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, when 50 [[Shia Islam|Shiite]] militants ambushed an [[Israel Defense Forces|Israel Defence Forces]] armoured convoy in [[Khalde]] south of Beirut, is considered by Hezbollah as the founding myth of their [[Hezbollah armed strength|military wing]]. It was in this battle, delaying the Israeli advance to Beirut for six days, that the future Hezbollah military chief [[Mustafa Badreddine]] made his name as a serious commander.<ref>{{cite news |date=2016-05-20 |title=Hezbollah chief marking one week since Badreddine's killing: Mustafa was the first to fight Israeli military in Khalde battle |url=https://www.lbcgroup.tv/news/breaking-news/265367/hezbollah-chief-marking-one-week-since-badreddines/en |url-access=subscription |work=LBC International}}</ref> According to Shapira, the lightly armed Shia fighters managed to capture an Israeli armoured vehicle on that day and paraded it in the Revolutionary Guards' [[forward operating base]] in [[Baalbek]], Eastern Lebanon. Fisk writes:

<blockquote>Down at Khalde, a remarkable phenomenon had taken shape. The Shia militiamen were running on foot into the Israeli gunfire to launch grenades at the Israeli armour, actually moving to within 20 feet of the tanks to open fire at them. Some of the Shia fighters had torn off pieces of their shirts and wrapped them around their heads as bands of martyrdom as the [[IRGC|Iranian revolutionary guards]] had begun doing a year before when they staged their first mass attacks against the [[Iraqi Army|Iraqis]] in the [[Iran-Iraq War|Gulf War a thousand miles to the east]]. When they set fire to one Israeli armoured vehicle, the gunmen were emboldened to advance further. None of us, I think, realised the critical importance of the events of Khalde that night. The Lebanese Shia were learning the principles of martyrdom and putting them into practice. Never before had we seen these men wear headbands like this; we thought it was another militia affectation but it was not. It was the beginning of a legend which also contained a strong element of truth. The Shia were now the Lebanese resistance, nationalist no doubt but also inspired by their religion. The party of God – in Arabic, the Hezbollah – were on the beaches of Khalde that night.<ref name="PitytheNation"/></blockquote>

=== 1980s ===
{{Main|Lebanese civil war|South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)}}

Hezbollah emerged in [[South Lebanon]] during a consolidation of [[Shia Islam in Lebanon|Shia]] militias as a rival to the older [[Amal Movement]]. Hezbollah played a significant role in the Lebanese civil war, opposing [[Multinational Force in Lebanon|US forces in 1982–83]] and opposing Amal and [[Syria]] during the 1985–88 [[War of the Camps]]. However, Hezbollah's early primary focus was ending Israel's occupation of southern Lebanon<ref name="bbc-hi-me2"/> following Israel's 1982 invasion and siege of Beirut.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shlaim |first=Avi |date=2001 |title=The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World |publisher=[[W.W. Norton]] |isbn=978-0-393-32112-8 |chapter=The Lebanese Quagmire 1981–1984 |pages=384–423}}</ref> Amal, the main Lebanese Shia political group, initiated [[guerrilla warfare]]. In 2006, former Israeli prime minister [[Ehud Barak]] stated, "When we entered Lebanon ... there was no Hezbollah. We were accepted with perfumed rice and flowers by the Shia in the south. It was our presence there that created Hezbollah."<ref name=AN33>{{cite book|last=Norton|first=Augustus|title=Hezbollah: A Short History|year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-13124-5|page=33|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0MZOnnu8qcC&q=Hezbollah%20a%20short%20history&pg=PP1}}</ref>

Hezbollah waged an [[asymmetric war]] using [[Istishhad|suicide attacks]] against the [[Israel Defense Forces|Israel Defence Forces]] (IDF) and Israeli targets outside of Lebanon.<ref name="pape">{{cite book |last=Pape |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Pape |title=Dying to win: the strategic logic of suicide terrorism |location=New York |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4000-6317-8 |year=2005 |url=https://archive.org/details/dyingtowinstrate00pape }} Specifically: "Suicide Terrorist Campaigns, 1980–2003", Appendix 1. (p. 253 of Australian paperback edition, published by Scribe Publications)</ref> Hezbollah is reputed to have been among the first Islamic resistance groups in the Middle East to use the tactics of suicide bombing, assassination, and capturing foreign soldiers,<ref name="nybooks"/> as well as murders<ref name="HCR190" /> and hijackings.<ref name="Timeline: Lebanon">{{cite news|title=Lebanon profile|date=3 September 2013|access-date=5 September 2013|publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14649284}}</ref> Hezbollah also employed more conventional military tactics and weaponry, notably [[Katyusha rocket launcher|Katyusha rockets]] and other missiles.<ref name="HCR190">{{cite web |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c101:H.CON.RES.190: |publisher=[[The Library of Congress]] |date=4 August 1989 |access-date=8 August 2006 |title=Expressing the sense of the Congress over the reported murder of Lieutenant Colonel William Higgins and Hezbollah-sponsored terrorism. |author=H. CON. RES. 190, 1st session 101st congress |archive-date=4 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704232744/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c101:H.CON.RES.190: }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Harnden |first=Tony |title=Video games attract young to Hizbollah |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/02/21/whizb21.xml&sSheet=/news/2004/02/21/ixworld.html |access-date=20 October 2012 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=21 February 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721222037/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2004%2F02%2F21%2Fwhizb21.xml&sSheet=%2Fnews%2F2004%2F02%2F21%2Fixworld.html |archive-date=21 July 2006 |location=London }}</ref> At the end of the Lebanese Civil War in 1990, despite the [[Taif Agreement]] asking for the "disbanding of all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias", [[Syria]], which controlled Lebanon at that time, allowed Hezbollah to maintain their arsenal and control Shia areas along the border with Israel.<ref name="In the Party of God" />

=== After 1990 ===
In the 1990s, Hezbollah transformed from a revolutionary group into a political one, in a process which has been described as the "Lebanonisation" of Hezbollah. Unlike its uncompromising revolutionary stance in the 1980s, Hezbollah conveyed a lenient stance towards the Lebanese state.<ref name=magnus98>Ranstorp (1998)</ref>

In 1992, Hezbollah decided to participate in elections, and [[Ali Khamenei]], [[Supreme Leader of Iran|supreme leader of Iran]], endorsed it. Former Hezbollah secretary general, [[Subhi al-Tufayli]], contested this decision, which led to a schism in Hezbollah. Hezbollah won all twelve seats which were on its electoral list. At the end of that year, Hezbollah began to engage in dialogue with Lebanese Christians. Hezbollah regards cultural, political, and religious freedoms in Lebanon as sanctified, although it does not extend these values to groups who have relations with Israel.<ref>Alagha (2006), pp. 41–44</ref>

In 1997, Hezbollah formed the multi-confessional [[Lebanese Resistance Brigades|Lebanese Brigades to Fight the Israeli Occupation]] in an attempt to revive national and secular resistance against Israel, thereby marking the "Lebanonisation" of resistance.<ref>Alagha (2006), p. 47</ref>

=== Islamic Jihad Organisation (IJO) ===
Whether the [[Islamic Jihad Organisation]] (IJO) was a ''[[nom de guerre]]'' used by Hezbollah or a separate organisation, is disputed. According to certain sources, IJO was identified as merely a "telephone organisation",<ref>Marius Deeb, "Militant Islamic Movements in Lebanon: Origins, Social Basis, and Ideology", Occasional Paper Series (Washington, DC, Georgetown University, 1986) p. 19</ref><ref>al-Nahar, 7 September 1985</ref> and whose name was "used by those involved to disguise their true identity".<ref>''al-Nahar al-Arabi'', 10 June</ref><ref>''Ma'aretz'', 16 December 1983</ref><ref>''Le Point'', 30 July 1987</ref><ref>''al-Shira'', 28 August 1988</ref><ref>''Nouveau Magazine'', 23 July 1988</ref> Hezbollah reportedly also used another name, "Islamic Resistance" (''al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya''), for attacks against Israel.<ref name=magnus97>Ranstorp (1997)</ref>{{rp|67}}

A 2003 US court decision found IJO was the name used by Hezbollah for its attacks in Lebanon, parts of the Middle East, and Europe.<ref>see also {{cite web|title=Anne Dammarell et al. v. Islamic Republic of Iran|url=http://www.dcd.uscourts.gov/01-2224.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051231142249/http://www.dcd.uscourts.gov/01-2224.pdf|archive-date=31 December 2005|author=Bates, John D. (Presiding)|date=September 2003|location=District of Columbia, U.S.|publisher=The United States District Court for the District of Columbia |access-date=21 September 2006}}</ref> The US,<ref name="USDbackground2801" /> Israel,<ref name="mfaGOV960411" /> and Canada<ref name="Canada-Gazette-Part-II-2003"/> consider the names "Islamic Jihad Organisation", "Organisation of the Oppressed on Earth" and the "Revolutionary Justice Organisation" to be synonymous with Hezbollah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Will Lebanon succeed in disarming Hezbollah? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/10/will-lebanon-succeed-in-disarming-hezbollah |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

===Axis of Resistance===
The group receives substantial financial and military backing from [[Iran]], by [[Iranian smuggling to Lebanon|smuggling]] and other measures,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-24 |title=What is Hezbollah, the group battling Israel in Lebanon? |url=https://apnews.com/article/what-is-hezbollahisrael-lebanon-b4daa0a6084df27099cef45b59120034 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Hezbollah? Lebanon's militant group has long been one of Israel's biggest foes |website=ABC News |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/hezbollah-lebanese-militant-group/story?id=103864740 |access-date=2024-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=التايمز: إيران تفكر في تهريب الأسلحة إلى حزب الله عن طريق نقلها جواً إلى لبنان |url=https://www.elnashra.com/news/show/1703112/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B2-%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82 |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Elnashra News |language=ar}}</ref> positioning itself as the leading member of the "[[Axis of Resistance]]", an alliance in opposition to [[Israel]] and [[Westernization|Western influence]] in the Middle East.<ref name="Hubbard-2024">{{Cite news |last1=Hubbard |first1=Ben |last2=Rubin |first2=Alissa J. |date=30 September 2024 |title=Facing a Big Test, Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' Flails |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/30/world/middleeast/iran-axis-of-resistance.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref> In mid-September 2024, Israel [[2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks|detonated thousands of communication devices]] distributed to Hezbollah operatives, including pagers and walkie-talkies, which exploded simultaneously across Lebanon. The attacks exposed deep vulnerabilities in Hezbollah networks.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wood |first=Graeme |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2025/10/iran-axis-of-resistance-israel-us/683973/ |title=The Neighbor From Hell
|publisher=The Atlantic |date=2 September 2025 |access-date=27 October 2025 }}</ref> Following the outcome of the [[2024 Lebanon War]], the [[2024 Syrian opposition offensives]], the [[Fall of the Assad regime|downfall]] of the [[Ba'athist Syria|Assad regime]] and the weakening of the Axis of Resistance, Hezbollah has withdrawn the majority of its military infrastructure from southern Lebanon, transferring control to the Lebanese army.<ref name="middleeasteye20250412">{{Cite web |title=Hezbollah withdraws from majority of military sites in southern Lebanon |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/hezbollah-withdraws-majority-military-sites-southern-lebanon |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-02-25 |title=The Axis of Resistance Keeps Getting Smaller |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/02/iraq-leaving-irans-axis/681825/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Al-Atrush |first=Samer |date=2025-04-07 |title=Why Trump threats have cowed Tehran's axis of resistance in Iraq |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/middle-east/article/donald-trump-threats-iran-iraq-fw86893m9?region=global |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025 |title=Exclusive: Iran-backed militias in Iraq ready to disarm to avert Trump wrath |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-backed-militias-iraq-ready-disarm-avert-trump-wrath-2025-04-07/}}</ref> This move aligns with the November 2024 U.S.-brokered ceasefire agreement, which mandates Hezbollah's repositioning north of the Litani River and the deployment of approximately 5,000 Lebanese troops to the south. The withdrawal aims to reduce tensions along the Israel-Lebanon border and facilitate the return of displaced civilians. While Hezbollah has removed heavy weaponry, some fighters from southern villages remain with light arms. The situation remains delicate, with ongoing monitoring by international observers to ensure compliance with the ceasefire terms,<ref name="middleeasteye20250412" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024 |title=What does the US-brokered truce ending Israel-Hezbollah fighting include |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/what-does-us-brokered-truce-ending-israel-hezbollah-fighting-include-2024-11-27/}}</ref> although Israel has violated the ceasefire terms in near-daily basis.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israeli air strikes kill 12 in eastern Lebanon despite ceasefire |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/15/israeli-air-strikes-kill-12-in-eastern-lebanon-despite-ceasefire |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=Al Jazeera |agency=Aljazeera |date=15 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Disarmament ===
{{main|Disarmament of Hezbollah}}

As part of the ceasefire agreement that ended the 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, and with mounting pressure from the US, the Lebanese Armed Forces have undertaken efforts to disarm Hezbollah, including in its traditional strongholds in southern Lebanon, with the aid of Israeli intelligence.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Chamseddine |first1=Omar |last2=Chamseddine |first2=Adam |date=28 May 2025 |title=With Israeli Intel, Lebanon Is Dismantling Hezbollah in the South |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/lebanon-hezbollah-weapons-israeli-intelligence-e6d57492 |access-date= |website=[[Wall Street Journal]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Linn |first=Erez |date=2025-05-29 |title=Hezbollah falling apart: Surprising Israel-Lebanon collaboration revealed |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2025/05/29/hezbollah-falling-apart-surprising-israel-lebanon-collaboration-revealed/ |website=[[Israel Hayom]] |language=en-US}}</ref> In May 2025, the Lebanese government had announced that the army had largely achieved its aim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2025 |title=Lebanon says army disarmed 80 percent of Hezbollah in the south |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/lebanon-says-army-disarmed-80-percent-hezbollah-its-southern |access-date= |website=[[Middle East Eye]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2025 |title=Lebanon gov't achieved 80% of its Hezbollah disarmament objectives |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/547141.aspx |access-date= |website=[[Ahram Online]]}}</ref> On 5 August 2025, the [[Lebanese government]] declared that a plan would be scheduled for the disarmament of the militias after a six-hour cabinet meeting with president [[Joseph Aoun]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-05 |title=Lebanon tasks army with setting plan to restrict arms to state |url=https://arab.news/rb4d6 |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> According to the Lebanese government, Hezbollah has handed over control of several critical facilities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-29 |title=With Israel's help: This is how Lebanon changed the rules of the game against Hezbollah |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/skvxxtsmle |access-date= |work=[[Ynet News]] |language=en}}</ref> Information minister [[Paul Morcos]] stated that a deadline of the end of 2025 was set for disarmament.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-05 |title=Lebanon tasks army with securing a monopoly on arms in challenge to Hezbollah |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20250805-lebanon-tasks-army-with-securing-a-monopoly-on-arms-in-challenge-to-hezbollah |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref>

Hezbollah leader [[Naim Qassem]] condemned the disarmament proposal, stating: "The resistance is fine, strong and ready to fight for Lebanon's sovereignty and independence... Hezbollah made heavy sacrifices to defend Lebanon against the Israeli aggression." He warned that Hezbollah was prepared to renew attacks on Israel and said all of Lebanon would unite to counter Israel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-05 |title=Hezbollah chief Qassem says resistance to Israel key amid disarmament talks |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/5/hezbollah-supporters-protest-disarmament-ahead-of-lebanese-government-talks |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> On 22 August, Qassem threatened a [[civil war]] if the disarmament proposal went forward, which prime minister [[Nawaf Salam]] condemned as "completely unacceptable".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Knipp |first1=Kersten |title=Lebanon's Hezbollah rejects disarmament, warns of civil war |url=https://www.dw.com/en/lebanons-hezbollah-rejects-disarmament-warns-of-civil-war/a-73730563 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |access-date=5 September 2025 |date=22 August 2025}}</ref>

On 7 August, the cabinet of ministers approved the objective of the disarmament proposal, ensuring that arms in Lebanon are only possessed by the state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-07 |title=Lebanese cabinet approves 'objectives' of US plan to disarm Hezbollah |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/7/lebanese-cabinet-holds-more-talks-on-disarming-hezbollah-under-us-pressure |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Hezbollah and [[Amal Movement]]-affiliated ministers walked out of the cabinet meeting in protest,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sewell |first=Abby |date=2025-08-07 |title=Lebanese Shiite ministers walk out of a Cabinet meeting over plan to disarm Hezbollah |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2025-08-07/lebanese-shiite-ministers-walk-out-of-a-cabinet-meeting-over-plan-to-disarm-hezbollah |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> and thousands of Hezbollah supporters rallied against the approval in the southern suburbs of Beirut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-07 |title=Lebanese cabinet holds second meeting on Hezbollah disarmament |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20250807-lebanese-cabinet-holds-second-meeting-on-hezbollah-disarmament |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> On 5 September, the Lebanese army presented the disarmament plan to the government.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Salem |first1=Mostafa |title='Pivotal moment' for Lebanon as army presents plan to disarm Hezbollah amid growing US pressure |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/09/05/middleeast/lebanon-hezbollah-disarm-plan-intl |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=5 September 2025 |date=5 September 2025}}</ref> On 5 September 2025, General [[Rodolphe Haykal]] presented to the Lebanese cabinet the [[Homeland Shield Plan]], its roadmap for the disarmament of all militias in Lebanon, specifically Hezbollah.<ref name="aljazeera20250905">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-05 |title=Lebanon's cabinet welcomes army plan to disarm Hezbollah, gives no timeline |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/9/5/lebanons-cabinet-welcomes-army-plan-to-disarm-hezbollah-gives-no-timeline |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref name="apnews20250905">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-05 |title=Shiite ministers walk out as Lebanon's Cabinet debates army plan to disarm Hezbollah |url=https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-hezbollah-disarmament-cabinet-army-f7408f7e40f363fc5d951d235ac3cc0e |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2026 ===
{{Main|2026 Lebanon war}}

On 2 March 2026, Lebanese Prime Minister [[Nawaf Salam]] condemned Hezbollah's rocket and drone strikes from southern Lebanon, calling them irresponsible acts outside the authority of the Lebanese state that endanger national security. While he emphasised that all military action must fall under the government's control, he has not formally declared Hezbollah outlawed, focusing instead on preventing unauthorised armed operations.<ref name="lorientlejour.com"/><ref name="lbcgroup.tv"/>

== Ideology ==
{{Main|Ideology of Hezbollah}}

[[File:Ruhollah Khomeini by Jamaran 1.jpg|thumb|Ayatollah [[Ruhollah Khomeini]]]]
The ideology of Hezbollah has been summarised as [[Shia Islamist]] [[Political radicalism|radicalism]];<ref>Barak, Oren. "Hizballah". ''The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East''. Ed. [[Avraham Sela]]. New York: Continuum, 2002. p. 350.</ref><ref>Rosenthal, Donna. ''The Israelis: Ordinary People in an Extraordinary Land''. New York: Free Press, 2003. p. 15.</ref> Hezbollah follows the Islamic [[Shia]] theology developed by Iranian leader [[Ayatollah]] Ruhollah Khomeini.<ref name="nybooks" /> Hezbollah was largely formed with the aid of the Khomeini's followers in the early 1980s in order to spread [[Islamic revolution]]<ref name="Wright-2006">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/12/AR2006071201557.html|first=Robin|last=Wright|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|title=Options for U.S. Limited As Mideast Crises Spread|date=13 July 2006|page=A19}}</ref> and follows a distinct version of Islamic Shia ideology ([[Hokumat-e Islami : Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)|''Wilayat al-faqih'']] or Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists) developed by Khomeini, who was the leader of the "Islamic Revolution" in [[Iran]].<ref name="HG20Ak02">{{cite web |last=Jamail |first=Dahr |date=20 July 2006 |title=Hezbollah's transformation |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HG20Ak02.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720154531/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HG20Ak02.html |archive-date=20 July 2006 |access-date=23 October 2007 |work=Asia Times}}</ref><ref name="mfaGOV960411">{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1990_1999/1996/4/HIZBULLAH+-+11-Apr-96.htm|author=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs|title=Hizbullah|date=11 April 1996|access-date=17 August 2006}}</ref> Although Hezbollah originally aimed to transform Lebanon into an [[Islamic republic]], this goal has been abandoned in favour of a more inclusive approach.<ref name="bbc-hi-me2"/>

Early on, Hezbollah was influenced by ideas from prominent Sunni Islamists. Hezbollah's own rhetoric was Islamist in general, rather than Shia in particular.{{Sfn|Al-Aloosy|2020|p=78-79}} Hezbollah's position on the Sunni-Shia divide was that instead of dwelling on theological differences, Sunnis and Shias ought to cooperate with one another to oppose the Israeli occupation of Arab lands.{{Sfn|Al-Aloosy|2020|p=78-79}} To maintain a sense of Muslim unity, Hezbollah avoided direct criticism of Saudi Arabia; even during the [[2007 Lebanon conflict|2007 Lebanon's conflict with the Salafis]], Al-Manar TV's employees had instructions "not to talk badly about Saudi Arabia".{{Sfn|Al-Aloosy|2020|p=80}} This changed, however, after the beginning of the [[Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war]].{{Sfn|Al-Aloosy|2020|p=80}}

Hezbollah has been described as [[Social conservatism|socially conservative]].<ref name="social conservative">{{cite web |last1=el Houri |first1=W |title=The meaning of resistance: Hezbollah's media strategies and the articulation of a people |url=https://dare.uva.nl/document/2/103196 |publisher=[[University of Amsterdam]] |date=2012}}</ref> It is [[Homophobia|against homosexuality]] and [[LGBTQ rights by country or territory|LGBT rights]].<ref name="france24.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230729-hezbollah-chief-in-new-attack-on-same-sex-relations-1|title=Hezbollah chief in new attack on same-sex relations|website=[[France 24]]|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|date=29 July 2023}}</ref> In 2023, Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah called for gay people to be killed and said that the LGBT community was a "threat to society".<ref>{{cite news |title=Lebanon LGBTQ+ activists say attacks are distraction from country's problems |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/30/lebanon-lgbtq-activists-attacks-distraction-scapegoated |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=30 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anti-LGBT Rhetoric Undermines Rights in Lebanon |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/08/01/anti-lgbt-rhetoric-undermines-rights-lebanon |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=1 August 2023}}</ref> The organisation also encourages women to wear traditional [[Islamic veiling practices by country|Islamic veils]], especially the full-body [[chador]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hezbollah official: Hijab gives identity to Muslim women |url=https://en.abna24.com/news/1369888/Hezbollah-official-Hijab-gives-identity-to-Muslim-women |work=[[AhlulBayt News Agency]] |date=31 May 2023}}</ref>

Some scholars consider Hezbollah to have become a left-wing political movement;<ref name="daher">{{cite thesis  |year=2015 |first=Joseph |last=Daher |title=Hezbollah : A historical materialist analysis |publisher=SOAS University of London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J7180AEACAAJ |page=28 |doi=10.25501/SOAS.00023667}}</ref> including political scientists Anisseh van Engeland and Rachael Rudolph,<ref name="engeland">{{cite book |title=From Terrorism to Politics |year=2008 |first1=Anisseh |last1=van Engeland |first2=Rachael M. |last2=Rudolph |isbn=978-0-7546-4990-8 |publisher=Ashgate |page=36 |quote="The ideology of Hezbollah has changed: it has nowadays a left-wing political speech focused on social justice."}}</ref> [[Imad Salamey]], [[Amal Saad-Ghorayeb]], and [[As'ad AbuKhalil|As'ad Abu Khalil]].<ref name="daher"/> Salamey described Hezbollah as "a revolutionary proletarian party with an Islamic manifesto".<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Imad |last1=Salamey |author-link1=Imad Salamey |first2=Frederic |last2=Pearson |year=2007 |title=Hezbollah: A Proletarian Party with an Islamic Manifesto – A Sociopolitical Analysis of Islamist Populism in Lebanon and the Middle East |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=416–438 |doi=10.1080/09592310701674358 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref> Feminist [[Judith Butler]] controversially called Hezbollah part of the "global left" because they define themselves as anti-imperialist.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/adorno-prize-for-judith-butler-irks-jewish-groups/a-16225396 |title=The spirit of Adorno |date=9 November 2012 |first=Helen |last=Whittle |website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Judith Butler: 'Hamas and Hezbollah part of global Left' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/hamas-and-hezbollah-part-of-global-left-american-philosopher-judith-butlers-comment-resurfaces-on-social-media/articleshow/113943519.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 October 2024}}</ref> Communist writer [[Nahla Chahal]] wrote that Hezhollah "is a movement of the [[Liberation theology#Palestinian liberation theology|Theology of Liberation]]".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chahal |first=Nahla |year=2006 |title=Le déclin d'Israël |journal=Palestine solidarité |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310215252/https://www.palestine-solidarite.org/analyses.Nahla_Chahal.150906.htm |archive-date=10 March 2013 |url=https://www.palestine-solidarite.org/analyses.Nahla_Chahal.150906.htm |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

=== 1985 manifesto ===
On 16 February 1985, Sheik Ibrahim al-Amin issued Hezbollah's manifesto. The ideology presented in it was described as radical.{{By whom|date=January 2020}} Its first objective was to [[Anti-imperialism|fight against]] what Hezbollah described as [[American imperialism|US]] and [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank|Israeli imperialism]], including the [[Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon]] and other territories. The second objective was to gather all Muslims into an "[[ummah]]", under which Lebanon would further the aims of the [[1979 Revolution]] of Iran. It also declared it would protect all Lebanese communities, excluding those that collaborated with Israel, and support all national movements—both Muslim and non-Muslim—throughout the world.{{which|date=January 2020|reason=Which kinds of national movements?}} The manifesto by Hezbollah rejects the existence of the state of Israel, calling for its destruction.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014 |title=Three Phases of Resistance: How Hezbollah Pushed Israel Out of Lebanon |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2014/04/28/three-phases-of-resistance-how-hezbollah-pushed-israel-out-of-lebanon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1988 |title=The Hizballah Program – An Open Letter |url=https://www.lawandisrael.org/wp-content/uploads/Topics/Terrorism/Hezbollah/The-Hizballah-Program-An-Open-Letter.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021 |title=The Political Thought of Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah |url=https://www.openacessjournal.com/article-file/20230424301098705406iptvo.pdf}}</ref> <!--already above: The ideology has since evolved, and today Hezbollah is a political entity focused on social justice.<ref name="engeland"/>-->

Translated excerpts from Hezbollah's original 1985 manifesto read:

{{blockquote|We are the sons of the ''umma'' (Muslim community)&nbsp;...

