View source for International Council for Science

{{short description|International non-governmental organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox organization
| name                     = International Council for Science
| image                    = Logo icsu2.png
| image_alt                = Logo of ICSU
| abbreviation             = ICSU
| headquarters             = [[Paris]], France
| dissolved                = {{end date and age|2018|07|}}
| type                     = [[International non-governmental organization|INGO]]
| leader_title             = [[President (corporate title)|President]]
| leader_name              = [[Gordon McBean]]
| successor                = [[International Science Council]]
| merged_into              = [[International Social Science Council]]
| formation                = {{Start date and age|1931}}
| website                  = {{URL|https://council.science/}}
| former_name              = International Council of Scientific Unions
}}

[[Image:International Council for Science.png|thumb|right|350px|{{legend|#22b14c|Members}}
{{legend|#b5e61d|Members as participants in the Caribbean Academy of Sciences or [[University of the South Pacific]]}}]]

The '''International Council for Science''' ('''ICSU''', after its former name, '''International Council of Scientific Unions''') was an [[international non-governmental organization]] devoted to [[multilateralism|international cooperation]] in the advancement of [[science]]. Its members were national scientific bodies and international scientific unions.

In 2017, the ICSU comprised 122 multi-disciplinary National Scientific Members, Associates and Observers representing 142 countries and 31 international, disciplinary Scientific Unions. ICSU also had 22 Scientific Associates.<ref>[https://www.icsu.org/about-us/our-members ICSU's Our Members web page], updated on 6 October 2017</ref> In July 2018, ICSU merged with the [[International Social Science Council]] (ISSC) to form the [[International Science Council]] (ISC) at a constituent general assembly in [[Paris]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction · Documentation on the ICSU/ISSC merger process |url=https://icsu-issc.gitbooks.io/documentation-on-the-icsu-issc-merger-process/content/ |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=icsu-issc.gitbooks.io}}</ref>

==Mission and principles==
The ICSU's mission was to strengthen international science for the benefit of society. To do this, the ICSU mobilized the knowledge and resources of the international [[scientific community]] to:

* Identify and address major issues of importance to science and society.
* Facilitate interaction amongst scientists across all disciplines and from all countries.
* Promote the participation of all scientists – regardless of race, citizenship, language, political stance, or gender – in the international scientific endeavour.
* Provide independent, authoritative advice to stimulate constructive dialogue between the scientific community and governments, civil society, and the private sector."<ref>[https://council.science/about-us ISC's About Us web page], updated on 14 December 2011</ref>

Activities focused on three areas: International Research Collaboration, Science for Policy, and Universality of Science.

==History==
In July 2018, the ICSU became the [[International Science Council]] (ISC).

The ICSU itself was one of the oldest [[non-governmental organization]]s in the world, representing the evolution and expansion of two earlier bodies known as the [[International Association of Academies]] (IAA; 1899–1914) and the International Research Council (IRC; 1919–1931). In 1998, Members agreed that the Council's current composition and activities would be better reflected by modifying the name from the International Council of Scientific Unions to the International Council for Science, while its rich history and strong identity would be well served by retaining the existing acronym, ICSU.<ref>[https://council.science/about-us/a-brief-history ISC's A Brief History web page], updated on 6 October 2017</ref>

==Universality of science==

<blockquote>The '''Principle of Freedom and Responsibility in Science''': the free and responsible practice of science is fundamental to scientific advancement and human and environmental well-being. Such practice, in all its aspects, requires freedom of movement, association, expression and communication for scientists, as well as equitable access to data, information, and other resources for research. It requires responsibility at all levels to carry out and communicate scientific work with integrity, respect, fairness, trustworthiness, and transparency, recognizing its benefits and possible harms. In advocating the free and responsible practice of science, the council promotes equitable opportunities for access to science and its benefits, and opposes discrimination based on such factors as ethnic origin, religion, citizenship, language, political or other opinion, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, disability, or age.<ref name = "ISC Statute 7">{{cite web|last1=International Science Council | title = ISC Steatite 7: Freedoms and Responsibilities in Science | date = n.d.| website = International Science Council | url = https://council.science/what-we-do/freedoms-and-responsibilities-of-scientists/ | access-date = 24 April 2021}}</ref></blockquote>

