View source for Minnesota

{{Short description|U.S. state}}
{{Redirect|Minn||Minn (disambiguation)|and|Minnesota (disambiguation)}}
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{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox U.S. state
| name = Minnesota
| image_flag = File:Flag of Minnesota.svg
| flag_link = Flag of Minnesota
| image_seal = Seal of Minnesota.svg
| seal_link = Seal of Minnesota
| nicknames = North Star State; Gopher State; Land of 10,000 Lakes; Land of Sky Blue Waters<ref name="t381">{{cite web | title=State Seal | website=Minnesota Secretary Of State | url=https://www.sos.state.mn.us/about-minnesota/state-symbols/state-seal | access-date=August 18, 2024}}</ref>
| motto = {{lang|fr|[[L'Étoile du Nord]]}} (French: The Star of the North)<ref name="auto1"/>
| anthem = "[[Hail! Minnesota]]"
| image_map = Minnesota in United States.svg
| OfficialLang = none
| Languages = * [[English language|English]] 88.9%
* [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
*[[Somali language|Somali]]
* [[Hmong language|Hmong]]<ref name="Immigration Language MN"/>
| population_demonym = Minnesotan
| LargestCity = [[Minneapolis]]
| LargestCounty = [[Hennepin County|Hennepin]]
| seat = [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]]
| LargestMetro = [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul]]
| area_rank = 12th
| area_total_sq_mi = 86,935.83
| area_total_km2 = 225,163
| width_mi = 200–350
| width_km = 320–560
| length_mi = about 400
| length_km = 640
| area_water_percent = 8.40
| Latitude = 43° 30′ N to 49° 23′ N
| Longitude = 89° 29′ W to 97° 14′ W
| population_rank = 22nd
| population_as_of = 2025
| 2020Pop = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 5,830,405<ref name="2025 Estimate">{{cite web |title=United States Census Bureau QuickFacts Minnesota |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN/PST045222 |work=QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, 2021 Estimate |access-date=January 1, 2023 |archive-date=February 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213024646/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN/PST045222 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 2020DensityUS = 68.9 <!--2015 estimate-->
| 2020Density = 26.6 <!--2015 estimate-->
| population_density_rank = 36th (2020 census)
| MedianHouseholdIncome = ${{round|85086|-2}} (2<span>0</span>23)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2024/demo/acsbr-023.pdf|title=Household Income in States and Metropolitan Areas: 2023|accessdate=January 12, 2025}}</ref>
| IncomeRank = [[List of U.S. states and territories by income#States and territories ranked by median household income|13th]]
| elevation_max_point = [[Eagle Mountain (Minnesota)|Eagle Mountain]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=https://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |access-date=October 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=October 15, 2011 }}</ref>{{efn|name = NAVD88|Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]]}}
| elevation_max_ft = 2,301
| elevation_max_m = 701
| elevation_ft = 1,200
| elevation_m = 370
| elevation_min_point = [[Lake Superior]]<ref name=USGS />{{efn|name=NAVD88}}<ref>[http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/wlevels/data/superiorLevelsFeet.png "Lake Superior Water Levels"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807223014/http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/wlevels/data/superiorLevelsFeet.png |date=August 7, 2016}}, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. Updated daily.</ref>
| elevation_min_m = 183
| elevation_min_ft = 602
| Former = Minnesota Territory
| AdmittanceDate = May 11, 1858
| AdmittanceOrder = 32nd
| Governor = {{nowrap|[[Tim Walz]] ([[Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party|DFL]])}}
| Lieutenant Governor = {{nowrap|[[Peggy Flanagan]] (DFL)}}
| Legislature = [[Minnesota Legislature|Legislature]]
| Upperhouse = [[Minnesota Senate|Senate]]
| Lowerhouse = [[Minnesota House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| Judiciary = [[Minnesota Supreme Court]]
| Senators = {{nowrap|[[Amy Klobuchar]] (DFL)}}<br />{{nowrap|[[Tina Smith]] (DFL)}}
| Representative = 4 [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]]<br />4 [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]]
| timezone1 = [[Central Time Zone (North America)|Central]]
| utc_offset1 = – 06:00
| timezone1_DST = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]]
| utc_offset1_DST = – 05:00
| iso_code = US-MN
| postal_code = MN
| TradAbbreviation = Minn.
| website = MN.gov
| area_land_sq_mi = 79,626.74
| area_land_km2 = 206,232
| area_water_sq_mi = 7,309.09
| area_water_km2 = 18,930
}}