...&nbsp;We are an ''ummah'' linked to the Muslims of the whole world by the solid doctrinal and religious connection of Islam, whose message God wanted to be fulfilled by the Seal of the [[Prophets of Islam|Prophets]], i.e., Prophet [[Muhammad]].&nbsp;... As for our culture, it is based on the Holy [[Quran]], the [[Sunnah|Sunna]] and the legal rulings of the ''[[faqih]]'' who is our source of imitation&nbsp;...<ref name="The Hizballah Program" />}}

=== 2009 manifesto ===
On 30 November 2009, secretary-general [[Hassan Nasrallah]] presented a new manifesto at Hezbollah's 7th political conference.<ref name="reuters20091130">{{Cite news |last=Ladki |first=Nadim |date=November 30, 2009 |title=Hezbollah cuts Islamist rhetoric in new manifesto |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/hezbollah-cuts-islamist-rhetoric-in-new-manifesto-idUSTRE5AT3VK/ |work=[[Reuters]] |agency=Reuters}}</ref> Besides its introduction, this 32-page document has three chapters on U.S. hegemonic strategies and the impact of [[globalization|globalisation]]; Hezbollah's approach to Lebanon; and Palestinian resistance to Israel.<ref name="Berti">Berti, Benedetta. "The "Rebirth" of Hizbollah: Analyzing the 2009 Manifesto." ''Strategic Assessment'' 12, no. 12 (2010): 91-100.</ref> While self-described as a "rebirth" document, the manifesto conveys the same basic approach to foreign policy as in the past, according to scholar [[Benedetta Berti]], though it is more "politically savvy" and appeals to non-Islamic movements. Still, the manifesto offers new support for Lebanese political institutions, through which it had been making inroads. Notably, it says that it opposes political "sectarianism", idealises a national unity government, and treats the Lebanese army less as an enemy and more as a subordinate military arm.<ref name="Berti" />

=== Attitudes, statements, and actions concerning Israel and Zionism ===
{{See also|Foreign relations of Hezbollah}}
From the inception of Hezbollah to the present,<ref name="The Hizballah Program">{{cite book |author=Itamar Rabinovich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVJR9UZnTVAC&pg=PA425 |title=Israel in the Middle East |publisher=UPNE |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-87451-962-4 |access-date=18 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="UN document">United Nations Document A/54/723 S/2000/55, citing Al Hayyat, 30 October 1999{{cite web|url=http://domino.un.org/unispal.NSF/fd807e46661e3689852570d00069e918/50862df07adbd884852569ad0054a527!OpenDocument |title=Letter dated January 25, 2000 from the Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General |access-date=17 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310192305/http://domino.un.org/unispal.NSF/fd807e46661e3689852570d00069e918/50862df07adbd884852569ad0054a527%21OpenDocument |archive-date=10 March 2007 }} . Retrieved 17 August 2006.</ref> [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|the elimination of the State of Israel]] has been one of Hezbollah's primary goals. Some translations of Hezbollah's 1985 Arabic-language manifesto state that "our struggle will end only when this entity [Israel] is obliterated".<ref name="The Hizballah Program" /> According to Hezbollah's Deputy-General, [[Naim Qassem]], the struggle against Israel is a core belief of Hezbollah and the central rationale of Hezbollah's existence.<ref>''The Shifts in Hizbullah's Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology, and Political Program''. Joseph Elie Alagha, Amsterdam University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-90-5356-910-8}}, p. 380.</ref>

Hezbollah says that its continued hostilities against Israel are justified as reciprocal to Israeli operations against Lebanon and as retaliation for what they claim is Israel's occupation of Lebanese territory.<ref>Joshua Mitnick. [https://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0822/p10s01-wome.html Behind the dispute over Shebaa Farms], ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', 22 August 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/elsewhere/journalist/story/0,,1771766,00.html|title=Flashpoint farmland|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=10 May 2006|access-date=8 September 2013|location=London|first=Brian|last=Whitaker}}</ref><ref>"Central to this issue is Hizballah's claim, which was also espoused by Lebanon's former pro-Syrian government, that the disputed Shebaa Farms are Lebanese rather than Syrian territories and are occupied by Israel. Therefore, Hizballah maintains that it is a legitimate resistance movement fighting for the liberation of Lebanese territory. Under this pretext, Hizballah, supported by some Lebanese parties, could argue that it is not a militia and thus it is outside the jurisdiction of Resolution 1559." Robert Rabil. [http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2395 Reinforcing Lebanon's Sovereignty], [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]], 8 November 2005.</ref> Israel withdrew from Lebanon in 2000, and their withdrawal was verified by the United Nations as being in accordance with resolution 425 of 19 March 1978; however, Lebanon considers the [[Shebaa farms]]—a {{convert|26|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|adj=on}} piece of land captured by Israel from Syria in the 1967 war and considered by the UN to be Syrian territory occupied by Israel—to be Lebanese territory.<ref name="SC/6878">{{cite web|date=18 June 2000 |publisher=United Nations Security Council |title=Security council endorses secretary-general's conclusion on Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon as of 16&nbsp;June |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2000/20000618.sc6878.doc.html |access-date=29 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5281178.stm|title=Israeli views on Shebaa Farms harden|date=25 August 2006|publisher=[[BBC News Online|BBC News]]}}</ref> Finally, Hezbollah considers Israel to be an illegitimate state. For these reasons, it justifies its actions as acts of defensive jihad.<ref name="Thisreen1999-1">Thisreen (Syrian newspaper) 21 June 1999, reprinted by MEMRI [http://memri.org/bin/opener.cgi?Page=archives&ID=SP3699 Secretary General of Hizbullah Discusses the New Israeli Government and Hizbullah's Struggle Against Israel]{{unreliable source?|date=November 2012}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930150748/http://memri.org/bin/opener.cgi?Page=archives&ID=SP3699 |date=30 September 2008 }}. Retrieved 30 July 2006.</ref>

{{Quote box|align=right|width=33.3%|If they go from Shebaa, we won't stop fighting them.&nbsp;... Our goal is to liberate the 1948 borders of Palestine,&nbsp;... The Jews who survive this war of liberation can [[go back to Poland|go back to Germany]] or wherever they came from. However, that the Jews who lived in Palestine before 1948 will be 'allowed to live as a minority and they will be cared for by the Muslim majority.'|— Hezbollah's spokesperson Hassan Ezzedin, about an Israeli withdrawal from Shebaa Farms<ref name="In the Party of God" />}}

=== Attitudes and actions concerning Jews and Judaism ===
{{Main|Ideology of Hezbollah#Attitudes, statements, and actions concerning Jews and Judaism}}

Hezbollah officials have said, on rare occasions, that it is only "anti-Zionist" and not anti-Semitic.<ref name=Gleis/> However, according to scholars, "these words do not hold up upon closer examination". Among other actions, Hezbollah actively engages in [[Holocaust denial]] and spreads anti-Semitic conspiracy theories.<ref name=Gleis /> [[Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah]], a prominent Lebanese Shia cleric and an influential ideological figure associated with Hezbollah, made a number of statements expressing hostility toward Jews as a group.<ref>Machlis, Elisheva. 2025. “Between God and the Party: Fadlallah and the Antithetical Notion of Hezbollah.” ''Middle Eastern Studies'' 61 (6): 891–909. doi:10.1080/00263206.2025.2486175.</ref>

Various antisemitic statements have been attributed to Hezbollah officials.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/leaders/2006/08/17/nasrallah-wins-the-war "Lebanon and Israel: Nasrallah wins the war"]. ''The Economist''. 17 August 2006. 18 November 2011.</ref> [[Amal Saad-Ghorayeb]], a Lebanese political analyst, argues that although Zionism has influenced Hezbollah's [[anti-Judaism]], "it is not contingent upon it because Hezbollah's hatred of Jews is more religiously motivated than politically motivated".<ref name="Saad-Ghorayeb">[[Amal Saad-Ghorayeb|Saad-Ghorayeb, Amal]]. ''Hizbu'llah: Politics and Religion''. London: Pluto Press, 2002. pp. 168–186.</ref> [[Robert S. Wistrich]], a historian specialising in the study of anti-Semitism, described Hezbollah's ideology concerning Jews:

<blockquote>The anti-Semitism of Hezbollah leaders and spokesmen combines the image of seemingly invincible Jewish power&nbsp;... and cunning with the contempt normally reserved for weak and cowardly enemies. Like the [[Hamas]] propaganda for holy war, that of Hezbollah has relied on the endless vilification of Jews as 'enemies of mankind,' 'conspiratorial, obstinate, and conceited' adversaries full of 'satanic plans' to enslave the Arabs. It fuses traditional Islamic anti-Judaism with Western conspiracy myths, Third Worldist anti-Zionism, and Iranian Shiite contempt for Jews as 'ritually impure' and corrupt infidels. [[Sheikh Fadlallah]] typically insists&nbsp;... that Jews wish to undermine or obliterate Islam and Arab cultural identity in order to advance their economic and political domination.<ref>[[Robert S. Wistrich|Wistrich, Robert S.]] ''A Lethal Obsession: Anti-Semitism from Antiquity to the Global Jihad''. New York: Random House, 2010. pp. 766–767.</ref></blockquote>

Conflicting reports say [[Al-Manar]], the Hezbollah-owned and operated television station, accused either Israel or Jews of deliberately spreading HIV and other diseases to Arabs throughout the Middle East.<ref name="Block">{{Cite news |last=Block |first=Melissa |date=2006-08-16 |title='New Yorker' Writer Warns of Hezbollah's Radicalism |url=https://www.npr.org/2006/08/16/5658944/new-yorker-writer-warns-of-hezbollahs-radicalism |access-date=2026-04-06 |work=NPR |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sciolino |first=Elaine |date=2004-12-12 |title=French Court Delays Decision on Hezbollah-Run TV Channel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/12/world/europe/french-court-delays-decision-on-hezbollahrun-tv-channel.html |access-date=2026-04-06 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Carvajal |first=Doreen |date=2004-12-14 |title=French Court Orders a Ban on Hezbollah-Run TV Channel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/14/world/europe/french-court-orders-a-ban-on-hezbollahrun-tv-channel.html |access-date=2026-04-06 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Al-Manar was criticised in the West for airing "anti-Semitic propaganda" in the form of a television drama depicting a [[Jewish world domination|Jewish world domination conspiracy theory]].<ref>Sciolino, Elaine. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F02E7DE1031F93AA35751C1A9629C8B63 " A New French Headache: When Is Hate on TV Illegal?"] ''[[The New York Times]]''. 9 December 2004. 16 February 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.adl.org/special_reports/protocols/protocols_recycled.asp "Anti-Semitic Series Airs on Arab Television."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115091803/http://www.adl.org/special_reports/protocols/protocols_recycled.asp |date=15 January 2013 }} [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]]. 9 January 2004. 16 February 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.wiesenthal.com/site/apps/s/content.asp?c=lsKWLbPJLnF&b=4442915&ct=5851751 "Urge President Chirac to Block Hezbollah's Antisemitic and Hate TV from broadcasting into France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502035120/http://www.wiesenthal.com/site/apps/s/content.asp?c=lsKWLbPJLnF&b=4442915&ct=5851751 |date=2 May 2013 }}. [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]]. 21 May 2008.</ref> The group has been accused by US analysts of engaging in Holocaust denial.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-11-09 |title=Hezbollah Pressures School Into Dropping 'Anne Frank' |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/118631/hezbollah-pressures-school-into-dropping-anne-fran/ |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=The Forward |language=en}}</ref><ref>Satloff, Roger. [http://washingtoninstitute.org/templateC06.php?CID=987 "The Holocaust's Arab Heroes"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501010037/http://washingtoninstitute.org/templateC06.php?CID=987 |date=1 May 2020 }} The [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]]. 8 October 2006. 14 January 2009.</ref><ref>Stalinsky, Steven. [http://www.nysun.com/foreign/hezbollahs-nazi-tactics/36717/ "Hezbollah's Nazi Tactics."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024529/http://www.nysun.com/foreign/hezbollahs-nazi-tactics/36717/ |date=10 October 2017 }} ''[[The New York Sun]]''. 26 July 2006. 14 January 2009.</ref> In addition, during its 2006 war, it apologised only for killing Israel's Arabs (i.e., non-Jews).<ref name=Gleis />

In November 2009, according to the [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]], Hezbollah pressured a private English-language school in western Beirut "which asked not to be identified", to eliminate from its [[curriculum]] excerpts from ''[[The Diary of Anne Frank]]'', a book of the writings from the diary kept by the Jewish child [[Anne Frank]] whilst she was in hiding with her family during the [[Nazi occupation of the Netherlands]].<ref>[https://jta.org/news/article/2009/11/09/1009038/hezbollah-heavies-school-into-pulling-anne-frank "Hezbollah presses school into pulling Anne Frank"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091112154443/http://jta.org/news/article/2009/11/09/1009038/hezbollah-heavies-school-into-pulling-anne-frank |date=12 November 2009 }}. [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]. 9 November 2009</ref> This was after Hezbollah's member of Lebanese parliament [[Hussein Hajj Hassan]], interviewed on the organisation's Al-Manar television channel, criticised the school for "showing poor judgment in picking out its textbooks", and [[rhetorical question|asked]] how long Lebanon would "remain an open arena for the Zionist invasion of education".<ref>{{cite news |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|date=June 11, 2009|title=Anne Frank diary offends Lebanon's Hezbollah|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3801302,00.html|work=[[Ynet]] |access-date=August 15, 2024}}</ref>

In ''[[The New Yorker]]'''s 22 July 2024 issue, [[Dexter Filkins]], in his report on the border fight between Israel and the organisation, quoted a commander of Hezbollah, who had been active in its operations outside Lebanon, stating that the war between the "Zionist state" and the "party of God" would be "very simply" resolved, "when [the Jews] leave on the same boat they came on".<ref name=boat>{{cite magazine |last=Filkins|first=Dexter |author-link=Dexter Filkins|date=July 22, 2024 |title=Will Hezbollah and Israel Go to War? |url-access=subscription|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2024/07/29/will-hezbollah-and-israel-go-to-war |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |access-date=August 15, 2024}}</ref>

== Organisation ==
[[File:HezbollahOrgChart.svg|thumb|Organisational chart of Hezbollah, by Ahmad Nizar Hamzeh]]
[[File:Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah 06.jpg|thumb|[[Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah]], the third Secretary General of Hezbollah]]

At the beginning, many Hezbollah leaders maintained that the movement was "not an organisation, for its members carry no cards and bear no specific responsibilities",<ref>''[[An-Nahar]]'', 10–16 June 1985; and ''[[La Revue du Liban]]'', 27 July–3 August 1985: quoted in Ranstorp (1997), p. 41</ref> and that the movement does not have "a clearly defined organisational structure".<ref name=magnus97/>{{rp|41}} Today, as Hezbollah scholar [[Magnus Ranstorp]] reports, Hezbollah does actually have a formal governing structure and, in keeping with the principle of [[Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists]] (''velayat-e faqih''), it "concentrate[s]&nbsp;... all authority and powers" on its religious leaders, whose decisions, then, "flow from the ''[[Ulema|ulama]]'' down the entire community".

<blockquote>The supreme decision-making bodies of the Hezbollah were divided between the Majlis al-Shura (Consultative Assembly) which was headed by 12 senior clerical members with responsibility for tactical decisions and supervision of overall Hizballah activity throughout Lebanon, and the Majlis al-Shura al-Karar (the Deciding Assembly), headed by Sheikh Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah and composed of eleven other clerics with responsibility for all strategic matters. Within the Majlis al-Shura, there existed seven specialised committees dealing with ideological, financial, military and political, judicial, informational and social affairs. In turn, the Majlis al-Shura and these seven committees were replicated in each of Hizballah's three main operational areas (the [[Beqaa Governorate|Beqaa]], [[Beirut]], and the South).<ref name=magnus97/>{{rp|45}}</blockquote>

Since the [[Supreme Leader of Iran]] is the ultimate clerical authority, Hezbollah's leaders have appealed to him "for guidance and directives in cases when Hezbollah's collective leadership [was] too divided over issues and fail[ed] to reach a consensus".<ref name=magnus97/>{{rp|45}} After the death of Iran's first Supreme Leader, Khomeini, Hezbollah's governing bodies developed a more "independent role" and appealed to Iran less often.<ref name=magnus97/>{{rp|45}} Since the [[Second Lebanon War]], however, [[Iran]] has restructured Hezbollah to limit the power of [[Hassan Nasrallah]], and invested a significant sum of money "rehabilitating" Hezbollah.<ref>Nahmias, Roee. {{usurped|1=[http://web.archive.org/web/20120112215157/http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3278280,00.html "Syria, Iran determined to protect Hizbullah"]}}. ''[[Ynetnews]]''. 19 July 2006. 31 July 2010.</ref>

Structurally, Hezbollah does not distinguish between its political/social activities within Lebanon and its military/''jihad'' activities against Israel. "Hezbollah has a single leadership", according to [[Naim Qassem]], Hezbollah's second in command. "All political, social and jihad work is tied to the decisions of this leadership&nbsp;... The same leadership that directs the parliamentary and government work also leads jihad actions in the struggle against Israel."<ref>Daragahi, Borzou. [http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-lebanon-hezbollah13-2009apr13,0,5664917.story "Lebanon's Hezbollah savors increasing legitimacy."] ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. 13 April 2009. 17 April 2009.</ref>

In 2010, Iran's parliamentary speaker [[Ali Larijani]] said, "Iran takes pride in Lebanon's Islamic resistance movement for its steadfast Islamic stance. Hezbollah nurtures the original ideas of Islamic Jihad." He also instead charged the West with having accused Iran with support of terrorism and said, "The real terrorists are those who provide the Zionist regime with military equipment to bomb the people."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/larijani-iran-proud-backing-hezbollah |title=Larijani: Iran proud of backing Hezbollah |publisher=Siasat |date=30 July 2010 |access-date=21 May 2011}}</ref>

=== Funding ===
{{Main|Funding of Hezbollah}}

{{See also|Hezbollah–Iran relations|Drug economy in Lebanon#Hezbollah's involvement in the drug industry}}
[[File:Seyyed Ali Khamenei and Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah by khamenei.ir 01(2005) 02.jpg|thumb|Nasrallah visiting Iranian [[Supreme leader of Iran|Supreme Leader]] [[Ali Khamenei]] in Tehran, August 2005]]

Funding of Hezbollah comes from the Iranian government, Lebanese business groups, private persons, businessmen, the Lebanese diaspora involved in African diamond exploration, other Islamic groups and countries, taxes paid by the Shia Lebanese, and crime.<ref name=Engeland33>{{cite book|last1=Engeland|first1=Dr Anisseh Van|last2=Rudolph|first2=Ms Rachael M|title=From Terrorism to Politics|date=2013|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-9870-4|pages=33–34}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Broekaer |first1=Clara |last2=Clarke |first2=Colin P. |date=2024-11-25 |title=How Hezbollah Diversified Its Funding |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/11/25/hezbollah-funding-crime-terror-nexus-trump/ |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> Hezbollah says that the main source of its income comes from its own investment portfolios and donations by Muslims.

Western sources maintain that Hezbollah receives most of its financial, training, weapons, explosives, political, diplomatic, and organisational aid from [[Iran]] and [[Syria]].<ref name="In the Party of God">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2002/10/14/021014fa_fact4?currentPage=4 |title=In the Party of God: Are terrorists in Lebanon preparing for a larger war? by Jeffrey Goldberg |magazine=The New Yorker |date=14 October 2002 |access-date=3 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="USDbackground2801" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hezbollah Finances: Funding the Party of God - The Washington Institute |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/hezbollah-finances-funding-party-god |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=www.washingtoninstitute.org |language=en}}</ref> Iran is said to have given $400 million between 1983 and 1989 through donations.{{Clarify|reason=Source and currency needed; which $?|date=April 2026}} Ostensibly on account of economic problems, Iran temporarily limited funds to humanitarian actions carried on by Hezbollah.<ref name=Engeland33 /> During the late 1980s, when there was [[Economy of Lebanon#Macro-economic trend|three-digit inflation in Lebanon]] due to the collapse of the [[Lebanese pound|Lira]], the British periodical [[Middle East International]] reported that Hezbollah was receiving $3–5 million{{Clarify|reason=Clarify which $ currency|date=April 2026}} per month from Iran.<ref>{{cite journal |date=19 December 1987 |title= Middle East International|journal=Middle East International|issue=315 |pages=6–7 |publisher= [[Christopher Mayhew|Lord Mayhew]]; [[Dennis Walters]]}}</ref> According to reports subsequently released, Hezbollah received $400&nbsp;million{{Clarify|reason=Clarify which $ currency|date=April 2026}} from Iran.<ref name="irinnews52494">{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/26242/LEBANON-The-many-hands-and-faces-of-Hezbollah|title=Lebanon: The many hands and faces of Hezbollah|author=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|work=IRINnews |date=29 March 2006|access-date=17 August 2006}}</ref><ref name="WPBestGuerrilla" /><ref name="Haaretz 746631">{{cite web |last2=Stern |first2=Yoav |last1=Harel |first1=Amos |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=746631 |title=Iranian official admits Tehran supplied missiles to Hezbollah |work=[[Haaretz]] |location=Israel |date=4 August 2006 |access-date=21 May 2011 |archive-date=22 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122070304/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=746631 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2009, when the United States [[GAO]] agency accused members of the [[Venezuelan government]] of "not cooperating fully in [[War on drugs|the war on drug trafficking]]" and claimed that "drug corruption had reached the ministerial level in Venezuela", [[Dorit Shavit]], then in charge of Latin America & Caribbean affairs at the [[Israeli foreign ministry]], stated in ''[[El Tiempo (Colombia)|El Tiempo]]'' that the presence of "cells of Hezbollah guerrillas" had increased in recent years in the [[Guajira Peninsula]] and on the [[island of Margarita]]. The foreign ministry of Venezuela rejected these allegations as "absurd".<ref name=hezven>{{cite news |last=Colitt |first=Raymond  |date=July 22, 2009 |title=Venezuela denies U.S. drug report, Hezbollah charges|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/venezuela-denies-us-drug-report-hezbollah-charges-idUSTRE56K6M1/ |work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=August 18, 2024}}</ref>

In 2011, Iran earmarked {{US$|7 million}} to Hezbollah's activities in Latin America.<ref name="nyd">{{cite web|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-12-22/news/30548795_1_iranian-revolutionary-guards-mexican-drug-nuclear-weapons-activities |title=Iran in our own backyard |work=Daily News |access-date=4 February 2015 |author=Soibel, Leah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108083630/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-12-22/news/30548795_1_iranian-revolutionary-guards-mexican-drug-nuclear-weapons-activities |archive-date=8 January 2012 }}</ref> Hezbollah has relied also on funding from the [[Shi'a Islam in Lebanon|Shi'ite]] Lebanese Diaspora in West Africa, the United States and, most importantly, the [[Triple Frontier]], or tri-border area, along the junction of Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil.<ref>Labaki, Boutros. [https://www.un.org/esa/population/meetings/EGM_Ittmig_Arab/Paper13_Labaki.pdf "The Role of Transnational Communmities in Fostering Development in Countries of Origin."] United Nations. 12 May 2006: 15–16. 31 July 2010.</ref> US law enforcement officials have identified an illegal multimillion-US dollar [[Operation Smokescreen|cigarette-smuggling fund raising operation]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A23384-2004Jun7.html|title=Cigarette Smuggling Linked to Terrorism|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=8 June 2004}}</ref> and a [[drug smuggling]] operation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hamas|first=Matthew|last=Levitt|publisher=[[Yale University]] Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-300-12258-9|url=https://archive.org/details/hamaspoliticscha00levi|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/hamaspoliticscha00levi/page/70 70]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Terrorism Financing and State Responses|first=Jeanne|last=Giraldo|publisher=[[Stanford University]] Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8047-5565-8|url=https://archive.org/details/terrorismfinanci00haro}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=US Treasury takes action against Hezbollah funders|url=https://www.jpost.com/International/US-Treasury-takes-new-action-against-Hezbollah-funders-310871|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=24 April 2013}}</ref> Nasrallah has repeatedly denied any links between the South American drug trade and Hezbollah, calling such accusations "propaganda" and attempts "to damage the image of Hezbollah".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2008/10/20081025165944942904.html|title=Nasrallah decries 'propaganda'|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=25 October 2008 |access-date=29 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/12/22/184043.html|title=Hezbollah denies drugs and money laundering claims|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=22 December 2011|access-date=29 September 2013}}</ref>

As of 2018, annual Iranian monetary support for Hezbollah was estimated at {{US$|700 million}} by US officials.<ref>[https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/the-americas/iran-pays-hezbollah-700-million-a-year-us-official-says-1.737347 Iran pays Hezbollah $700 million a year, US official says], The National, 5 June 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5515902,00.html Hezbollah paying the price of Iranian obstinance], YNET, 27 May 2019</ref>

== Social services ==
{{Main|Hezbollah social services}}

Hezbollah organises and maintains an extensive social development program and runs hospitals, news services, educational facilities, and encouragement of [[Nikah mut'ah]].<ref name="irinnews52494" /><ref>[https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/25/the_militarization_of_sex "The Militarization of Sex: The story of Hezbollah's halal hookups." by Hanin Ghaddar] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129115017/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/25/the_militarization_of_sex |date=29 November 2009}}, ''Foreign Policy'', 25 November 2009</ref> One of its established institutions, Jihad Al Binna's Reconstruction Campaign, is responsible for numerous economic and infrastructure development projects in Lebanon.<ref name="sachs">{{cite news|last=Sachs|first=Susan|title=Hezbollah Offers a Helping Hand in Southern Lebanon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/31/world/hezbollah-offers-a-helping-hand-in-southern-lebanon.html?pagewanted=all |newspaper=The New York Times|date=31 May 2000|access-date=20 October 2012}}</ref> Hezbollah controls the Martyr's Institute (Al-Shahid Social Association), which pays stipends to "families of fighters who die" in battle.<ref name="WPBestGuerrilla">{{cite news|author1=Edward Cody |author2=Molly Moore | date=14 August 2006 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/13/AR2006081300719.html?nav=rss_world|title=The Best Guerrilla Force in the World|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> An IRIN news report of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs noted:

<blockquote>Hezbollah not only has armed and political wings—it also boasts an extensive social development program. Hezbollah currently operates at least four hospitals, twelve clinics, twelve schools and two agricultural centres that provide farmers with technical assistance and training. It also has an environmental department and an extensive social assistance program. Medical care is also cheaper than in most of the country's private hospitals and free for Hezbollah members.<ref name="irinnews52494" /></blockquote>

According to CNN, "Hezbollah did everything that a government should do, from collecting the garbage to running hospitals and repairing schools."<ref name="cnn20060724-1">{{cite news|publisher=CNN|date=25 July 2006|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/07/24/schuster.hezbollah/index.html|title=Hezbollah's secret weapon|access-date=25 July 2006}}</ref> In July 2006, during the war with Israel, when there was no running water in Beirut, Hezbollah was arranging supplies around the city. Lebanese [[Shi'a Islam in Lebanon|Shiites]] "see Hezbollah as a political movement and a social service provider as much as it is a militia".<ref name="cnn20060724-1" /> Hezbollah also rewards its guerrilla members who have been wounded in battle by taking them to Hezbollah-run amusement parks.<ref>Avakian, Alexandra. ''Windows of the Soul''. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic. p. 186.</ref>

Hezbollah is, therefore, deeply embedded in the [[Lebanese society]].<ref name="nybooks"/>

== Political activities ==
{{Main|Hezbollah political activities}}

[[File:Lebanon Jul06.png|thumb|{{legend|#4daf4a|Hezbollah-controlled areas in July 2006 (most of [[Shi'a Islam in Lebanon|Lebanon's majority Shi'a areas]])}}]]
[[File:Dec 10 2006 anti-government rally Beirut.jpg|thumb|A December 2006 anti-government rally in Beirut]]
{{Politics of Lebanon}}

Hezbollah along with [[Amal Movement|Amal]] is one of two major political parties in Lebanon that represent [[Shi'a Islam|Shiite]] Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/dispatches/lebanon.syria/seelye2.html|title=Lebanon's religious mix|first=Kate|last=Seelye|work=[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline World]]|publisher=[[PBS]]|date=1 April 2005|access-date=28 July 2006}}</ref> Unlike Amal, whose support is predominantly in Lebanon's south, Hezbollah maintains broad-based support in all three areas of Lebanon with a majority Shia Muslim population: in the south, in Beirut and its surrounding area, and in the northern [[Beqaa Valley]] and [[Hermel]] region.<ref name=AN6>{{cite book|last=Norton|first=Augustus|title=Hezbollah: A Short History|year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-13124-5|page=6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0MZOnnu8qcC&q=Hezbollah%20a%20short%20history&pg=PP1}}</ref>

Hezbollah holds 14 of the 128 seats in the [[Parliament of Lebanon]] and is a member of the [[Resistance and Development Bloc]]. According to Daniel L. Byman, it is "the most powerful single political movement in Lebanon".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/lebanon/hezbollah-most-powerful-political-movement-lebanon/p16378?breadcrumb=%2F|title=Hezbollah: Most Powerful Political Movement in Lebanon|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|date=29 May 2008|access-date=5 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617010638/http://www.cfr.org/lebanon/hezbollah-most-powerful-political-movement-lebanon/p16378?breadcrumb=%2F|archive-date=17 June 2013}}</ref> Hezbollah, along with the Amal Movement, represents most of Lebanese [[Shi'a Islam in Lebanon|Shi'a]]. Unlike Amal, Hezbollah has not disarmed. Hezbollah participates in the Parliament of Lebanon.

===Political alliances===
Hezbollah has been one of the main parties of the [[March 8 Alliance]] since March 2005. Although Hezbollah had joined the new government in 2005, it remained staunchly opposed to the [[March 14 Alliance]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Gambill|first=Gary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716112837/http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0604/0604_1.htm|url=http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0604/0604_1.htm |title=The Counter-revolution of the Cedars |publisher=Mideastmonitor.org |archive-date=16 July 2011|access-date=20 October 2012}}</ref> On 1 December 2006, these groups began [[2006–2008 Lebanese political protests|a series of political protests]] and [[sit-in]]s in opposition to the government of Prime Minister [[Fouad Siniora]].<ref name="Ghattas">{{cite news |last=Ghattas |first=Kim |date=1 December 2006 |title=Political ferment in Lebanon |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6200804.stm |access-date=15 August 2008 |website=BBC News}}</ref>

In 2006, [[Michel Aoun]] and [[Hassan Nasrallah]] met in Mar Mikhayel Church, [[Chiyah]], and signed a memorandum of understanding between [[Free Patriotic Movement]] and Hezbollah organising their relation and discussing Hezbollah's disarmament with some conditions. The agreement also discussed the importance of having normal diplomatic relations with [[Syria]] and the request for information about the Lebanese political prisoners in Syria and the return of all political prisoners and diaspora in [[Israel]]. After this event, Aoun and his party became part of the March 8 Alliance.<ref name=Harris2012>{{cite book|author=William Harris|title=Lebanon: A History, 600–2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jY4ImTGnamUC&pg=PP2|access-date=7 April 2013|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-518111-1|page=274}}</ref>

On 7 May 2008, [[Lebanon]]'s [[2006–2008 Lebanese political protests|17-month-long political crisis]] spiralled out of control. [[2008 unrest in Lebanon|The fighting]] was sparked by a government move to shut down Hezbollah's telecommunication network and remove Beirut Airport's security chief over alleged ties to Hezbollah. Hezbollah leader [[Hassan Nasrallah]] said the government's decision to declare the group's military telecommunications network illegal was a "declaration of war" on the organisation, and demanded that the government revoke it.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lebanon tensions rise in clash with Hezbollah |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/981937.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512142003/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/981937.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 May 2008 |work=[[Haaretz]]|access-date=10 May 2008}}</ref>

Hezbollah-led opposition fighters seized control of several West Beirut neighbourhoods from [[Future Movement]] militiamen loyal to the backed government, in street battles that left 11 dead and 30 wounded. The opposition-seized areas were then handed over to the [[Lebanese Army]].<ref name="Haaretz1">{{cite web |last1=Stern |first1=Yoav |last2=Issacharoff |first2=Avi |date=10 May 2008 |title=Hezbollah fighters retreat from Beirut after 37 die in clashes |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/981696.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512082543/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/981696.html |archive-date=12 May 2008 |access-date=20 October 2012 |work=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> The army also pledged to resolve the dispute and has reversed the decisions of the government by letting Hezbollah preserve its telecoms network and re-instating the airport's security chief.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hezbollah to Withdraw Gunmen in Lebanon|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/11/world/middleeast/11lebanon.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=5 October 2008 |first1=Robert F. |last1=Worth |author1-link=Robert F. Worth |first2=Nada |last2=Bakri |author2-link=Nada Bakri |date=11 May 2008}}</ref>

At the end, rival Lebanese leaders reached consensus over [[Doha Agreement (2008)|Doha Agreement]] on 21 May 2008, to end the 18-month political feud that exploded into fighting and nearly drove the country to a new civil war.<ref name="france24">{{cite web|title=Lebanese leaders 'expect to elect a president' in 24 hours | work=FRANCE 24 |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20080521-lebanon-hezbollah-doha-election-presidential&navi=MONDE |publisher=[[France 24]] |access-date=31 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520122706/http://www.france24.com/en/20080521-lebanon-hezbollah-doha-election-presidential%26navi%3DMONDE |archive-date=20 May 2011  }}</ref> On the basis of this agreement, Hezbollah and its opposition allies were effectively granted veto power in Lebanon's parliament. At the end of the conflicts, [[Lebanese government of July 2008|National unity government]] was formed by [[Fouad Siniora]] on 11 July 2008, with Hezbollah controlling one ministerial and eleven of thirty cabinet places.<ref name="CFR">{{cite web |date=13 September 2008 |title=Hezbollah (a.k.a., Hizbollah, Hizbu'llah) |url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/hezbollah.html?breadcrumb=%2F |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913091527/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/hezbollah.html?breadcrumb=%2F |archive-date=13 September 2008 |access-date=15 September 2008 |website=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]}}</ref>

In [[2018 Lebanese general election]], Hezbollah general secretary [[Hassan Nasrallah]] presented the names of the 13 Hezbollah candidates.<ref name=hzb1>''Al-Monitor''. ''[https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/03/lebanon-elections-new-law-hezbollah-results-constituency-win.html Lebanon's new electoral law could spell trouble for traditional parties]''</ref> On 22 March 2018, Nasrallah issued a statement outlining the main priorities for the parliamentary bloc of the party, Loyalty to the Resistance, in the next parliament.<ref name=manary>Al-Manar. ''[https://english.almanar.com.lb/469141 Sayyed Nasrallah Announces Hezbollah Electoral Platform: Combating Corruption Priority]''</ref> He stated that rooting out corruption would be the foremost priority of the [[Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc]].<ref name=manary/> The electoral slogan of the party was 'We will construct and we will protect'.<ref name="olj19">''L'Orient Le Jour''. ''[https://www.lorientlejour.com/elections/article/1104962/les-slogans-electoraux-de-2018-un-gros-flop-.html Les slogans électoraux de 2018 : un gros flop ?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316023358/https://www.lorientlejour.com/elections/article/1104962/les-slogans-electoraux-de-2018-un-gros-flop-.html |date=16 March 2018 }}''</ref> Finally Hezbollah held 12 seats and its alliance won the election by gaining 70 out of 128 seats of [[Parliament of Lebanon]].<ref name="reuters.com">{{Cite news |last=Perry |first=Tom |date=22 May 2018 |title=Factbox: Hezbollah and allies gain sway in Lebanon parliament |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-election-parliament-factbox-idUSKCN1IN1OJ |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="aljazeera.com">{{Cite news |last=Ajroudi |first=Asma |title=Hezbollah and allies biggest winners in Lebanon polls |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/5/8/hezbollah-amal-and-allies-biggest-winners-in-lebanon-elections |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