The International Science Council's Committee on Freedom and Responsibility in Science (CFRS) "oversees this commitment and is the guardian of this work."<ref name = "ISC Statute 7"/>

==Structure==
The ICSU Secretariat (20 staff in 2012) in Paris ensured the day-to-day planning and operations under the guidance of an elected executive board. Three Policy Committees − Committee on Scientific Planning and Review (CSPR), Committee on Freedom and Responsibility in the conduct of Science (CFRS) and Committee on Finance − assisted the executive board in its work and a General Assembly of all Members was convened every three years. ICSU has three Regional Offices − Africa, Asia and the Pacific as well as Latin America and the Caribbean.

==Finances==
The principal source of ICSU's finances was the contributions it receives from its members. Other sources of income are the framework contracts from [[UNESCO]] (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) and grants and contracts from [[United Nations]] bodies, foundations and agencies, which are used to support the scientific activities of the ICSU Unions and interdisciplinary bodies.

==Member organizations==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Abbreviation
! Union
! Member Since
! Field
|-
| IAU
| [[International Astronomical Union]]
| 1922
| [[Astronomy]]
|-
| IBRO
| [[International Brain Research Organization]]
| 1993
| [[Neuroscience]]
|-
| ICA
| [[International Cartographic Association]]
| 1990
| [[Cartography]]
|-
| IGU
| [[International Geographical Union]]
| 1923
| [[Geography]]
|-
| IMU
| [[International Mathematical Union]]
| 1922
| [[Mathematics]]
|-
| INQUA
| [[International Union for Quaternary Research]]
| 2005
| [[Quaternary|Quaternary Period]]
|-
| ISA
| [[International Sociological Association]]
| 2011
| [[Sociology]] and [[Social Sciences]]
|-
| ISPRS
| [[International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing]]
| 2002
| [[Photogrammetry]] and [[Remote Sensing]]
|-
| IUAES
| [[International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences]]
| 1993
| [[Anthropology]] and [[Ethnology]]
|-
| IUBMB
| [[International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology]]
| 1955
| [[Biochemistry]] and [[Molecular Biology]]
|-
| IUBS
| [[International Union of Biological Sciences]]
| 1925
| [[Biology]]
|-
| IUCr
| [[International Union of Crystallography]]
| 1947
| [[Crystallography]]
|-
| IUFRO
| [[International Union of Forest Research Organizations]]
| 2005
| [[Forestry]]
|-
| IUFoST
| [[International Union of Food Science and Technology]]
| 1996
| [[Food science]] and [[Food technology]]
|-
| IUGG
| [[International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics]]
| 1919
| [[Geodesy]] and [[Geophysics]]
|-
| IUGS
| [[International Union of Geological Sciences]]
| 1922
| [[Geology]]
|-
| IUHPS
| [[International Union of History and Philosophy of Science]]
| 1922
| [[History of science]] and [[Philosophy of science]]
|-
| IUIS
| [[International Union of Immunological Societies]]
| 1976
| [[Immunology]]
|-
| IUMRS
| [[International Union of Materials Research Societies]]
| 2005
| [[Materials science]]
|-
| IUMS
| [[International Union of Microbiological Societies]]
| 1982
| [[Microbiology]]
|-
| IUNS
| [[International Union of Nutritional Sciences]]
| 1968
| [[Nutrition]]
|-
| IUPAB
| [[International Union for Pure and Applied Biophysics]]
| 1966
| [[Biophysics]]
|-
| IUPAC
| [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]]
| 1922
| [[Chemistry]]
|-
| IUPAP
| [[International Union of Pure and Applied Physics]]
| 1922
| [[Physics]]
|-
| IUPESM
| [[International Union for Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine]]
| 1999
| [[Medical physics]]
|-
| IUPHAR
| [[International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology]]
| 1972
| [[Pharmacology]]
|-
| IUPS
| [[International Union of Physiological Sciences]]
| 1955
| [[Physiology]]
|-
| IUPsyS
| [[International Union of Psychological Science]]
| 1982
| [[Psychology]]
|-
| IUSS
| [[International Union of Soil Sciences]]
| 1993
| [[Soil science]]
|-
| IUTAM
| [[International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics]]
| 1947
| [[Mechanics]]
|-
| IUTOX
| International Union of Toxicology
| 1996
| [[Toxicology]]
|-
| URSI
| [[International Union of Radio Science]]
| 1922
| [[Radio wave|Radio science]]
|}