'''Minnesota'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=Native Minnesotan Pronunciation.ogg|ˌ|m|ɪ|n|ə|ˈ|s|oʊ|t|ə}} {{respell|MIN|ə|SOH|tə}}}} is a [[U.S. state|state]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Minnesota |url=https://mn.gov/portal/about-minnesota/ |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=mn.gov // Minnesota's State Portal |language=en-US}}</ref> in the [[Upper Midwest]]ern region of the United States. It is bordered by the Canadian provinces of [[Manitoba]] and [[Ontario]] to the north and east and by the U.S. states of [[Wisconsin]] to the east, [[Iowa]] to the south, and [[North Dakota]] and [[South Dakota]] to the west. The northeast corner has a water boundary with [[Michigan]]. It is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|12th-largest U.S. state in area]] and the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|22nd-most populous]], with about 5.8 million residents. Minnesota is known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes"; it has 14,420 bodies of fresh water covering at least ten acres each.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Downing |first=John A. |date=May 17, 2021 |title=Minnesota: Land of How Many Lakes? |url=https://seagrant.umn.edu/news-information/directors-column/minnesota-land-how-many-lakes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101204342/https://seagrant.umn.edu/news-info/directors-column/minnesota-land-how-many-lakes |archive-date=January 1, 2023 |website=Minnesota Sea Grant}}</ref> Roughly a third of the state is [[Forest cover by state and territory in the United States|forested]]. Much of the remainder is [[prairie]] and farmland. More than 60% of Minnesotans (about 3.71 million) live in the [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul]] metropolitan area, known as the "Twin Cities", which is Minnesota's main [[Politics of Minnesota|political]], [[Economy of Minnesota|economic]], and [[Culture of Minnesota|cultural]] hub<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Estimates: Latest annual estimates of Minnesota and its Economic Development Regions' population and households, 2021 |url=https://mn.gov/admin/demography/data-by-topic/population-data/our-estimates/ |website=Population Data |publisher=Minnesota State Demographic Center |access-date=May 13, 2019 |date=August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513130752/https://mn.gov/admin/demography/data-by-topic/population-data/our-estimates/ |archive-date=May 13, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[List of metropolitan statistical areas|16th-largest metropolitan area in the U.S.]] Other minor [[Metropolitan statistical area|metropolitan]] and [[Micropolitan statistical area|micropolitan]] statistical areas include [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]], [[Mankato, Minnesota|Mankato]], [[Moorhead, Minnesota|Moorhead]], [[Rochester, Minnesota|Rochester]], and [[St. Cloud, Minnesota|St. Cloud]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web|date=January 2017|title=Greater Minnesota Refined & Revisited|url=https://mn.gov/admin/assets/greater-mn-refined-and-revisited-msdc-jan2017_tcm36-273216.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412030707/https://mn.gov/admin/assets/greater-mn-refined-and-revisited-msdc-jan2017_tcm36-273216.pdf|archive-date=April 12, 2019|access-date=May 13, 2019|website=Greater Minnesota Status Report|publisher=Minnesota State Demographic Center}}</ref>

Minnesota, which derives its name from the [[Dakota language]], has been inhabited by various [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] since the [[Woodland period]] of the 11th century BCE. Between roughly 200 and 500 CE, two areas of the indigenous [[Hopewell tradition]] emerged: the [[Laurel complex]] in the north, and Trempealeau Hopewell in the [[Mississippi River Valley]] in the south. The [[Upper Mississippian|Upper Mississippian culture]], consisting of the [[Oneota]] people and other [[Siouan]] speakers, emerged around 1000 CE and lasted through the arrival of Europeans in the 17th century. French explorers and [[missionaries]] were the earliest Europeans to enter the region, encountering the [[Dakota people|Dakota]], [[Ojibwe]], and various [[Anishinaabe]] tribes. Much of what is now Minnesota formed part of the [[Louisiana Territory|vast French holding of Louisiana]], which [[Louisiana Purchase|the United States purchased]] in 1803. After several territorial reorganizations, the [[Minnesota Territory]] was [[Admission to the Union|admitted to the Union]] as the 32nd state in 1858. Minnesota's official motto, {{lang|fr|L'Étoile du Nord}} ("The Star of the North"), is the only [[List of U.S. state and territory mottos|state motto]] in [[French language|French]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite web | url=https://www.sos.state.mn.us/about-minnesota/state-symbols/state-motto-l-etoile-du-nord/ | title=Minnesota Secretary of State - State Motto - l'Etoile du Nord }}</ref> This phrase was adopted shortly after statehood and reflects both the state's early French explorers and its position as the northernmost state in the contiguous U.S.