In October 2024, leader of the Free Patriotic Movement, [[Gebran Bassil]], announced that the party was no longer in alliance with Hezbollah.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bassil Disavows Hezbollah, Blames it for Israeli Assault on Lebanon |url=https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/5073914-bassil-disavows-hezbollah-blames-it-israeli-assault-lebanon |work=english.aawsat.com |language=en}}</ref> In February 2025, Lebanese Prime Minister [[Nawaf Salam]] announced his government, which consists of 24 ministers; the Hezbollah controls two portfolios; the Public Health Ministry, headed by Rakan Nasredine, and the Labour Ministry, headed by Muhammad Haidar. The Hizbullah and Amal Bloc controls together six portfolios in the government.<ref>{{cite web |title=One Day After U.S. Draws 'Red Line' Over Hizbullah Participation In Lebanese Government, Triggering Threats Against It And Its Representative, Lebanon Announces New Government That Includes Hizbullah, And U.S. Gives In And Welcomes It |url=https://www.memri.org/reports/one-day-after-us-draws-red-line-over-hizbullah-participation-lebanese-government-triggering |website=MEMRI |language=en}}</ref>

According to a poll conducted by [[Information International, Inc.|Information International]] and published in May 2026 by Lebanese [[Al Jadeed|''Al-Jadeed'']], about 58% of respondents supported state monopoly on arms and the disarmament of non-state actors such as Hezbollah. While 88% of Shi’ites and 70% of Sunni respondents opposed Hezbollah’s disarmament, 89% of Orthodox Christians, 87% of Maronites, and 77% of Druze- agreed it should be disarmed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hijazi |first=Salah |date=2026-05-19 |title=Negotiations with Israel, normalization, arms monopoly: Polls reveal a fragmented Lebanon |url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1507369/negotiations-with-israel-normalization-arms-monopoly-polls-reveal-a-fragmented-lebanon.html |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=L'Orient Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Greyman-Kennard |first=Danielle |date=2026-05-20 |title=Majority of Lebanese civilians want Hezbollah disarmed, peace with Israel |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-896819 |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en}}</ref>

=== Media operations ===
Hezbollah operates a satellite television station, [[Al-Manar]] TV ("the Lighthouse"), and a radio station, [[al-Nour]] ("the Light").<ref name="CNN" /> Al-Manar broadcasts from Beirut, Lebanon.<ref name="CNN">{{cite news|year=2006|publisher=CNN|author1=Elise Labott |author2=Henry Schuster |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/03/23/hezbollah.tv/index.html|title=Lebanese media outlets' assets blocked}}</ref> Hezbollah launched the station in 1991<ref name="natrev812">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/jorisch200412220812.asp |title=Terrorist Television Hezbollah has a worldwide reach |magazine=[[National Review Online]] |date=22 December 2004 |access-date=31 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427115458/http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/jorisch200412220812.asp |archive-date=27 April 2007 }}</ref> with the help of Iranian funds.<ref name="meforum583">{{cite journal|url=http://www.meforum.org/article/583|title=Al-Manar: Hizbullah TV, 24/7|author=Avi Jorisch|journal=Middle East Quarterly|date=Winter 2004|access-date=3 September 2006}}</ref> Al-Manar, the self-proclaimed "Station of the Resistance", (''qanat al-muqawama'') is a key player in what Hezbollah calls its "[[psychological warfare]] against the [[Zionism|Zionist enemy]]"<ref name="meforum583" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.manartv.org/html/about.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030410115717/http://web.manartv.org/html/about.html|archive-date=10 April 2003|title=Al-Manar Television|access-date=27 March 2007}}</ref> and an integral part of Hezbollah's plan to spread its message to the entire [[Arab world]].<ref name="meforum583" />

Hezbollah's television station Al-Manar airs programming designed to inspire suicide attacks in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]], the [[West Bank]], and [[Iraq]].<ref name="In the Party of God" /><ref name="natrev812" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Jorisch|first=Avi|url=http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0304_l1.htm|title=Al-Manar and the War in Iraq|publisher=Middle East Intelligence Bulletin|date=April 2003|access-date=24 August 2006}}</ref> Al-Manar's transmission in France is prohibited due to its promotion of [[Holocaust denial]], a criminal offence in France.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4093579.stm|title=France pulls plug on Arab network|publisher=BBC News|date=14 December 2004|access-date=5 September 2013}}</ref> The United States lists Al-Manar television network as a terrorist organisation.<ref>[http://archive.adl.org/presrele/asint_13/4605_13.html#.VM-712TF9fw "ADL Welcomes U.S. Designating Hezbollah's Al-Manar TV Station a Terrorist Organization: Calls On U.S. To Take Further Actions"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811104707/http://archive.adl.org/presrele/asint_13/4605_13.html#.VM-712TF9fw |date=11 August 2017}} ''ADL''. 2 February 2015.</ref> Al-Manar was designated as a "[[Specially Designated Global Terrorist]] entity", and banned by the United States in December 2004.<ref name="js4134">{{cite web|date=23 March 2006|publisher=[[U.S. Department of the Treasury]]|url=http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/js4134.aspx|title=U.S. Designates Al-Manar as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist Entity}}</ref> It has also been banned by France, Spain, and Germany.<ref name="france_ban">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4093579.stm|title=France pulls plug on Arab network |publisher=BBC News|date=14 December 2004|access-date=9 August 2006}}</ref><ref name="comm_EC">Commission of the European Communities [http://www.wales.gov.uk/keypubassemeuropeancomm2/content/euleg-0602/6448-06-add-1.pdf Commission document SEC(2006) 160] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108185351/http://www.wales.gov.uk/keypubassemeuropeancomm2/content/euleg-0602/6448-06-add-1.pdf |date=8 January 2007 }}. Retrieved 31 July 2006.</ref>

Hezbollah is also associated with [[Al-Ahed (newspaper)|Al-Ahed]] ("the Covenant"), a weekly newspaper and online platform that publishes news reports, editorials, and ideological material aligned with the organisation's positions. It was established in 1984.<ref name="olfa">{{cite journal |author1=Olfa Lamloum |title=Hezbollah's Media: Political History in outline |journal=Global Media and Communication |year=2009 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=353–367 |doi=10.1177/1742766509348673|s2cid=143704235 }}</ref> It is the only media outlet which is openly affiliated with the organisation.<ref name="olfa" />

Additionally, Hezbollah operates cultural centres, such as the "Imam Khomeini Cultural Centres", and research institutions that organise lectures, seminars, and study circles focusing on Shiʿi theology, political ideology, and narratives of resistance. These institutions are used for both public outreach and internal cadre education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=موقع العهد الإخباري :مراكز الإمام الخميني الثقافية |url=https://alahednews.news/keyword/172/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=alahednews.news}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=البحثية |first=موقع الخدمات |title=موقع الخدمات البحثية :: الإنضمام الى حزب الله |url=http://rsgleb.org/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=rsgleb.org}}</ref>

Materials aimed at instilling principles of nationalism and Islam in children are an aspect of Hezbollah's media operations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3297896,00.html|title=Hizbullah presents: How to recruit children|author=Roee Nahmias|work=Ynetnews|date=31 August 2006|access-date=27 January 2011}}</ref> The Hezbollah Central Internet Bureau released two video games{{snd}}''[[Special Force (2003 video game)|Special Force]]'' in 2003 and a sequel, ''[[Special Force 2: Tale of the Truthful Pledge]]'', in 2007{{snd}}in which players are rewarded with points and weapons for killing Israeli soldiers.<ref>[http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/special_force_2.htm " Hezbollah Releases Anti-Israel War Game."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615115751/http://adl.org/main_Terrorism/special_force_2.htm |date=15 June 2010 }} [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]]. 17 August 2007. 10 July 2010.</ref> In 2012, Al-Manar aired a television special praising an 8-year-old boy who raised money for Hezbollah and said: "When I grow up, I will be a communist resistance warrior with Hezbollah, fighting the United States and Israel, I will tear them to pieces and drive them out of Lebanon, the Golan and Palestine, which I love very dearly."<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4301981,00.html "8 year-old boy donates money to Hezbollah"]. ''Ynetnews''. 6 November 2012.</ref>

== Secret services ==
Hezbollah's secret services have been called as "one of the best in the world",<ref name="Engeland33" /> and have even infiltrated the [[Israeli army]].<ref name="Engeland33" /> [[:Category:Lebanese intelligence agencies|Lebanese intelligence agencies]] and [[:Category:Iranian intelligence agencies|Iranian intelligence agencies]] often collaborate with Hezbollah's secret services.<ref name=Engeland33 />

In the summer of 1982, Hezbollah's Special Security Apparatus was created by Hussein al-Khalil, now a "top political adviser to Nasrallah";<ref>{{cite web|last1=Masters|first1=Jonathan|last2=Laub|first2=Zachary|title=Hezbollah (a.k.a., Hizbollah, Hizbu'llah)|url=http://www.cfr.org/lebanon/hezbollah-k-hizbollah-hizbullah/p9155|website=Council on Foreign Relations|access-date=5 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328084825/http://www.cfr.org/lebanon/hezbollah-k-hizbollah-hizbullah/p9155|archive-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> while Hezbollah's counterintelligence was initially managed by Iran's [[Quds Force]],<ref name="Wege2">{{cite journal|last1=Wege|first1=Carl Anthony|title=Anticipatory Intelligence and the Post-Syrian War Hezbollah Intelligence Apparatus|journal=International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence|date=Summer 2016|volume=29|issue=2|pages=236–259|doi=10.1080/08850607.2016.1121039|s2cid=155476605}}</ref>{{rp|238}} the organisation continued to grow during the 1990s. By 2008, scholar Carl Anthony Wege writes, "Hizballah had obtained complete dominance over Lebanon's official state counterintelligence apparatus, which now constituted a Hizballah asset for counterintelligence purposes."<ref name="Wege" />{{rp|775}} This close connection with Lebanese intelligence helped bolster Hezbollah's financial counterintelligence unit.<ref name="Wege">{{cite journal|last1=Wege|first1=Carl Anthony|title=Hizballah's Counterintelligence Apparatus|journal=International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence|year=2012|volume=25|issue=4|pages=771–785|doi=10.1080/08850607.2012.705185|s2cid=154283510}}</ref>{{rp|772, 775}}

According to Ahmad Hamzeh, Hezbollah's counterintelligence service is divided into ''Amn al-Muddad'', responsible for "external" or "encounter" security; and ''Amn al-Hizb'', which protects the organisation's integrity and its leaders. According to Wege, ''Amn al-Muddad'' "may have received specialised intelligence training in Iran and possibly North Korea".<ref name="Wege" />{{rp|773–774}} The organisation also includes a military security component, as well as an External Security Organisation (''al-Amn al-Khariji'' or [[Unit 910]]) that operates covertly outside Lebanon.<ref name="Wege2" />{{rp|238}}

Successful Hezbollah counterintelligence operations include thwarting the [[CIA]]'s attempted kidnapping of foreign operations chief Hassan Ezzeddine in 1994, the 1997 manipulation of a double agent that led to the [[Ansariya ambush]], and the 2000 kidnapping of alleged Mossad agent Elhanan Tannenbaum.<ref name="Wege" />{{rp|773}} In 2006, Hezbollah collaborated with the Lebanese government to detect Adeeb al-Alam, a former colonel, as an Israeli spy.<ref name="Wege" />{{rp|774}} Hezbollah recruited IDF Lieutenant Colonel Omar al-Heib, who was convicted in 2006 of conducting surveillance for Hezbollah.<ref name="Wege" />{{rp|776}} In 2009, Hezbollah apprehended Marwan Faqih, a garage owner who installed tracking devices in Hezbollah-owned vehicles.<ref name="Wege" />{{rp|774}}

Hezbollah's counterintelligence apparatus uses electronic surveillance and intercept technologies. By 2011, Hezbollah counterintelligence began to use software to analyse cellphone data and detect espionage. Suspicious callers were then subjected to conventional surveillance. In the mid-1990s, Hezbollah was able to "download unencrypted video feeds from Israeli drones",<ref name="Wege" />{{rp|777}} and Israeli [[SIGINT]] efforts intensified after the 2000 withdrawal from Lebanon. With possible help from Iran and the [[Russia]]n [[Federal Security Service|FSB]], Hezbollah augmented its electronic counterintelligence capabilities, and succeeded in 2008 in detecting Israeli bugs near [[Mount Sannine]] and in the organisation's fibre optic network.<ref name="Wege" />{{rp|774, 777–778}}

== Armed strength ==
{{Main|Hezbollah armed strength}}

[[File:2023 Hezbollah drill in Aaramta 03.jpg|thumb|Hezbollah fighters in southern Lebanon, May 2023]]
Hezbollah does not reveal its armed strength. The Dubai-based Gulf Research Centre estimated in 2006 that Hezbollah's armed wing comprises 1,000 full-time Hezbollah members, along with a further 6,000–10,000 volunteers.<ref name="Hezbollah force">{{cite news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607095136/http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-in-the-press/press-coverage-2006/july-2006/hezbollah-a-force-to-be-reckoned-with|url=http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-in-the-press/press-coverage-2006/july-2006/hezbollah-a-force-to-be-reckoned-with |title=Analysis: Hezbollah a force to be reckoned with|agency=Agence France-Presse |publisher=Iiss.org |date=18 July 2006 |archive-date=7 June 2008| access-date=20 October 2012}}</ref> According to the Iranian ''[[Fars News Agency]]'', Hezbollah has up to 65,000 fighters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=13911026001114|title=پیشنهاد عربستان برای تشکیل نیروی مقابله با حزبالله|date=15 January 2013|access-date=16 January 2013|archive-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118030547/http://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=13911026001114}}</ref> In October 2023, [[Al Jazeera Media Network|''Al Jazeera'']] cited Hezbollah expert Nicholas Blanford as estimating that Hezbollah has at least 60,000 fighters, including full-time and reservists, and that it had increased its stockpile of missiles from 14,000 in 2006 to about 150,000.<ref name="HarperCollins-2013">{{multiref2|{{cite book|chapter=Hezbollah|title=The Collins English Dictionary|chapter-url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/hezbollah|access-date=7 May 2013|year=2013|publisher=HarperCollins|location=Glasgow}}|{{cite book |chapter=Hezbollah |title=Webster's New World College Dictionary|chapter-url=https://www.yourdictionary.com/hezbollah|access-date=7 May 2013|year=2012|publisher=Wiley Publishing, Inc.|location=Cleveland}}}}</ref> It is often described as more militarily powerful than the Lebanese Army.<ref name="washpost2013">{{cite news |last=Morris |first=Loveday |date=12 June 2013 |title=For Lebanon's Sunnis, growing rage at Hezbollah over role in Syria |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/for-lebanons-sunnis-growing-rage-at-hezbollah/2013/06/12/9696297c-d299-11e2-8cbe-1bcbee06f8f8_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105065531/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-06-12/world/39922185_1_aleppo-war-soccer-stadium |archive-date=5 November 2013 |access-date=20 June 2013 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url-status=live |quote=...&nbsp;Hezbollah, which has a fighting force generally considered more powerful than the Lebanese army.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hezbollah Upsets The Balance in Lebanon|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/lebanon-syria-hezbollah/1682124.html|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|date=14 June 2013|access-date=24 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621233109/http://www.voanews.com/content/lebanon-syria-hezbollah/1682124.html|archive-date=21 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="NYT05202013">{{cite news |last=Barnard |first=Anne |date=20 May 2013 |title=Hezbollah's Role in Syria War Shakes the Lebanese |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/21/world/middleeast/syria-developments.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |access-date=20 June 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |quote=Hezbollah, stronger than the Lebanese Army, has the power to drag the country into war without a government decision, as in 2006, when it set off the war by capturing two Israeli soldiers}}</ref> Israeli commander [[Guy Tzur]] called Hezbollah "by far the greatest guerrilla group in the world".<ref>Richard Augustus Norton – Hizbollah. p. 140</ref>

In 2010, Hezbollah was believed to have 45,000 rockets.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goldberg|first=Jeffrey|date=September 2010|title=The Point of No Return|journal=The Atlantic|page=62}}</ref> IDF Chief of Staff [[Gadi Eisenkot]] said that Hezbollah possesses "tens of thousands" of long- and short-range rockets, drones, advanced computer encryption capabilities, as well as advanced defence capabilities like the [[SA-6]] anti-aircraft missile system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-chief-says-iranian-missile-overhyped-but-sent-a-message/|title=IDF chief says Iranian missiles overhyped, but sent a message|first=Judah Ari|last=Gross|work=The Times of Israel}}</ref>

Hezbollah possesses the [[Katyusha rocket launcher|Katyusha-122]] rocket, which has a range of {{convert|29|km|mi|abbr=on}} and carries a {{convert|15|kg|lb|abbr=on|adj=on}} warhead. Hezbollah possesses about 100 long-range missiles. They include the Iranian-made [[Fajr-3 (artillery rocket)|Fajr-3]] and [[Fajr-5]], the latter with a range of {{convert|75|km|mi|abbr=on}}, enabling it to strike the Israeli port of [[Haifa]], and the [[Zelzal-1]], with an estimated {{convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on}} range, which can reach [[Tel Aviv]]. Fajr-3 missiles have a range of {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} and a {{convert|45|kg|lb|abbr=on|adj=on}} warhead. Fajr-5 missiles, extend to {{convert|72|km|mi|abbr=on}}, also hold {{convert|45|kg|lb|abbr=on|adj=on}} warheads.<ref name="Hezbollah force" /> It was reported that Hezbollah is in possession of [[Scud]] missiles that were provided to them by Syria.<ref>{{cite web |last=Harel |first=Amos |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1162658.html |title=Syria is shipping Scud missiles to Hezbollah |work=Haaretz |location=Israel |date=13 April 2010 |access-date=27 January 2011 |archive-date=16 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416154521/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1162658.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Syria denied the reports.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1163279.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418024850/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1163279.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2010 |title=Syria: Israel's Scud accusation may be pretense for attack |work=Haaretz |location=Israel |date=25 October 2008 |access-date=27 January 2011}}</ref>

According to various reports, Hezbollah is armed with [[anti-tank guided missile]]s, namely, the Russian-made [[AT-3 Sagger]], [[AT-4 Spigot]], [[AT-5 Spandrel]], [[Metis-M|AT-13 Saxhorn-2 'Metis-M']], [[9M133 Kornet|АТ-14 Spriggan 'Kornet']], [[Iran]]ian-made [[RAAD (anti-tank guided missile)|Ra'ad]] (version of AT-3 Sagger), Towsan (version of AT-5 Spandrel), [[Toophan]] (version of [[BGM-71 TOW]]), and European-made [[MILAN]] missiles. These weapons have been used against IDF soldiers, causing many of the deaths during the [[2006 Lebanon War]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Harvey|first=Benjamin|title=Missiles Neutralizing Israeli Tanks|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/04/AR2006080401105.html|access-date=20 October 2012|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=5 August 2006|agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> US courts said that North Korea provided armaments to Hezbollah during the 2006 war.<ref>{{cite news |last=McElroy |first=Damien |date=29 July 2014 |title=North Korea denies reports of missile deal with Hamas |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/10998755/North-Korea-denies-reports-of-missile-deal-with-Hamas.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/10998755/North-Korea-denies-reports-of-missile-deal-with-Hamas.html |archive-date=11 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> A small number of Saeghe-2s, an Iranian-made version of the [[M47 Dragon]], were also used in the war.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jinsa.org/articles/articles.html/function/view/categoryid/158/documentid/3504/history/3,2360,655,158,3504 |title=Hezbollah, Already a Capable Military Force, Makes Full Use of Civilian Shields and Media Manipulation |first=Paul |last=Weitz |work=Journal of International Security Affairs |date=12 August 2006 |access-date=9 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107090241/http://www.jinsa.org/articles/articles.html/function/view/categoryid/158/documentid/3504/history/3%2C2360%2C655%2C158%2C3504 |archive-date=7 January 2008 }}</ref>

For air defence, Hezbollah has anti-aircraft weapons that include the [[ZU-23]] artillery and the man-portable, shoulder-fired [[Strela 2|SA-7]] and [[9K38 Igla|SA-18]] [[surface-to-air missile]] (SAM).<ref>{{cite web|date=April 2003|url=http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0304_l2.htm|title=Hezbollah Reportedly Acquires SA-18 SAMs|publisher=Middle East Intelligence Bulletin}}</ref> One of the most effective weapons deployed by Hezbollah has been the [[C-802]] [[anti-ship missile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Gardner |first=Frank |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5242566.stm |title=Hezbollah missile threat assessed |publisher=BBC News |date=3 August 2006 |access-date=27 January 2011}}</ref>

In April 2010, U.S. Secretary of Defence [[Robert Gates]] claimed that Hezbollah has far more missiles and rockets than the majority of countries, and said that Syria and Iran are providing weapons to the organisation. Israel also claims that Syria is providing the organisation with these weapons. Syria has denied supplying these weapons and views these claims as an Israeli excuse for an attack.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} Leaked cables from US diplomats suggest that the United States has been trying unsuccessfully to prevent Syria from "supplying arms to Hezbollah in Lebanon", and that Hezbollah has "amassed a huge stockpile (of arms) since its 2006 war with Israel"; the arms were described as "increasingly sophisticated".<ref name=twsDecZ16ad>{{cite news |author1=Scott Shane |author2=Andrew W. Lehren |title=Leaked Cables Offer Raw Look at U.S. Diplomacy |work=The New York Times |quote=...&nbsp;Cables describe the United States' failing struggle to prevent Syria from supplying arms to Hezbollah in Lebanon, which has amassed a huge stockpile since its 2006 war with Israel.&nbsp;... information that Syria was providing increasingly sophisticated weapons to the group. |date= 28 November 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/29/world/29cables.html?_r=2&pagewanted=2 |access-date=26 December 2010}}</ref> Gates added that Hezbollah is possibly armed with chemical or [[biological agent|biological weapons]], as well as {{convert|65|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} anti-ship missiles that could threaten U.S. ships.<ref>Charley Keyes, [https://edition.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/05/24/gates.speech/ "U.S. military needs flexibility due to poor predictions, Gates says"], CNN, 24 May 2011</ref>

{{as of|2017}}, the Israeli government believe Hezbollah had an arsenal of nearly 150,000 rockets stationed on its border with Lebanon.<ref>Danon, Danny.  [https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/04/israel-deserves-a-seat-on-the-security-council-214986/ "Israel Deserves a Seat on the Security Council."] ''Politico''. 5 April 2017. 6 April 2017.</ref> Some of these missiles are said to be capable of penetrating cities as far away as [[Eilat]].<ref name="Jpost">[https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=187022 Israeli US envoy: Hizbullah has 15,000 rockets on border]. ''The Jerusalem Post''. Retrieved 19 October 2010.</ref> The IDF has accused Hezbollah of storing these rockets beneath hospitals, schools, and civilian homes.<ref name="Jpost" /> Hezbollah has used drones against Israel, by penetrating air defence systems, in a report verified by Nasrallah, who added, "This is only part of our capabilities."<ref>{{cite news|title=IAF shoots down hostile drone from Lebanon off Haifa|url=https://www.jpost.com/Defense/IAF-shoots-down-drone-which-flew-south-from-Lebanon-311098|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=25 April 2013}}</ref>

Israeli military officials and analysts have drawn attention to the experience and weaponry Hezbollah would have gained from the involvement of thousands of its fighters in the Syrian Civil War. "This kind of experience cannot be bought", said [[Gabi Siboni]], director of the military and strategic affairs program at the Institute for National Security Studies at [[Tel Aviv University]]. "It is an additional factor that we will have to deal with. There is no replacement for experience, and it is not to be scoffed at."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kershner|first=Isabel|date=10 March 2014|title=Israel Watches Warily as Hezbollah Gains Battle Skills in Syria|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/11/world/middleeast/israel-watches-warily-as-hezbollah-gains-battle-skills-in-syria.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=27 August 2014|quote=[T]he only way for Mr. Assad, a longtime Hezbollah ally, to repay the group is by supplying it with sophisticated weapons.}}</ref>

In 2026 the Alma institute estimated that Hezbollah stores 25,000 rockets and is capable of launching several dozens a day. Additionally it estimated that Hezbollah has several hundreds of advanced missiles, a thousand [[one-way attack drone]]s, and its manpower includes 40,000 regular militants, out of which 5,000 operate under the [[Radwan Force]] and 3,000 are experienced with launching anti-tank missiles, and trained for invading Israel through land and sea.<ref>{{Cite web |last=אזולאי |first=יובל |date=2026-03-08 |title="מיוצרים הרבה יותר מיירטים מכמויות הטילים הבליסטיים שאיראן מסוגלת לייצר כעת" {{!}} כלכליסט |url=https://www.calcalist.co.il/local_news/article/bypg8gqyze |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=calcalist |language=he}}</ref>

Hezbollah used fiber optic drones in the [[2026 Lebanon war]] as part of the [[Hezbollah–Israel conflict (2023–present)|Hezbollah–Israel conflict]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2026 |title=Hezbollah adopts a new weapon: Fiber-optic drones, used widely in the war in Ukraine
|url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2026-04-30/hezbollah-adopts-new-weapon-fiber-optic-drones-used-widely-in-war-in-ukraine |access-date=3 May 2026 |agency=[[Associated Press]]|publisher=Los Angeles Times|language=en}}</ref>

== Military activities ==
{{Main|Hezbollah military activities}}

Hezbollah has a military branch known as the [[Jihad Council]],<ref>{{multiref2|{{cite book |last=Levitt |first=Matthew |author-link=Matthew Levitt |year=2013 |title=Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God |page=15 |publisher=Hurst Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTJeAQAAQBAJ&q=jihad+council+hezbollah&pg=PA14 |quote=... the Jihad Council coordinates 'resistance activity'. |isbn=978-1-84904-333-5|ref=none}}|{{cite news |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/May-15/256484-hezbollah-cutting-costs-as-iranian-aid-dries-up.ashx |title=Hezbollah cutting costs as Iranian aid dries up |first=Antoine |last=Ghattas Saab |work=The Daily Star |quote=...&nbsp;Hezbollah's military wing ... Known as the 'Jihad Council' |date=15 May 2014 |access-date=1 June 2014|ref=none}}
}}</ref> one component of which is ''Al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya'' ("The Islamic Resistance"), and is the possible sponsor of a number of lesser-known militant groups, some of which may be little more than fronts for Hezbollah itself, including the Organisation of the Oppressed, the Revolutionary Justice Organisation, the Organisation of Right Against Wrong, and Followers of the Prophet Muhammad.<ref name="USDbackground2801">{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rpt/fto/2801.htm|title=Background Information on Foreign Terrorist Organizations|author=US Department of State|date=8 October 1999|access-date=20 October 2012}}</ref> Some scholars have regarded Hezbollah as a [[resistance movement]].{{Sfn|Farida|2019|p=1-2}}{{Sfn|Daher|2019|p=8}}{{Sfn|Al-Aloosy|2020|p=43, 74}}

[[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559]] called for the disarmament of militia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=S/RES/1559%20(2004)&Lang=E&Area=UNDOC|title=Resolution 1559 (2004)|author=United Nations Security Council|date=2 September 2004|access-date=1 May 2007|quote=3. Calls for the disbanding and disarmament of all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias|author-link=United Nations Security Council}}</ref> with the [[Taif agreement]] at the end of the [[Lebanese civil war]]. Hezbollah denounced, and protested against, the resolution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/html/final/eng/eng_n/hez_e0905.htm|title=Hezbollah has no intention to disarm|publisher=[[Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center]] at the [[Center for Special Studies]] (C.S.S., Israel)|date=7 September 2005|access-date=1 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729110434/http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/article/19162|archive-date=29 July 2012}}</ref> The 2006 military conflict with Israel has increased the controversy. Failure to disarm remains a violation of the resolution and agreement as well as subsequent [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701]].<ref name="ADL">[http://www.adl.org/main_terrorism/hezbollah_overview.htm "Hezbollah: Hezbollah and the Recent Conflict"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504083721/http://www.adl.org/main_terrorism/hezbollah_overview.htm |date=4 May 2007 }} ''[[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]]''. 29 September 2006. 26 June 2007.</ref> Since then both Israel and Hezbollah have asserted that the organisation has gained in military strength.<ref name="met">{{cite news |last=Frykberg |first=Mel |date=29 August 2008 |title=Mideast Powers, Proxies and Paymasters Bluster and Rearm |url=http://injesus.com/message-archives/prophetic/prophecyupdate/prophecy-update-israel-reaches |access-date=31 May 2011 |work=[[Middle East Times]] |quote=And if there is one thing that ideologically and diametrically opposed Hezbollah and Israel agree on, it is Hezbollah's growing military strength.}}</ref>

A Lebanese public opinion poll taken in August 2006 shows that most of the [[Shi'a Islam in Lebanon|Shia]] did not believe that Hezbollah should disarm after the [[2006 Lebanon war]], while the majority of Sunni, Druze and Christians believed that they should.<ref name="Briefing">{{cite web|last=Gambill|first=Gary|url=http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0609/0609_6.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927030212/http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0609/0609_6.htm|title=Briefing: Lebanese Public Opinion|date=September–October 2006|publisher=Mideast Monitor|access-date=23 October 2012|archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> The Lebanese cabinet, under president [[Michel Suleiman]] and Prime Minister [[Fouad Siniora]], guidelines state that Hezbollah enjoys the right to "liberate occupied lands".<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1011868.html ''Haaretz''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817101117/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1011868.html |date=17 August 2008 }} 14 August 2008, "UN: We've cleared half the cluster bombs Israel dropped on Lebanon", by Shlomo Shamir</ref> In 2009, a Hezbollah commander, speaking on condition of anonymity, said, "[W]e have far more rockets and missiles [now] than we did in 2006."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1257455206498 |title=Hizbullah says it's getting ready for new war with Israel |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=8 November 2009 |access-date=21 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129054742/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1257455206498 |archive-date=29 January 2012  }}</ref>