=== Associate member organizations ===

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Abbr. 
! Associate
|-
| 4S
| [[Society for Social Studies of Science]]
|-
| AAS
| [[African Academy of Sciences]]
|-
| AASSA
| Association of Academies and Societies of Sciences in Asia
|-
| ACAL
| {{interlanguage link|Latin American Academy of Sciences|pt|Academia de Ciências da América Latina}}
|-
| CIE
| [[Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage]]
|-
| FIG
| {{Lang|fr|[[International Federation of Surveyors|Fédération internationale des géomètres]]|italic=no}}
|-
| IAHR
| [[International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research]]
|-
| IASC
| [[International Arctic Science Committee]]
|-
| ICA (acoustics)
| [[International Commission for Acoustics]]
|-
| ICIAM
| [[International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics]]
|-
| ICLAS
| International Council for Laboratory Animal Science
|-
| ICO
| [[International Commission for Optics]]
|-
| ICSTI
| [[International Council for Scientific and Technical Information]]
|-
| IFIP
| [[International Federation for Information Processing]]
|-
| IFLA
| [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]]
|-
| IFS
| [[International Foundation for Science]]
|-
| IFSM
| [[International Federation of Societies for Microscopy]]
|-
| IIASA
| [[International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis]]
|-
| IUVSTA
| [[International Union for Vacuum Science, Technique and Applications]]
|-
| IWA
| [[International Water Association]]
|-
| PSA
| [[Pacific Science Association]]
|-
| SCOPE
| [[Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment]]
|-
| TWAS
| [[The World Academy of Sciences]]
|-
| UIS
| [[Union Internationale de Spéléologie]]
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Diversitas]] project, closed Dec 2014 transferred Jan 2015 to ICS as [[Future Earth (environmental research)|Future Earth]]
* [[InterAcademy Partnership]]

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Abbr.
! Organisation
|-
|[[CIAAW]] || [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]
|-
|[[CODATA]] || [[Committee on Data for Science and Technology]]
|-
|[[COSPAR]] || [[Committee on Space Research]]
|-
|GCOS || [[Global Climate Observing System]]
|-
|[[IGBP]] || [[International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme]]
|-
|IHDP || [[International Human Dimensions Programme]]
|-
|[[Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research|SCAR]] || [[Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research]]
|-
|[[Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment|SCOPE]] || [[Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment]]
|-
|SCOR || [[Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research]]
|-
|INASP || [[INASP|International Network for Advancing Science and Policy]]
|-
|WCRP || [[World Climate Research Programme]]
|-
|WDS || [[World Data System]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* Greenaway, Frank (2006) [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0521028108 ''Science International: A History of the International Council of Scientific Unions''] Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|9780521028103}}
* [[Tore Frängsmyr|Frängsmyr, Tore]] (1990) ''Solomon's house revisited: the organization and institutionalization of science''. Science History Publications, U.S.A. {{ISBN|9780881350661}}
* Crawford, Elisabeth (2002) ''Nationalism and Internationalism in Science, 1880-1939''. Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|9780521524742}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat|International Council for Science}}
*{{Official website|https://council.science/}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131027174517/http://scholarly-societies.org/unions.html ICSU] at [[University of Waterloo]] Scholarly Societies directory
*[http://www.fao.org/gtos/sponsrs/icsuinfo.html ICSU] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023072118/http://www.fao.org/gtos/sponsrs/icsuinfo.html |date=23 October 2013 }}) at the [[United Nations]]

{{International Council for Science}}
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[[Category:International Council for Science| ]]
[[Category:International organisations based in France]]
[[Category:International scientific organizations]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Paris]]
[[Category:Scientific organisations based in France]]
[[Category:Scientific organizations established in 1931]]
[[Category:Science policy]]
[[Category:Non-governmental organizations]]