As part of the [[American frontier]], Minnesota attracted settlers and [[Homestead Acts|homesteaders]] from across the country. Its growth was initially based on timber, agriculture, and railroad construction. Into the early 20th century, European immigrants arrived in significant numbers, particularly from [[Scandinavia]], Germany, and [[Central Europe]]. Many were linked to the failed [[revolutions of 1848]], which partly influenced the state's development as a center of [[American labor movement|labor and social activism]].<ref name="The transition of a new world Bohemia.">{{cite web|last1=Jerabek|first1=Esther|title=The transition of a new world Bohemia.|url=http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/15/v15i01p026-042.pdf|access-date=May 10, 2020|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society|archive-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224051452/http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/15/v15i01p026-042.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Minnesota's rapid industrialization and urbanization precipitated [[Progressive Era|major social, economic, and political changes]] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; the state was at the forefront of [[Labor rights in the United States|labor rights]], [[Women's suffrage in the United States|women's suffrage]], and political reform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Backerud |first=Thomas K. |date=August 26, 2014 |title=What it meant to be 'progressive' in turn-of-the-century Minnesota |url=https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2014/08/what-it-meant-be-progressive-turn-century-minnesota/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202657/https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2014/08/what-it-meant-be-progressive-turn-century-minnesota/ |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |access-date=June 22, 2021 |website=MinnPost |language=en-US}}</ref> Consequently, Minnesota is relatively unique among Midwestern states in being a reliable base for the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], having voted for every Democratic presidential nominee since 1976, longer than any other U.S. state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ostermeier |first=Eric |date=September 3, 2015 |title=Republicans and Democrats Have Record Presidential Winning Streaks in 36 States |url=https://smartpolitics.lib.umn.edu/2015/09/03/republicans-and-democrats-have-record-presidential-winning-streaks-in-36-states/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111190857/https://smartpolitics.lib.umn.edu/2015/09/03/republicans-and-democrats-have-record-presidential-winning-streaks-in-36-states/ |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |access-date=June 18, 2022 |website=Smart Politics |language=en-US}}</ref>

