View source for John Climacus

{{short description|6th–7th-century Christian monk}}
{{redirect|Johannes Climacus|the philosopher who used this pseudonym|Søren Kierkegaard}}
{{Expand language|topic=bio|langcode=pl|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix = [[Saint]]
|name             = John Climacus
|birth_date       = {{circa|579 AD}}
|death_date       = {{Death year and age|649|579|03}}
|feast_day        = 30 March, Fourth Sunday of [[Great Lent]]
|venerated_in     = [[Catholic Church]] <br /> [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
|image            = Lestvichnik.jpg
|caption          = 16th-century Greek [[icon]] of St. John Climacus
|birth_place      = [[Syria]]
|death_place      = [[Mount Sinai]]
|titles           = 
|beatified_date   = 
|beatified_place  = 
|beatified_by     = 
|canonized_date   = 
|canonized_place  = 
|canonized_by     = 
|attributes       = Clothed as a [[monk]], sometimes with an [[Abbot]]'s [[paterissa]] (crozier), sometimes holding a copy of his ''Ladder''
|patronage        = 
|major_shrine     = 
|suppressed_date  = 
|major_works      = ''[[The Ladder of Divine Ascent]]''
|issues           = 
|prayer           = 
|prayer_attrib    = 
}}
{{Eastern Orthodox sidebar|expanded=figures}}
{{Catholic philosophy}}

'''John Climacus''' ({{langx|grc|Ἰωάννης τῆς Κλίμακος}}; {{langx|la|Ioannes Climacus}}; {{Langx|ar|يوحنا السلمي|translit=Yuḥana al-Sêlmi}}), also known as '''John of the Ladder''', '''John Scholasticus''' and '''John Sinaites''', was a 6th–7th century [[Christianity|Christian]] [[monasticism|monk]] at the monastery on [[Mount Sinai]].<ref>{{citation|last=Zecher|first=Jonathan L.|year=2013|title=The Angelic Life in Desert and Ladder: John Climacus's Re-Formulation of Ascetic Spirituality|journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies|volume=21|issue=1|pages=111–136|issn=1086-3184|doi=10.1353/earl.2013.0006| s2cid=170616546 }}</ref> He is revered as a [[saint]] by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] and [[Catholic Church]].

== History ==
Few details on his life are known. There exists an ancient ''[[Hagiography|vita]]'' (life) of the saint by a monk named Daniel of the [[El Tor, Egypt|Raithu]] monastery, which is the principal source about the life of John.{{sfn|Chryssavgis|2017|page=15}} Daniel, though claiming to be a contemporary, admits to no knowledge of John's origins—any detail on John's birth is the result of much later speculation, and is confined to references in the [[Menologion]].{{sfn|Chryssavgis|2017|page=15}} Daniel also does not provide any chronology and his knowledge of the life of John is both scanty and vague.{{sfn|Chryssavgis|2017|page=15}} If Daniel's ''Life'' is trustworthy (there is nothing against which to judge its accuracy), then John came to the ''Vatos'' Monastery at [[Mount Sinai]], now [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]], and became a novice when he was about 16 years old.{{sfn|Chryssavgis|2017|page=15}} He was taught about the spiritual life by the more senior monk, Martyrius. After the death of Martyrius, John, wishing to practice greater [[asceticism]], withdrew to a [[Hermitage (religious retreat)|hermitage]] at the foot of the mountain. In this isolation he lived for some twenty years, constantly studying the lives of the saints and thus becoming one of the most learned [[Church Fathers]].<ref name=Clugnet>{{cite web| url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08457a.htm| title = Clugnet, Léon. "St. John Climacus." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 26 March 2015}}</ref>

In the meantime, the above tradition has been proven to be historically implausible.<ref name=Johnsén>Johnsén, Henrik Rydell: Reading John Climacus: Rhetorical Argumentation, Literary Convention and the Tradition of Monastic Formation. Lund University Press, Lund 2007.</ref> The artful rhetorical figures in his writings, as well as philosophical forms of thought indicate a solid academic education, as was customary for a profession in administration and law during his epoch. Such training could not have been acquired in Sinai.<ref name=Duffy>Duffy, John: Reading John Climacus: Rhetorical Argumentation, Literary Convention and the Tradition of Monastic Formation (review). In: Journal of Early Christian Studies. vol 18, no.1, 2010, pp. 145–146, doi:10.1353/earl.0.0303.</ref>

Furthermore, biographical observations indicate that he probably lived by the sea, probably in Gaza, and apparently practiced Law there. It was only after his wife's death, in his early forties, that he entered the Sinai Monastery. These findings also explain the horizon and the literary quality of his writings, which have a clear philosophical background. The legend of his renunciation of the world at the age of 16, found also in other biographies of saints, is to suggest his having been untouched by secular education. Blurred deliberately would have been any roots in theological and philosophical educational traditions.

