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{{Short description|King of Scotland from 1513 to 1542}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = James V
| image        = Portrait of James V of Scotland (1512_-_1542).jpg
| caption      = Portrait by [[Corneille de Lyon]], {{Circa|1536}}
| succession   = [[List of Scottish monarchs|King of Scotland]]
| reign        = 9 September 1513 –<br/>14 December 1542
| coronation   = 21 September 1513
| predecessor  = [[James IV]]
| successor    = [[Mary, Queen of Scots|Mary]]
| regent       = {{List collapsed|title=''See list''|
* [[Margaret Tudor]] (1513–1514, 1524–1525)
* [[John Stewart, Duke of Albany]] (1514–1524)}}
| reg-type     = Regents
| birth_date   = 10 April 1512
| birth_place  = [[Linlithgow Palace]], Linlithgow, Scotland
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|1542|12|14|1512|4|10|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[Falkland Palace]], Fife, Scotland
| spouses      = {{plainlist|
* {{Marriage|[[Madeleine of Valois|Madeleine of France]]|1 January 1537|7 July 1537|end=died}}
* {{Marriage|[[Mary of Guise]]|1538}}
}}
| issue        = {{Plain list|
* [[James, Duke of Rothesay (born 1540)|James, Duke of Rothesay]]
*Robert, Duke of Albany
* [[Mary, Queen of Scots]]
* ''Illegitimate'':
* [[James Stewart, Commendator of Kelso and Melrose]]
* [[James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray]]
* [[John Stewart, Commendator of Coldingham]]
* [[Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of Orkney]]
* [[Lady Jean Stewart|Jean Campbell, Countess of Argyll]]
}}
| issue-link   = #Issue
| issue-pipe   = more...
| house        = [[House of Stuart|Stewart]]
| father       = [[James IV of Scotland]]
| mother       = [[Margaret Tudor]]
| burial_date  = 8 January 1543
| burial_place = [[Holyrood Abbey]]
| religion     = [[Catholic Church in Scotland|Catholicism]]
| signature    = Signature of James V of Scotland.svg
}}

'''James V''' (10 April 1512 – 14 December 1542) was [[List of Scottish monarchs|King of Scotland]] from 9 September 1513 until his death in 1542. He was crowned on 21 September 1513 at the age of seventeen months. James was the son of King [[James IV]] and [[Margaret Tudor]], daughter of [[Henry VII of England]]. During his childhood, [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] was governed by [[regent]]s, firstly by his mother until she remarried, and then by his first cousin once removed, [[John Stewart, Duke of Albany]]. James's personal rule began in 1528, when he finally escaped the custody of his stepfather, [[Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus]]. His first action was to exile Angus and confiscate the lands of the [[Clan Douglas|Douglases]].

James greatly increased his income by tightening control over royal estates and from the profits of justice, customs and feudal rights. He founded the [[College of Justice]] in 1532 and also acted to end lawlessness and rebellion in the [[Anglo-Scottish border|Borders]] and the [[Hebrides]]. The rivalry among [[Kingdom of France|France]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] and the [[Holy Roman Empire]] lent James unwonted diplomatic weight and saw him secure two politically and financially advantageous French marriages, first to [[Madeleine of Valois]] and then to [[Mary of Guise]]. James also fathered at least nine illegitimate children by a series of mistresses.

James's reign witnessed the beginnings of [[Protestantism]] in Scotland, and his uncle [[Henry VIII of England]]'s break with [[Catholic Church|Rome]] in the 1530s placed James in a powerful bargaining position with the [[papacy]], allowing James to exploit the situation to increase his control over ecclesiastical appointments and the financial dividends from church revenues. [[Pope Paul III]] granted him the title of ''[[Defender of the Faith]]'' in 1537. James maintained diplomatic correspondence with various [[Irish people|Irish]] nobles and chiefs throughout their resistance to Henry VIII in the 1530s, and in 1540, they offered him the [[High King of Ireland|kingship of Ireland]]. A patron of the arts, James spent lavishly on the construction of several royal residences in the [[High Gothic]] and [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] styles.

James has been described as a vindictive king, whose policies were largely motivated by the pursuit of wealth and a paranoid fear of his nobility, which led to the ruthless appropriation of their lands. He has also been characterised as the "poor man's king" due to his accessibility to the poor and his acting against their oppressors. James died in December 1542 following the Scottish defeat by the English at the [[Battle of Solway Moss]]. His only surviving legitimate child, [[Mary, Queen of Scots|Mary]], succeeded him at the age of just six days old.

== Early life ==
{{Multiple image
| image1      = James IV of Scotland (2).jpg
| image2      = Marguerite Tudor.jpg
| total_width = 350
| footer      = James V's parents, King [[James IV]] and [[Margaret Tudor]]
}}

James was the third son of King [[James IV]] and his wife [[Margaret Tudor]], the eldest daughter of [[Henry VII of England]], and was the only legitimate child of [[James IV of Scotland|James IV]] to survive infancy. He was born on 10 April 1512 at [[Linlithgow Palace]] and baptised the following day,<ref>[[Robert Kerr Hannay]], ''Letters of James IV'' (SHS: Edinburgh, 1953), p. 243.</ref> receiving the title [[Duke of Rothesay]].<ref>{{Cite DNB|last=Mackay|first=Æneas|author-link=Aeneas James George Mackay|wstitle=James V of Scotland|pages=153-161|volume=29}}</ref> James became king at just seventeen months old when his father was killed at the [[Battle of Flodden]] on 9 September 1513.

=== Struggle for the regency ===
James was crowned in the Chapel Royal at [[Stirling Castle]] on 21 September 1513.<ref>Lucinda H. S. Dean, ''Death and the Royal Succession in Scotland: Ritual, Ceremony and Power'' (Boydell & Brewer, 2024), p. 206.</ref> The nobility accepted Margaret Tudor as [[regent]] for her young son, in accordance with the terms of James IV's will, which also stated that Margaret was to retain this position so long as she remained a widow. The long minority of James V would last for nearly fifteen years, with Margaret's position as regent soon challenged by the French-born [[John, Duke of Albany]], who was James V's second cousin and the nearest male heir to the throne after the king and his younger brother, [[Alexander, Duke of Ross]], who was born in April 1514.<ref>Ken Emond, ''James V'' (John Donald, 2019), pp. xii, 3.</ref>

In August 1514, Margaret Tudor married [[Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus]]. This marriage was opposed by many among the nobility, who feared the advancement of the Douglases. They sought to deprive Margaret of the regency because she had remarried. The [[Privy Council of Scotland|Privy Council]] removed Margaret from the office of regent and appointed the Duke of Albany to replace her.<ref name="Emond28">Ken Emond, ''James V'' (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2019), p. 28.</ref>

== Minority rule ==
=== Albany's regency ===
[[File:John d'Albany.jpg|left|thumb|[[John Stewart, Duke of Albany]], regent of James V from 1515 to 1524]]

Albany arrived at [[Dumbarton Castle]] with eight ships and a troop of French soldiers in May 1514.<ref>Ken Emond, ''James V'' (John Donald, 2019), p. 54.</ref> He entered [[Edinburgh]] on 26 May, and in July, [[Parliament of Scotland|Parliament]] confirmed his restoration as Duke of Albany and his position as regent. Albany's noble supporters intended his arrival to bring stable and good government, while [[Francis I of France]] sought to use Albany to maintain support for the [[Auld Alliance]] with France. The first year of his regency was a period when a vigorous defence of his authority was essential to prevent the crumbling of Scottish government either into anarchy or into English control.<ref name="Emond60">Ken Emond, ''James V'' (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2019), p. 60.</ref>