=== Lebanese Resistance Brigades ===
{{Main|Lebanese Resistance Brigades}}

{{Infobox war faction
| name             = Lebanese Resistance Brigades<br />''Saraya al-Moukawama al-Lubnaniyya''
| native_name      = سرايا المقاومة اللبنانية
| native_name_lang = ar
| war              = [[South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)]] and [[Battle of Sidon (2013)]]
| image            = [[File:Saraya-moukawama-main.jpg|200px]]
| caption          = 
| active           = 1998–2000<br />2009–present
| ideology         = 
| leaders          = Mohammed Aknan ([[Beirut]])<br />
Mohammad Saleh ([[Sidon]]){{KIA}}
| clans            = 
| headquarters     = 
| area             = [[Southern Lebanon]], mainly [[Sidon]]
| size             = 
| partof           = Hezbollah
| predecessor      = 
| successor        = 
| allies           = [[March 8 Alliance]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Army coordinating with Resistance Brigades in Sidon|url=https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/nownews/army-coordinating-with-resistance-brigades-in-sidon|publisher=[[NOW Lebanon]]|date=24 June 2013|access-date=26 April 2014|archive-date=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019141902/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/nownews/army-coordinating-with-resistance-brigades-in-sidon}}</ref>
| opponents        = {{flag|Israel}}<br /> [[South Lebanon Army|SLA]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Al-Nusra Front (Variant).svg}} [[Al-Nusra Front]]<br />[[Fatah al-Islam]]<br />[[Jund al-Sham]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant.svg|40px}} [[Islamic State]]
| battles          = [[Battle of Sidon (2013)]]
}}

The Lebanese Resistance Brigades ({{langx|ar|سرايا المقاومة اللبنانية|Sarāyā l-Muqāwama al-Lubnāniyya}}), also known as the Lebanese Brigades to Resist the Israeli Occupation, were formed by Hezbollah in 1997 as a multi-faith (Christian, Druze, Sunni and Shia) volunteer force to combat the Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon. With the Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000, the organisation was disbanded.<ref>{{cite book |last=Blanford |first=Nicholas |date=2011 |title=Warriors of God: Inside Hezbollah's Thirty-Year Struggle Against Israel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJWGvIcmODoC&q=resistance+brigades+lebanon+2008&pg=PT582 |location=New York |publisher=[[Random House]] |page=582 |isbn=978-0-679-60516-4 |access-date=26 April 2014 }}</ref>

In 2009, the Resistance Brigades were reactivated, mainly comprising Sunni supporters from the southern city of [[Sidon]]. Its strength was reduced in late 2013 from 500 to 200–250 due to residents' complaints about some fighters of the group exacerbating tensions with the local community.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wariness of Resistance Brigades grows in Sidon|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2013/Nov-13/237718-wariness-of-resistance-brigades-grows-in-sidon.ashx|work=[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)|Daily Star]]|date=13 November 2013|access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref>

=== The beginning of its military activities: the South Lebanon conflict ===
{{Main|South Lebanon conflict (1982–2000)}}

Hezbollah has been involved in several cases of armed conflict with Israel: during the [[1982–2000 South Lebanon conflict]], Hezbollah waged a guerrilla campaign against Israeli forces occupying Southern Lebanon. In 1982, the [[Palestine Liberation Organisation]] (PLO) was based in Southern Lebanon and was firing Katyusha rockets into northern Israel from Lebanon. Israel invaded Lebanon to evict the PLO, and Hezbollah became an armed organisation to expel the Israelis.<ref name="In the Party of God" /> Hezbollah's strength was enhanced by the dispatching of one thousand to two thousand members of the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|Iranian Revolutionary Guards]] and the financial backing of Iran.<ref name="lebarmy6915">{{cite web|url=http://www.lebarmy.gov.lb/article.asp?ln=en&id=6915 |author=Nizar Abdel-Kader |work=Lebanese Army Magazine |title=Iraq and the Future of Gulf Security Cooperation: A Lebanese perspective |access-date=25 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060404030400/http://www.lebarmy.gov.lb/article.asp?ln=en&id=6915 |archive-date=4 April 2006 }}</ref><ref>Third World Quarterly, Vol 14, No 2, 1993, reprinted at Al Mashriq [http://almashriq.hiof.no/ddc/projects/pspa/hamzeh2.html Lebanon's Hizbullah: from Islamic revolution to parliamentary accommodation] Accessed 26 July 2006</ref><ref>Rex A. Hudson, [https://fas.org/irp/threat/frd.html "The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism: Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212213650/https://fas.org/irp/threat/frd.html |date=12 December 2017 }}, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress (September 1999). Retrieved 17 August 2006</ref>

Iranian clerics, most notably Fzlollah Mahallati supervised this activity.<ref>Nasr, Vali, ''The Shia Revival'', Norton, (2006), p. 115</ref> It became the main politico-military force among the Shia community in Lebanon and the main arm of what became known later as the Islamic Resistance in Lebanon. With the collapse of the [[South Lebanon Army|SLA]], and the rapid advance of Hezbollah forces, Israel withdrew on 24 May 2000 six weeks before the announced 7 July date."<ref name="Timeline: Lebanon" />

Hezbollah held a victory parade, and its popularity in Lebanon rose.<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news|publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/26/newsid_2496000/2496423.stm|title=2000: Hezbollah celebrates Israeli retreat|date=26 May 2000|access-date=25 July 2006}}</ref> Israel withdrew in accordance with 1978's [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 425]].<ref name="SC/6878" /> Hezbollah and many analysts considered this a victory for the movement, and since then its popularity has been boosted in Lebanon.<ref name="BBC News" />

=== Disputed attacks ===
Between 1982 and 1986, there were many attacks blamed on Hezbollah, although Hezbollah denied responsibility. Given that Hezbollah didn't officially exist at the time of many of these attacks (it officially came into existence in 1985<ref name="pbs20091024">{{Cite web |title=The Fog over the 1983 Beirut Attacks |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2009/10/the-1983-beirut-bombing-attack.html |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=FRONTLINE - Tehran Bureau |language=en}}</ref>) leads some scholars to be sceptical of implicating Hezbollah in these attacks.{{sfn|Daher|2019|pp=70-71}}<ref name="pbs20091024" /> The first of these attacks were the [[April 1983 U.S. Embassy bombing|April 1983 US Embassy bombing]]<ref name="Ini">{{Cite web |title=Timeline of Hezbollah Violence |url=https://www.camera.org/article/timeline-of-hezbollah-violence/ |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=CAMERA |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[1983 Beirut barracks bombing]],<ref name="cfr hezbollah">{{Cite web |title=Hezbollah (a.k.a. Hizbollah, Hizbu'llah) - Council on Foreign Relations |url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20100519041131/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/ |archive-date=2010-05-19 |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=www.cfr.org |language=en}}</ref> both attributed to Hezbollah by some Western intelligence agencies. Hezbollah denied responsibility for both the embassy bombing<ref>{{Cite book |last=Volo |first=James M. |title=A history of war resistance in America |date=2010 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-37624-5 |location=Santa Barbara (Calif.) |pages=47–48}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FRONTLINE/WORLD . Lebanon - Party of God . Bullets to Ballot Box: A History of Hezbollah . 1983-1991: Target America |url=https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/lebanon/tl03.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=PBS}}</ref> and the barracks bombing.<ref name="pbs20091024" />

In the [[Lebanon hostage crisis]], 105 people were kidnapped between 1982 and 1992.{{Sfn|Daher|2019|p=71}} A variety of organisations took responsibility for these kidnappings: Organisation of Islamic Jihād for the Liberation of Palestine, Organisation for Revolutionary Justice, the Fajr Organisation, the Khaybar Brigade, and the Organisation of the World's Oppressed.{{Sfn|Daher|2019|p=71}} Hezbollah denied kidnapping these individuals, but was blamed anyway.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Worley |first1=D. Robert |title=Aligning Ends, Ways, and Means |date=2011 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1105333323 |page=134| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8KBAwAAQBAJ&dq=lebanon+hostage+crisis+hezbollah+1982+1992&pg=PA134 |access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref> Recent research has shown that the kidnappers were of various political backgrounds, and were often motivated by [[Feud|familial feuds]] or were looking for [[Ransom|monetary ransom]].{{Sfn|Daher|2019|p=71}}{{Sfn|Norton|2018|p=61}}

Since 1990, terror acts and attempts of which Hezbollah has been blamed include the following bombings and attacks against civilians and diplomats:
* The [[1992 Israeli Embassy attack in Buenos Aires]], killing 29, in Argentina.<ref name="cfr hezbollah" /> Hezbollah operatives boasted of involvement.<ref name="Levitt 2013 102">{{cite book|last=Levitt|first=Matthew|title=Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2013|page=102|isbn=978-1-84904-333-5}}</ref>
* The [[1994 AMIA bombing]] of a Jewish cultural centre, killing 85, in Argentina.<ref name="cfr hezbollah" /> [[Ansar Allah (Lebanon)|Ansar Allah]], a Palestinian group closely associated with Hezbollah, claimed responsibility.<ref name="Levitt 2013 102" />
* The [[Alas Chiricanas Flight 901|1994 AC Flight 901 attack]], killing 21, in Panama.<ref>[http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/47/473.html Argentine trials may shed light on Panama mystery], [[Eric Jackson (journalist)|Eric Jackson]], Panama News Online, 17 October 2001.</ref> Ansar Allah claimed responsibility.<ref name="Levitt 2013 102" />
* The 1996 [[Khobar Towers bombing]], killing 19 US servicemen.<ref>{{cite news|last=Leonnig|first=Carol D.|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/22/AR2006122200455.html|title=Iran Held Liable In Khobar Attack|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=23 December 2006|access-date=26 September 2014}}</ref>
* In 2002, [[Singapore]] accused Hezbollah of recruiting Singaporeans in a failed 1990s plot to attack US and Israeli ships in the Singapore Straits.<ref name=fastfacts>{{cite news|title=Fast Facts: Hezbollah |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/fast-facts-hezbollah |access-date=20 October 2012 |publisher=Fox News |date=13 July 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024071340/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C203277%2C00.html |archive-date=24 October 2010 }}</ref>
* 15 January 2008, bombing of a US Embassy vehicle in Beirut.<ref name="Stratfor">[http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/lebanon_hezbollah_and_jan_15_bombing ''Lebanon: Hezbollah and the Jan 15 Bombing''] Stratfor, 15 January 2008</ref>
* In 2009, a [[2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt|Hezbollah plot in Egypt]] was uncovered, where Egyptian authorities arrested 49 men for planning attacks against [[Israel]]i and Egyptian targets in the [[Sinai Peninsula]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Politics/Apr/24/Egypts-Brotherhood-backs-Hizbullah-in-spat-with-Cairo.ashx |title=Egypt's Brotherhood backs Hizbullah in spat with Cairo|newspaper=The Daily Star|date=24 April 2009|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref>
* The [[2012 Burgas bus bombing]], killing 6, in Bulgaria. Hezbollah denied responsibility.<ref name="Hezbollahblamed">{{cite news|title=Hezbollah suspected in Bulgaria bus bombing|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/02/20132515350158754.html|access-date=6 February 2013|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=5 February 2013}}</ref>
* Training Shia insurgents against US troops during the [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Levitt|first=Matthew|title=Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2013|page=297|isbn=978-1-84904-333-5}}</ref>

=== During the Bosnian War ===
Hezbollah provided fighters to fight on the Bosnian Muslim side during the [[Bosnian War]], as part of the broader Iranian involvement. "The Bosnian Muslim government is a client of the Iranians", wrote [[Robert Baer]], a CIA agent stationed in Sarajevo during the war. "If it's a choice between the CIA and the Iranians, they'll take the Iranians any day." By the war's end, public opinion polls showed some 86% Bosnian Muslims had a positive opinion of Iran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/iran-balkans-history-and-forecast|title=Iran in the Balkans: A History and a Forecast|work=World Affairs Journal|access-date=27 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129064421/http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/iran-balkans-history-and-forecast|archive-date=29 November 2016|url-status=usurped}}</ref> In conjunction, Hezbollah initially sent 150 fighters to fight against the [[Army of Republika Srpska|Bosnian Serb Army]], the Bosnian Muslims' main opponent in the war.<ref name="Fisk">{{cite news |last=Fisk |first=Robert |date=7 September 2014 |title=After the atrocities committed against Muslims in Bosnia, it is no wonder today's jihadis have set out on the path to war in Syria |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/after-the-atrocities-committed-against-muslims-in-bosnia-it-is-no-wonder-today-s-jihadis-have-set-9717384.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717080303/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/after-the-atrocities-committed-against-muslims-in-bosnia-it-is-no-wonder-today-s-jihadis-have-set-9717384.html |archive-date=17 July 2018 |access-date=25 March 2016 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> All Shia foreign advisors and fighters withdrew from Bosnia at the end of conflict.

=== Conflict with Israel ===

{{Main|Iran–Israel proxy conflict}}

[[File:Hezbollah parade Lebanon.jpg|thumb|Hezbollah members and supporters parade following the end of the [[Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon]], May 2000]]

On 25 July 1993, following Hezbollah's killing of seven Israeli soldiers in southern Lebanon, Israel launched [[Operation Accountability]], known in Lebanon as the Seven Day War, during which the IDF carried out their heaviest artillery and air attacks on targets in southern Lebanon since 1982. The aim of the operation was to eradicate the threat posed by Hezbollah and to force the civilian population north to Beirut so as to put pressure on the Lebanese Government to restrain Hezbollah.<ref name="OA">{{cite web|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3284732,00.html |title=Operation Accountability – Increased Israeli casualties led to Operation Accountability in 1993 |work=ynet |publisher=Ynet.co.il |date=25 July 1993 |access-date=21 May 2011}}</ref> The fighting ended when an unwritten understanding was agreed to by the warring parties. Apparently, the 1993 understanding provided that Hezbollah combatants would not fire rockets at northern Israel, while Israel would not attack civilians or civilian targets in Lebanon.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC News |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engMDE150421996|title=Israel/Lebanon, Unlawful Killings During Operation 'Grapes of Wrath' |date=24 July 1996|access-date=24 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071020030018/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engMDE150421996 |archive-date = 20 October 2007}}</ref>

In April 1996, after continued Hezbollah rocket attacks on Israeli civilians,<ref name="MidEastWeb">{{cite web|url=http://www.mideastweb.org/megrapes.htm |title=The Grapes of Wrath Understanding |publisher=Mideastweb.org |access-date=27 January 2011}}</ref> the Israeli armed forces launched [[Operation Grapes of Wrath]], which was intended to wipe out Hezbollah's base in southern Lebanon. Over 100 Lebanese refugees were [[1996 shelling of Qana|killed by the shelling]] of a UN base at [[Qana]], in what the Israeli military said was a mistake.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/72493.stm|title=History of Israel's role in Lebanon |date=1 April 1998|access-date=24 October 2007}}</ref>

Following several days of negotiations, the two sides signed the [[Israeli-Lebanese Ceasefire Understanding|Grapes of Wrath Understandings]] on 26 April 1996. A cease-fire was agreed upon between Israel and Hezbollah, which would be effective on 27 April 1996.<ref name="cobbanBR30_2">[[Helena Cobban|Cobban, Helena]], {{cite web|url=http://bostonreview.net/BR30.2/cobban.html|title=Hizbullah's New Face|work=Boston Review|access-date=2 February 2007|date=April–May 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203070822/http://bostonreview.net/BR30.2/cobban.html|archive-date=3 February 2007}}</ref> Both sides agreed that civilians should not be targeted, which meant that Hezbollah would be allowed to continue its military activities against IDF forces inside Lebanon.<ref name="cobbanBR30_2" />

==== 2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid ====
{{Main|2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid}}

On 7 October 2000, three Israeli soldiers—Adi Avitan, Staff Sgt. Benyamin Avraham, and Staff Sgt. Omar Sawaidwere—were abducted by Hezbollah while patrolling the [[Blue Line (Lebanon)|border]] between the [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli-occupied]] [[Golan Heights]] and [[Lebanon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2001/2/Israelis%20Held%20by%20the%20Hizbullah%20-%20Oct%202000-Jan%202004 |title=Israelis Held by the Hizbullah – October 2000 – January 2004 |publisher=[[mfa.gov.il]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421053944/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2001/2/Israelis%20Held%20by%20the%20Hizbullah%20-%20Oct%202000-Jan%202004 |archive-date=21 April 2013 }}</ref> The soldiers were killed either during the attack or in its immediate aftermath.<ref name="CNN Prisoner Swap">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/01/29/prisoner.exchange/|title=Israel, Hezbollah swap prisoners|publisher=CNN |date=29 January 2004 |access-date=2 April 2010}}</ref> Israel Defence Minister [[Shaul Mofaz]] said that Hezbollah abducted the soldiers and then killed them.<ref>Stevn, Yoav and Eli Ashkenazi. [https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/758645.html "New film leaves parents in the dark on sons' fate during kidnap"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907101024/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/758645.html |date=7 September 2008 }}. ''[[Haaretz]]''. 6 September 2006. 28 February 2008.</ref> The bodies of the slain soldiers were exchanged for Lebanese prisoners in 2004.<ref name="CNN Prisoner Swap"/>

==== 2006 Lebanon War ====
{{Main|2006 Lebanon War}}

[[File:Hizbollah posters 2006.jpg|thumb|Hezbollah posters in the aftermath of the 2006 Lebanon War]]

The 2006 Lebanon War was a 34-day military conflict in Lebanon and northern Israel. The principal parties were Hezbollah [[paramilitary]] forces and the Israeli military. The conflict was precipitated by a cross-border raid during which Hezbollah kidnapped and killed Israeli soldiers. [[Zar'it-Shtula incident|The conflict began]] on 12 July 2006 when Hezbollah militants fired [[List of artillery#Rockets|rockets]] at Israeli border towns as a diversion for an [[anti-tank missile]] attack on two armoured [[Humvee]]s patrolling the Israeli side of the border fence, killing three, injuring two, and seizing two Israeli soldiers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/July_War06.asp |title=Timeline of the July War 2006 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=22 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210085022/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/July_War06.asp |archive-date=10 December 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/07/18/2307095.htm?site=news | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430073208/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/07/18/2307095.htm?site=news | url-status=dead | archive-date=30 April 2011 | title=Israel buries soldiers recovered in prisoner swap | publisher=ABC News | access-date=22 January 2015| date=17 July 2008 }}</ref>

Israel responded with [[airstrike]]s and [[artillery]] fire on targets in Lebanon that damaged Lebanese infrastructure, including Beirut's Rafic Hariri International Airport, which Israel said that Hezbollah used to import weapons and supplies,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/07/13/mideast/index.html|title= Israeli warplanes hit Beirut suburb|publisher=CNN|date=14 July 2006}}</ref> an air and naval [[blockade]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/23/AR2006082301671.html|title=Lebanese Premier Seeks U.S. Help in Lifting Blockade|date=24 August 2006|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | first=Edward| last=Cody| access-date=2 April 2010}}</ref> and a ground invasion of [[southern Lebanon]]. Hezbollah then launched more rockets into northern Israel and engaged the IDF in [[guerrilla warfare]] from hardened positions.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/israel/Story/0,,1842276,00.html| title=Computerised weaponry and high morale| first=Conal| last=Urquhart |date=11 August 2006|work=The Guardian |location=UK |access-date=8 October 2006 }}</ref>

The war continued until 14 August 2006. Hezbollah was responsible for thousands of [[Katyusha rocket launcher|Katyusha]] rocket attacks against Israeli civilian towns and cities in northern Israel,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aijac.org.au/resources/hezb_00-06.html|title=Hezbollah Attacks Since May 2000|author=Bard, Mitchell|publisher=[[AIJAC]]|date=24 July 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819122710/http://aijac.org.au/resources/hezb_00-06.html|archive-date=19 August 2006}}</ref> which Hezbollah said were in retaliation for Israel's killing of civilians and targeting Lebanese infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-widens-bombing-campaign-as-lebanese-militia-groups-retaliate-407859.html |title=Israel widens bombing campaign as Lebanese militia groups retaliate |work=The Independent |location=UK |date=14 July 2006 |access-date=27 January 2011 |first1=Donald |last1=MacIntyre |first2=Eric |last2=Silver |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125233429/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-widens-bombing-campaign-as-lebanese-militia-groups-retaliate-407859.html |archive-date=25 January 2014 }}</ref> The conflict is believed to have killed 1,191–1,300 Lebanese citizens including combatants<ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite news |title=Cloud of Syria's war hangs over Lebanese cleric's death |first=Robert |last=Fisk |author-link=Robert Fisk |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/cloud-of-syrias-war-hangs-over-lebanese-clerics-death-7771366.html |newspaper=The Independent |date=22 May 2012 |access-date=17 May 2013 |location=London |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402112123/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/cloud-of-syrias-war-hangs-over-lebanese-clerics-death-7771366.html }}</ref><ref>Reuters, 12 September 2006; Al-Hayat (London), 13 September 2006</ref><ref name="Lebanon 2006 pp. 3-6">"Country Report{{snd}}Lebanon", The Economist Intelligence Unit, no. 4 (2006), pp.&nbsp;3–6.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lebanon's pain grows by the hour as death toll hits 1,300 |first=Robert |last=Fisk |author-link=Robert Fisk |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-lebanons-pain-grows-by-the-hour-as-death-toll-hits-1300-412170.html |newspaper=The Independent |date=17 August 2006 |access-date=17 May 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref name="LUS">{{cite web |url=http://www.lebanonundersiege.gov.lb/english/F/Main/index.asp |title=Lebanon Under Siege |access-date=30 August 2008 |date=9 November 2006 |publisher=Presidency of the Council of Ministers – Higher Relief Council (Lebanon) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927025252/http://www.lebanonundersiege.gov.lb/english/F/Main/index.asp |archive-date=27 September 2006 }}</ref> and 165 Israelis including soldiers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Katz |first1=Yaakov |last2=Hendel |first2=Yoaz |title=Israel Vs. Iran: The Shadow War |date=2012 |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=9781597978866 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tOqm7DVyyoMC |page=17| access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref>

==== 2010 gas field claims ====
In 2010, Hezbollah claimed that the Dalit and [[Tamar gas field]], discovered by [[Noble Energy]] roughly {{convert|50|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} west of [[Haifa]] in Israeli exclusive economic zone, belong to Lebanon, and warned Israel against extracting gas from them. Senior officials from Hezbollah warned that they would not hesitate to use weapons to defend Lebanon's natural resources. Figures in the [[March 14 Forces]] stated in response that Hezbollah was presenting another excuse to hold on to its arms. Lebanese MP [[Antoine Zahra (legislator)|Antoine Zahra]] said that the issue is another item "in the endless list of excuses" meant to justify the continued existence of Hezbollah's arsenal.<ref>H. Varulkar, "[http://www.memri.org/report/en/print4441.htm Internal Conflict in Lebanon Over Control of Oil and Gas Resources]", MEMRI, Inquiry & Analysis Series Report No. 624 (12 July 2010). Retrieved 5 May 2013.</ref>

==== 2011 attack in Istanbul ====
In July 2011, Italian newspaper ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'' reported, based on US and Turkish sources,<ref name="consul" /> that Hezbollah was behind a bombing in Istanbul in May 2011 that wounded eight Turkish civilians. The report said that the attack was an assassination attempt on the Israeli consul to Turkey, Moshe Kimchi. Turkish intelligence sources denied the report and said, "Israel is in the habit of creating disinformation campaigns using different papers."<ref name="consul">
<blockquote>Quoting Washington sources, the paper said the attack was meant to avenge the death of Iranian nuclear scientist Masoud Ali Mohammadi who was killed last year.&nbsp;... Turkish intelligence first attributed the Istanbul attack&nbsp;... to the Kurdish resistance, but later concluded that Hezbollah, working on behalf of Iran, had organised it. According to the report, three Hezbollah operatives arrived in Istanbul from Beirut to assassinate Kimchi.</blockquote>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4096901,00.html "Report: Hezbollah tried to kill Israeli consul."] ''Ynetnews''. 18 July 2011.</ref>

==== 2012 planned attack in Cyprus ====
{{Main|2012 Cyprus terrorist plot}}

In July 2012, a Lebanese man was detained by Cyprus police on possible charges relating to terrorism laws for planning attacks against Israeli tourists. According to security officials, the man was planning attacks for Hezbollah in Cyprus and admitted this after questioning. The police were alerted about the man due to an urgent message from Israeli intelligence. The Lebanese man was in possession of photographs of Israeli targets and had information on Israeli airlines flying back and forth from Cyprus, and planned to blow up a plane or tour bus.<ref name=Haaretz5>{{cite news|last=Ravid|first=Barak|title=Man detained in Cyprus was planning attack on Israeli targets for Hezbollah|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/man-detained-in-cyprus-was-planning-attack-on-israeli-targets-for-hezbollah-1.451000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714165542/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/man-detained-in-cyprus-was-planning-attack-on-israeli-targets-for-hezbollah-1.451000|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 July 2012|access-date=15 July 2012|newspaper=Haaretz|date=14 July 2012}}</ref> Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] stated that Iran assisted the Lebanese man with planning the attacks.<ref name=Ynet7>{{cite news|title=PMO: Iran connected to Hezbollah activity in Cyprus|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4255300,00.html|access-date=15 July 2012|newspaper=Yedioth Ahronot|date=14 July 2012}}</ref>

==== 2012 Burgas attack ====
{{Main|2012 Burgas bus bombing}}

Following an investigation into the 2012 Burgas bus bombing terrorist attack against Israeli citizens in [[Bulgaria]], the Bulgarian government officially accused the Lebanese-militant movement Hezbollah of committing the attack.<ref name="reuters1">Tsvetelia Tsolova, "[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bulgaria-bombing-idUSBRE9140TZ20130205 Bulgaria blames Hezbollah in bomb attack on Israeli tourists]", {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015233342/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/05/us-bulgaria-bombing-idUSBRE9140TZ20130205 |date=15 October 2015 }} Reuters (5 February 2013). Retrieved 5 May 2013.</ref> Five Israeli citizens, the Bulgarian bus driver, and the bomber were killed. The bomb exploded as the Israeli tourists boarded a bus from the airport to their hotel.

[[Tsvetan Tsvetanov]], Bulgaria's interior minister, reported that the two suspects responsible were members of the militant wing of Hezbollah; he said the suspected terrorists entered Bulgaria on 28 June and remained until 18 July. Israel had already previously suspected Hezbollah for the attack. Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] called the report "further corroboration of what we have already known, that Hezbollah and its [[Iran]]ian patrons are orchestrating a worldwide campaign of terror that is spanning countries and continents".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldenberg |first1=Tia |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-unlikely-to-retaliate-after-bulgaria-report/|title=Israel unlikely to retaliate after Bulgaria report. Times of Israel. Jan 2013|work=The Times of Israel |date=6 February 2013 }}</ref> Netanyahu said that the attack in Bulgaria was just one of many that Hezbollah and Iran have planned and carried out, including attacks in Thailand, Kenya, Turkey, India, Azerbaijan, Cyprus and Georgia.<ref name="reuters1" />

[[John O. Brennan|John Brennan]], Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, has said that, "Bulgaria's investigation exposes Hezbollah for what it is—a terrorist group that is willing to recklessly attack innocent men, women and children, and that poses a real and growing threat not only to Europe, but to the rest of the world."<ref name="jpost1">{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=302198|title=Bulgaria: Hezbollah behind Burgas attack|date=5 February 2013 |access-date=6 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206075459/http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=302198|archive-date=6 February 2013}}</ref> The result of the Bulgarian investigation comes at a time when Israel has been petitioning the European Union to join the United States in designating Hezbollah as a terrorist organisation.<ref name="jpost1" />

==== 2015 Shebaa farms incident ====
{{Main|January 2015 Shebaa farms incident}}

In response to [[January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident|an attack against a military convoy]] comprising Hezbollah and Iranian officers on 18 January 2015 at Quneitra in south of Syria, Hezbollah launched an ambush on 28 January against an Israeli military convoy in the Israeli-occupied [[Shebaa Farms]] with [[anti-tank missile]]s against two Israeli vehicles patrolling the border,<ref>[http://www.newsweek.com/tel-aviv-diary-netanyahu-loses-his-security-edge-302676 "Tel Aviv Diary: Netanyahu Loses His Security Edge"], Marc Schulman, 28 Januari 2015, ''Newsweek''</ref> killing 2 and wounding 7 Israeli soldiers and officers, as confirmed by Israeli military.

==== 2023–present Israel–Hezbollah conflict ====

{{Main|Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)}}

On 8 October 2023, Hezbollah launched guided rockets and artillery shells at [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli-occupied]] positions in [[Shebaa Farms]] during the [[Gaza war]]. Israel retaliated with [[drone strike]]s and artillery fire on Hezbollah positions near the [[Golan Heights]]–Lebanon border. The attacks came after Hezbollah expressed support and praise for the [[Hamas]] attacks on Israel.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Goldenberg|first1=Tia|last2=Shurafa|first2=Wafaa|date=8 October 2023|title=Hezbollah and Israel exchange fire as Israeli soldiers battle Hamas on second day of surprise attack|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-ca7903976387cfc1e1011ce9ea805a71|access-date=8 October 2023|work=[[Associated Press News]]|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008051308/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-ca7903976387cfc1e1011ce9ea805a71|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=8 October 2023|title=Israel, Hezbollah exchange artillery, rocket fire|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-strikes-lebanon-after-hezbollah-hits-shebaa-farms-2023-10-08/|access-date=8 October 2023|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008065933/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-strikes-lebanon-after-hezbollah-hits-shebaa-farms-2023-10-08/|url-status=live}}</ref> The clashes were the largest escalation between the two countries since the [[2006 Lebanon War]].