When he was about 65 years of age, the monks of Sinai persuaded him to become their [[hegumen]]. He acquitted himself of his functions as abbot.<ref>An abbot is the head of a monastery; the term is usually used in a Christian situation, but is used sometimes in a Buddhist context.</ref>

Of John's literary output, we know only the ''Κλῖμαξ'' ({{langx|la|Scala Paradisi}}) or ''[[The Ladder of Divine Ascent]]''. This was composed in the early 7th century at the request of John,<ref name="Duffy2010">{{citation|last=Duffy|first=John|year=2010|title=Reading John Climacus: Rhetorical Argumentation, Literary Convention and the Tradition of Monastic Formation (review)|journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies|volume=18|issue=1|pages=145–146|issn=1086-3184|doi=10.1353/earl.0.0303| s2cid=170969273 }}</ref> Abbot of Raithu, a monastery situated on the shores of the [[Red Sea]]. Also surviving to the present day is a shorter work ''To the Pastor'' (Latin: ''Liber ad Pastorem''), most likely a sort of appendix to the ''Ladder''. It is in the ''Ladder'' that we hear of the ascetic practice of carrying a small notebook to record the monk's thoughts during contemplation.<ref name="Stroumsa2008">{{citation|last=Stroumsa|first=Guy|year=2008|title=The Scriptural Movement of Late Antiquity and Christian Monasticism|journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|volume=16|issue=1|pages=61–77|issn=1086-3184|doi=10.1353/earl.2008.0011| s2cid=170261691 }}</ref>

The ''Ladder'' describes how to raise one's soul and body to [[God]] through the acquisition of ascetic virtues. Climacus uses the analogy of [[Jacob's Ladder]] as the framework for his spiritual teaching. Each chapter is referred to as a "step", and deals with a separate spiritual subject. There are thirty Steps of the ladder, which correspond to the age of [[Jesus]] at [[Baptism of Jesus|his baptism]] and the beginning of his earthly ministry. Within the general framework of a 'ladder', Climacus' book falls into three sections. The first seven Steps concern general virtues necessary for the ascetic life, while the next nineteen (Steps 8–26) give instruction on overcoming vices and building their corresponding virtues. The final four Steps concern the higher virtues toward which the ascetic life aims. The final rung of the ladder—beyond prayer (προσευχή), stillness ([[hesychasm|ἡσυχία]]), and even dispassion ([[apatheia|ἀπάθεια]])—is love ([[agape|ἀγάπη]]).

Originally written simply for the monks of a neighbouring monastery, the ''Ladder'' swiftly became one of the most widely read and much-beloved books of [[Byzantine]] spirituality. This book remains one of the most widely read among [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]], especially during the season of [[Great Lent]] which immediately precedes [[Easter|Pascha]] (Easter). It is often read in the ''[[Refectory|trapeza]]'' (refectory) in Orthodox [[monasteries]], and in some places it is read in church as part of the [[Daily Office]] on Lenten weekdays, being prescribed in the ''[[Triodion]]''.

An [[icon]] known by the same title, ''[[Ladder of Divine Ascent (icon)|Ladder of Divine Ascent]]'', depicts a ladder extending from earth to heaven.<ref>cf. {{Bibleverse||Genesis|28:12|HE}}</ref> Several [[monk]]s are depicted climbing a ladder; at the top is Jesus, prepared to receive them into [[Heaven]]. Also shown are angels helping the climbers, and demons attempting to drag down the climbers or shoot them with arrows, no matter how high up the ladder they may be. Most versions of the icon show at least one person falling. Often, in the lower right corner John Climacus himself is shown, gesturing towards the ladder, with rows of monks behind him.