Control of the person of the King was an essential prelude to Albany's attempt to govern, as he was aware from the beginning that his claims to act for the King and with full royal authority depended on the continued goodwill of the King himself, or rather of whoever had control of his person and could therefore claim to speak with his voice. Margaret and Angus were potentially hostile to Albany's intentions, and James V had to be removed from their influence.<ref>Ken Emond, ''James V'' (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2019), p. 79.</ref> Albany besieged Stirling Castle and Margaret was forced to relinquish possession of the King and the Duke of Ross.<ref name=Emond60/> James would not see his mother again for two years.<ref name="Ross194">Ross, Stewart, ''The Stewart Dynasty'' (Thomas and Lochar, 1993), p. 194.</ref> Having lost the regency, her income and control of her sons, Margaret departed from the court in September 1515, fleeing from [[Linlithgow Palace]], where she had gone for her lying in, to [[Tantallon Castle]], where she gave birth to her daughter, [[Lady Margaret Douglas]], in [[Northumberland]].<ref>Ken Emond, ''James V'' (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2019), pp. 91–92.</ref>

The birth and long journey left her extremely ill, and she was not told of the death of her second son Alexander in December 1515 until she had recovered her strength. The Earl of Angus made his peace with Albany later in 1516.<ref>Ken Emond, ''James V'' (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2019), p. 61.</ref>

A contemporary tribute was paid to the Duke of Albany's success in bringing order and good government to Scotland by [[Sebastian Giustinian]], the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] ambassador at Henry VIII's court, who wrote that Scotland, "... was as much under Albany's control as if he were King".<ref>Ken Emond, ''James V'' (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2019), p. 143.</ref> In February 1517, James was brought from Stirling to the [[Palace of Holyroodhouse]] in [[Edinburgh]], but during an outbreak of plague in the city, he was moved to the care of [[Antoine d'Arces]] at nearby rural [[Craigmillar Castle]].<ref>''Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland'', vol. 5, p. 130.</ref>

At Stirling, the ten-year-old James had a guard of 20 footmen dressed in his colours, red and yellow. When he went to the park below the Castle, "by secret and in right fair and soft wedder (weather)", six horsemen would scour the countryside two miles roundabout for intruders.<ref>''HMC Earl of Mar & Kellie at Alloa House'' (London, 1904), pp. 11–12.</ref> Poets wrote nursery rhymes for James and advised him on royal behavior. Although his academic development was effectively cut short under Angus's captivity from 1525 onward, James V had been given a strong grounding by his tutors, including [[David Lyndsay]] and [[Gavin Dunbar (archbishop of Glasgow)|Gavin Dunbar]].<ref name="Ross197">Ross, Stewart, ''The Stewart Dynasty'' (Thomas and Lochar, 1993), p. 197.</ref> James was taught French and Latin, but as an adult, he spoke halting French, and his need for an interpreter to converse with an Italian bishop suggests that his spoken Latin and Italian were poor. His musical skills were good, although it was said his singing voice was harsh.<ref name=Ross197/><ref name="Cameron556">{{Harvnb|Cameron|1998|p=556}}</ref>

[[File:6th Earl of Angus.jpg|right|thumb|[[Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus]], James V's step-father]]

Between 1517 and 1520, Albany sojourned in France, and did not exercise the regency in person, but through his lieutenants including [[Antoine d'Arces]], sieur de la Bastie. On 26 August 1517 Albany and [[Charles IV, Duke of Alençon|Charles, Duke of Alençon]], agreed to the [[Treaty of Rouen (1517)|Treaty of Rouen]], which renewed the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France and promised a French royal bride for James V. At England's request, Albany was detained in France for four years, and with him absent, Queen Margaret returned to Scotland and sought in vain to regain the regency.<ref name=Ross194/> Young James V was kept a virtual prisoner by Albany and his lieutenants, and Margaret was allowed to see her son only once between 1516 and the end of Albany's regency in 1524. Following the signing of the [[Treaty of Bruges (1521)]] between [[Henry VIII of England]] and [[Holy Roman Emperor Charles V]], Francis I allowed the Duke of Albany to return to Scotland to strengthen the Franco-Scottish alliance.<ref name="Ross195">Ross, Stewart, ''The Stewart Dynasty'' (Thomas and Lochar, 1993), p. 195.</ref>

The Treaty of Rouen was ratified, and [[Madeleine of Valois]] was suggested as a suitable bride for James V. When the Duke of Albany returned in November 1521 Margaret sided with him against her husband, the Earl of Angus. Albany came to [[Edinburgh Castle]], where James V was kept, and in a public ceremony, the keeper gave him the keys, which he passed to Margaret, who gave them back to Albany, symbolising that the government of Scotland was in his hands.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Ken |last=Emond |title=The Minority of James V |location=Edinburgh |publisher=John Donald |date=2019 |page=140}}</ref> Thus, Albany was able to keep an upper hand in regard to the ambitious Angus. The regent put Angus under charges of high treason in December 1521 and later sent him practically a prisoner to France. In November 1522, Albany took an army to besiege [[Wark on Tweed Castle|Wark Castle]] defended by William Lisle but gave up after three days when the weather deteriorated.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Ken |last=Emond |title=The Minority of James V |location=Edinburgh |publisher=John Donald |date=2019 |page=175}}</ref>

=== Margaret's coup ===
In 1524, Albany was finally removed from power in a ''[[coup d'état]]'' while he was in France. Margaret, with the help of [[James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran]], and his followers, brought James V from Stirling to Edinburgh.<ref name=Ross195/> In August, Parliament declared the regency at an end, and the 12-year-old King James was prematurely "erected" to full kingly powers. In November, Parliament formally recognised Margaret as the chief councillor to the King.<ref name=Ross195/> Margaret's alliance with the Hamiltons inevitably alienated other noble houses. Henry VIII allowed the Earl of Angus (who Albany had banished) to return to Scotland in 1524, and he entered into an alliance with [[John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox]], an enemy of Margaret and Arran.<ref name=Ross195/> When Angus arrived in Edinburgh with a large group of armed men, claiming his right to attend Parliament, Margaret ordered cannons to be fired on them from Edinburgh Castle.<ref name=Ross195/> Parliament subsequently made Angus a [[Lord of the Articles]] and a member of the [[council of regency]].

=== Angus captivity ===
A plan was agreed to end the feuding among these opposing groups by allowing each of them in turn to act as host to the young king. However, the plan fell apart in November 1525 when, at the end of his period of custody, Angus refused to surrender the King who, in effect, became a prisoner of the Red Douglases for the next two-and-a-half years.<ref name=Ross195/> Angus again "erected" James V to full kingly powers, took him on justice ayres and kept him under close supervision. He spoiled the King with various lavish gifts in an attempt to buy his favour and make the detention more tolerable, and when James showed signs of tiring of these gifts, Angus also introduced the adolescent king to the pleasures of the flesh with a succession of [[prostitute]]s.<ref name="Ross196">Ross, Stewart, ''The Stewart Dynasty'' (Thomas and Lochar, 1993), p. 196.</ref>

Angus overreached himself, assuming the office of [[Lord Chancellor of Scotland|Lord Chancellor]] and granting his followers almost every lucrative post available in the royal household.<ref name=Ross196/> While James V clearly enjoyed some aspects of his captivity, he grew to hate his captor. Several attempts were made to free the young king—one by [[Walter Scott of Branxholme and Buccleuch]], who ambushed the King's forces on 25 July 1526 at the [[Battle of Melrose]] and was routed off the field. Another attempt later that year, on 4 September at the [[Battle of Linlithgow Bridge]], failed again to relieve the King from the clutches of Angus.<ref name=Ross196/> In May 1528, James finally escaped from Angus's captivity when he fled from Edinburgh to Stirling in disguise. After meeting with his mother at Stirling, James V re-entered Edinburgh in July with a large army. Summoned for [[treason]], Angus holed himself up in Tantallon Castle until an agreement was reached whereby he was allowed to go into exile in England after surrendering his castles.<ref name=Ross196/>