In November 2024, a [[2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement|ceasefire deal]] was signed between Israel and Hezbollah to end 13 months of conflict. According to the agreement, Hezbollah was given 60 days to end its armed presence in southern Lebanon and Israeli forces were obliged to withdraw from the area over the same period.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lebanon ceasefire: What we know about Israel-Hezbollah deal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2d3gj9ewxo |work=www.bbc.com |date=27 November 2024}}</ref> In December 2024, [[Fall of the Assad regime|the fall of Assad's Baathist regime]] in Syria was another blow to its Lebanese ally, Hezbollah, which was already weakened because of Israeli military actions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rebeiz |first1=Mireille |title=Assad's fall in Syria will further weaken Hezbollah and curtails Tehran's 'Iranization' of region |url=https://theconversation.com/assads-fall-in-syria-will-further-weaken-hezbollah-and-curtails-tehrans-iranization-of-region-245606 |website=The Conversation |date=11 December 2024}}</ref>

On 31 March 2025, a significant development took place as the [[Lebanese Armed Forces|LAF]] and [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|UNIFIL]] forces entered a major Hezbollah weapons and storage camp in East Zawtar, near the Litani River—one of Hezbollah's largest and most strategic facilities in southern Lebanon. The move followed renewed tensions and Israeli threats to resume military operations, amid accusations of recent rocket fire toward [[Kiryat Shmona]]. Joint forces reportedly searched Hezbollah vehicles and found an empty missile launcher. It remains unclear whether Hezbollah consented to the operation. This action was seen as part of efforts to enforce UN Resolution 1701, which calls for disarming illegal groups south of the Litani and reinforcing the army's presence in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Massoud |date=2025-03-31 |title=خاص: الجيش و"اليونيفيل" يدخلان أضخم معسكر أسلحة وتخزين في زوطر الشرقية |url=https://janoubia.com/2025/03/31/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%B6%D8%AE%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B9/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=جنوبية |language=ar}}</ref>

On 1 March 2026, for the first time since the joint [[2026 Israeli–United States strikes on Iran|Israeli-US strikes against Iran]], Hezbollah launched missiles and drones targeting northern and central Israel, as retaliation for the killing of [[Ali Khamenei]]. This led Israel to a series of major airstrikes on Southern Beirut (Dahieh), Beqaa Valley and areas near Tyre, targeting Senior Hezbollah operatives.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Christou |first=William |date=2026-03-02 |title=Israel strikes Hezbollah in Lebanon after Iran-allied group launches missiles over the border |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/mar/02/israel-idf-strikes-hezbollah-beirut-lebanon-iran-war |access-date=2026-03-02 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest news, sport and opinion from the Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/international |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=www.theguardian.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel bombs Beirut as Hezbollah joins war to 'retaliate' for Khamenei's killing |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/middle-east/2026/03/02/israel-bombs-lebanon-as-hezbollah-joins-war-to-retaliate-khameneis-killing.html |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

==== Rearming of Hezbollah ====
Since the [[2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement]], Hezbollah is rearming itself. According to Israeli and Arab intelligence sources, the organisation is using the Beirut seaport and its old smuggling land routes form Syria, for bringing in long range missiles, antitank missiles, artillery and rockets. It is also reported that Hezbollah is manufacturing weapons. The efforts take place mainly in the suburbs of Beirut and the [[Beqaa Valley]].<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Summer Said |author2=Omar Abdel-Baqui |date=31 October 2025 |title=Hezbollah Is Rearming, Putting Cease-Fire at Risk |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hezbollah-is-rearming-putting-cease-fire-at-risk-c6d20e3c |access-date=2 November 2025 |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 2025 |title=Israel weighs escalation in Lebanon amid Hezbollah buildup claims |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/israel-weighs-escalation-lebanon-amid-hezbollah-buildup-claim|website=The New Arab}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 March 2026 |title= Iran conflict widens to Lebanon, Kuwait mistakenly downs US jets |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-strikes-lebanon-following-hezbollah-attacks-widening-iran-conflict-2026-03-02/|work=Reuters|last1=Hafezi|first1=Parisa|last2=Stewart|first2=Phil}}</ref>

=== Assassination of Rafic Hariri ===
{{Main|Assassination of Rafic Hariri}}

On 14 February 2005, former Lebanese Prime Minister [[Rafic Hariri]] was killed, along with 21 others, when his motorcade was struck by a roadside bomb in Beirut. He had been PM during 1992–1998 and 2000–2004. In 2009, the UN special tribunal investigating the murder of Hariri reportedly found evidence linking Hezbollah to the murder.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,626412,00.html|title=New Evidence Points to Hezbollah in Hariri Murder|first=Erich|last=Follath|work=Der Spiegel|date=23 May 2009}}</ref>

In August 2010, in response to notification that the UN tribunal would indict some Hezbollah members, [[Hassan Nasrallah]] said Israel was looking for a way to assassinate Hariri as early as 1993 in order to create political chaos that would force Syria to withdraw from Lebanon, and to perpetuate an anti-Syrian atmosphere [in Lebanon] in the wake of the assassination. He went on to say that in 1996 Hezbollah apprehended an agent working for Israel by the name of Ahmed Nasrallah—no relation to Hassan Nasrallah—who allegedly contacted Hariri's security detail and told them that he had solid proof that Hezbollah was planning to take his life. Hariri then contacted Hezbollah and advised them of the situation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/nasrallah-israel-used-secret-agent-to-turn-lebanon-gov-t-against-hezbollah-1.307008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811000848/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/nasrallah-israel-used-secret-agent-to-turn-lebanon-gov-t-against-hezbollah-1.307008|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2010|title=Nasrallah: Israel used secret agent to turn Lebanon gov't against Hezbollah|date=9 August 2010|work=Haaretz}}</ref> Saad Hariri responded that the UN should investigate these claims.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/lebanon-pm-un-must-probe-claims-of-israeli-complicity-in-hariri-murder-1.307587?localLinksEnabled=false|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026125908/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/lebanon-pm-un-must-probe-claims-of-israeli-complicity-in-hariri-murder-1.307587?localLinksEnabled=false|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 October 2012|title=Lebanon PM: UN must probe claims of Israeli complicity in Hariri murder|date=12 August 2010|work=Haaretz}}</ref>

On 30 June 2011, the [[Special Tribunal for Lebanon]], established to investigate the death of Hariri, issued [[arrest warrant]]s against four senior members of Hezbollah, including [[Mustafa Badreddine]].<ref name="BBC-30/6">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13972350|title=Hariri murder: UN tribunal issues arrest warrants|date=30 June 2011|publisher=BBC News|access-date=3 July 2011}}</ref> On 3 July, [[Hassan Nasrallah]] rejected the indictment and denounced the tribunal as a plot against the party, vowing that the named persons would not be arrested under any circumstances.<ref name="BBC-3/7">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14004096|title=Hezbollah leader Nasrallah rejects Hariri indictments|date=3 July 2011|publisher=BBC News|access-date=3 July 2011}}</ref>

On 18 August 2020, the Special Tribunal for Lebanon found [[Salim Ayyash]], a senior operative in Hezbollah, guilty in absentia of five charges including the intentional murder of Hariri with premeditation by using explosive materials.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-08-17 |title=Rafik Hariri tribunal: Guilty verdict over assassination of Lebanon ex-PM |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-53601710 |access-date=2025-05-20 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Involvement in the Syrian Civil War ===
{{further|Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon|Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian Civil War}}
{{see also|Syrian Hezbollah}}
Hezbollah was a long time ally of the [[Ba'athist Syria|Syrian Ba'athist regime]], led by the [[Al-Assad family]] until its [[Fall of the Assad regime|downfall in 2024]]. Hezbollah has helped the [[Council of Ministers (Syria)|Syrian government]] during the [[Syrian civil war]] in its fight against the [[Syrian opposition to Bashar al-Assad|Syrian opposition]], which Hezbollah has described as a Zionist plot to destroy its alliance with al-Assad against Israel.<ref name="barnard">{{cite news |last=Barnard |first=Anne |date=9 July 2013 |title=Car Bombing Injures Dozens in Hezbollah Section of Beirut |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/10/world/middleeast/syria.html |access-date=30 August 2013 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |quote=Hezbollah has portrayed the Syrian uprising as an Israeli-backed plot to destroy its alliance with Mr. Assad against Israel.}}</ref> [[Geneive Abdo]] opined that Hezbollah's support for al-Assad in the Syrian war has "transformed" it from a group with "support among the Sunni for defeating Israel in a battle in 2006" into a "strictly Shia paramilitary force".<ref name=abdo>{{cite news|last=Abdo|first=Geneive|title=Why Sunni-Shia conflict is worsening|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/07/opinion/abdo-shia-sunni-tension/index.html|work=June 7, 2013|publisher=CNN|access-date=12 September 2013|date=7 June 2013}}</ref> Hezbollah also fought against the [[Islamic State]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hezbollah leader vows to fight Islamic State group 'everywhere' |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20150525-hezbollah-fight-islamic-state-syria-nasrallah-lebanon |work=France24 |date=25 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hezbollah seizes much of Islamic State enclave on Syrian-Lebanese border: Nasrallah |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-hezbollah-idUSKCN1B42C2 |work=Reuters |date=24 August 2017}}</ref>

In August 2012, the United States sanctioned Hezbollah for its alleged role in the war.<ref>{{cite news|title=US adds Hezbollah to Syria sanctions list|url=http://www.aljazeera.com//news/middleeast/2012/08/2012810164625825716.html|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|date=10 August 2012}}</ref> General Secretary Nasrallah denied Hezbollah had been fighting on behalf of the Syrian government, stating in a 12 October 2012, speech that "right from the start the Syrian opposition has been telling the media that Hezbullah sent 3,000 fighters to Syria, which we have denied".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=article&cat=ArabWorld&article=6018|title=Drone flight over Israel: Nasrallah's latest surprise|date=10 January 2009}}</ref> However, according to the Lebanese ''Daily Star'' newspaper, Nasrallah said in the same speech that Hezbollah fighters helped the Syrian government "retain control of some 23 strategically located villages [in Syria] inhabited by Shiites of Lebanese citizenship". Nasrallah said that Hezbollah fighters have died in Syria doing their "jihadist duties".<ref>{{cite news|last=Hirst|first=David|title=Hezbollah uses its military power in a contradictory manner|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Opinion/Commentary/2012/Oct-23/192380-hezbollah-uses-its-military-power-in-a-contradictory-manner.ashx|newspaper=The Daily Star|location=Beirut|date=23 October 2012}}</ref>

In 2012, Hezbollah fighters crossed the border from Lebanon and took over eight villages in the [[First Battle of al-Qusayr|Al-Qusayr District]] of Syria.<ref name=alarabiya17feb13>{{Cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2013/02/17/266843.html|title=Hezbollah fighters, Syrian rebels killed in border fighting|publisher=Al Arabiya|date=17 February 2013|access-date=18 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218122629/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2013/02/17/266843.html|archive-date=18 February 2013}}</ref> On 16–17 February 2013, Syrian opposition groups claimed that Hezbollah, backed by the Syrian military, attacked three neighbouring Sunni villages controlled by the [[Free Syrian Army]] (FSA). An FSA spokesman said, "Hezbollah's invasion is the first of its kind in terms of organisation, planning and coordination with the Syrian regime's air force." Hezbollah said three Lebanese Shiites, "acting in self-defence", were killed in the clashes with the FSA.<ref name=alarabiya17feb13 /><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-21496735 "Hezbollah condemned for 'attack on Syrian villages{{'"}}]. BBC News, 18 February 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.</ref> Lebanese security sources said that the three were Hezbollah members.<ref name=baalbekfigures>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Politics/2013/Feb-25/207786-baalbek-figures-urge-hezbollah-to-stop-fighting-in-syria.ashx |title=Baalbek figures urge Hezbollah to stop fighting in Syria |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]] |date=25 February 2013 |access-date=26 February 2013}}</ref> In response, the FSA allegedly attacked two Hezbollah positions on 21 February; one in Syria and one in Lebanon. Five days later, it said it destroyed a convoy carrying Hezbollah fighters and Syrian officers to Lebanon, killing all the passengers.<ref>[http://www.timesofisrael.com/syrian-rebels-claim-successful-attack-on-hezbollah/ "Syrian rebels claim successful attack on Hezbollah"]. ''[[The Times of Israel]]'', 26 February 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.</ref>

In January 2013, a weapons convoy carrying [[SA-17]] anti-aircraft missiles to Hezbollah was [[January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike|destroyed]] allegedly by the [[Israeli Air Force]]. A nearby research centre for chemical weapons was also damaged. A similar [[May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes|attack]] on weapons destined for Hezbollah occurred in May of the same year.

The leaders of the [[March 14 alliance]] and other prominent Lebanese figures called on Hezbollah to end its involvement in Syria and said it is putting Lebanon at risk.<ref name=march14slam>[http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Politics/2013/Feb-19/207007-march-14-psp-slam-hezbollah-activities-in-syria.ashx "March 14, PSP slam Hezbollah activities in Syria"]. ''[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]]'', 19 February 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.</ref> [[Subhi al-Tufayli]], Hezbollah's former leader, said, "Hezbollah should not be defending the criminal regime that kills its own people and that has never fired a shot in defence of the Palestinians." He said, "those Hezbollah fighters who are killing children and terrorising people and destroying houses in Syria will go to hell."<ref>[http://www.yalibnan.com/2013/02/26/hezbollah-fighters-dying-in-syria-will-go-to-hell-tufaili/ "Hezbollah fighters dying in Syria will go to hell, Tufaili"]. [[Ya Libnan]], 26 February 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.</ref>

The Consultative Gathering, a group of Shia and Sunni leaders in [[Baalbek District|Baalbek]]-[[Hermel District|Hermel]], also called on Hezbollah not to "interfere" in Syria. They said, "Opening a front against the Syrian people and dragging Lebanon to war with the Syrian people is very dangerous and will have a negative impact on the relations between the two."<ref name=baalbekfigures /> [[Walid Jumblatt]], leader of the [[Progressive Socialist Party]], also called on Hezbollah to end its involvement,<ref name=march14slam /> and claimed that, "Hezbollah is fighting inside Syria with orders from Iran."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rival Lebanese groups fighting in Syria: Jumblatt |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Politics/2013/Feb-24/207737-rival-lebanese-groups-fighting-in-syria-jumblatt.ashx |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20231204073503/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Politics/2013/Feb-24/207737-rival-lebanese-groups-fighting-in-syria-jumblatt.ashx |archive-date=2023-12-04 |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=www.dailystar.com.lb}}</ref>

Egyptian President [[Mohamed Morsi]] condemned Hezbollah by saying, "We stand against Hezbollah in its aggression against the Syrian people. There is no space or place for Hezbollah in Syria."<ref>{{cite news |title=Morsi cuts Egypt's Syria ties, condemns Hezbollah |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4392653,00.html |work=[[Ynet News]] |date=15 June 2013 |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref> Support for Hezbollah among the Syrian public has weakened since the involvement of Hezbollah and Iran in propping up the [[Assad regime]] during the [[Syrian civil war|civil war]].<ref>Eshman, Rob.  [http://www.jewishjournal.com/rob_eshman/article/syrian_wake_up "Syrian wake-up"]. ''Jewish Journal''. 8 May 2013. 8 May 2013.</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2022}}

On 12 May 2013, Hezbollah with the Syrian army attempted to [[Second Battle of al-Qusayr|retake part of Al-Qusayr]].<ref name="Hezbollah in Q 2013">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/20/world/middleeast/syrian-army-moves-to-rebel-held-qusayr.html?pagewanted=all|title=Hezbollah Aids Syrian Military In a Key Battle |date=20 May 2013 |work=The New York Times |access-date=4 September 2013 |author1=Barnard, Anne |author-link=Anne Barnard |author2=Saad, Hwaida |author2-link=Hwaida Saad }}</ref> In Lebanon, there has been "a recent increase in the funerals of Hezbollah fighters" and "Syrian rebels have shelled Hezbollah-controlled areas".<ref name="Hezbollah in Q 2013" />

On 25 May 2013, Nasrallah announced that Hezbollah is fighting in the Syrian Civil War against [[Islamist|Islamic extremists]] and "pledged that his group will not allow Syrian militants to control areas that border Lebanon".<ref name="Hezbollah 2013">{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/hezbollah-chief-says-group-fighting-syria-162721809.html |title=Hezbollah chief says group is fighting in Syria |agency=Associated Press |date=25 May 2013 |access-date=25 May 2013 |author=Mroue, Bassej}}</ref> He confirmed that Hezbollah was fighting in the strategic Syrian town of Al-Qusayr on the same side as Assad's forces.<ref name="Hezbollah 2013" /> In the televised address, he said, "If Syria falls in the hands of the US, Israel and the [[takfiris]], the people of our region will go into a dark period."<ref name="Hezbollah 2013" />

=== Involvement in Iranian-led intervention in Iraq ===
Beginning in July 2014, Hezbollah sent an undisclosed number of technical advisers and intelligence analysts to Baghdad in support of the [[Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)|Iranian intervention in Iraq]]. Shortly thereafter, Hezbollah commander Ibrahim al-Hajj was reported killed in action near [[Mosul]].<ref name="vox1">{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/cards/things-about-isis-you-need-to-know/iran-intervenes-iraq |title=Iran is fighting on the Iraqi government's side |last1=Beauchamp |first1=Zack |date=23 September 2014 |website=vox.com |publisher=[[Vox Media|Vox]] |access-date=26 September 2014}}</ref>

===Latin America operations===
{{Main|Hezbollah in Latin America}}

Hezbollah operations in South America began in the late 20th century, centred around the Arab population which had moved there following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and the 1985 Lebanese Civil War.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gato |first1=Pablo |last2=Windrem |first2=Robert |date=9 May 2007 |title=Hezbollah builds a Western base |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna17874369 |work=Telemundo |publisher=NBC News |access-date=17 August 2018 }}</ref> One particular form of alleged activity is [[money laundering]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Talley |first=Ian |date=15 May 2018 |title=Hezbollah Said to Be Laundering Money in South American Tri-Border Region |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/hezbollah-said-to-be-laundering-money-in-south-american-tri-border-region-1526389849 |access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref> The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' said that the group was more active in the 1990s, especially during the 1992 Israeli embassy bombing in Argentina, though its relevance grew more unclear as time progressed.<ref name="Linthicum-2020">{{Cite web |last=Linthicum |first=Kate |date=2020-01-10 |title=Could Iran – and Hezbollah – strike in Latin America? |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-01-10/the-trump-administration-is-warning-that-hezbollah-could-strike-in-latin-america |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> [[Vox (website)|''Vox'']] writes that following the adoption of the [[Patriot Act]] in 2001, the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] (DEA) would promote the term of [[narcoterrorism]] and arrest individuals with no prior history of being involved in terrorism, suggesting scepticism towards the reports of large-scale collusion between alleged terrorist groups and cartels.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beauchamp |first=Zack |date=2016-02-01 |title=The DEA says it just busted a Hezbollah operation laundering money for drug cartels |url=https://www.vox.com/2016/2/1/10891370/hezbollah-cartel-dea |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref>

In 2002, Hezbollah was reported to be openly operating in [[Ciudad del Este]], Paraguay.<ref>{{cite magazine |last= Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |author-link=Jeffrey Goldberg |date=28 October 2002 |title=In the Party of God |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/10/28/in-the-party-of-god-2 |magazine=The New Yorker |access-date=17 August 2018 }}</ref> Beginning in 2008, the [[DEA]] began with [[Project Cassandra]] to work against reported Hezbollah activities in regards to Latin American drug trafficking.<ref>{{cite news |last=Meyer |first=Josh |year=2017 |title=The secret backstory of how Obama let Hezbollah off the hook |url=https://www.politico.com/interactives/2017/obama-hezbollah-drug-trafficking-investigation/ |work=Politico |access-date=17 August 2018 }}</ref> The investigation by the DEA reported that Hezbollah made about a billion US dollars a year and trafficked thousands of tons of cocaine into the United States.<ref>{{cite news |last=Valencia |first=Robert |date=18 December 2017 |title=Hezbollah Smuggled Tons of Cocaine into the U.S. During Obama Administration, Report Reveals |url=https://www.newsweek.com/hezbollah-cocaine-smuggle-united-states-obama-751928 |work=Newsweek |access-date=17 August 2018 }}</ref> Another destination for cocaine trafficking done by Hezbollah are nations within the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] (GCC).<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Hezbollah drug cartels in Latin America target GCC states |url=https://www.thebaghdadpost.com/en/Story/25880/Hezbollah-drug-cartels-in-Latin-America-target-GCC-states |work=The Baghdad Post |date=9 April 2018 |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818052235/https://www.thebaghdadpost.com/en/Story/25880/Hezbollah-drug-cartels-in-Latin-America-target-GCC-states }}</ref> In 2013, Hezbollah was accused of infiltrating South America and having ties with Latin American drug cartels.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/03/world/americas/iran-latin-america |title=Iran, Hezbollah mine Latin America for revenue, recruits, analysts say |publisher=CNN |date=4 June 2013 |access-date=4 June 2013}}</ref>

One area of operations is in the region of the [[Triple Frontier]], where Hezbollah has been alleged to be involved in the trafficking of cocaine; officials with the Lebanese embassy in Paraguay have worked to counter US allegations and extradition attempts.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ottolenghi |first=Emanuele |date=15 August 2018 |title=Lebanon Is Protecting Hezbollah's Cocaine Trade in Latin America |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/06/15/lebanon-is-protecting-hezbollahs-cocaine-and-cash-trade-in-latin-america/ |work=Foreign Policy |access-date=17 August 2018 }}</ref> In 2016, it was alleged that money gained from drug sales was used to purchase weapons in Syria.<ref>{{cite news |last=Brooks-Pollock |first=Tom |date=2 February 2016 |title=Worldwide drug trafficking ring 'links Hezbollah to Latin American cartels' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/worldwide-drug-trafficking-ring-links-hezbollah-to-latin-american-cartels-a6849141.html |work=Independent |location=United Kingdom |access-date=17 August 2018 }}</ref> In 2018, ''[[Infobae]]'' reported that Hezbollah was operating in [[Colombia]] under the name Organisation of External Security.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chaya |first=George |date=7 April 2018 |title=Interpol detecta actividades ilícitas de Hezbollah en Colombia |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2018/04/07/interpol-detecta-actividades-ilicitas-de-hezbollah-en-colombia/ |work=Infobae |language=es |access-date=17 August 2018 }}</ref> That same year, Argentine police arrested individuals alleged to be connected to Hezbollah's criminal activities within the nation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Diaz |first=Shlomi |date=25 July 2018 |title=Argentine authorities nab terror cell funneling money to Hezbollah |work=Miami Sun-Sentinel |url=http://www.sun-sentinel.com/florida-jewish-journal/fl-jj-argentine-terror-cell-money-hezbollah-20180725-story.html |department=Florida Jewish Journal |access-date=17 August 2018 }}</ref>

The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' noted in 2020 that at the time, Hezbollah served as a "bogeyman of sorts" and that "[p]undits and politicians in the U.S., particularly those on the [[far right]], have long issued periodic warnings that Hezbollah and other Islamic groups pose a serious threat in Latin America".<ref name="Linthicum-2020" /> Various allegations have been made that [[Cuba]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gantz |first=Menachem |date=2011-09-01 |title=Report: Hezbollah opens base in Cuba|work=[[Ynet]]|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4116628,00.html |access-date=2023-10-12}}</ref> [[Nicaragua]]<ref name="Rogers-2012">{{cite web |last=Rogers |first=Tim |date=10 September 2012 |title=What's Behind Nicaragua's Rumored Links to Hezbollah? |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/whats-behind-nicaraguas-rumored-links-hezbollah |website=[[Pulitzer Center]]}}</ref> and [[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Humire |first=Joseph M. |date=2020-10-07 |title=The Maduro-Hezbollah Nexus: How Iran-backed Networks Prop up the Venezuelan Regime |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/issue-brief/the-maduro-hezbollah-nexus-how-iran-backed-networks-prop-up-the-venezuelan-regime/ |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=[[Atlantic Council]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clarke |first=Colin P. |date=2019-02-09 |title=Hezbollah Is in Venezuela to Stay |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/02/09/hezbollah-is-in-venezuela-to-stay/ |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=[[Foreign Policy]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=P |first=Jeferson Guarin |date=2020-12-30 |title=FARC-Hezbollah: The success of Venezuela-Iran proxy groups and their convergence in the Americas |url=https://securityanddefence.pl/FARC-Hezbollah-The-success-of-Venezuela-Iran-proxy-groups-and-their-convergence-in,130934,0,2.html |journal=Security and Defence Quarterly|volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=117–134 |doi=10.35467/sdq/130934 |issn=2300-8741|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vianna de Azevedo |first=Christian |year=2018 |title=Venezuela's toxic relations with Iran and Hezbollah: an avenue of violence, crime, corruption and terrorism |url=https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/srhreports/violent-extremism/violent-extremism/18/ |journal=[[Florida International University]]}}</ref> aid Hezbollah in its operations in the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/hezbollah-south-america-threat-businesses |title=Hezbollah in South America: The Threat to Businesses |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=5 February 2018 |publisher=Stratfor |access-date=17 August 2018 }}</ref> Israeli reports about the presence of Hezbollah in Latin America raised questions amongst Latin American analysts based in the United States<ref name="Rogers-2012" /> while experts say that reports of presence in Latin America are exaggerated.<ref name="Linthicum-2020" />

''[[Southern Pulse]]'' director and analyst [[Samuel Logan]] said "Geopolitical proximity to Tehran doesn't directly translate into leniency of Hezbollah activity inside your country" in an interview with the [[Pulitzer Center]].<ref name="Rogers-2012" /> William Neuman in his 2022 book ''[[Things Are Never So Bad That They Can't Get Worse]]'' said that claims of Hezbollah's presence in Latin America was "in reality, minimal", writing that the Venezuelan opposition raised such allegations to persuade the United States into believing that the nation faced a threat from Venezuela in an effort to promote foreign intervention.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neuman |first=William |title=[[Things Are Never So Bad That They Can't Get Worse]] |year=2022 |isbn=9781250266163 |pages=278–279 |publisher=St. Martin's Publishing}}</ref>

===United States operations===
Ali Kourani, the first Hezbollah operative to be convicted and sentenced in the United States, was under investigation since 2013 and worked to provide targeting and terrorist recruiting information to Hezbollah's [[Islamic Jihad Organisation]] (IJO).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-04 |title=Hezbollah operative in US sentenced to 40 years in spying case shows no remorse |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2019/12/04/Hezbollah-operative-in-US-sentenced-to-40-years-in-spying-case-shows-no-remorse |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en}}</ref> The organisation had recruited a former resident of [[Minnesota]] and a military linguist, Mariam Tala Thompson, who disclosed "identities of at least eight clandestine human assets; at least 10 US targets; and multiple tactics, techniques and procedures" before she was discovered and successfully prosecuted in a US court.<ref>{{cite news |first=Spencer C. |last=Hsu |date=23 June 2021 |title=Pentagon linguist sentenced to 23 years for exposing U.S. sources in Iraq to Hezbollah in rare terrorism espionage case |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/legal-issues/pentagon-linguist-sentenced-espionage/2021/06/23/71805bb0-d436-11eb-ae54-515e2f63d37d_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=24 June 2021 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Other ===
In 2010, [[Ahbash]] and Hezbollah members were involved in a street battle which was perceived to be over parking issues, both groups later met to form a joint compensation fund for the victims of the conflict.<ref name="Yalib">{{cite news|work=Yalibnan|title= Hezbollah, Al Ahbash chiefs meet over Borj Abi Haidar incident|url=http://www.yalibnan.com/2010/08/30/hezbollah-al-ahbash-chiefs-meet-over-borj-abi-haidar-incident/|date=30 August 2010}}</ref>

According to ''[[Reuters]]'', in 2024, commanders from Hezbollah and Iran's IRGC were reported to be involved in Yemen, overseeing and directing [[Houthi involvement in the Israel–Hamas war|Houthi attacks on Red Sea shipping]].<ref name="hez">{{cite news |last1=Nakhoul |first1=Samia |last2=Hafezi |first2=Parisa |date=20 January 2024 |title=Exclusive: Iranian and Hezbollah commanders help direct Houthi attacks in Yemen, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iranian-hezbollah-commanders-help-direct-houthi-attacks-yemen-sources-say-2024-01-20/ |access-date=21 January 2024 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

== Funding ==
{{Main|Funding of Hezbollah}}

Since it was established, Hezbollah has been heavily dependent on Iran's IRGC for funds and equipment that often arrive through Syria. According to US officials, it received an annual sum of up to {{US$|700 million}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mroue |first=Bassem |date=2024-10-21 |title=What is the financial institution affiliated with Hezbollah that Israel is targeting in Lebanon? |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/what-is-the-financial-institution-affiliated-with-hezbollah-that-israel-is-targeting-in-lebanon |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=PBS News |language=en-us |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Treasury Sanctions Hizballah Financial Officials |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0189 |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=U.S. Department of the Treasury |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-12 |title=Iran's Islamist Proxies in the Middle East |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/irans-islamist-proxies |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=Wilson Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-09 |title=رحلة أموال "حزب الله" من طهران إلى بيروت مروراً بأميركا اللاتينية |url=https://www.independentarabia.com/node/631580/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9 |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=Independent Arabia |language=ar}}</ref> During the 1990s and 2000s it became part of the Lebanese government and financial systems, while expanding its activities overseas through various businesses, smuggling, and money laundering, mainly in [[South America]] and [[West Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Terrorist and organised Crime Groups in the Tri-Border Area (TBA) of South America |url=https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/terrorist-and-organized-crime-groups-tri-border-area-tba-south?utm_ |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=Office of Justice Programs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2002-10-20 |title=In the Party of God |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/10/28/in-the-party-of-god-2 |access-date=2025-09-18 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US |issn=0028-792X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Hezbollah holds sway over the Lebanese state {{!}} 02 Influence through state institutions |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2021/06/how-hezbollah-holds-sway-over-lebanese-state/02-influence-through-state-institutions |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=www.chathamhouse.org |language=en}}</ref> According to Dr. Eitan Azani and Ms. Lorena Atiyas-Lvovsky at the [[Reichman University]] Institute of Counter Terrorism, the Lebanese Shiite diaspora in Africa and Latin America's [[Triple Frontier]] send contributions or forced donations in cash and via other informal transfer systems.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025 |title=Hezbollah's Financing Ecosystem: Crime Families as a Case Study |url=https://ict.org.il/hezbollahs-financing-ecosystem-crime-families-as-a-case-study/}}</ref> Following the 2006 conflict with Israel, Iran increased its financial support of Hezbollah.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-12-11 |title=MANHATTAN U.S. ATTORNEY FILES CIVIL MONEY LAUNDERING AND FORFEITURE SUIT SEEKING MORE THAN $480 MILLION DOLLARS FROM ENTITIES INCLUDING LEBANESE FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS THAT FACILITATED A HIZBALLAH-RELATED MONEY LAUNDERING SCHEME |url=https://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/nys/pressreleases/December11/hizballahmoneylaunderingpr.pdf?utm_}}</ref> In 2016, the DEA's “[[Project Cassandra]]” said that part of Hezbollah's security wing, called the “Business Affairs Component,” was helping to move drug money around, allegedly using this money to buy weapons for the war in Syria.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-01 |title=DEA And European Authorities Uncover Massive Hizballah Drug And Money Laundering Scheme |url=https://www.dea.gov/press-releases/2016/02/01/dea-and-european-authorities-uncover-massive-hizballah-drug-and-money?utm_}}</ref> Western sanctions targeted Hezbollah financial channels and caused the organisation to shift to clandestine operations that included money laundering, and in recent years more into cryptocurrency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-24 |title=Timeline of U.S. Sanctions |url=https://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/timeline-us-sanctions |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=The Iran Primer |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706081404/https://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/timeline-us-sanctions |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pihl |first=Cory |date=2025-08-26 |title=Financial Institutions as Military Targets: A Legal Framework |url=https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/financial-institutions-as-military-targets--a-legal-framework |journal=Lawfare |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-12 |title=How Hezbollah raises funds in West Africa |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2024/10/12/how-hezbollah-raises-funds-in-west-africa_6729206_124.html |access-date=2025-09-28 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rousselle |first=Adam |date=2025-07-21 |title=Hezbollah's Latin American Networks: Stablecoins, Smuggling, and Sanctions Evasion |url=https://gnet-research.org/2025/07/21/hezbollahs-latin-american-networks-stablecoins-smuggling-and-sanctions-evasion/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=GNET |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The latest reports in Canada, show that the country has long been a hub of Hezbollah's financial networks.<ref name="ml">{{Cite web |work=Department of Finance Canada |date=2025-08-22 |title=2025 Assessment of Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Risks in Canada: Report |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-finance/programs/financial-sector-policy/nira-neri/2025/report.html |access-date=2025-09-28}}</ref><ref name="cv">{{Cite web |last=Daoud |first=David |date=2025-09-02 |title=Analysis: Hezbollah continues exploiting Canadian vehicular theft and money-laundering schemes |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2025/09/analysis-hezbollah-continues-exploiting-canadian-vehicular-theft-and-money-laundering-avenues.php |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=FDD's Long War Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> As of 2025, the organisation continues its activity in Canada, using car trade making a profit on cars shipped through the [[Port of Montreal]].<ref name="ml"/><ref name="cv"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Canada: Montreal port tied to Hezbollah car trade, presence in Americas |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2025/08/canada-montreal-port-tied-hezbollah-car-trade-presence-americas |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=AL-Monitor |language=en}}</ref> In 2024 Canada launched Operation Vector in which it prevented the smuggling of 598 cars with the estimated value of $34.5 million.<ref name="cv"/>{{Clarify|reason=Clarify which $ currency|date=April 2026}} Other financial networks include fake charities, money laundering, cryptocurrencies, money services businesses (MSBs) and informal value transfer systems (IVTS) like [[hawala]]s.<ref name="ml"/><ref name="cv"/>