Saint John's [[feast day]] is 30 March in both the East and West. The Eastern Orthodox Church and the Byzantine Catholic churches also commemorate him on the Fourth Sunday of [[Great Lent]]. Many churches are dedicated to him in [[Russia]], including [[Ivan the Great Bell Tower|a church and belltower]] in the [[Moscow Kremlin]]. John Climacus was also known as "Scholasticus", but he is not to be confused with [[John Scholasticus]], [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Patriarch of Constantinople]].

Several translations into English have been made, including one by Holy Transfiguration Monastery (Boston, 1978). This volume contains the ''Life of St. John'' by Daniel, ''The Ladder of Divine Ascent'', and ''To the Pastor'', and provides footnotes explaining many of the concepts and terminology used from an Orthodox perspective, as well as a General Index.<ref>{{citation|last=Climacus|first=John|title=The Ladder of Divine Ascent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvhpRQAACAAJ|access-date=13 March 2013|date=1 October 1991|publisher=Holy Transfiguration Monastery|isbn=978-0-943405-03-2}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed heights=250px>
File:Święci Jan Klimak, Jerzy Zwycięski i Błażej. Nowogrodzka Szkoła Malarstwa Ikonowego, XIII wiek.jpg|13th-century Russian icon of St. John Climacus; to either side are [[Saint George]] and [[Saint Blaise]] ([[Novgorod school]])
File:Ladder of Divine Ascent by E.Tzanes (1663).jpg|''Ladder of Divine Ascent'' 1663 [[Emmanuel Tzanes]]
File:The Ladder of Divine Ascent Monastery of St Catherine Sinai 12th century.jpg|John Climacus is shown at the top of the ''[[Ladder of Divine Ascent (icon)|Ladder of Divine Ascent]]'' icon, with other monks following him, 12th-century icon ([[Saint Catherine's Monastery]], [[Mount Sinai]], [[Egypt]])
File:FS-7562 19.jpg|St. John of the Ladder (Climacus): illustration from a Klimax manuscript (early 12th century)
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Søren Kierkegaard]], who published several works under the pseudonym "Johannes Climacus" and two under the pseudonym "Anti-Climacus"
* [[Portal:Catholic Church/Patron Archive/March 30|Saint John Climacus, patron saint archive]]
* The [[Uncondemning Monk]]; also commemorated 30 March

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last1=Chryssavgis |first1=John |title=John Climacus: From the Egyptian Desert to the Sinaite Mountain |date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-92521-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=amhBDgAAQBAJ |language=en}}

==Further reading==
*Popova, Tatiana. "The Naming of Food and Drink in the Ladder of John Climacus." Studia Ceranea. ''Journal of the Waldemar Ceran Research Centre for the History and Culture of the Mediterranean Area and South-East Europe'' 11 (2021): 371-386.

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|John Climacus}}
* {{wikiquote-inline}}
* {{wikisourcelang-inline|el|Ιωάννης της Κλίμακος|Ἰωάννης τῆς Κλίμακος}}
* [http://www.orthodox.net/greatlent/john-climacus-philaret.html ''St John Climacus and the Ladder of Divine Ascent''] Sermon
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=HiTaxR0EU2MC ''John Climacus: The Ladder of Divine Ascent''] by Colm Luibheid, John Henebry (Google Books)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110711020723/http://victorcauchi.fortunecity.com/christwrit/climacus.htm Excerpts from John Climacus]
* [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=16 St John Climacus (of the Ladder)] Orthodox [[icon]] and [[synaxarion]] for Fourth Sunday of Great Lent
* [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=100943 Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of "the Ladder"] March 30 feast
* [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2009/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20090211_en.html Pope Benedict XVI General Audience of Febr. 11, 2009 on John Climacus]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:John Climacus}}
[[Category:579 births]]
[[Category:649 deaths]]
[[Category:6th-century Christian mystics]]
[[Category:6th-century Christian saints]]
[[Category:7th-century Byzantine writers]]
[[Category:7th-century Byzantine monks]]
[[Category:7th-century Christian mystics]]
[[Category:7th-century Christian saints]]
[[Category:7th-century Christian theologians]]
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[[Category:Church Fathers]]
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