== Personal rule ==
[[Pierre de Ronsard]] saw James in 1537 when the King was twenty-four and summed up his paradoxical appearance: "''La douceur et la force illustroient son visage Si que Venus et Mars en avoient fait partage''" – His royal bearing, and vigorous pursuit of virtue, of honour, and love's war, this sweetness and strength illuminate his face, as if he were the child of Venus and Mars.<ref name=Ross197/>

=== Religion ===
[[File:The Four Orders of Chivalry on the Fore Entrance to Linlithgow Palace.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|The four European orders of chivalry to which James V belonged — [[Order of the Garter|Garter]], [[Order of the Thistle|Thistle]], [[Order of the Golden Fleece|Golden Fleece]] and [[Order of Saint Michael|St Michael]] — on the outer gate he built at his birthplace, [[Linlithgow Palace]]]]

The first action James took as king was to remove Angus from the scene. The Douglas family — excluding James's half-sister [[Margaret Douglas|Margaret]], who was already safely in England, innocent of any crime against him (and thus safe from any revenge James took) — were forced into exile and James besieged their castle at [[Tantallon Castle|Tantallon]]. He then subdued the Border rebels and the chiefs of the [[Western Isles]]. As well as taking advice from his nobility and using the services of the Duke of Albany in France and at Rome, James had a team of professional lawyers and diplomats, including [[Adam Otterburn]] and [[Thomas Erskine of Haltoun]]. Even his pursemaster and yeoman of the wardrobe, [[John Tennent (courtier)|John Tennent]] of Listonschiels, was sent on an errand to England, though he got a frosty reception.<ref>Thomas, Andrea, ''Princelie Majestie'' (John Donald: Edinburgh, 2005), 12–15, 36: [[Athol Murray (historian)|Murray, Atholl]], 'Pursemaster's Accounts', ''Miscellany of the Scottish History Society'', vol. 10 (SHS: Edinburgh, 1965), pp. 13–51.</ref>

James increased his income by tightening control over royal estates and from the profits of justice, customs and feudal rights. He also gave his illegitimate sons lucrative benefices, diverting substantial church wealth into his coffers. James spent a large amount of his wealth on building up a [[Scottish royal tapestry collection|collection of tapestries]] from those inherited from his father.<ref>Dunbar, John G., ''Scottish Royal Palaces'' (Tuckwell: East Linton, 1999).</ref> James sailed to France for his first marriage and strengthened the [[Royal Scots Navy|royal fleet]]. In 1540, he sailed to [[Kirkwall]] in [[Orkney]], then [[Isle of Lewis|Lewis]], in his ship the ''[[Salamander of Leith|Salamander]]'', first making a will in [[Leith]], knowing this to be "uncertane aventuris." The purpose of this voyage was to show the royal presence and hold regional courts, called "justice ayres."<ref>''HMC Mar & Kellie'' (London, 1904), 15, Will 12 June 1540 in {{Harvnb|Cameron|1998|pp=245–248}}</ref>

Domestic and international policy was affected by the [[Reformation]], especially after Henry VIII broke from the [[Catholic Church]]. James V did not tolerate [[heresy]] and during his reign, a number of outspoken [[Protestants]] were persecuted. The most famous of these was [[Patrick Hamilton (martyr)|Patrick Hamilton]], who was [[burned at the stake]] as a heretic at [[St Andrews]] in 1528. Later in the reign, the English ambassador [[Ralph Sadler]] tried to encourage James to close the monasteries and take their revenue so that he would not have to keep sheep like a mean subject. James replied that he had no sheep, he could depend on his god-father the king of France, and it was against reason to close the abbeys that "stand these many years, and God's service maintained and kept in the same, and I might have anything I require of them."<ref>Clifford, Arthur ed., ''Sadler State Papers'', vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1809), p. 30.</ref> Sadler knew that James did farm sheep on his estates.<ref>Athol Murray, 'Crown Lands', ''An Historical Atlas of Scotland'' (Scottish Medievalists, 1975), p. 73: After James's death, 600 sheep were given to [[James Douglas, 7th Baron Drumlanrig|James Douglas]] of [[Drumlanrig Castle|Drumlanrig]], ''HMC 15th Report: Duke of Buccleuch'' (London, 1897), p. 17.</ref>

James recovered money from the church by getting [[Pope Clement VII]] to allow him to tax monastic incomes.{{Sfn|Cameron|1998|p=260}} He sent £50 to [[Johann Cochlaeus]], a German opponent of [[Martin Luther]], after receiving one of his books in 1534.<ref>''Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland'', vol. 6 (Edinburgh, 1905), p. 236.</ref> On 19 January 1537, [[Pope Paul III]] sent James a [[blessed sword and hat]] symbolising his prayers that James would be strengthened against heresies from across the border.<ref>Hay, Denys, ed., ''Letters of James V'' ( (HMSO: Edinburgh, 1954), 328:[http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_024/24_018_048.pdf Reid, John J., 'The Scottish Regalia', ''PSAS'', 9 December (1889)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611145623/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_024/24_018_048.pdf |date=11 June 2007 }}, 28: this sword is lost.</ref> These gifts were delivered by the Pope's messenger while James was at [[Compiègne]] in France on 25 February 1537.<ref>''Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland'', vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 18.</ref>

According to 16th-century writers, his [[Treasurer of Scotland|treasurer]] [[James Kirkcaldy of Grange]] tried to persuade James against the persecution of Protestants and to meet Henry VIII at York.<ref>Steuart, A. Francis, ed., ''Memoirs of Sir [[James Melville of Halhill]]'' (Routledge, 1929), pp. 14–17.</ref> James and Henry corresponded about meeting in 1536. Pope Paul III advised James against travelling to England and sent an envoy or [[nuncio]] to Scotland to discuss the initiative.<ref>Denys Hay, ''Letters of James V'' (Edinburgh, 1954), p. 320.</ref> Although Henry VIII sent his tapestries to York in September 1541 ahead of a meeting, James did not come. The lack of commitment to this meeting was regarded by English observers as a sign that Scotland was firmly allied to France and Catholicism, particularly by the influence of [[Cardinal Beaton]], Keeper of the [[Privy Seal]], and as a cause for war.<ref>Campbell, Thomas P., ''Henry VIII and the Art of Majesty, Tapestries at the Tudor Court'' (Yale, 2007), p. 261.</ref>

In 1540, Irish nobles and chiefs offered James the kingship of Ireland, as a further challenge to Henry VIII.<ref>[[Thomas D'Arcy McGee]] (1862), ''A Popular History of Ireland: from the Earliest Period to the Emancipation of the Catholics'', Book VII, Chapter III.</ref>

=== Building ===
[[File:Edinburgh (Dùn Èideann) 149.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The James V Tower at the [[Palace of Holyroodhouse]]]]
[[File:Falkland Palace South Range.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Façade of [[Falkland Palace]] in the French Renaissance style]]