Israeli asset-seizure orders and blockchain-analytics reports indicate that, in the year preceding the [[October 7 attacks|attacks of 7 October 2023]], Hezbollah, alongside [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad|PIJ]], raised funds via [[cryptocurrencies]].<ref name="hammil">{{cite web |last1=Berwick |first1=Angus |last2=Talley |first2=Ian |title=Hamas Militants Behind Israel Attack Raised Millions in Crypto |website=WSJ |date=2023-10-10 |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/militants-behind-israel-attack-raised-millions-in-crypto-b9134b7a |access-date=2025-08-24}}</ref> During this period, Hezbollah is reported to have received roughly {{US$|3.7 million}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hamas ontving tientallen miljoenen aan cryptovaluta |website=RTL.nl |date=2023-10-11 |url=https://www.rtl.nl/rtl-nieuws/economie/artikel/5412606/hamas-ontving-tientallen-miljoenen-aan-cryptovaluta |language=nl |access-date=2025-08-24}}</ref> The groups may also have routed funds between each other's crypto wallets; PIJ and Hezbollah alone are thought to have exchanged up to {{US$|12 million}} in cryptocurrency since 2021.<ref name="hammil"/>

After the [[Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)|2023–2025 war with Israel]], Nicholas Blanford of the [[Atlantic Council]] think tank, stated that Hezbollah is faced with a multifaceted crisis like none it had seen in the past, with its efforts to reconstitute itself being hampered by access to long-term finances.<ref name="broke">{{Cite news |last1= Bassam |first1= Laila |last2= Gebeily |first2= Maya |title= Hezbollah said to be considering partial disarmament after devastating Israeli blows |date= 4 July 2025 |agency= Reuters |newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]] |url= https://www.timesofisrael.com/hezbollah-said-to-be-considering-partial-disarmament-after-devastating-israeli-blows/ |access-date= 6 July 2025}}</ref> The strengthened national government, again in charge of reconstruction, stated that the much needed financial aid from foreign donors is conditioned on establishing a [[Monopoly on violence|state monopoly on arms]], which is still in part resisted by Hezbollah.<ref name="broke"/> This follows a statement from May 2025 by the [[US State Department]] conditioning Washington's support of sustainable reconstruction on Hezbollah "laying down their arms."<ref name="broke"/>

Starting in February 2025 and following Israeli threats, Lebanon's government barred commercial flights between Beirut and Tehran, making it harder to smuggle funds from Iran.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} Israel's military claimed that Hezbollah used to bring in cash from Iran using civilian aircraft, and threatened to take action to stop flights. The IDF declared on 25 June 2025 that it had killed an Iranian official in charge of money transfers from Iran to armed groups in the region, after also assassinating a south Lebanese middleman whose currency exchange firm allegedly helped funnel some of this money to Hezbollah.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hezbollah weighs scaling back its arsenal in wake of Israel conflict |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/under-pressure-hezbollah-weighs-scaling-back-its-arsenal-2025-07-04/ |access-date=7 July 2025 |work=Reuters |date=4 July 2025}}</ref>

[[File:Arrival of fuel purchased from Iran to Lebanon 03.jpg|thumb|Arrival of fuel from Iran to Lebanon in September 2021]]

During the September 2021 fuel shortage, Hezbollah received a convoy of 80 tankers carrying oil/diesel fuel from Iran.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hezbollah flexes its muscles in Lebanon and provides free Iranian fuel|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/lebanon-hezbollah-fuel-crisis-us-sanctions/2021/09/23/2b87da8a-1c79-11ec-bea8-308ea134594f_story.html|access-date=2021-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-16|title=Hezbollah brings Iran fuel to Lebanon despite US sanctions|url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-business-iran-syria-lebanon-d9dabbf7d3186dba4f1d08a4d28f805b|access-date=2021-10-14|work=Associated Press News}}</ref>

== Attacks on Hezbollah leaders ==
Hezbollah has also been the target of bomb attacks and kidnappings. These include:
* In the [[1985 Beirut car bombing]], Shia cleric [[Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah]], alleged by some to be the "spiritual mentor" of Hezbollah, was targeted, but the assassination attempt failed.
* On 28 July 1989, Israeli commandos kidnapped Sheikh [[Abdel Karim Obeid]], the leader of Hezbollah.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/UN/unres638.html |title=Abduction of Sheikh Obeid, Security Council Resolution 638 |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=27 January 2011}}</ref> This action led to the adoption of UN Security Council resolution 638, which condemned all hostage takings by all sides.
* On 16 February 1992, Israeli helicopters attacked a motorcade in southern Lebanon, killing the Hezbollah leader [[Abbas al-Musawi]], his wife, son, and four others.<ref name="Timeline: Lebanon"/>
* On 31 March 1995, Rida Yasin, also known as Abu Ali, was killed by a single rocket fired from an [[Israeli Airforce|Israeli]] helicopter while in a car near [[Derdghaya]] in the Israeli [[Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon|security zone]] 10&nbsp;km east of [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]]. Yasin was a senior military commander in southern Lebanon. His companion in the car was also killed. An Israeli civilian was killed and fifteen wounded in the retaliatory rocket fire.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deseret.com/1995/3/31/19167298/israel-kills-a-hezbollah-leader-and-aide-in-s-lebanon-raid|title=ISRAEL KILLS A HEZBOLLAH LEADER AND AIDE IN S. LEBANON RAID|date=31 March 1995|agency=Associated Press|work=Deseret News}}</ref><ref>Middle East International No 498, 14 April 1995; Publishers [[Christopher Mayhew|Lord Mayhew]], [[Dennis Walters|Dennis Walters MP]]; Editor [[Michael Adams (journalist)|Michael Adams]]; [[Jim Muir]] pp. 6–7</ref>
* On 12 February 2008, [[Imad Mughniyeh]] was killed by a car bomb in [[Damascus]], Syria.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-blast-idUSL1350754620080213|title=Hezbollah's most wanted commander killed in Syria bomb|work=Reuters|date=13 February 2008|access-date=5 September 2013|archive-date=22 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622132039/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/02/13/us-syria-blast-idUSL1350754620080213|url-status=live}}</ref>
* On 3 December 2013, senior military commander [[Hassan al-Laqis]] was shot outside his home, {{Convert|3|km|abbr=out|sigfig=1}} southwest of Beirut. He died a few hours later on 4 December.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://cached.newslookup.com/cached.php?ref_id=371&siteid=2302&id=3937984&t=1386190185 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121134044/http://cached.newslookup.com/cached.php?ref_id=371&siteid=2302&id=3937984&t=1386190185 | archive-date=21 January 2015 | title=Slain Hezbollah honcho held key role in drone program | newspaper=The Times Of Israel | access-date=22 January 2015 }}</ref>
* On 18 January 2015, a group of Hezbollah fighters was targeted in [[Quneitra]], with the Al-Nusra Front claiming responsibility. In this attack, for which Israel was also accused, Jihad Mughniyeh, son of Imad Mughniyeh, five other members of Hezbollah and an Iranian general of Quds Force, [[Mohammad Ali Allahdadi]], were killed.<ref name="jpost">{{cite news | url=https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Masses-chant-Death-to-Israel-at-funeral-for-Hezbollah-commander-slain-in-alleged-Israeli-strike-388239 | title=Masses chant 'Death to Israel' at funeral for Hezbollah commander slain in alleged Israeli strike | newspaper=The Jerusalem Post | access-date=4 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Aljazeera a">{{cite web | url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2015/01/israeli-air-raid-kills-hezbollah-commander-2015118163236960984.html | title=Hezbollah fighters killed in Israeli attack | publisher=Al Jazeera | access-date=4 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="aljazeera2">{{cite web | url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2015/01/hezbollah-mourns-fighters-killed-attack-2015119154814642494.html | title=Hezbollah mourns fighters killed in attack | publisher=Al Jazeera | access-date=4 March 2015}}</ref>
* On 10 May 2016, an explosion near Damascus International Airport killed top military commander [[Mustafa Badreddine]]. Lebanese media sources attributed the attack to an Israeli airstrike. Hezbollah attributed the attack to [[Syrian opposition to Bashar al-Assad|Syrian opposition]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/israel-kills-prominent-hezbollah-commander-airstrike-damascus/|title=Breaking: Israel kills Hezbollah commander in airstrike over Damascus|first=Chris|last=Tomson|date=13 May 2016|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513012805/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/israel-kills-prominent-hezbollah-commander-airstrike-damascus/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/13/hezbollah-commander-killed-israel-mustafa-badreddine|title= Leading Hezbollah commander and key Israel target killed in Syria|newspaper=The Guardian|date=13 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4802805,00.html|title=Hezbollah blames insurgent shelling for death of top commander in Syria|work=Ynet|date=14 May 2016}}</ref>
* On 30 July 2024, an Israeli air strike in Beirut killed Hezbollah senior commander, a founding member of Hezbollah's armed wing, [[Fuad Shukr]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Al Jazeera Staff |title=Who was Fuad Shukr, the Hezbollah commander killed by Israel in Beirut? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/31/who-isfuad-shukr |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>
* On 20 September 2024, [[Ibrahim Aqil]], a senior commander in the group's elite [[Redwan Force]], was killed in Israeli strike on Beirut.<ref>{{cite news |title=Beirut strike: Top Hezbollah commanders killed in Israeli strike |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y9wyy9pr2o |work=www.bbc.com}}</ref>
* On 27 September 2024, an airstrike by the [[Israeli Air Force]] in [[Dahieh]] killed secretary general [[Hassan Nasrallah]], the Hezbollah's supreme leader.<ref name="ap20240928">{{Cite web |date=28 September 2024 |title=Hezbollah confirms its leader Hassan Nasrallah was killed in an Israeli airstrike|url=https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-hezbollah-airstrikes-28-september-2024-c4751957433ff944c4eb06027885a973 |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=AP News|first1=Bassem|last1=Mroue|first2=Melanie|last2=Lidman|language=en}}</ref> [[Ali Karaki]], Hezbollah's commander of the southern front since 1982, was killed in the same Israeli airstrike alongside Nasrallah.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hezbollah confirms senior leader Ali Karaki was killed in Israeli strike |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2024/09/29/hezbollah-confirms-ali-karaki-killed-in-israeli-strike- |access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref>
* On 1 October 2024, an airstrike by the [[Israeli Air Force]] in [[Dahieh]] killed [[Muhammad Jafar Qasir]], a high-ranking member, widely recognised for his role in managing the group's financial and logistical networks.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-01 |title=Israeli military announces assassination of key Hezbollah weapons commander Muhammad Jaafar Qasir |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/israeli-military-announces-assassination-of-key-hezbollah-weapons-commander-muhammad-jaafar-qasir/articleshow/113859592.cms |access-date=2025-03-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel says another top Hezbollah commander killed in Beirut strike |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israel-says-another-top-hezbollah-commander-killed-in-beirut-strike/3348538 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref>
* On 4 October 2024, an Israeli air strike on the southern suburbs of Beirut killed Head of Hezbollah's Executive Council, [[Hashem Safieddine]], likely successor of Nasrallah as Hezbollah's next leader.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hezbollah confirms death of Nasrallah's heir apparent |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm242380133o |work=www.bbc.com}}</ref>
* On 17 November 2024, Hezbollah's media relations chief, [[Mohammad Afif]], was killed in an Israeli airstrike on the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Ba'ath Party]] headquarters in Beirut.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hezbollah spokesman Afif killed in Israeli strike in Beirut |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2ndzpwllxo |work=www.bbc.com}}</ref>
* On 3 December 2024, An Israeli airstrike on a car near Damascus killed Salman Jumaa, a senior Hezbollah figure responsible for liaising with the Syrian army.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israeli strike near Damascus kills Hezbollah liaison with Syrian army |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2024/12/03/israel-strikes-car-on-damascus-airport-road |work=Al Arabiya English |date=3 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* On 1 April 2025, Hassan Bdeir, known as ‘Hajj Rabih,’ a key figure in the Hezbollah's structure related to the Palestinian cause, and his son, Ali Bdeir, both were killed during the Israeli strike on the southern suburbs of Beirut.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hassan Bdeir |url=https://www.arabnews.com/tags/hassan-bdeir |work=Arab News |language=en}}</ref>

== Targeting policy ==
After the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|attacks on 11 September 2001]] in the US, Hezbollah condemned [[al-Qaeda]] for targeting civilians in the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]],<ref>{{cite book|editor1=James A Russell |editor2=James J. Wirtz|title=Globalization and WMD Proliferation: Terrorism, Transnational Networks and International Security|date=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-07970-4|page=86}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cjpme.nationbuilder.com/fs_184|title=FS_184 |work=CJPME – English}}</ref> but remained silent on the attack on [[The Pentagon]].<ref name="nybooks"/><ref name="wp_inside_the_mind">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/14/AR2006071401401.html|title=Inside the Mind of Hezbollah|first=Robin|last=Wright|newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=1 August 2006|date=16 July 2006}}</ref> Hezbollah also denounced the [[List of Algerian massacres of the 1990s|massacres in Algeria]] by [[Armed Islamic Group]], [[Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya]] attacks on tourists in [[Egypt]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saad-Ghorayeb |first=Amal |url=https://archive.org/details/hizbullahpolitic0000saad |title=Hizbul̉lah : politics and religion |date=2002 |publisher=London; Sterling, Va. : Pluto Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7453-1793-9 |pages=101}}</ref> the murder of [[Nick Berg]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3710057.stm|title=Muted Arab reaction to Berg beheading|first=Sebastian|last=Usher|publisher=BBC News |access-date=5 September 2013 | date=13 May 2004}}</ref> and [[ISIL]] [[November 2015 Paris attacks|attacks in Paris]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/video/multimedia/100000004038242/hezbollah-chief-condemns-paris-attacks.html |title=Hezbollah chief condemns Paris attacks |format=video |agency=Reuters |newspaper=The New York Times |date=15 November 2015 |access-date=21 October 2016}}</ref>

Although Hezbollah has denounced certain attacks on civilians, some people accuse the organisation of the bombing of an Argentine synagogue in 1994. Argentine prosecutor [[Alberto Nisman]], Marcelo Martinez Burgos, and their "staff of some 45 people"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/newscontent.php3?artid=10589|title=AMIA Probe Was Botched: Argentina|author=Larry Luxner|work=The Jewish Week|date=4 March 2006|access-date=5 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715134115/http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/newscontent.php3?artid=10589|archive-date=15 July 2010}}</ref> said that Hezbollah and their contacts in Iran were responsible for the [[AMIA Bombing|1994 bombing]] of a Jewish cultural centre in Argentina, in which "[e]ighty-five people were killed and more than 200 others injured".<ref name="Argentine">{{cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=39104 |title=Former Iran leader sought in bombing |agency=Associated Press |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=25 October 2006 |access-date=21 May 2011}}</ref>

In August 2012, the United States State Department's counter-terrorism coordinator [[Daniel Benjamin]] said that Hezbollah "is not constrained by concerns about collateral damage or political fallout that could result from conducting operations there [in Europe]".<ref name="Hezbollah Europe hit3">{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/hezbollah-may-strike-europe-time-us-171516661.html |title=US warns Hezbollah may strike in Europe |work=Yahoo News |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=10 August 2012 |access-date=10 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813063517/http://news.yahoo.com/hezbollah-may-strike-europe-time-us-171516661.html|archive-date=13 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="Hezbollah Europe hit">{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=280819 |title=Hezbollah could hit Europe at any time, with no warning |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=10 August 2012 |access-date=10 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="Hezbollah Europe hit1">{{cite news |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20120810-hezbollah-may-strike-europe-time-us |title=Hezbollah may strike in Europe at any time: US |publisher=France 24 |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=10 August 2012 |access-date=10 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811154727/http://www.france24.com/en/20120810-hezbollah-may-strike-europe-time-us|archive-date=11 August 2012}}</ref>

== Foreign relations ==
{{Main|Foreign relations of Hezbollah}}

Hezbollah has close relations with Iran.<ref>Halliday, Fred. [http://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization/hizbollah_3757.jsp "A Lebanese fragment: two days with Hizbollah."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820114015/http://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization/hizbollah_3757.jsp |date=20 August 2006 }} openDemocracy. 20 July 2006. 17 February 2007.</ref> It also had ties with the leadership in [[Ba'athist Syria]], specifically President [[Hafez al-Assad]] supported it, until his death in 2000.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.meforum.org/1755/has-hezbollahs-rise-come-at-syrias-expense#_ftnref1 |title=Has Hezbollah's Rise Come at Syria's Expense? |journal=Middle East Quarterly |access-date=23 January 2015 |author=Rabil, Robert G |date=Fall 2007 |pages=43–51}}</ref> It was also a close ally of his son [[Bashar al-Assad]], and its leader pledged support to the embattled Syrian leader.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2013/08/28/216385513/who-are-syrias-friends-and-why-are-they-supporting-assad |title=Who Are Syria's Friends And Why Are They Supporting Assad? |publisher=NPR |date=28 August 2013 |series=Parallels |access-date=23 January 2015|last1=Calamur |first1=Krishnadev }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22669230 |title=Hezbollah leader Nasrallah vows victory in Syria |publisher=BBC News |access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref> Although Hezbollah and [[Hamas]] are not organisationally linked, Hezbollah provides military training as well as financial and moral support to the [[Sunni]] [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] group.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33566.pdf |title=Israel-Hamas-Hezbollah: The Current Conflict |publisher=CRS Report for Congress |date=21 July 2006 |access-date=8 September 2006 |archive-date=21 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221063956/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33566.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Furthermore, Hezbollah was a strong supporter of the [[Second Intifada]].<ref name="nybooks"/>

US and Israeli counter-terrorism officials claim that Hezbollah has (or had) links to [[Al Qaeda]], although Hezbollah's leaders deny these allegations.<ref name="Gunaratna" /><ref>Stinson, Jeffrey. [https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-07-28-lebanon-hezbollah_x.htm "Minister: Hezbollah doesn't need al-Qaeda's help fighting Israel in Lebanon"]. ''USA Today''. 28 July 2006. 17 February 2006.</ref> Also, some al-Qaeda leaders, like [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5040974.stm|publisher=BBC News|title='Zarqawi tape' urges Sunni unrest|date=2 June 2006|access-date=5 September 2013}}</ref> and [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] clerics, consider Hezbollah to be heretics.<ref>{{Cite news |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=5 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416220150/http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |url=https://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1154525810323 |title=Saudi religious leader blasts Hizbullah |access-date=6 August 2006 |archive-date=16 April 2009 }}</ref> But United States intelligence officials speculate that there has been contact between Hezbollah and low-level al-Qaeda figures who fled [[Afghanistan]] for Lebanon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/08/13/iraq.terror/|publisher=CNN World News|author1=Boettcher, Mike |author2=Schuster, Henry |title=New terror alliance suspected in Iraq|date=13 August 2003|access-date=26 July 2006}}</ref> However, [[Michel Samaha]], Lebanon's former minister of information, has said that Hezbollah has been an important ally of the government in the war against terrorist groups, and described the "US attempt to link Hezbollah to al-Qaeda" to be "astonishing".<ref name="nybooks"/>

In April 2025, a [[Hezbollah drone smuggling investigation (2024–2025)|multinational investigation]] involving Spain, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom uncovered a Hezbollah logistics network operating in Europe. Authorities arrested multiple individuals connected to the procurement of drone components intended for explosive-laden UAVs. The parts matched those used by Hezbollah in attacks on Israel, highlighting the group's international supply chain and ongoing drone development efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-12 |title=Hezbollah logistics support network dismantled in Europe, according to Le Figaro |url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1455817/hezbollah-logistics-support-network-dismantled-in-europe-according-to-le-figaro.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=L'Orient Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-11 |title=Quand le Hezbollah achète en Europe le matériel pour fabriquer ses drones tueurs |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/quand-le-hezbollah-achete-en-europe-le-materiel-pour-fabriquer-ses-drones-tueurs-20250411 |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Le Figaro |language=fr}}</ref>

=== Public opinion ===
As of 2024, Hezbollah's support within Lebanon is limited, especially after being blamed for the [[2020 Beirut explosion|2020 Beirut port explosion]] and the obstruction of accountability efforts. According to a 2024 [[Arab Barometer]] survey, 55% of Lebanese have "no trust at all" in the group. Support remains concentrated primarily among the [[Lebanese Shia Muslims|Shiite population]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stroul |first=Dana |date=2024-09-23 |title=Israel and Hezbollah Are Escalating Toward Catastrophe |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/israel/israel-and-hezbollah-are-escalating-toward-catastrophe |access-date=2024-09-29 |work=Foreign Affairs |language=en-US |issn=0015-7120}}</ref>

According to [[Michel Samaha]], Lebanon's Minister of Information, Hezbollah is seen as "a legitimate resistance organisation that has defended its land against the Israeli occupying force, and consistently stood up to the Israeli army".<ref name="nybooks"/> Samaha was sentenced for smuggling explosives to carry out terrorist attacks in Lebanon with the help of the Syrian regime.<ref name="meo20feb">{{cite news |date=20 February 2013 |title=Lebanon military court seeks death penalty for Samaha, Mamlouk |url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=57089 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000835/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=57089 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |accessdate=20 February 2013 |newspaper=Middle East Online}}</ref><ref name="muir">{{cite news |last=Muir |first=Jim |date=9 August 2012 |title=Syria crisis: Lebanese detention highlights faultlines |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19200058 |accessdate=29 December 2012 |newspaper=BBC |location=Beirut}}</ref>

According to a survey released by the "Beirut Centre for Research and Information", of 800 citizens polled between 24 and 26 July 2006, during the [[2006 Lebanon War]], "showed 87% support for Hizbullah's{{Sic}} retaliatory attacks on northern Israel".<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Beirut Center for Research and Information |date=29 July 2006 |url=http://www.beirutcenter.info/default.asp?contentid=692&MenuID=46 |title=Poll finds support for Hizbullah's retaliation |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830210321/http://www.beirutcenter.info/default.asp?contentid=692&MenuID=46 |archive-date=30 August 2006 }}</ref> a rise of 29% from a similar poll conducted in February.{{Citation needed|reason=What Poll?|date=September 2024}} More striking, however, was the level of support for Hezbollah's resistance from Sunni communities. "Eighty percent of [[Christianity in Lebanon|Christians]] polled supported Hizbullah{{Sic}} along with 80% of [[Lebanese Druze|Druze]] and 89% of [[Lebanese Sunni Muslims|Sunnis]]."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0728/p06s01-wome.html |first=Nicholas |last=Blanford |work=The Christian Science Monitor |title=Israeli strikes may boost Hizbullah base |date=28 July 2006 |access-date=29 July 2006}}</ref>

In a poll of Lebanese adults taken in 2004, 6% of respondents gave unqualified support to the statement "Hezbollah should be disarmed". 41% reported unqualified disagreement. A poll of Gaza Strip and West Bank residents indicated that 79.6% had "a very good view" of Hezbollah, and most of the remainder had a "good view". Polls of Jordanian adults in December 2005 and June 2006 showed that 63.9% and 63.3%, respectively, considered Hezbollah to be a legitimate resistance organisation. In the December 2005 poll, only 6% of Jordanian adults considered Hezbollah to be terrorist.<ref name="an">{{cite news |url=http://arabnews.us/index.php/en/home/9-2013-04-30-13-59-49/295-what-led-to-the-rapid-increased-popularity-of-hezbollah-in-lebanon-search-by-dr-khader-hawthorn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912210249/http://arabnews.us/index.php/2013-04-27-06-55-39/2013-04-30-13-27-33/295-what-led-to-the-rapid-increased-popularity-of-hezbollah-in-lebanon-search-by-dr-khader-hawthorn |archive-date=12 September 2013 |title=What led to the rapid increased popularity of Hezbollah in Lebanon |newspaper=Arab News |access-date=3 February 2015 |author=Zarour, Khoder}}</ref>

A July 2006 ''[[USA Today]]''/[[Gallup, Inc.|Gallup]] poll found that 83% of the 1,005 US citizens polled blamed Hezbollah, at least in part, for the 2006 Lebanon War, compared to 66% who blamed Israel to some degree. Additionally, 76% disapproved of the military action Hezbollah took in Israel, compared to 38% who disapproved of Israel's military action in Lebanon.<ref name="Pollingreport" /> A poll in August 2006 by [[ABC News (United States)|''ABC News'']] and ''[[The Washington Post]]'' found that 68% of the 1,002 US citizens blamed Hezbollah, at least in part, for the civilian casualties in Lebanon during the 2006 Lebanon War, compared to 31% who blamed Israel to some degree.<ref name="Pollingreport">{{Cite web |title=Israel/Palestinians |url=https://www.pollingreport.com/israel.htm |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=www.pollingreport.com}}</ref> Another August 2006 poll by ''[[CNN]]'' showed that 69% of the 1,047 US citizens believed that Hezbollah is unfriendly towards, or an enemy of, the United States.<ref name="Pollingreport" />

In 2010, a survey of Muslims in Lebanon showed that 94% of Lebanese [[Shi'a Islam in Lebanon|Shia]] supported Hezbollah, while 84% of the [[Sunni Islam in Lebanon|Sunni]] Muslims held an unfavourable opinion of the group.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Muslims offer mixed views on Hamas, Hezbollah, reject al Qaeda |url=https://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2010/12/03/muslims-offer-mixed-views-on-hamas-hezbollah-reject-al-qaeda/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230320170036/https://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2010/12/03/muslims-offer-mixed-views-on-hamas-hezbollah-reject-al-qaeda/ |archive-date=2023-03-20 |access-date=2026-04-06 |language=en}}</ref>

Around 2012, some public opinion has started to turn against Hezbollah for their support of Syrian President Assad's attacks on the opposition movement in Syria.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2012/08/10/158525814/sunni-cleric-rises-to-challenge-hezbollah-in-lebanon |title=Sunni Cleric Rises To Challenge Hezbollah In Lebanon |publisher=NPR |date=10 August 2012 |access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> Crowds in Cairo shouted out against Iran and Hezbollah, at a public speech by [[Hamas]] President [[Ismail Haniyeh]] in February 2012, when Hamas changed its support to the Syrian opposition.<ref>{{cite news|last=Akram|first=Fares|title=In Break, Hamas Supports Syrian Opposition|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/25/world/middleeast/hamas-leader-supports-syrian-opposition.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/25/world/middleeast/hamas-leader-supports-syrian-opposition.html |archive-date=2022-01-03 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|newspaper=The New York Times|date=24 February 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==== View of Hezbollah ====
A November 2020 poll in Lebanon performed by the pro-Israel, US [[The Washington Institute for Near East Policy|Washington Institute for Near East Policy]] declared that support for Hezbollah is declining significantly. Below is a table of the results of their polls.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/lebanon-poll-shows-drop-hezbollah-support-even-among-shia-plurality-back-israel | title=Lebanon Poll Shows Drop in Hezbollah Support, Even Among Shia; Plurality Back Israel Boundary Talks }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:right;
! rowspan=2 | Religion
! colspan=5 | View (%)
|-
! Very<br /> positive
! Somewhat<br /> positive
! Somewhat<br /> negative
! Very<br /> negative
! Unsure
|-
| [[Christianity in Lebanon|Christian]]
| 6
| 10
| 23
| '''59'''
| 2
|-
| [[Shia Islam in Lebanon|Shia]]
| '''66'''
| 23
| 10
| 2
| 0
|-
| [[Sunni Islam in Lebanon|Sunni]]
| 2
| 6
| 32
| '''60'''
| 0
|}

=== Designation as a terrorist organisation or resistance movement ===
<!--Linked from [[Hassan Nasrallah]]-->
{{see also|List of designated terrorist groups}}
[[File:Countries that recognize Hezbollah as a terrorist organization (1).svg|thumb|300x300px|Map of countries that designate Hezbollah as a terrorist organisation as of 2023]]
Hezbollah's status as a legitimate political party, a terrorist group, a resistance movement, or some combination thereof is a contentious issue.<ref name="horowitz1">{{Cite web|url=http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/25/hezbollahs-military-and-politics-any-difference/|title=Hezbollah's Military and Politics: Any Difference? – World Policy|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019141553/http://www.worldpolicy.org/blog/2013/09/25/hezbollahs-military-and-politics-any-difference|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As of April 2026, Hezbollah or its military wing are considered [[terrorist organization|terrorist organisation]]s by at least 28 countries, as well as by the [[European Union]] and since 2017 by most member states of the [[Arab League]], with the exception of Iraq and Lebanon, where Hezbollah is the most powerful political party.<ref>[[Ben Wedeman]], [https://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/19/middleeast/saudi-arabia-iran-arab-league/index.html Arab League states condemn Hezbollah as 'terrorist organization'] [[CNN News]] 20 November 2017.</ref> In June 2024, the Arab League leadership has announced that it no longer views Hezbollah as a terrorist organisation.<ref name="MEM-2024">{{cite web |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240629-arab-league-ceases-labeling-hezbollah-terrorist-organization/ |title=Arab League ceases labeling Hezbollah 'terrorist organization' |date=29 June 2024 |website=Middle East Monitor |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref>