James V spent a large amount of money (at least [[Pound Scots|£]]41,000) during his adult reign on extensively remodelling all the major residences and several minor ones, including the construction of new structures, with the most significant work focused on [[Falkland Palace]] and [[Stirling Castle]].<ref name="Dunbar27">John G. Dunbar, ''Scottish Royal Palaces'' (Tuckwell: East Linton, 1999), p. 27.</ref><ref>Andrea Thomas, ''Princelie Majestie, the court of James V'' (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2005), p. 92.</ref> Early in his personal rule, James began the construction of the present [[Gothic architecture|Late Gothic]] tower at the north-west corner of the [[Palace of Holyroodhouse]], which provided new royal lodgings on the first and second floors, and a high degree of security. A new west front was also built.<ref>John G. Dunbar, ''Scottish Royal Palaces'' (Tuckwell: East Linton, 1999), p. 61.</ref><ref>Andrea Thomas, ''Princelie Majestie, the court of James V'' (Edinburgh: John Donald: , 2005), pp. 99–100.</ref>

At [[Linlithgow Palace]], James closed off the original east entranceway and formed a new access from the south, including an inner gatehouse and an outer entrance gate decorated with the carved arms of chivalric orders, the [[Order of the Garter|Garter]], [[Order of the Golden Fleece|Golden Fleece]], [[Order of Saint Michael|Saint Michael]], with the [[Order of the Thistle|Thistle]] badge. The three-tiered octagonal fountain topped by an [[imperial crown]] was built in 1538 as the centrepiece of the courtyard.<ref>John G. Dunbar, John G., ''Scottish Royal Palaces'' (Tuckwell: East Linton, 1999), p. 18.</ref>

At Falkland Palace, James V extended his father's buildings in [[French Renaissance architecture|French Renaissance]] style between 1537 and 1541 and built a [[real tennis]] court in the garden in 1541.<ref>Henry Paton, ''Accounts of the Masters of Work'', vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1957), pp. 270, 275, 279–281.</ref> The tennis court survives and is the oldest in the [[United Kingdom]]. James built a new entrance tower in the south range, and the inner courtyard facades of the east and south ranges  built in 1537 and 1539 are the earliest examples of [[Renaissance architecture]] in the [[British Isles]].<ref name=Dunbar27/><ref>Andrea Thomas, ''Princelie Majestie, the court of James V'' (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2005), p. 111.</ref> The largest of James V's building projects was the construction of the Royal Palace at Stirling Castle, built between 1538 and 1540, with its Renaissance facades and the north, east and south quarters housing the king's and queen's apartments. Work was also carried out at [[Tantallon Castle]], [[Blackness Castle]] and [[Hermitage Castle]].<ref>Andrea Thomas, ''Princelie Majestie, the court of James V'' (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2005), p. 49.</ref>

== Marriages ==
[[File:Unknown artist - James V (1512–1542), Father of Mary, Queen of Scots, Reigned 1513–1542 - PG 686 - National Galleries of Scotland.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of James V]]

As early as August 1517, a clause of the [[Treaty of Rouen (1517)|Treaty of Rouen]] provided that if the [[Auld Alliance]] between France and Scotland was maintained, James should have a daughter of [[Francis I of France]] as a bride. Yet, by the 1520s, Francis's two surviving daughters were too frail or too young.<ref>Hay, Denys, ''Letters of James V'' (HMSO, 1954), pp. 51–52.</ref> In 1528, the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] and the English diplomat [[Thomas Magnus]] both raised the possibility of a marriage between the King and his cousin, [[Mary I of England|Princess Mary]], while that same year, [[Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy|Margaret of Austria]], Charles V's aunt, suggested that James should marry Charles's sister, [[Mary of Austria, Queen of Hungary|Mary of Austria]].<ref>''State Papers Henry VIII'', vol. 4 part IV (London, 1836), p. 545.</ref> Charles V also proposed James marrying his niece, [[Maria of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu|Maria of Portugal]]. Perhaps to remind Francis I of his obligations, James V in 1529 began negotiations for his marriage elsewhere, sending the [[John Stewart, Duke of Albany|Duke of Albany]] to Rome to negotiate a marriage to [[Catherine de' Medici]], the niece of [[Pope Clement VII]].<ref>Hay, Denys, ed., ''The Letters of James V'', HMSO (1954), pp. 173, 180–182, 189,</ref> By 1533, there was discussion of James marrying one of his second cousins, [[Christina of Denmark|Christina]] or [[Dorothea of Denmark, Electress Palatine|Dorothea]], the daughters of [[Christian II of Denmark]], while in 1534, [[Margaret of Valois-Angoulême]], sister of Francis I, suggested her sister-in-law [[Isabella of Navarre, Viscountess of Rohan|Isabella]].<ref>''Calendar of State Papers Venice'', vol. 4 (London, 1871), no. 861.</ref>

In December 1534, Francis I insisted that his eldest daughter [[Madeleine of Valois|Madeleine]]'s health was too poor for marriage, suggesting that James V instead should marry [[Mary of Bourbon]], daughter of the [[Charles, Duke of Vendôme|Duke of Vendôme]], to fulfil the Treaty of Rouen. Again, the Duke of Albany briefly entertained the idea that James might marry Christina of Denmark, and the King halted progress on the marriage negotiations. There was also an investigation into the possibility of James marrying his former mistress, [[Margaret Erskine]], before the negotiations resumed again, and in March 1536, a final contract was made for Mary of Bourbon to marry James V. She would have a dowry as if she were a French princess, and Francis I consolidated the agreement by sending James the collar of the [[Order of Saint Michael]] as a token of his affection.<ref>Hay, Denys, ed., ''The Letters of James V'' (HMSO: Edinburgh, 1954), 318: Bapst, E., ''Les Mariages de Jacques V'', 273.</ref>

=== Marriage to Madeleine of Valois ===
[[File:MadeleinedeValois.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of [[Madeleine of Valois]] by [[Corneille de Lyon]]]]

James decided to travel to France to meet his prospective bride in person. He sailed from [[Kirkcaldy]] on 1 September 1536, with the earls of [[James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault|Arran]], [[Archibald Campbell, 4th Earl of Argyll|Argyll]] and [[George Leslie, 4th Earl of Rothes|Rothes]], [[Malcolm Fleming, 3rd Lord Fleming|Lord Fleming]], [[David Beaton]] and a force of 500 men in a fleet of six ships, using the ''[[English ship Mary Willoughby|Mary Willoughby]]'' as his flagship.<ref>''State Papers Henry VIII'', vol. 5 part 4 cont. (London, 1836), pp. 59–60.</ref> Before his departure, James appointed six [[regent|vice-regents]] to govern Scotland in his absence, [[Gavin Dunbar (archbishop of Glasgow)|Gavin Dunbar, Archbishop of Glasgow]] (the [[Lord Chancellor of Scotland|Lord Chancellor]]), [[James Beaton|James Beaton, Archbishop of St Andrews]], the earls of [[George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly|Huntly]], [[William Graham, 2nd Earl of Montrose|Montrose]], and [[Hugh Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Eglinton|Eglinton]], and [[Robert Maxwell, 5th Lord Maxwell|Lord Maxwell]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Cameron|1998|p=288}}</ref> In the event, James V would be away from Scotland for eight months, becoming the first Scottish king to voluntarily remain away from his realm since [[David II of Scotland|David II]] almost two hundred years earlier.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cameron|1998|p=133}}</ref>

Arriving at [[Dieppe]] on 8 September, the Scots travelled to the Duke of Vendôme's court at [[Saint-Quentin, Aisne|Saint-Quentin]]. James V met Mary of Bourbon, according to several accounts in [[masque|disguise]] with his servant [[John Tennent (courtier)|John Tennent]], but was not impressed.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cameron|1998|p=131}}</ref> He then travelled south to the French court at the [[Château d'Amboise]], where he met Madeleine, and again pressed Francis for her hand in marriage. Fearing the harsh climate of Scotland would prove fatal to his daughter's already failing health, Francis initially refused to permit the marriage, but the couple persuaded Francis to reluctantly grant permission to their marriage.<ref>[[Rosalind K. Marshall]], ''Scottish Queens, 1034–1714'' (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2003), pp. 102–103.</ref> The marriage contract was signed in November, with Francis I granting Madeleine a [[dowry]] of 100,000 [[écu]], and a further 30,000 [[French franc|francs]] a year for James.<ref>Rosalind K. Marshall, ''Scottish Queens, 1034–1714'' (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2003), p. 104.</ref>

James V renewed the Auld Alliance and fulfilled the terms of the Treaty of Rouen on 1 January 1537 by marrying Madeleine at [[Notre-Dame de Paris]]. James received papal approval in the form of the [[Blessed sword and hat]], and was granted the title of ''[[Defender of the Faith]]'' by [[Pope Paul III]] on 19 January 1537, symbolising the hopes of the papacy that he would resist the path that his uncle Henry VIII had followed.{{Sfn|Cameron|1998|p=288}}<ref>Denys Hay, ''Letters of James V'' (HMSO, 1954), 328.</ref> After months of festivities and celebrations, and visits to [[Château de Chantilly|Chantilly]], [[Compiègne]] and [[Rouen]] (where Madeleine fell ill), the royal couple embarked for Scotland in May 1537, arriving at [[Leith]] on 19 May.<ref>''State Papers Henry VIII'', vol. 5 part 4 cont., (London, 1836), p. 79.</ref> Madeleine wrote to her father from Edinburgh on 8 June 1537 saying that she was better and her symptoms had diminished.<ref>[[Denys Hay]], ''Letters of James V'' (HMSO, 1954), pp. 331–332.</ref> However, a month later, on 7 July 1537, Queen Madeleine died in her husband's arms at [[Holyrood Palace]] of [[tuberculosis]]. James V wrote to Francis I to inform him of what had happened, saying that if it were not for the fact that he was relying on the French king to remain his "good father", he would be in even greater pain. The Queen was interred in [[Holyrood Abbey]] in [[Edinburgh]].<ref name="Marshall108">Rosalind Marshall, ''Scottish Queens, 1034–1714'' (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2003), p. 108.</ref>

=== Marriage to Mary of Guise ===
[[File:Attributed to Corneille de Lyon - Mary of Guise, 1515 - 1560. Queen of James V - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of [[Mary of Guise]] attributed to [[Corneille de Lyon]], {{Circa}} 1537]]

Following Madeleine's death, James V's thoughts turned to a second French bride to further the interests of the Franco-Scottish alliance. David Beaton was sent to France to persuade Francis I to agree to James marrying his only surviving daughter, [[Margaret of Valois, Duchess of Berry|Margaret]].<ref name=Marshall108/> Francis offered [[Mary of Guise]] as a bride instead. The daughter of [[Claude, Duke of Guise]], Mary had recently been widowed by the death of her husband, [[Louis II d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville]]. David Beaton wrote to James V from [[Lyon]] in October 1537 that Mary was "stark (strong), well complexioned, and fit to travel", and that her father was "marvellous desirous of the expedition and hasty end of the matter," and had already consulted with his brother, [[Antoine, Duke of Lorraine]], and Mary herself.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=75719 ''Letters & Papers Henry VIII'', vol. 12, part 2 (London, 1891)] no. 962: Lang, Andrew, 'Letters of Cardinal Beaton, ''SHR'' (1909), 156: Marshall (1977), 45, (which suggests he thought the couple had not met)</ref> The marriage contract was finalised in January 1538, with James V receiving a [[dowry]] of 150,000 [[French livre|livres]]. As was customary, if the King died first, Mary would retain for her lifetime her [[jointure]] houses of [[Falkland Palace]], [[Stirling Castle]], [[Dingwall Castle]] and [[Threave Castle]], along with the rentals of the earldoms of [[Earl of Fife|Fife]], [[Earl of Strathearn|Strathearn]], [[Earl of Ross|Ross]] and [[Earl of Orkney|Orkney]], and the lordships of [[Galloway]], Ardmannoch and [[Lord of the Isles|the Isles]].<ref>Hay, Denys, ed., ''The Letters of James V'' (HMSO, 1954), pp. 340–341.</ref>

The [[Proxy marriage|proxy]] wedding of James V and Mary of Guise was held on 9 May 1538 at the [[Château de Châteaudun]]. Some 2,000 Scottish lords and barons came from Scotland aboard a fleet of ships under [[Robert Maxwell, 5th Lord Maxwell|Lord Maxwell]] to attend, with Lord Maxwell standing as proxy for James V. Mary departed from [[Le Havre]] on 10 June 1538 and landed in Scotland 6 days later at [[Crail]] in [[Fife]]. She was formally received by the king at [[St Andrews]] a few days later amid pageants and plays performed in her honour, and James and Mary were married in person at [[St Andrews Cathedral]] on 18 June 1538. James's mother [[Margaret Tudor]] wrote to Henry VIII in July, "I trust she will prove a wise Princess. I have been much in her company, and she bears herself very honourably to me, with very good entertaining."<ref>''State Papers Henry VIII'', vol. 5 part 4 (London, 1836), 135, Margaret to Henry, 31 July 1538.</ref> James and Mary had two sons: [[James, Duke of Rothesay (born 1540)|James, Duke of Rothesay]] (born 22 May 1540 at St Andrews), and Robert (or Arthur), Duke of Albany (born and baptised on 12 April 1541); however, both died on 21 April 1541, when James was nearly one year old and Robert (or Arthur) was nine days old. Mary's mother, [[Antoinette de Bourbon]], wrote that the couple were still young and should hope for more children.<ref>Wood, Marguerite, ''Balcarres Papers'', vol. 1 (STS, 1923), 60–61.</ref> The third and last child of the union was a daughter, [[Mary, Queen of Scots|Mary]], who was born on 8 December 1542.<ref>[[Fraser, Antonia]], ''Mary Queen of Scots'', pp. 3 & 12.</ref>

== Outside interests ==
[[File:Sculpture Stirling 2012.JPG|thumb|250px|Statue at [[Stirling Castle]], said to depict the Gudeman of Ballengeich]]
[[File:James V groat 1526 1704.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Groat (coin)|Groat]] of James V, Edinburgh mint, 1526 × 1539]]

According to legend, James was nicknamed "King of the Commons" as he would sometimes travel around Scotland disguised as a common man, describing himself as the "Gudeman of Ballengeich".{{Sfn|Bingham|1971}} ("Gudeman" means "landlord" or "farmer", and "Ballengeich" was the nickname of a road next to [[Stirling Castle]] — meaning "windy pass" in [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Black |title=Picturesque Tourist of Scotland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5DVKabC7PQC&pg=PA181 |pages=180–181 |date=1861}}.</ref>). One traditional ballad, ''[[The Jolly Beggar]]'', is considered by some to refer to his activities.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mainlynorfolk.info/watersons/songs/thegaberlunzieman.html | title=The Gaberlunzie Man / The Beggar Man / The Auld Beggarman (Roud 212; Child 279 Appendix; Henry H810) }}</ref>