The countries that have designated Hezbollah a terrorist organisation include: the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] (GCC),<ref name="GCC"/> and their members Saudi Arabia,<ref name="WSJ-Gulf-Coop">{{cite news|first1=Asa|last1=Fitch|author2=Dana Ballout|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/gulf-cooperation-council-labels-hezbollah-a-terrorist-group-1456926654|title=Gulf Cooperation Council Labels Hezbollah a Terrorist Group|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=2 March 2016|access-date=1 December 2016|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201083532/http://www.wsj.com/articles/gulf-cooperation-council-labels-hezbollah-a-terrorist-group-1456926654/|archive-date=1 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Bahrain,<ref name="bahrain-list">{{cite web|url=https://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=12342&language=en-US|title=Bahrain Terrorist List (individuals – entities)|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Bahrain|access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref> United Arab Emirates,<ref name="WSJ-Gulf-Coop"/> as well as Argentina,<ref name="arg-repet">{{cite web|url=https://repet.jus.gob.ar/#entidades|title=RePET|author=Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación|language=es|access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref> Canada,<ref name="canada-list">{{cite web|url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-en.aspx|title=Currently listed entities|work=Public Safety Canada|date=21 December 2018|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301160957/https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-en.aspx|archive-date=1 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Colombia,<ref name="Anadolu-Agency-2020">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-21 |title=Pompeo celebra designación de Hezbolá como terrorista por Colombia, Honduras y Guatemala |trans-title=Pompeo Celebrates Hezbollah's Designation as Terrorist by Colombia, Honduras and Guatemala |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/es/mundo/pompeo-celebra-designaci%C3%B3n-de-hezbol%C3%A1-como-terrorista-por-colombia-honduras-y-guatemala/1708812 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106020835/https://www.aa.com.tr/es/mundo/pompeo-celebra-designaci%C3%B3n-de-hezbol%C3%A1-como-terrorista-por-colombia-honduras-y-guatemala/1708812 |archive-date=2023-11-06 |access-date=2023-11-06 |publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]] |language=es}}</ref> Dominican Republic<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caliber.az/en/post/honduras-labels-hamas-and-irgc-as-terrorist-organisations|title=Honduras labels Hamas and IRGC as terrorist organisations|date=15 May 2026|work=Caliber.az|quote=Earlier, the Dominican Republic also designated the IRGC and Hezbollah as terrorist organisations.}}</ref> Ecuador,<ref name="el">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-16 |title=Ecuador Labels IRGC as "Terrorist Organization" |url=https://wanaen.com/ecuador-labels-irgc-as-terrorist-organization/ |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=WANA |language=en-US}}</ref> Estonia,<ref name="jpost646587">{{Cite news|title=Estonia imposes sanctions on Hezbollah|url=https://www.jpost.com/international/estonia-imposes-sanctions-on-hezbollah-646587|access-date=2020-12-20|work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref> Germany,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-30|title=Germany designates Hezbollah as terrorist group, conducts raids on suspects|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200430-germany-designates-hezbollah-as-terrorist-group-conducts-raids-on-suspects|access-date=2020-10-07|publisher=France 24}}</ref> Honduras,<ref name="Anadolu-Agency-2020" /> Israel,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hezbollah a recognized terrorist organization.|url=https://www.idf.il/en/minisites/hezbollah/hezbollah/hezbollah-a-recognized-terrorist-organization/|access-date=2020-10-07|website=idf.il}}</ref> Paraguay,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2025/04/25/paraguay-designates-IRGC-Hamas-Hezbollah/4371745556945/|title=Paraguay hits Iran's IRGC with terrorist designation; expands designations for Hamas, Hezbollah|date=25 April 2025|website=[[United Press International]]}}</ref><ref name="PAR">{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190820-paraguay-adds-hamas-hezbollah-to-terrorism-list/|title=Paraguay adds Hamas, Hezbollah to terrorism list|date=20 August 2019|website=Middle East Monitor|access-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820181540/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190820-paraguay-adds-hamas-hezbollah-to-terrorism-list/|archive-date=20 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Kosovo,<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 June 2020 |title=Saudi welcomes Kosovo Government's decision |agency=[[Bahrain News Agency]] |url=https://www.bna.bh/en/news?cms=q8FmFJgiscL2fwIzON1%2BDj%2FUlSg0qxhkYVRqFQVTu6o%3D}}</ref> Lithuania,<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 2020 |title=Bahrain welcomes Lithuania's designation of Hezbollah as terrorist organisation |agency=[[Bahrain News Agency]] |url=https://www.bna.bh/en/news?cms=q8FmFJgiscL2fwIzON1%2BDriZdsNssJio%2BJ6VoCQNYTc%3D |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105165808/https://www.bna.bh/en/news?cms=q8FmFJgiscL2fwIzON1%2BDriZdsNssJio%2BJ6VoCQNYTc%3D |archive-date=5 November 2023}}</ref> Serbia,<ref name="jpost646587" /> [[Slovenia]],<ref name="Ahren">{{Cite web|last=Ahren|first=Raphael|title=Slovenia declares all of Hezbollah a 'criminal and terrorist organization'|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/slovenia-declares-all-of-hezbollah-a-criminal-and-terrorist-organization/|access-date=2020-12-20|website=The Times of Israel |date=30 November 2020 }}</ref> Switzerland,<ref>{{Cite news |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=17 December 2024 |title=Swiss parliament votes to ban Hezbollah|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/world/swiss-parliament-votes-to-ban-hezbollah-3321788 |access-date=19 December 2024|via=Deccan Herald}}</ref> United Kingdom,<ref name="homeoffice">{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proscribed-terror-groups-or-organisations--2|title=Proscribed terrorist groups|work=[[Home Office]]|access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref> United States,<ref name="us-fto">{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/foreign-terrorist-organizations/|title=Foreign Terrorist Organizations|publisher=United States Department of State|access-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227062101/https://www.state.gov/foreign-terrorist-organizations/|archive-date=27 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> and Guatemala.<ref name=jpost646700>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/guatemala-designates-hezbollah-as-terrorist-organization-646700|title=Guatemala designates Hezbollah as terrorist organization|work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref>

The EU differentiates between Hezbollah's political wing and military wing, banning only the latter, though Hezbollah itself does not recognise such a distinction.<ref name=jpost646587/> Hezbollah maintains that it is a legitimate [[resistance movement]] fighting for the liberation of Lebanese territory.

There is a "wide difference" between US and Arab perception of Hezbollah.<ref name="nybooks"/> Several [[Western world|Western countries]] officially classify Hezbollah or its external security wing as a terrorist organisation, and some of their violent acts have been described as terrorist attacks. However, throughout most of the [[Arab world|Arab]] and [[Muslim world]]s, Hezbollah is referred to as a resistance movement, engaged in [[National security|national defence]].<ref name="HG20Ak02" /><ref name="hiof-Views">{{cite web|url=http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/300/320/324/324.2/hizballah/hizballah-background.html |title=Hizbullah: Views and Concepts|publisher=Almashriq|date=20 June 1997|access-date=27 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/300/320/324/324.2/hizballah/statement01.html |title=Statement of purpose |publisher=Almashriq|date=20 March 1998 |access-date=27 January 2011}}</ref> Even within Lebanon, sometimes Hezbollah's status as either a "militia" or "national resistance" has been contentious. In Lebanon, although not universally supported, Hezbollah is widely seen as a legitimate national resistance organisation defending Lebanon, and has been described by the Lebanese information minister as an important ally in fighting terrorist groups.<ref name="nybooks"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Dionigi|first1=Filippo|title=Hezbollah, Islamist Politics, and International Society|date=2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-40302-5|pages=153–156}}</ref>

The [[United Nations Security Council]] has never listed Hezbollah as a terrorist organisation under its sanctions list, although some of its members have done so individually. The [[United Kingdom]] listed Hezbollah's military wing as a terrorist organisation<ref name="UKHO2015">{{cite report |date=27 March 2015|title=Proscribed terrorist organisations|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proscribed-terror-groups-or-organisations--2|publisher=[[Home Office]]|page=10|access-date=6 July 2015|quote=Hizballah's External Security Organisation was proscribed March 2001 and in 2008 the proscription was extended to Hizballah's Military apparatus including the Jihad Council.}}</ref> until May 2019 when the entire organisation was proscribed,<ref name="UKban">{{cite news|title=Britain bans Hezbollah – Middle East|url=https://www.jpost.com/Jerusalem-Report/Britain-bans-Hezbollah-589893|access-date=14 December 2023|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref> and the [[United States]]<ref name="Designation-of-Foreign-Terrorist-Organizations">[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1997-10-08/pdf/97-27030.pdf Designation of Foreign Terrorist Organizations], Department of State, Federal Register, Vol. 62, No. 195, 8 October 1997</ref> lists the entire group as such. [[Russia]] has considered Hezbollah a legitimate sociopolitical organisation,<ref name="Russia-says-Hezbollah">[http://www.timesofisrael.com/russia-says-hezbollah-hamas-not-terror-groups/ ' Russia says Hezbollah, Hamas not terror groups,'] [[The Times of Israel]] 16 November 2015.</ref> and the [[People's Republic of China]] remains neutral and maintains contacts with Hezbollah.<ref name="Nashabe-2012">{{Cite web|first=Omar|last=Nashabe|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/6964|title=China's Ambassador in Lebanon: Hezbollah Arms a Trade Matter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130104652/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/6964 |archive-date=30 January 2017|website=[[Al Akhbar (Lebanon)|Al-Akhbar]]|date=2012-05-04}}</ref>

In May 2013, [[France]] and [[Germany]] released statements that they will join other European countries in calling for an [[European Union|EU]]-blacklisting of Hezbollah as a terror group.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Davidovich |first1=Joshua |last2=Ahren |first2=Raphael |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/paris-backs-blacklisting-hezbollah-over-assad-ties/|title=Blacklisting Hezbollah EU is Blacklisting Hezbollah|work=The Times of Israel |date=22 May 2013 }}</ref> In April 2020 Germany designated the organisation—including its political wing—as a terrorist organisation, and banned any activity in support of Hezbollah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/30/europe/germany-bans-hezbollah-grm-intl/index.html|title=Germany bans Lebanese militant group Hezbollah|author1=Ivana Kottasová |author2=Frederik Pleitgen |author3=Nadine Schmidt|publisher=CNN|date=30 April 2020 }}</ref>

In November 2025, [[Iraq]], by Resolution No. 61 of the 'Committee for the Freezing of Terrorists' Assets' of the [[Central Bank of Iraq]], designated Hezbollah as a terrorist organisation and froze its assets. The decision was issued in the 4848th edition of the ''[[Official Gazette of Iraq]]'', on 18 November 2025.<ref name="Iraq designates Hezbollah">{{cite web|url=https://www.newarab.com/news/iraq-designates-hezbollah-houthis-terrorists-freezes-assets|title=Iraq designates Hezbollah and Yemen's Houthis as terrorist organisations, freezes assets|website=The New Arab |date=4 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iraq-freezes-funds-hezbollah-houthis-official-gazette-says-2025-12-04/|title=Iraq freezes funds of Hezbollah and Houthis, official gazette says|website=Reuters |access-date=4 December 2025}}</ref> However, Iraqi officials subsequently called the decision a mistake, and the prime minister ordered an investigation.<ref name=MEE>{{cite web |author1=Alex MacDonald |title=Investigation ordered after Iraq appears to designate Hezbollah and Houthis terrorists |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/investigation-ordered-after-iraq-appears-designate-hezbollah-and-houthis-terrorists |publisher=Middle East Eye |date=4 December 2025}}</ref>

On 8 April 2026, [[Costa Rica]] designated Hezbollah as a terrorist organisation.<ref name="CostaRica">{{Cite web |last=Genn|first=James|date=2026-04-09|title=Costa Rica names IRGC, Hezbollah, Hamas, Houthis as terror groups|url=https://www.jpost.com/international/article-892416|access-date=2026-04-09|website=The Jerusalem Post|language=en}}</ref>

On 15 April 2026, [[Trinidad and Tobago]] designated the IRGC as a terrorist organization.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/international/article-893062|title=IRGC, Hezbollah, Hamas as terrorist orgs., local Muslim groups denounce act|website=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
|+ The following entities have listed Hezbollah as a terror group:
|-
!Country
!Listing
! class="unsortable" | Ref
|-
|{{flagu|Argentina}}
|Entire organisation
|<ref name="JPostAR">{{cite news |title=Hezbollah branded as terrorist organisation in Argentina, assets frozen|url=https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Antisemitism/Argentina-freezes-Hezbollah-assets-brands-group-terrorist-organization-596086 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=19 July 2019 |access-date=19 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="TOIAR">{{cite news |last1=staff |first1=T. O. I. |title=Argentina moves toward designating Hezbollah a terror group |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/argentina-moves-toward-designating-hezbollah-a-terror-group/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=17 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Australia}}
|Entire organisation
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/australia-to-list-hezbollah-as-terrorist-organization/a-59914150|title=Australia to list Hezbollah as 'terrorist organization'|date=24 November 2021|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Belot | first=Henry | title=Australia lists neo-Nazi organisation The Base, Lebanese Shia party Hezbollah as terrorist organisations  | website=ABC News |publisher= [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date=24 November 2021 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-24/neo-nazi-group-base-hezbollah-terrorist-listing/100646300 | access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="guardaust" />
|-
|{{flagu|Austria}}
|Entire organisation
|<ref name="jnsCzech" />
|-
|{{flagu|Bahrain}}
|Entire organisation
|<ref name="JPostBahrain">{{cite news|title=Bahrain's parliament declares Hezbollah a terrorist group|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/International/Bahrains-parliament-declares-Hezbollah-a-terrorist-group-307806 |date=26 March 2013}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Canada}}
|Entire organisation
|<ref name="h">{{cite web|title=Listed Terrorist Entities – Currently Listed Entities|url=http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-eng.aspx#2027|website=Government of Canada|publisher=Public Safety Canada|access-date=11 July 2014|date=24 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Colombia}}
|Entire organisation
|<ref name="Anadolu-Agency-2020" /><ref name="ColombiaHonduras">{{cite web|last=Harkov |first=Lahav |url=https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Honduras-to-officially-designate-Hezbollah-as-a-terror-organization-614679 |title=Colombia and Honduras designate Hezbollah a terrorist organisation  |publisher=Jpost.com – The Jerusalem Post|date=8 December 2019 |access-date=21 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Costa Rica}}
|Entire organisation
|<ref name="CostaRica" />
|-
|{{flagu|Czech Republic}}
|Entire organisation
|<ref name="jnsCzech">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jns.org/israel-praises-czech-republic-for-designating-hezbollah-a-terrorist-organization/|title=Israel praises Czech Republic for designating Hezbollah a terrorist organization|date=28 October 2020|website=JNS.org}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flagu|Ecuador}}
|Entire organisation
|<ref name="el"/>
|-
|{{flagu|Estonia}}
|Entire organisation
|<ref name="jpost646587" />
|-
|{{flag|European Union}}
|Hezbollah's military wing
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/International/EU-ministers-agree-to-blacklist-military-wing-of-Hezbollah-320639|title=EU places Hezbollah military wing on terror blacklist|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=22 July 2013|access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="Rudoren-Jodi-2013a">{{Cite news|author1=Kanter, James |author2=Rudoren, Jodi |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/23/world/middleeast/european-union-adds-hezbollah-wing-to-terror-list.html|title=European Union Adds Military Wing of Hezbollah to List of Terrorist Organizations|date=22 July 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|France}}
|Hezbollah's military wing, France considers the political wing as a legitimate sociopolitical organisation
|<ref name="Algemeiner-Journal-2013">{{cite news|url=http://www.algemeiner.com/2013/04/04/jewish-leaders-applaud-hezbollah-terror-designation-by-france/|title=Jewish Leaders Applaud Hezbollah Terror Designation by France|work=Algemeiner Journal|date=4 April 2013|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Germany}}
|Entire organisation
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/germany-classifies-hezbollah-as-terrorist-organisation-conducts-raids-2020-04-30|title=Germany classifies Hezbollah as terrorist organisation, conducts raids|author=Madeline Chambers |author2=Andreas Rink |agency=Reuters |publisher=NASDAQ}}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{cite news | title=After U.S., Israeli pressure, Germany bans Hezbollah activity, raids mosques | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-lebanon-hezbollah/after-u-s-israeli-pressure-germany-bans-hezbollah-activity-raids-mosques-idUSKBN22C0LC | date=30 April 2020 | work=[[Reuters]] | access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Gulf Cooperation Council}}
|Entire organisation
|<ref name="GCC">{{cite news|date=3 June 2013|title=GCC: Hezbollah terror group|newspaper=Arab News|url=http://www.arabnews.com/news/453834|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Guatemala}}
|Entire organisation
|<ref name="jpost646700" />
|-
|{{flagu|Honduras}}
|Entire organisation
|<ref name="ColombiaHonduras" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hondruas-hezbollah/honduras-formally-declares-hezbollah-a-terrorist-organization-idUSKBN1ZJ1SJ|title=Honduras declares Hezbollah a terrorist organization|work=Reuters|date=20 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2020/01/20/Honduras-becomes-latest-to-officially-declare-Hezbollah-a-terrorist-organization.html|title=Honduras becomes latest to officially declare Hezbollah a terrorist organization|publisher=Al Arabiya|date=20 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Israel}}
|Entire organisation
|<ref name="Hezbollah – International terrorist organisation">{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Terrorism/Hizbullah/Pages/Hezbollah-International-terrorist-organization.aspx|title=Hezbollah – International terrorist organisation|date=22 July 2013|publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Kosovo}}
|Hezbollah's military wing
|<ref name="The Republic of Kosovo ....">Weinthal, Benjamin.  [https://www.jpost.com/International/The-Republic-of-Kosovo-designates-Hezbollah-a-terrorist-organization-594016 "The Republic of Kosovo ...."] ''The Jerusalem Post''. 30 June 2019. 2 July 2019.</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Lithuania}}
|Entire organisation
|<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |date=2020-08-13 |title=Lithuania bans Hezbollah affiliates in move hailed by Israel |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/13/lithuania-bans-hezbollah-affiliates-in-move-hailed-by-israel |access-date=2023-11-06 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Netherlands}}
|Entire organisation
|<ref name="Fairclough-Gordon-2012">{{cite news|author1=Norman, Lawrence |author2=Fairclough, Gordon |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444273704577637324167941662|title=Pressure Mounts for EU to Put Hezbollah on Terror List|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=7 September 2012|access-date=7 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|New Zealand}}
|Hezbollah's military wing Al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya, since 2010
|<ref name="NZ-r1373-terrorlist">{{cite web |url=http://www.police.govt.nz/advice/personal-community/counterterrorism/designated-entities/lists-associated-with-resolution-1373 |title=Lists associated with Resolution 1373 |publisher=New Zealand Police |date=20 July 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Paraguay}}
|Entire organisation
|<ref name="JPostPAR">{{cite news |title=Paraguay labels Hezbollah a terror group, Brazil may follow |url=https://www.jpost.com/International/Brazil-to-designate-Hezbollah-a-terror-organization-599091 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=19 August 2019 |access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Serbia}}
|Entire organisation
|<ref name="english.alarabiya.net">{{cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/world/2020/09/04/Trump-says-Kosovo-and-Israel-agree-to-establish-diplomatic-relations-normalize-ties|title=Kosovo, Israel agree to normalize ties; Serbia to move embassy to Jerusalem
|date=4 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Slovenia}}
|Entire organisation
|<ref name="Ahren" />
|-
|{{flagu|Trinidad and Tobago}}
|Entire organisation
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/international/article-893062|title=IRGC, Hezbollah, Hamas as terrorist orgs., local Muslim groups denounce act|website=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|United Arab Emirates}}
|Entire organisation
|<ref name="WSJ-Gulf-Coop" />
|-
|{{flagu|United Kingdom}}
|Entire organisation
|<ref name="UKban" />
|-
|{{flagu|United States}}
|Entire organisation
|<ref name="state.gov">{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/37191.htm|title=Foreign Terrorist Organisations (FTOs)|access-date=16 July 2006|date=11 October 2005|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117015042/https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/37191.htm|archive-date=17 November 2017}} "Current List of Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations&nbsp;... 14. Hizballah (Party of God)".</ref>
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:left"
|+ The following entities have listed Hezbollah as a terror group in the past:
|-
|{{flag|Arab League}}
|Entire organisation
|<ref>{{Cite web|author1=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-06-30/ty-article/arab-league-no-longer-views-hezbollah-as-terrorist-group-top-official-says/00000190-68ed-d747-add0-e8fd4a5e0000|title=Arab League No Longer Views Hezbollah as Terrorist Group, Top Official Says - Israel News - Haaretz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/world/1810083|title=Arabs remove Hezbollah from list of terrorist organisations — senior Arab League official|website=TASS}}</ref>
|}
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:left"
|+The following entities do not consider Hezbollah a terror organisation:
|-
|{{flagu|Algeria}}
|Entire organisation
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/algeria-risks-isolation-arab-league-over-hezbollah-stance-1870366475|title=Algeria's Hezbollah stance 'reflects view on resistance, not terrorism'|website=Middle East Eye|date=29 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|China}}
|Maintains contact with Hezbollah
|<ref name="Nashabe-2012" />
|-
|{{flagu|Cuba}}
|Hezbollah allegedly operates a base in Cuba
|<ref name="Cuba"/>
|-
|{{flagu|Iran}}
|
|<ref name="openDemocracy">{{cite web|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization/hizbollah_3757.jsp|title=A Lebanese fragment: two days with Hizbollah|work=openDemocracy|access-date=8 August 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820114015/http://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization/hizbollah_3757.jsp|archive-date=20 August 2006}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|North Korea}}
|Allegedly supports Hezbollah. Considers Hezbollah an organisation of Lebanese patriotic forces
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Farquhar |first=Scott |title=Back to Basics: A Study of the Second Lebanon War and Operation CAST LEAD |publisher=Combat Studies Institute Press |page=9 |url=http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/download/csipubs/farquhar.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013021642/http://cgsc.edu/carl/download/csipubs/farquhar.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2011 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Russia}}
|Considers Hezbollah a legitimate sociopolitical organisation
|<ref name="Russia-says-Hezbollah" />
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|+ Hezbollah has not been designated a terrorist organisation, nor is its activities supported:
|-
|{{flagu|Iraq}}
| The federal government of Iraq had previously listed it and the Houthi movement as terrorist organisations, but later withdrew the designation, calling it a mistake.
|<ref name="Iraq designates Hezbollah"/><ref name=MEE/>
|-
|{{flagu|Syria}}
| After the [[fall of the Assad regime]] in 2024, clashes broke out between the Syrian transitional government and Hezbollah in the border region.
|<ref>{{Cite book|title=Why States Rebel. Understanding State Sponsorship of Terrorism|last=Kirchner|first=Magdalena|publisher=Barbara Budrich|year=2016|isbn=978-3-8474-0641-9|location=Opladen|pages=220–30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hummel |first=Kristina |date=2025-03-28 |title=The New Syrian Government's Fight Against the Islamic State, Hezbollah, and Captagon |url=https://ctc.westpoint.edu/the-new-syrian-governments-fight-against-the-islamic-state-hezbollah-and-captagon/ |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=Combating Terrorism Center at West Point |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-10 |title=Fighting between Syria's new army and Lebanese militias rages on border |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/02/10/fighting-between-syria-s-new-army-and-lebanese-militias-rages-on-border_6737999_4.html |access-date=2025-10-16 |work=[[Le Monde]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==== In the Western world ====
The [[United States Department of State]] has designated Hezbollah a terrorist organisation since 1995. The group remains on Foreign Terrorist Organisation and Specially Designated Terrorist lists. According to the [[Congressional Research Service]], "The US government holds Hezbollah responsible for...attacks and hostage takings targeting US citizens in Lebanon during the 1980s, including the [[1983 US embassy bombing in Beirut|bombing of the US Embassy in Beirut in April 1983]] and the [[1983 Beirut barracks bombings|bombing of the US Marine barracks in October 1983]], which together killed 258 US citizens. Hezbollah's operations outside of Lebanon, including its participation in bombings of Israeli and Jewish targets in Argentina during the 1990s and...training and liaison activities with Shiite insurgents in Iraq, have cemented the organisation's reputation among U.S. policy makers as a capable and deadly adversary with potential global reach."<ref>Casey L. Addis & Christopher M. Blanchard, [https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R41446.pdf Hezbollah: Background and Issues for Congress], Congressional Research Service, 3 January 2011</ref> In 2015, the US [[Director of National Intelligence]] removed Hezbollah from the list of "active terrorist threats" while Hezbollah remained designated as terrorist by the US,<ref>"[http://www.timesofisrael.com/us-report-scraps-iran-hezbollah-from-list-of-terror-threats/ US intel report scrapped Iran from list of terror threats]", ''[[The Times of Israel]]'', 16 March 2015.</ref> and Hezbollah officials were sanctioned for their role in facilitating military activity in the Syrian Civil War.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. imposes sanctions on Hezbollah officials for Syria support|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sanctions-hezbollah-idUSKCN0PV25J20150721|work=Reuters| access-date=15 October 2015|archive-date=15 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015233343/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/07/21/us-sanctions-hezbollah-idUSKCN0PV25J20150721|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2025, senior Hezbollah officials and financial facilitators around new sanctions, were targeted by the US, for their role in coordinating financial transfers to the Iran-backed group.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025 |title=US targets Iran-backed Hezbollah with new sanctions, Treasury Departments says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-targets-iran-backed-hezbollah-with-new-sanctions-treasury-departments-says-2025-05-15/}}</ref> In April 2026, US ambassador to Lebanon [[Michel Issa]] stated that Lebanon's formal designation of Hezbollah as a terrorist organisation was a prerequisite for US diplomatic intervention to end the war with Israel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-03 |title=هل يتشكّل تحالفٌ إقليمي- دولي لمواجهة إيران وحلفائها؟ |url=https://anbaaonline.com/news/321842 |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=جريدة الأنباء الإلكترونية |language=ar-LB}}</ref>

The UK was the first government to attempt to make a distinction between Hezbollah's political and military wings, declaring the latter a terrorist group in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/media/comment/view/193456|title=EU Listing of Hezbollah: Inevitable Decision with Unpredictable Consequences|work=Chatham House|access-date=5 May 2015|archive-date=21 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621082341/https://www.chathamhouse.org/media/comment/view/193456}}</ref> In 2019, the UK Government proscribed the entirety of Hezbollah as an organisation due to the difficulties in distinguishing between the political and military wings, as a way of limiting its influence in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) Order 2019 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2019/406 |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hizballah to be banned alongside other terrorist organisations |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hizballah-to-be-banned-alongside-other-terrorist-organisations |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> In 2012, British Foreign Minister [[William Hague]] "urged the EU to place Hezbollah's military wing on its list of terrorist organisations".<ref>[http://www.jewishjournal.com/world/article/uk_urges_eu_to_classify_hezbollah_military_wing_as_terrorist_group "UK urges EU to classify Hezbollah military wing as terrorist group."] ''Jewish Journal''. 11 September 2012.</ref> The US urged the EU to classify Hezbollah as a terrorist organisation. In light of findings implicating Hezbollah in the [[2012 Burgas bus bombing]], Bulgaria, there was discussion within the EU to label Hezbollah's military wing as a terrorist group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4382998,00.html|title=Germany backs terror label for Hezbollah|date=22 May 2013|website=Ynetnews}}</ref> In 2013, the EU agreed to blacklist Hezbollah's military wing over its role in the Syrian conflict.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Union Adds Military Wing of Hezbollah to List of Terrorist Organisations |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/23/world/middleeast/european-union-adds-hezbollah-wing-to-terror-list.html |date=22 July 2013 |access-date=6 November 2013| first=James| last=Kanter|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/23/world/middleeast/european-union-adds-hezbollah-wing-to-terror-list.html|work=The New York Times |first1=James |last1=Kanter |first2=Jodi |last2=Rudoren |title=European Union Adds Military Wing of Hezbollah to List of Terrorist Organisations |date=22 July 2013}}</ref> The EU, France,<ref name="Algemeiner-Journal-2013"/> and [[New Zealand]] have proscribed Hezbollah's military wing, but do not list Hezbollah as a whole as a terrorist organisation.<ref name="NZ-r1373-terrorlist"/><ref name="Rudoren-Jodi-2013a" /> During the Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon, French Prime Minister [[Lionel Jospin]] stated that "France condemns Hezbollah's attacks, and all types of terrorist attacks which may be carried out against soldiers, or possibly Israel's civilian population."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/655963.stm |title=French PM lashes Hezbollah 'terrorism' |publisher=BBC News |date=24 February 2000 |access-date=5 September 2013}}</ref> Italian Foreign Minister [[Massimo D'Alema]] differentiated the wings of Hezbollah: "Apart from their well-known terrorist activities, they also have political standing and are socially engaged."<ref>{{cite news |last=Dershowitz |first=Alan M. |url=https://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=33151 |title=Italian FM: Hezbollah, Hamas are not al-Qaida |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=29 August 2006 |access-date=21 May 2011}}</ref> Germany does not maintain its list, having chosen to adopt the EU list. However, German officials have indicated they would support designating Hezbollah a terrorist organisation.<ref>[https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33808.pdf Germany's Relations with Israel: Background and Implications for German Middle East Policy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206131300/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33808.pdf |date=6 February 2007 }} [[Congressional Research Service]] (19 January 2007)</ref> The Netherlands regards Hezbollah as terrorist labelling it as such in reports of its intelligence and security service<ref name=nlfas>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/netherlands/aivd2004-eng.pdf|title=Annual Report 2004|publisher=Netherlands General intelligence and security service|access-date=12 August 2015|archive-date=27 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127135901/https://fas.org/irp/world/netherlands/aivd2004-eng.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and in official answers by its Foreign Minister.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107072052/http://www.minbuza.nl/nl/actueel/brievenparlement%2C2008/10/Beantwoording-vragen---r-z-over-Hezbollah-en-de-EU.html |url=http://www.minbuza.nl/nl/actueel/brievenparlement,2008/10/Beantwoording-vragen---r-z-over-Hezbollah-en-de-EU.html |title=Answers to questions on Hezbollah and the EU (in Dutch) |date=14 October 2008 |archive-date=7 January 2009 |publisher=Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs }}</ref> Serbia, which designated Iran-backed Hezbollah entirely as a terrorist organisation, fully implement measures to restrict Hezbollah's operations and financial activities.<ref name="english.alarabiya.net"/>

In the midst of the 2006 conflict between Hezbollah and Israel, Russia's government declined to include Hezbollah in a list of terrorist organisations stating that it lists only organisations which represent "the greatest threat to the security of our country".<ref>{{cite news |title=Hezbollah not on Russia's "terrorist" list |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/28/AR2006072801433.html |agency=Associated Press |date=28 July 2006 |quote=Sapunov told Rossiiskaya Gazeta the list of 17 "includes only those organisations which represent the greatest threat to the security of our country." Groups linked to separatist militants in Chechnya and Islamic radicals in Central Asia made the list. |access-date=27 October 2007| first=Henry| last=Meyer |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> Prior to the release of the list, Russian Defence Minister [[Sergei Ivanov]] called "on Hezbollah to stop resorting to any terrorist methods, including attacking neighboring states".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.envirosagainstwar.org/know/read.php?itemid=4382<!-- haaretz link not found --> |title=Russian defense minister says Hezbollah uses 'terrorist methods' |date=15 July 2006 |work=[[Haaretz]] Service and News Agencies |access-date=27 October 2007}}</ref> Argentine prosecutors hold Hezbollah, and its financial supporters in Iran, responsible for the [[1994 AMIA Bombing]] of a Jewish cultural centre, described as "the worst terrorist attack on Argentine soil", in which "85 people were killed and more than 200 others injured".<ref name="Argentine" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nysun.com/foreign/judge-arrest-ex-president-of-iran/43312/ |title=Judge: Arrest Ex-President Of Iran |work=The New York Sun |date=10 November 2006 |access-date=21 May 2011 |archive-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123215616/https://www.nysun.com/foreign/judge-arrest-ex-president-of-iran/43312/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC]],<ref name="GCC" /> [[Canada]],<ref name=h/> [[Israel]],<ref name="Hezbollah – International terrorist organisation"/> and [[Australia]]<ref name=guardaust>{{cite news|title=Australia lists neo-Nazi group The Base and Hezbollah as terrorist organisations|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/nov/24/australia-lists-neo-nazi-group-the-base-and-hezbollah-as-terrorist-organisations|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref> have classified Hezbollah as a [[List of designated terrorist groups|terrorist organisation]].