James was a keen [[lute]] player.<ref name="The Early Music Show">"The Court of Mary, Queen of Scots", ''[[BBC Radio 3]]'', 28 February 2010.</ref> In 1562, Sir Thomas Wood reported that James had "a singular good ear and could sing that he had never seen before" ([[sight-read]]), but his voice was "rawky" and "harske." At court, James maintained a band of Italian musicians who adopted the name Drummond. These were joined for the winter of 1529/30 by a musician and diplomat sent by the [[Francesco II Sforza|Duke of Milan]], Thomas de Averencia de [[Brescia]], probably a [[lute]]nist.<ref>Denys Hay, ''Letters of James V'' (HMSO, 1954), pp. 63, 169, 170: Helena M. Shire, "Music", ''Stewart Style'' (Tuckwell, 1996), pp. 129–133.</ref> The historian Andrea Thomas makes a useful distinction between the loud music provided at ceremonies and processionals and instruments employed for more private occasions or worship, the ''music fyne'' described by Helena Mennie Shire. This quieter music included a consort of [[viol]]s played by four Frenchmen led by Jacques Columbell.<ref>Andrea Thomas, Andrea, ''Princelie Majestie'' (John Donald, 2005), pp. 92–94, 98: H. M. Shire, ''Song Dance and Poetry'' (Cambridge, 1969).</ref> It seems certain that [[David Peebles]] wrote music for James V and probable that the Scottish composer [[Robert Carver (composer)|Robert Carver]] was in royal employ, though evidence is lacking.<ref>Andrea Thomas, ''Princelie Majestie'' (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1998), pp. 105–107.</ref>

As a patron of poets and authors, James supported [[William Stewart (makar)|William Stewart]] and [[John Bellenden]], the son of his nurse, who translated the Latin ''History of Scotland'' compiled in 1527 by [[Hector Boece]] into verse and prose.<ref>Van Heijnsbergen, Theo, 'Literature in Queen Mary's Edinburgh: the Bannatyne Manuscript', in ''The Renaissance in Scotland'' (Brill, 1994), pp. 191–196.</ref> [[Sir David Lindsay of the Mount]], the [[Lord Lyon]], head of the [[Lyon Court]] and diplomat, was a prolific poet. He produced an interlude at Linlithgow Palace thought to be a version of his play ''[[A Satire of the Three Estates|The Thrie Estaitis]]'' in 1540. James also attracted the attention of international authors. The French poet [[Pierre de Ronsard]], who had been a page of Madeleine of Valois, offered unqualified praise:
{{Blockquote|Son port estoit royal, son regard vigoureux<br/>De vertus, et de l'honneur, et guerre amoureux<br/>La douceur et la force illustroient son visage<br/>Si que Venus et Mars en avoient fait partage.<br/><br/>His royal bearing, and vigorous pursuit<br/>of virtue, of honour, and love's war,<br/>this sweetness and strength illuminate his face,<br/>as if he were the child of Venus and Mars.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bingham|1971|p=12}}, verse quoted from {{cite book |author=William Drummond of Hawthornden |author-link=William Drummond of Hawthornden |title=History of the 5 Jameses |date=1655 |pages=348–349}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2AJAAAAQAAJ&q=hawthornden |author=William Drummond of Hawthornden |author-link=William Drummond of Hawthornden |title=Works |publisher=Edinburgh |date=1711 |page=115}}</ref>}}

When James married Mary of Guise, [[Robert Reid (bishop)|Giovanni Ferrerio]], an Italian scholar who had been at [[Kinloss Abbey]] in Scotland, dedicated to the couple a new edition of his work ''On the True Significance of Comets against the Vanity of Astrologers.''<ref>Ferrerio, Giovanni, ''De vera cometae significatione contra astrologorum omnium vanitatem. Libellus, nuper natus et aeditus'', Paris, Vascovan, (1538).</ref> Like Henry VIII, James employed many foreign artisans and craftsmen in order to enhance the prestige of his renaissance court.<ref name="Thomas226to243">Andrea Thomas, ''Princelie Majestie, the court of James V'' (John Donald: Edinburgh, 2005), pp. 226–243.</ref> [[Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie]] listed their professions:<ref>[[Lorne Campbell (art historian)|Lorne Campbell]], ''The early Flemish pictures in the collection of Her Majesty the Queen'' (Cambridge, 1985), p. xxxii.</ref>
<blockquote>he plenished the country with all kind of craftsmen out of other countries, as French-men, Spaniards, Dutch men, and Englishmen, which were all cunning craftsmen, every man for his own hand. Some were gunners, cunning wrights and carvers, painters, masons, smiths, harness-makers (armourers), tapesters, broudinstars (embroiderers), tailors, cunning chirugeons (surgeons), pottingaris (apothecaries), with all other kind of craftsmen to apparel his palaces.<ref>[[Aeneas James George Mackay]], ''Historie and cronicles of Scotland'', vol. 1 (Edinburgh: Scottish Text Society, 1899), pp. 353–354, modernised here.</ref></blockquote>

One technological initiative was a special mill for polishing armour at Holyroodhouse next to his mint. The mill had a pole drive 32 feet long powered by horses.<ref>''Accounts of the Masters of Work'', vol. 1 (Edinburgh: HMSO, 1957), pp. 101–102, 242 290: Andrea Thomas, ''Princelie Majestie'' (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2005), p. 173.</ref> Mary of Guise's mother [[Antoinette of Bourbon]] sent him an armourer who made steel plates for his jousting saddles in October 1538 and delivered a [[tassets|skirt]] of [[plate armour]] in February 1540. In the same year, for his wife's coronation, the treasurer's accounts record that James personally devised fireworks made by his master gunners. His goldsmith [[John Mosman (goldsmith)|John Mosman]] renovated the [[honours of Scotland|crown jewels]] for the occasion.<ref>''Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland'', vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1907), 95, 287 (taslet), 357 fireworks: [[Marguerite Wood]], ''Balcarres Papers'', vol. 1 (Edinburgh: SHS, 1923), pp. 18, 20.</ref> When James took steps to suppress the circulation of slanderous ballads and rhymes against Henry VIII, Henry sent Fulke ap Powell, [[Lancaster Herald]], to give thanks and to make arrangements for the present of a lion for James's [[menagerie]] of exotic pets.<ref>''Letters & Papers Henry VIII'', 14:1 (London, 1894), xix, no. 406: ''Letters & Papers'', 14:2 (London, 1895), no. 781.</ref>

== War with England and death ==
[[File:James5-2.jpg|thumb|300px|Portrait of James V and [[Mary of Guise]], anonymous artist, {{circa|1542}}, at [[Falkland Palace]]]]

The death of James's mother in 1541 removed any incentive for peace with England, and war broke out. Initially, the Scots won a victory at the [[Battle of Haddon Rig]] in August 1542. The Imperial ambassador in London, [[Eustace Chapuys]], wrote on 2 October that the Scottish ambassadors ruled out a conciliatory meeting between James and Henry VIII in England until the pregnant Mary of Guise delivered her child. Henry would not accept this condition and mobilised his army against Scotland.<ref>''Calendar State Papers Spanish: 1542–1543'', vol. 6 part 2, London (1895), p. 144, no.66.</ref> James was with his army at [[Lauder]] on 31 October 1542. Although he hoped to invade England, his nobles were reluctant.<ref>''State Papers Henry VIII'', vol.5 part 4 part 2, (1836), 213: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SQgXAAAAQAAJ Laing, David, ed., ''The Works of John Knox'', vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1846)] pp. 389–391.</ref> He returned to Edinburgh, on the way writing a letter in French to his wife from Falahill mentioning he had three days of illness.<ref>Strickland, Agnes, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nUdRAAAAYAAJ ''Lives of the queens of Scotland and English princesses'', vol. 1, Blackwood (1850), 402] part translated only; now preserved as [[National Archives of Scotland]] SP13/27.</ref> On 24 November, his army suffered a serious defeat at the [[Battle of Solway Moss]]. Following a few days spent at Linlithgow Palace with Queen Mary, who was in the final stages of her pregnancy, on 6 December, James travelled to [[Falkland Palace]], where he soon took ill.<ref>Knox, John, {{Cite web |title=from ''History of the Reformation'', book 2 |url=http://www.nls.uk/scotlandspages/timeline/15422.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829095527/http://www.nls.uk/scotlandspages/timeline/15422.html |archive-date=29 August 2009}}</ref><ref name=Cameron556/>

Although James V's army had been beaten at Solway Moss, it was neither a personal humiliation for the King (who was not there) nor the result of noble disaffection. In fact, James had substantial support for his war policy and early in December, he had made plans to renew the conflict with England.<ref name=Cameron556/> James was on his deathbed at Falkland when news arrived from Linlithgow that the Queen had given birth to a [[Mary, Queen of Scots|daughter]]. According to [[John Knox]], on hearing of the birth of his daughter, the King said "It cam wi' a lass, and it will gang wi' a lass" (meaning "It began with a girl and it will end with a girl").<ref>[[Ackroyd, Peter]], ''Tudors (The History of England Volume 2)'', Pan Books {{ISBN|978-1-4472-3681-8}}</ref> This could refer to the [[Stewart dynasty]]'s accession to the throne through [[Marjorie Bruce]], daughter of [[Robert the Bruce]]. The prophecy could have been intended to express his belief that his new-born daughter Mary would be the last of the Stewart monarchs. In fact, the last Stewart monarch was female: [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain]]. James V died at Falkland Palace on 14 December 1542, aged 30. The King had been ill on a number of occasions during the previous decade: in 1533 "of a sore [[face|fois]] (face)"; in 1534 of the "[[Poxviridae|pox]], and [[fever|fevir]] contenew"; in Paris in 1536; and in 1540, when he wrote to his wife to say that he had been as ill as he had ever been in his life, but was now recovered. Evidently, his immune system had not recovered, as he had been ill again in November 1542.<ref name=Cameron556/> It is likely that James V died from [[cholera]] or [[dysentery]], rather than shame or despair brought on by the news of Solway Moss.<ref name=Cameron556/>

[[File:Burial Site of James V, Mary of Guelders and other Royals at Holyrood Abbey.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The Royal Vault in the ruins of [[Holyrood Abbey]], which contains the remains of James V]]

James was succeeded by his infant daughter, [[Mary, Queen of Scots]]. On 7 January 1543, the King's body was conveyed from Falkland to the [[Firth of Forth|Forth]] ferry at [[Kinghorn]] before being transported to Edinburgh, escorted by a funeral cortege, and accompanied by Cardinal Beaton, the Earls of Arran, Argyll, Rothes, Marischal and other nobles.<ref name=Thomas226to243/> James V was buried on 8 January at [[Holyrood Abbey]], next to his first wife, [[Madeleine of Valois|Madeleine]], and his two sons. A stone tomb was erected, on which [[Andrew Mansioun]] carved a lion, a crown and an eighteen-foot-long inscription in [[Latin alphabet|Roman letters]]. Alms were distributed to the poor of Edinburgh who had been present at the soul-Mass and [[dirge]] performed for the King.<ref name=Thomas226to243/>

During the [[Rough Wooing]], the invading English armies inflicted structural damage on Holyrood Abbey in 1544 and 1547, destroying James V's tomb.<ref>Gallagher, p. 1085.</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/accountslordhig00unkngoog ''Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland'', vol. 8 (1908)] 142–143: [https://books.google.com/books?id=J2AJAAAAQAAJ ''Works of Drummond of Hawthornden: History of the Five Jameses'', (Edinburgh 1711)], p. 116</ref> In subsequent decades, the rule of James V enjoyed a reputation for financial stability and security, cited by the [[Raid of Ruthven|Gowrie Regime]] in 1582, and by the advisers of [[James VI and I|James VI]] in 1591.<ref>Michael Pearce, "Anna of Denmark: Fashioning a Danish Court in Scotland", ''The Court Historian'', 24:2 (2019), pp. 139–141. {{doi|10.1080/14629712.2019.1626110}}</ref> This reflects an expansion of the legal system which allowed an increase in crown revenue.<ref>Jamie Cameron, ''James V'' (Tuckwell, 1999), p. 332.</ref>

James was the last monarch to die in Scotland until 8 September 2022, when Queen [[Elizabeth II]] [[Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II|died]] at [[Balmoral Castle]] in [[Aberdeenshire]], 480 years later. Days later, her body was carried through the streets of Edinburgh, the first time that a royal cortege had passed through the city since James V's burial.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Wade |first1=Mike |last2=Parker |first2=Charlie |date=13 September 2022 |title=In hushed reverence, they lined Royal Mile |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/scotland/article/in-hushed-reverence-they-lined-royal-mile-pjlwrn9n5 |access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref>

== Issue ==
===Legitimate issue===
{| class="wikitable"

|-
! Name
! Birth
! Death
! Notes

|-
| colspan=4|'''''By [[Madeleine of Valois|Madeleine of France]]'''''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |no issue

|-
| colspan=4|'''''By [[Mary of Guise]]'''''

|-
| [[James, Duke of Rothesay (born 1540)|James, Duke of Rothesay]]
| 22 May 1540
| 21 April 1541
| &nbsp;

|-
| Arthur or Robert, Duke of Albany
| 12 April 1541
| 20 April 1541
| His birth was celebrated by a procession of craft banners in Edinburgh.<ref>John Smith, ''The Hammermen of Edinburgh and their altar in St. Giles church'' (Edinburgh, 1906), p. 108.</ref>

|-
| [[Mary, Queen of Scots]]
| 8 December 1542
| 8 February 1587
| Married, firstly, [[Francis II of France]]; no issue. Married, secondly, [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley]], and had issue (the future [[James VI and I]]). Married, thirdly, [[James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell]]; no issue.

|}

=== Illegitimate issue ===
{| class="wikitable"

|-
! Name
! Birth
! Death
! Notes

|-
| colspan=4|'''''By Elizabeth Shaw '''''

|-
| [[James Stewart, Commendator of Kelso and Melrose]]
| {{C.}} 1529<ref name="HMC670">''HMC: 6th Report & Appendix'' (London, 1877), p. 670: Pope Clement VII sent a dispensation to James V dated 30 August 1534 that allowed four of the children to take holy orders when they came of age. The document stated that James elder was in his fifth year, James younger and John in their third year, and Robert in his first year.</ref>
| 1557
| His daughter, Marjorie, married the half-nephew of his brother, [[Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of Orkney]]. Some sources, however, state he had no issue.

|-|
| colspan=4|'''''By [[Margaret Erskine]]'''''

|-
| [[James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray]]
| {{circa|1531}}<ref name=HMC670/>
| 23 January 1570
| [[Prior of St Andrews]]; [[Regent of Scotland]], for his nephew [[James VI and I]]. Married [[Agnes Keith, Countess of Moray]], and had issue. He was the first head of government to be assassinated with a firearm.
|- 
| Robert Stewart
| ?
| 1581<ref>Gordon Donaldson, ''Register of the Privy Seal of Scotland: 1567-1574'', vol. 6 (Edinburgh, 1963), p. 67 no. 298: ''Register of the Privy Seal'', vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1982), p. 485, no. 2742.</ref>
|[[Prior of Whithorn]]
|-|
| colspan=4|'''''By Elizabeth Stewart'''''

|-
| Adam Stewart, [[Prior of Perth]]
| ?
| 20 June 1575
| Married Janet Ruthven and had issue. In June 1596, [[James VI]] gave £200 to Adam's son, James Stewart, for his travelling expenses in foreign countries.<ref>National Records of Scotland, Exchequer vouchers E23/7.</ref>

|-|
| colspan=4|'''''By Christine Barclay'''''

|-
| James Stewart
| ?
| ?
| &nbsp;

|-|
| colspan=4|'''''By Elizabeth Carmichael'''''

|-
| [[John Stewart, Commendator of Coldingham]]
| {{circa|1531}}<ref name=HMC670/>
| November 1563
| Married [[Jean Hepburn]] and had issue including [[Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell]]. Also had illegitimate issue.