The UN does not maintain a terrorist list,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://main.un.org/securitycouncil/en|title=Homepage &#124; Security Council|website=main.un.org}}</ref> however, it has made repeated calls for Hezbollah to disarm and accused the group of destabilising the region and causing harm to Lebanese civilians.<ref>Bajpai, Arunoday. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lugDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT54 "Pratiyogita Darpan."] ''Pratiyogita Darpan''. October 2006. 9 January 2011.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/08/14/mideast.main/index.html|title=Lebanon truce holds despite clashes|publisher=CNN|date=15 August 2006|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref><ref>Frank, Thomas. [https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-07-17-israel-strategy_x.htm "Israel says it doesn't plan to occupy Lebanon."] ''USA Today''. 18 July 2006. 9 January 2011.</ref> Human rights organisations [[Amnesty International]] and [[Human Rights Watch]] have accused Hezbollah of committing [[war crimes]] against Israeli civilians.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/08/04/israellebanon-hezbollah-must-end-attacks-civilians "Israel/Lebanon: Hezbollah Must End Attacks on Civilians."] [[Human Rights Watch]]. 4 August 2006. 9 January 2011.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/09/14/amnesty.hezbollah/index.html?_s=PM:WORLD|title=Amnesty: Hezbollah guilty of war crimes|publisher=CNN|date=14 September 2006|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Cowell, Alan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/14/world/middleeast/14amnesty.html|title=Amnesty International Says Hezbollah Committed War Crimes|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=14 September 2006|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605053520/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060914.whezbollah0914/BNStory/International|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060914.whezbollah0914/BNStory/International |title=Amnesty: Hezbollah committed war crimes against Israel |work=Globe and Mail /AP |author=Katie Fretland |date=14 September 2006 |archive-date=5 June 2008 |access-date=20 October 2012 |location=Toronto}}</ref>

==== In the Arab and Muslim world ====
[[File:Anti-Islam Film protests (8009242499).jpg|thumb|Protesters in [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia, with a Hezbollah flag in September 2012]]
In 2006, Hezbollah was regarded as a legitimate resistance movement throughout most of the Arab and Muslim world.<ref name="HG20Ak02" /> Furthermore, most of the Sunni Arab world sees Hezbollah as an agent of Iranian influence, and therefore, would like to see their power in Lebanon diminished.<ref>Javedanfar, Meir. [https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/01/an-israeli-opportunity-in-a-lebanese-crisis/70498/ "An Israeli Opportunity in a Lebanese Crisis"] ''The Atlantic''. 31 January 2011. 10 August 2011.</ref> [[Egypt]], Jordan, and [[Saudi Arabia]] have condemned Hezbollah's actions, saying that "the Arabs and Muslims can't afford to allow an irresponsible and adventurous organisation like Hezbollah to drag the region to war" and calling it "dangerous adventurism".<ref name="The Jerusalem Post">{{cite news|title=Arab world fed up with Hizbullah|date=17 July 2006|author=Khaled Abu Toameh|newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]]}}</ref>

After an alleged [[2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt]], the Egyptian regime of [[Hosni Mubarak]] officially classified Hezbollah as a terrorist group.<ref name="la">"[http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2009/04/egypt-hizbollah-dismissed-as-terrorist.html Egypt: Cairo calls Hezbollah terrorist organization]", LA Times (13 April 2009). Retrieved 5 May 2013.</ref> Following the 2012 Presidential elections the new government recognised Hezbollah as a "real political and military force" in Lebanon. The Egyptian ambassador to Lebanon, Ashraf Hamdy, stated that, "Resistance in the sense of defending Lebanese territory&nbsp;... That's their primary role. We&nbsp;... think that as a resistance movement they have done a good job to keep on defending Lebanese territory and trying to regain land occupied by Israel is legal and legitimate."<ref name=RK2012>{{cite news|last=Kais|first=Roi|title=Envoy: Egypt to tighten relations with Hezbollah|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4326430,00.html|access-date=25 April 2013|newspaper=Ynetnews|date=30 December 2012}}</ref><ref name=LW2012>{{cite news|last=Williams|first=Lauren|title=New Egypt warms up to Hezbollah: ambassador|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2012/Dec-29/200288-new-egypt-warms-up-to-hezbollah-ambassador.ashx|access-date=25 April 2013|newspaper=The Daily Star|location=Lebanon|date=29 December 2012}}</ref>

During the [[Bahraini uprising (2011–present)|Bahraini uprising]], Bahrain [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bahrain)|foreign minister]] [[Khalid ibn Ahmad Al Khalifah]] labelled Hezbollah a terrorist group and accused them of supporting the protesters.<ref name="bahrain">{{cite news|last=Spangler|first=Timothy|url=https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=213829 |title=Bahrain complains over Hezbollah comments on protests|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|date=25 March 2011|access-date=22 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/143281|title=Bahrain: Hizbullah a Terrorist Group|last=Kahn|first=Gabe|date=31 March 2011|publisher=Arutz Sheva|access-date=1 April 2011}}</ref> On 10 April 2013, Bahrain blacklisted Hezbollah as a terrorist group, being the first Arab state in this regard.<ref name=jpost10apr13>{{cite news|title=Bahrain first Arab state to blacklist Hezbollah|url=https://www.jpost.com/International/Bahrain-first-Arab-state-to-blacklist-Hezbollah-309309|access-date=10 April 2013|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|date=10 April 2013}}</ref>

While Hezbollah has supported popular uprisings in [[2011 Egyptian revolution|Egypt]], [[2011 Yemeni uprising|Yemen]], Bahrain and [[Tunisian revolution|Tunisia]], Hezbollah publicly sided with Iran and Syria during the [[2011 Syrian uprising]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Spangler|first=Timothy |url=https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=233279 |title=Syria uprising stirs old divisions in neighboring Lebanon |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|access-date=22 November 2011}}</ref> This position has prompted criticism from anti-government Syrians. As Hezbollah supported other movements in the context of the [[Arab Spring]], anti-government Syrians have stated that they feel "betrayed" by a double standard allegedly applied by the movement. Following Hezbollah's aid in Assad government's [[Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)|victory in Qusayr]], anti-Hezbollah editorials began regularly appearing in the Arabic media and anti-Hezbollah graffiti has been seen in southern Lebanon.<ref>{{cite news|author=Kais, Roi|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4389767,00.html|title=Hezbollah is a 'cancer,' say Arab media|newspaper=Ynetnews|date=8 June 2013|access-date=9 June 2013}}</ref>

In March 2016, the [[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC]] designated Hezbollah as a terrorist organisation due to its alleged attempts to undermine GCC states, and [[Arab League]] followed the move, with reservation by [[Iraq]] and [[Lebanon]]. In the summit, Lebanese Foreign Minister [[Gebran Bassil]] said that "Hezbollah enjoys wide representation and is an integral faction of the Lebanese community", while Iraqi Foreign Minister [[Ibrahim al-Jaafari]] said [[al-Hashd al-Shaabi|PMF]] and Hezbollah "have preserved Arab dignity" and those who accuse them of being terrorists are terrorists themselves. The Saudi delegation walked out of the meeting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.annahar.com/article/332519-arab-league-declares-hezbollah-terrorist-organization|title=Arab League declares Hezbollah 'terrorist organization' |author= George Fakhry|date=11 March 2016|website=An-Nahar|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402110253/https://en.annahar.com/article/332519-arab-league-declares-hezbollah-terrorist-organization}}</ref> Israel's Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] called the step, {{"'}}important' and 'even amazing{{'"}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://maki.org.il/en/?p=7272|title=Reactionary Persian Gulf Arab States Praised by Netanyahu|publisher=Communist Party of Israel|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315032216/http://maki.org.il/en/?p=7272|archive-date=15 March 2016}}</ref>

A day before the move by the Arab League, Hezbollah leader Nasrallah said that, "Saudi Arabia is angry with Hezbollah since it is daring to say what only a few others dare to say against [[House of Saud|its royal family]]."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/03/arab-league-labels-hezbollah-terrorist-group-160311173735737.html|title=Arab League labels Hezbollah a 'terrorist' group|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

In 2020, a German security contractor accused [[Qatar]] of financing Hezbollah.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/qatar-finances-hezbollah-terrorism-declares-jews-are-enemies-report-635509|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|title=Qatar finances Hezbollah terrorism, declares 'Jews are enemies' – report | date=18 July 2020 }}</ref> In September 2021, U.S' Secretary of State, [[Antony Blinken]] commended the combined efforts taken by the [[United States]] and the [[Government of Qatar]] against Hezbollah financial network which involved the abuse of international financial system by using global networks of financiers and front companies to spread [[terrorism]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The United States and Qatar Take Actions Against Hizballah Financial Network|url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-qatar-take-actions-against-hizballah-financial-network/|access-date=2021-10-07|website=United States Department of State}}</ref> In July 2022, Qatar participated in a 30-nation meeting led by the United States to counter Hezbollah, according to [[Axios (website)|Axios]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravid |first=Barak |date=13 July 2022 |title=30 countries took part in U.S.-led meeting on countering Hezbollah |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/07/13/30-countries-meet-counter-hezbollah-influence}}</ref>

In June 2024, the Arab League Assistant Secretary-General Hossam Zaki has announced that the Arab League no longer considers Hezbollah a terrorist organisation.<ref name="MEM-2024"/>

==== In Lebanon ====
[[File:Graves of killed Hezbollah members.jpg|thumb|Graves of killed Hezbollah members at a mausoleum in Beirut]]
In an interview during the 2006 Lebanon War, then-President [[Emile Lahoud]] stated, "Hezbollah enjoys utmost prestige in Lebanon, because it freed our country&nbsp;... even though it is very small, it stands up to Israel."<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel-interview-with-lebanese-president-emile-lahoud-hezbollah-freed-our-country-a-428391.html Spiegel Interview with Lebanese President Emile Lahoud: 'Hezbollah Freed Our Country']. ''[[Der Spiegel]]''. 25 July 2006.</ref> Following the 2006 War, other Lebanese including members of the government were resentful of the large damage sustained by the country and saw Hezbollah's actions as unjustified "dangerous adventurism" rather than legitimate resistance. They accused Hezbollah of acting on behalf of Iran and Syria.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Itani |first=Faysal |title=Hizbullah and Lebanese Nationalism |journal=[[Bologna Center Journal of International Affairs]] |year=2007 |volume=10 |url=http://bcjournal.org/volume-10/hizbullah-and-lebanese-nationalism.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501174420/http://bcjournal.org/volume-10/hizbullah-and-lebanese-nationalism.html |archive-date=1 May 2013 }}</ref> An official of the [[Future Movement]], part of the [[March 14 Alliance]], warned that Hezbollah "has all the characteristics of a terrorist party", and that Hezbollah is moving Lebanon toward the Iranian Islamic system of government.<ref>[http://www.yalibnan.com/2011/05/23/allouch-hezbollah-qualifies-as-a-terrorist-group/ Allouch: Hezbollah qualifies as a terrorist group]. YaLibnan. 23 May 2011</ref>

In August 2008, Lebanon's cabinet completed a policy statement which recognised "the right of Lebanon's people, army, and resistance to liberate the Israeli-occupied Shebaa Farms, Kafar Shuba Hills, and the Lebanese section of Ghajar village, and defend the country using all legal and possible means".<ref name="Nafez Qawas">{{Cite news |author=Nafez Qawas |date=6 August 2008 |title=Berri summons Parliament to vote on policy statement |newspaper=[[Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]] |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=94824 |access-date=6 August 2008}}</ref>

[[Gebran Tueni]], a late conservative Orthodox Christian editor of [[an-Nahar]], referred to Hezbollah as an "Iranian import" and said "they have nothing to do with Arab civilisation". Tuení believed that Hezbollah's evolution is cosmetic, concealing a sinister long-term strategy to Islamicise Lebanon and lead it into a ruinous war with Israel.<ref name="nybooks"/>

By 2017, a poll showed that 62% of Lebanese Christians believed that Hezbollah was doing a "better job than anyone else in defending Lebanese interests in the region, and they trust it more than other social institutions".<ref>[https://angelusnews.com/voices/john-allen-jr/meeting-middle-east-christians-is-where-western-stereotypes-go-to-die "Meeting Middle East Christians is where Western stereotypes go to die"], John L. Allen Jr., 19 October 2017, angelusnews.com</ref>{{better source needed|date=December 2018}}

==== Scholarly views ====
Academics specialising in a wide variety of the social sciences believe that Hezbollah is an example of an Islamic terrorist organisation. Such scholars and research institutes include the following:
* [[Walid Phares]], Lebanese-born terrorism scholar and member of the Lebanese [[Kataeb Party]]<ref>[[Walid Phares|Phares, Walid]]. ''Future Jihad: Terrorist Strategies against America''. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2005. p. 148.</ref>
* [[Mark LeVine]], US historian<ref>{{cite web|author=LeVine, Mark|url=http://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/2006/07/Hamas-And-Hezbollah-The-Religion-Fallacy.aspx|title=Israel, Lebanon, Hezbollah, Hamas, fighting, terrorism, peace, by Mark LeVine|work=Beliefnet.com|access-date=18 January 2011|author-link=Mark LeVine}}</ref>
* [[Avraham Sela]], Israeli historian<ref>"Hizballah employed anti-Israel terrorism to pursue its goal of turning Lebanon into a state and society ruled solely by the Shari'a." Sela, Avraham. "Terrorism." ''The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East''. Ed. Avraham Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 822–836.</ref>
* [[Robert S. Wistrich]], Israeli historian<ref>"The Shiite Hezbollah has indeed become a trusted mentor and role model to the Sunni fundamentalist Hamas. Both organisations have inscribed on their banner the rejection of any treaties or peace agreements with Israel, energetically work for its demise and encourage suicide terrorism to that end." Wistrich, 731.</ref>
* Eyal Zisser, Israeli historian<ref>Zisser, Eyal. [http://www.meforum.org/533/the-threat-posed-by-hezbollah "The Threat Posed by Hezbollah."] ''Middle East Forum''. 26 November 2002. 18 January 2011.</ref>
* Siamak Khatami, Iranian scholar<ref>{{cite book |last1=Khatami |first1=Siamak |title=Iran, a View from Within: Political Analyses |date=2004 |publisher=Janus Publishing Company Lim |isbn=9781857565232 |page=61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FBMLbyEVZHkC&pg=PA61 |access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref>
* [[Rohan Gunaratna]], Singaporean scholar<ref name="Gunaratna">{{cite book |last1=Gunaratna |first1=Rohan |title=Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror |date=2002 |publisher=Berkeley Books |isbn=9780425191149 |page=146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SUYDmSGGLmYC |access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref>
* Neeru Gaba, Australian scholar<ref>Gaba, Neeru. [https://books.google.com/books?id=oipJQwAACAAJ ''Hezbollah: in transition'']. La Trobe University. 2007. 21 January 2011.</ref>
* Tore Bjørgo, Norwegian scholar<ref>Bjørgo, Tore. [https://books.google.com/books?id=duqEre13tlAC&pg=PA186 ''Root Causes of Terrorism'']. Psychology Press. 21 January 2011.</ref>
* Magnus Norell, of the [[European Foundation for Democracy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/eu-designate-hezbollah-a-terrorist-organisation-now|title=EU: Designate Hezbollah a Terrorist Organisation Now|website=washingtoninstitute.org}}</ref>
* [[Anthony Cordesman]], of the US [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/media/csis/pubs/050329_terrandextmvmts%5B1%5D.pdf|title=Terrorist and Extremist Movements in the Middle East|access-date=6 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818211656/https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/media/csis/pubs/050329_terrandextmvmts%5B1%5D.pdf|archive-date=18 August 2016}}</ref>
* [[Center for American Progress]]<ref>[https://www.americanprogress.org/events/2010/09/30/17001/hezbollahs-impact-on-security-and-political-dynamics-in-the-middle-east/ Hezbollah's Impact on Security and Political Dynamics in the Middle East], 30 September 2010</ref>
* [[United States Institute of Peace]]<ref>[http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/sr111.pdf Special Report 111: Global Terrorism after the Iraq War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401134908/https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/sr111.pdf |date=1 April 2024 }}, October 2003</ref>

=== Views of foreign legislators ===
[[J. Gresham Barrett]] brought up legislation in the US House of Representatives which, among other things, referred to Hezbollah as a terrorist organisation. Congress members [[Tom Lantos]], [[Jim Saxton]], [[Thad McCotter]], [[Chris Shays]], [[Charles Boustany]], [[Alcee Hastings]], and [[Robert Wexler]] referred to Hezbollah as a terrorist organisation in their speeches supporting the legislation.<ref>Congress. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eaCIX6d3Y5YC&pg=PA4533 ''Congressional Record'', V. 151, Pt. 4 ...."] Government Printing Office. 11 March to 6 April 2005. 23 January 2011.</ref> Shortly before a speech by Iraqi Prime Minister [[Nouri al-Maliki]], U.S. Congressman [[Dennis Hastert]] said, "He [Maliki] denounces terrorism, and I have to take him at his word. Hezbollah is a terrorist organisation."<ref>{{cite news|author=Weisman, Jonathan|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/26/AR2006072600230.html|title=Iraqi Prime Minister Presses for More Aid|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=27 July 2006|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref>

In 2011, a bipartisan group of members of US Congress introduced the Hezbollah Anti-Terrorism Act. The act ensures that no US aid to Lebanon will enter the hands of Hezbollah. On the day of the act's introduction, Congressman [[Darrell Issa]] said, "Hezbollah is a terrorist group and a cancer on Lebanon. The Hezbollah Anti-Terrorism Act surgically targets this cancer and will strengthen the position of Lebanese who oppose Hezbollah."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.house.gov/apps/list/press/ca28_berman/HATA_Joint_Release.shtml |title=Reps. Berman, Issa, Boustany, Rahall Introduce Bipartisan Legislation to Make Certain No Taxpayer Funds Benefit Hezbollah|publisher=The United States House of Representatives|date=16 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110620015347/http://www.house.gov/apps/list/press/ca28_berman/HATA_Joint_Release.shtml|archive-date=20 June 2011}}</ref>

In a Sky News interview during the 2006 Lebanon war, British MP [[George Galloway]] said that Hezbollah is "not a terrorist organisation".<ref>{{cite video|people=George Galloway, Anna Botting|title=Getting a word in|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbyF1Mp-fHk| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211116/hbyF1Mp-fHk| archive-date=2021-11-16 | url-status=live|format=TV|medium=News|publisher=Sky News|access-date=22 January 2011|time=3:59–4:04|quote=But they're not a terrorist organization.}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Former Swiss member of parliament, [[Jean Ziegler]], said in 2006: "I refuse to describe Hezbollah as a terrorist group. It is a national movement of resistance."<ref>{{cite news|title=Switzerland nominates Hezbollah advocate for UN Human Rights Council |last=Weinthal |first=Benjamin |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|date=14 August 2013|url=https://www.jpost.com/International/Switzerland-nominates-Hezbollah-advocate-for-UN-Human-Rights-Council-322971|access-date=14 August 2013}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
=== Parliament ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Election
! Leading candidate
! Votes
! %
! Seats
! +/–
! Government
|-
![[1992 Lebanese general election|1992]]
| rowspan="7"|[[Hassan Nasrallah]]
| —
| — (#1)
|{{Composition bar|8|128|{{party color|Hezbollah}}}}
| ''New''
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
![[1996 Lebanese general election|1996]]
| —
| — (#3)
|{{Composition bar|7|128|{{party color|Hezbollah}}}}
| [[File:Red Arrow Down.svg|10px]]1
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
![[2000 Lebanese general election|2000]]
| —
| — (#3)
|{{Composition bar|10|128|{{party color|Hezbollah}}}}
| [[File:Green Arrow Up Darker.svg|10px]]3
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
![[2005 Lebanese general election|2005]]
| —
| — (#4)
|{{Composition bar|14|128|{{party color|Hezbollah}}}}
| [[File:Green Arrow Up Darker.svg|10px]]4
| {{yes2|[[First Cabinet of Fouad Siniora|Coalition]]}}
|-
![[2009 Lebanese general election|2009]]
| —
| — (#4)
|{{Composition bar|13|128|{{party color|Hezbollah}}}}
| [[File:Red Arrow Down.svg|10px]]1
| {{yes2|[[First Cabinet of Saad Hariri|Coalition]]}}
|-
![[2018 Lebanese general election|2018]]
| 289,174
| 16.44 (#5)
|{{Composition bar|12|128|{{party color|Hezbollah}}}}
| [[File:Red Arrow Down.svg|10px]]1
| {{yes2|[[Third Cabinet of Saad Hariri|Coalition]]}}
|-
![[2022 Lebanese general election|2022]]
| 335,466
| 18.56 (#3)
|{{Composition bar|15|128|{{party color|Hezbollah}}}}
| [[File:Green Arrow Up Darker.svg|10px]]3
| {{yes2|[[Third Cabinet of Najib Mikati|Coalition]]}}
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Lebanon|Iran|Shia Islam}}
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Flag of Hezbollah]]
* [[Military equipment of Hezbollah]]
* [[Terrorism in Lebanon]]
* [[Jihad al-Bina]]
* [[Tourist Landmark of the Resistance|Mleeta museum]]
* [[Peace Companies|Jaysh al-Mahdi (Iraq)]]
* [[Al-Ashtar Brigades|Al-Ashtar Brigades (Bahrain)]]
* [[Liwa Assad Allah al-Ghalib fi al-Iraq wa al-Sham|Liwa Assad Allah (Syria)]]
* [[Hezbollah Al-Hejaz|Hezbollah al-Hejaz (Saudi Arabia)]]
* [[Sabireen Movement|Harakah al-Sabireen (Palestine)]]
* [[Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain]]
* [[Islamic Movement (Nigeria)]]
* [[Hezbollah Movement in Iraq]]
** [[Kata'ib Hezbollah]]
** [[Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba|Harakah Hezbollah al-Nujaba]]
** [[Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada]]
** [[Badr Organization]]
** [[Kata'ib al-Imam Ali]]
** [[Unit 121]]
** [[Mahmoud Qamati]]
{{colend}}

==Notes==
===Footnotes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book| title = The Changing Ideology of Hezbollah | last1 = Al-Aloosy| first1 = Massaab | year = 2020 | publisher = [[Springer International Publishing]]}}
* {{cite journal|title=Why Hezbollah has openly joined the Syrian fight | last1=  Blanford | first1=Nicholas | last2 =  Salim| first2=Arab | journal=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] | date=23 June 2013 | url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2013/0623/Why-Hezbollah-has-openly-joined-the-Syrian-fight | access-date=28 July 2020}}
* {{Cite book| title =  Hezbollah: A History of the "Party of God" | last1 = Avon  | first1 = Dominique | author1-link =Dominique Avon | last2 = Khatchadourian | first2 = Anaïs-Trissa | year = 2012 | publisher = [[Harvard University Press]]| url =  https://books.google.com/books?id=jOZ3Aqf6BzoC&pg=PT14 | isbn =  978-0-674-07031-8}}
* {{Cite book| title =  Hezbollah: Mobilization and Power | last = Daher | first =  Aurélie | year = 2019 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | url =  https://books.google.com/books?id=qiieDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 | isbn =  978-0-190-09263-4}}
* {{Cite book| title =  Hezbollah, Islamist Politics, and International Society | last = Dionigi | first =  Filippo | year =2014 | publisher = [[Springer Publishing|Springer]] | isbn =  978-1-137-40302-5}}
* {{Cite book| title = Religion and Hezbollah: Political Ideology and Legitimacy | last = Farida  | first = Mariam | year =2019 | publisher = [[Routledge]] | url =  https://books.google.com/books?id=5rqmDwAAQBAJ| isbn =  978-1-000-45857-2}}
* {{Cite book| title =  Hezbollah: A Short History| last =  Norton | first = Augustus Richard|  author-link =Augustus Richard Norton | year = 2014 | publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]| edition =2|url =  https://books.google.com/books?id=hXOYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR11 | isbn =  978-1-400-85144-7}}
* {{Cite book| title =  Hezbollah: Socialisation and its Tragic Ironies | last = Saouli  | first =  Adham | year = 2018 | publisher = [[Edinburgh University Press]]| url =  https://books.google.com/books?id=1GiDDwAAQBAJ| isbn =  978-1-474-41954-3}}
* {{Cite book| title = Hezbollah: From Islamic Resistance to Government: From Islamic Resistance to Government| last1 = Worrall | first1 = James | last2 = Mabon | first2 =  Simon | last3 = Clubb | first3 =  Gordon | year =  2015 | publisher = [[ABC-CLIO]] | url =  https://books.google.com/books?id=8AfHCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 | isbn =  978-1-440-83135-5}}
* {{Cite news|title=In Hezbollah stronghold, Lebanese Christians find respect, stability | last=Zirulnick|first=Ariel| work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]| date=21 December 2012| url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/1221/In-Hezbollah-stronghold-Lebanese-Christians-find-respect-stability| access-date=28 July 2020}}
* {{cite book |last1=Norton |first1=Augustus R. |title=Hezbollah: a short history |date=2018 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=9780691180885 |edition=Updated and expanded third}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ranstorp |first1=Magnus|year=1997|title=Hizb'Allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-16491-1|author-link=Magnus Ranstorp}}
* {{cite journal|journal=[[Mediterranean Politics]] |volume=3 |issue=1 |date=Summer 1998 |pages=103–134 |title=The strategy and tactics of Hizballah's current Lebanonization process|doi=10.1080/13629399808414643 |last1=Ranstorp |first1=Magnus|author-link=Magnus Ranstorp}}
*Tom Najem and Roy C. Amore, ''Historical Dictionary of Lebanon'', Second Edition, Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, Boulder, New York & London 2021. {{ISBN|9781538120439}}, 1538120437
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
===Books===
* {{cite book|author=Joseph Alagha|year=2006|title=The Shifts in Hizbullah's Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-5356-910-8|author-link=Joseph Alagha}}
* {{cite book|author1=[[Tom Diaz]] |author2=[[Barbara Newman]]|year=2005|title=Lightning Out of Lebanon: Hezbollah Terrorists on American Soil|publisher=[[Presidio Press]]|isbn=978-0-345-47568-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQzV3vuV7eAC}}
* {{cite book|author=Ahmad Nizar Hamzeh|year=2004|title=In The Path Of Hizbullah|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-3053-1|author-link=Ahmad Nizar Hamzeh}}
* {{cite book|author=Judith Palmer Harik|year=2006|title=Hezbollah: The Changing Face of Terrorism|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-024-6|author-link=Judith Palmer Harik}}
* {{cite book|author=Hala Jaber|year=1997|title=Hezbollah|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-10834-8|author-link=Hala Jaber|url=https://archive.org/details/hezbollahbornwit00jabe}}
* {{cite book|author=Avi Jorisch|year=2004|title=Beacon of Hatred: Inside Hizballahs Al-Manar Television|publisher=Washington Institute for Near East Policy|isbn=978-0-944029-88-6|author-link=Avi Jorisch}}
* {{cite book|author=Augustus Richard Norton|year=2000|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/8612/hizballah_of_lebanon.html|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|title=Hizballah of Lebanon: Extremist Ideals vs. Mundane Politics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720163202/http://www.cfr.org/publication/8612/hizballah_of_lebanon.html|archive-date=20 July 2006|author-link=Augustus Richard Norton}}
* {{cite book |author=Augustus Richard Norton |year=2007 |url=https://archive.org/details/hezbollahshorthi00nort |title=Hezbollah: A Short History |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-13124-5 |author-link=Augustus Richard Norton }}
* {{cite book |last=Qassem |first=Naim |author-link=Naim Qassem |title=Hizbullah: The Story from Within |publisher=Saqi Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-86356-517-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/hizbullahstoryfr00qasi }}
* {{cite book|author=Amal Saad-Ghorayeb|year=2001|title=Hizbullah: Politics and Religion|publisher=[[Pluto Press]]|isbn=978-0-7453-1793-9|author-link=Amal Saad-Ghorayeb}}
* {{cite book|author=Jamal Sankari|year=2005|title=Fadlallah: The Making of a Radical Shi'ite Leader|publisher=Saqi Books|isbn=978-0-86356-596-0|author-link=Jamal Sankari}}

===Articles===
* {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8076820.stm |title=Inside Lebanese Hezbollah militia |author=Natalia Antelava |publisher=BBC News|date=2 June 2006 |access-date=24 July 2009}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links | wikt=no | commons=Category:Hezbollah | b=no | n=no | q=Hezbollah | s=Hezbollah | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=no | display=Hezbollah}}

===UN resolutions regarding Hezbollah===
* [https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sc8181.doc.htm UN Press Release SC/8181]. UN. 2 September 2004.
* [https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=11823&Cr=Lebanon&Cr1= Lebanon: Close Security Council vote backs free elections, urges foreign troop pullout]. UN. 2 September 2004.

===Other links===
* [http://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/meb/MEB78.pdf Is Hezbollah Confronting a Crisis of Popular Legitimacy?] (PDF) Eric Lob, Crown Centre for Middle East Studies, March 2014.
* [http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/html/pdf/hezbollah-testimony-05252005.pdf Hezbollah]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028175805/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/html/pdf/hezbollah-testimony-05252005.pdf |date=28 October 2020 }}: Financing Terror through Criminal Enterprise, Testimony of Matthew Levitt, Hearing of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate.
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070221003851/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2007/832/op92.htm Hizbullah's two republics]}} by Mohammed Ben Jelloun, ''Al-Ahram'', 15–21 February 2007.
* [https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/lebanon/thestory.html "Inside Hezbollah"] – short documentary and extensive information from ''Frontline/World'' on PBS
* [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3284023,00.html Hizbullah – the 'Party of God'] – fact file at Ynetnews

{{Lebanese political parties}}
{{Arab-Israeli Conflict}}
{{Syrian civil war}}
{{Military of the Arab world}}
{{Authority control}}

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