|-|
| colspan=4|'''''By [[Elizabeth Bethune]]'''''

|-
| [[Lady Jean Stewart]]
| {{circa|1533}}
| 7 January 1587/88
| Married [[Archibald Campbell, 5th Earl of Argyll]]; no issue.

|-|
| colspan=4|'''''By [[Euphame Elphinstone]]'''''

|-
| [[Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of Orkney]] and Lord of Zetland (Commendator of Holyrood)
| {{circa|1533}}<ref name=HMC670/>
| 4 February 1593
| Married Jean Kennedy and had issue. Also had illegitimate issue.
|-
|Unnamed child
|?
|?
|Died in childhood
|}

== Fictional portrayals ==
James V has been depicted in historical novels, poems, short stories and one notable opera. They include the following:<ref name="Nield">Nield (1968), p. 70</ref>

* {{Citation |last=Scott |first=Walter |title=[[The Lady of the Lake (poem)|The Lady of the Lake]] |date=1810 |author-link=Walter Scott}}, a [[Romantic literature in English|Romantic]] narrative poem set in the [[Trossachs]]. James initially appears incognito. The poem was tremendously influential in the nineteenth century and inspired the [[Romanticism in Scotland|Highland Revival]]. James also features in Scott's ''[[Tales of a Grandfather]]''. Lady of the Lake was turned into a stage musical that included the song Hail to the Chief, the song played every time the President of the United States appears at a public gathering. 
* "[[Johnnie Armstrong]]", a traditional ballad relating the story of Scottish raider and [[folk hero]] Johnnie Armstrong of Gilnockie, who was captured and hanged by King James V in 1530.
* {{Citation |last=Rossini |first=Gioachino |title=[[La Donna del Lago]] |date=1819 |author-link=Gioachino Rossini}}, an opera based on Scott's poem. Sung in Italian, James V appears as "Giacomo V".
* {{Citation |last=Gibbon |first=Charles |title=The Braes of Yarrow |date=1881 |author-link=Charles Gibbon}}. The novels features Scotland in the aftermath of the [[Battle of Flodden]], covering events to 1514. [[Margaret Tudor]], "Boy-King" James V and [[Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus]], are prominently featured.<ref name="Nield2">Nield (1968), p. 67</ref>
* {{Citation |last=Barr |first=Robert |title=A Prince of Good Fellows |date=1902 |author-link=Robert Barr (writer, born 1849)}}. James is the titular prince and the main character. He is depicted as an "adventure-loving persona".<ref name="Nield"/>
* {{Citation |last=Gunn |first=John |title=The Fight at Summerdale |date=1913}}. The novel depicts [[Orkney]], Edinburgh and Normandy in the 16th century. James V "appears more than once" in the various chapters.<ref name="Nield"/>
* {{Citation |last=Knipe |first=John |title=The Hour Before the Dawn |date=1921}}. Depicts events "just before" and "after" the death of James V. James V, [[Mary of Guise]] and [[David Beaton]] are prominently depicted.<ref name="Nield"/>

==See also==
* [[Janet Douglas, Lady Glamis]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
{{Refbegin|indent=yes|30em}}
{{Nuttall|title=James V|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bingham |first=Caroline |title=James V King of Scots |date=1971 |publisher=Collins |isbn=0-0021-1390-2 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cameron |first=Jamie |title=James V: The Personal Rule, 1528–1542 |date=1998 |publisher=Tuckwell Press |isbn=978-1-8623-2015-4 |editor-last=Macdougall |editor-first=Norman |editor-link=Norman Macdougall |series=The Stewart Dynasty in Scotland |location=East Linton}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dawson |first=Jane |title=Scotland Reformed 1488–1587 |date=2007 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-1455-4 |series=The New Edinburgh History of Scotland |volume=6 |location=Edinburgh}}
* {{Cite book |last=Donaldson |first=Gordon |author-link=Gordon Donaldson |title=Scotland: James V to James VII |date=1965 |publisher=Oliver & Boyd |isbn=978-0-9018-2485-1 |series=The Edinburgh History of Scotland |volume=III |location=Edinburgh}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dunbar, John |title=Scottish Royal Palaces |date=1999 |publisher=Tuckwell Press |isbn=1--86232-042-X}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ellis |first=Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vVFIAAAAYAAJ |title=Archaeologia |date=1829 |volume=22 |pages=1–12 |chapter=A Household book of James V}}
* {{Cite book |last=Emond |first=Ken |title=The Minority of James V: Scotland in Europe, 1513–1528 |date=2019 |publisher=John Donald |isbn=978-1-9109-0031-4 |location=Edinburgh}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hadley Williams |first=Janet |title=Stewart Style 1513–1542 |date=1996 |publisher=Tuckwell Press |isbn=1-8984-1082-8 |location=Edinburgh}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hadley Williams |first=Janet |url=https://archive.org/details/selectedpoems0000lind |title=Sir David Lyndsay, Selected Poems |date=2000 |publisher=ASLS |isbn=0-9488-7746-4 |location=Glasgow |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Harrison, John G. |url=https://webarchive.nrscotland.gov.uk/20180403094218/http://sparc.scran.ac.uk/publications/pdfs/L2%20wardrobe%20inventories%20of%20james%20v.pdf |title=Wardrobe Inventories of James V: British Library MS Royal 18 C |date=2008 |publisher=Historic Scotland}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nield |first=Jonathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=904G29jMdzIC |title=A Guide to the Best Historical Novels and Tales |date=1968 |publisher=Ayer Publishing |isbn=978-0-8337-2509-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ross |first=Stewart |title=The Stewart Dynasty |date=1993 |publisher=Thomas and Lochar |isbn=978-1-8998-6343-3 |location=Nairn}}
* {{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Andrea |title=Princelie Majestie: The Court of James V of Scotland |date=2005 |publisher=John Donald |isbn=0--85976-611-X |location=Edinburgh}}
* {{Citation |last=Wormald |first=Jenny |title=Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland 1470–1625 |date=1981 |volume=4 |series=The New History of Scotland |place=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=0-7486-0276-3 |author-link=Jenny Wormald}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|James V of Scotland}}
* [https://www.royal.uk/james-v-r1513-1542 James V] at the official website of the [[British monarchy]]
* {{NPG name}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Stewart]]|10 April|1512|14 December|1542}}
{{S-reg|}}
{{S-bef|before=[[James IV]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[King of Scotland]]|years=1513–1542}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Mary, Queen of Scots|Mary]]}}
{{S-reg|sct}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-vac|last=[[James IV of Scotland|James (IV)]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Duke of Rothesay]]|years=1511–1513}}
{{S-vac|next=[[James, Duke of Rothesay (born 1540)|James]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Mary, Queen of Scots}}
{{Pictish and Scottish monarchs}}
{{English, Scottish and British monarchs}}
{{Dukes of Rothesay}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:James 05 of Scotland}}

[[Category:James V| ]]
[[Category:1512 births]]
[[Category:1542 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century Scottish monarchs]]
[[Category:Burials at Holyrood Abbey]]
[[Category:Dukes of Rothesay]]
[[Category:House of Stuart]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece]]
[[Category:Child monarchs from Europe]]
[[Category:People from Linlithgow]]

[[Category:Scottish poets]]
[[Category:16th-century Scottish peers]]
[[Category:People of Stirling Castle]]
[[Category:Children of James IV of Scotland]]
[[Category:Princes and great stewards of Scotland]]
[[Category:16th-century English knights]]