Since the late 20th century, Minnesota's economy has diversified away from traditional industries such as agriculture and resource extraction to services, finance, and health care. Minnesota ranks highly among national averages in terms of [[List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy|life expectancy]], healthcare standards, and education, and above average in income per capita. Minnesota is home to 11 federally recognized [[Indian reservation|Native American reservations]] (seven Ojibwe, four Dakota), and its culture, demographics, and religious landscape reflect [[Scandinavian American|Scandinavian]] and [[German Americans|German]] influence. This heritage continues to affect the state's racial demographics, making it one of the country's least diverse states,<ref name="CensusDiversity">{{cite web |title=Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/racial-and-ethnic-diversity-in-the-united-states-2010-and-2020-census.html |website=United States Census |access-date=November 1, 2024}}</ref> but in recent decades, Minnesota has become more multicultural, due to both larger domestic migration and immigration from Latin America, Asia, the [[Horn of Africa]], and the Middle East. The state has the nation's largest population of [[History of Somalis in Minneapolis–Saint Paul|Somali Americans]] and the second-largest [[History of the Hmong in Minneapolis–Saint Paul|Hmong community]].<ref name="MNHmong">{{cite web |last=Lee |first=Mai Na M. |date=October 5, 2021 |title=Hmong and Hmong Americans in Minnesota |url=https://www.mnopedia.org/hmong-and-hmong-americans-minnesota |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006025521/https://www.mnopedia.org/hmong-and-hmong-americans-minnesota |archive-date=October 6, 2021 |access-date=October 6, 2021 |website=MNopedia}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The word ''Minnesota'' comes from the [[Dakota language|Dakota]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 11, 2015 |title=Good Question: How Did Minnesota Get Its Name? |url=https://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2015/05/11/good-question-how-did-minnesota-get-its-name/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716234507/https://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2015/05/11/good-question-how-did-minnesota-get-its-name/ |archive-date=July 16, 2019 |access-date=September 9, 2019 |website=CBS Minnesota}}</ref> name for the [[Minnesota River]], which got its name from one of two words in Dakota: {{Lang|dak|mní sóta}}, which means "clear blue water",<ref>New Lakota dictionary. Lakota Language Consortium (2008).</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://filemaker.cla.umn.edu/dakota/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=1630 |title=Mnisota |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002143839/https://filemaker.cla.umn.edu/dakota/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=1630 |archive-date=October 2, 2013 |work=Dakota Dictionary Online |publisher=University of Minnesota Department of American Indian Studies |date=2010 |access-date=October 6, 2016}}</ref> or {{Lang|dak|Mníssota}}, which means "cloudy water".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://filemaker.cla.umn.edu/dakota/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=1631 |title=Mnisota |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525200616/https://filemaker.cla.umn.edu/dakota/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=1631 |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |work=Dakota Dictionary Online |publisher=University of Minnesota Department of American Indian Studies |date=2010 |access-date=October 6, 2016}}</ref><ref name="mnhs-name">{{cite web | title = Minnesota State | publisher = Minnesota Historical Society | url = http://mnplaces.mnhs.org/upham/otheritem.cfm?PlaceNameID=2007&BookCodeID=67&County=0&SendingPage=Results.cfm | access-date = April 26, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070901215624/http://mnplaces.mnhs.org/upham/otheritem.cfm?PlaceNameID=2007&BookCodeID=67&County=0&SendingPage=Results.cfm | archive-date = September 1, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> Early explorers interpreted the Dakota name for the Minnesota River in various ways, and four spellings of the state's name were considered before "Minnesota" was established in 1849, when the Territory of Minnesota was formed.<ref>{{cite web | title=Origin and History of the Minnesota Place Name |last=Sandy | first=John H. |date=January 4, 2024 | url = https://ir.ua.edu/handle/123456789/13032 | access-date = January 25, 2024 }}</ref> [[Dakota people]] demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it ''{{Lang|dak|mní sóta}}''.<ref name="mnhs-name" />

Many places in the state have similar Dakota names, such as [[Minnehaha Park (Minneapolis)|Minnehaha Falls]] ("curling water" or waterfall), [[Minneiska, Minnesota|Minneiska]] ("white water"), [[Minneota, Minnesota|Minneota]] ("much water"), [[Lake Minnetonka|Minnetonka]] ("big water"), [[Minnetrista, Minnesota|Minnetrista]] ("crooked water"), and Minneapolis, a [[hybrid word]] combining Dakota {{Lang|dak|mní}} ("water") and {{Lang|el-latn|-polis}} ([[Greek language|Greek]] for "city").<ref>{{cite web | title = Minnehaha Creek | publisher = Minnesota Historical Society | url = http://mnplaces.mnhs.org/upham/Waterway.cfm?PlaceNameID=2002&BookCodeID=9&County=27&SendingPage=Results.cfm | access-date = April 26, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110430112357/http://mnplaces.mnhs.org/upham/Waterway.cfm?PlaceNameID=2002&BookCodeID=9&County=27&SendingPage=Results.cfm | archive-date = April 30, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> The [[Seal of Minnesota|state seal]] features the phrase {{lang|dak|Mni Sóta Makoce}} ("the land where the water reflects the skies"), the Dakota name for the larger region.<ref>{{cite news|title= How to pronounce 'Mni Sóta Makoce,' the Dakota phrase that will be on the new state seal |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2023/12/15/how-to-pronounce-mni-sta-makoce-the-dakota-phrase-that-will-be-on-the-new-state-seal |last=Olson |first=Melissa |date=December 15, 2023 |access-date=May 14, 2024}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Minnesota}}

[[File:Minnesota Territory 1849.svg|thumb|A map of [[Minnesota Territory]] 1849–1858]]
When Europeans arrived in North America, the [[Dakota people]] lived in what is now Minnesota. The first Europeans to enter the region were French [[voyageurs]] and [[fur trade]]rs who arrived in the 17th century. They used the [[Grand Portage National Monument|Grand Portage]] to access trapping and trading areas further into Minnesota. The [[Anishinaabe]] (also known as [[Ojibwe]] or Chippewa) were migrating into Minnesota, and formed an Alliance with the Dakota. European powers destabilized the region economically and politically, resulting in the alliance's collapse and the [[Dakota-Ojibwe War]],<ref name="timepieces">{{cite web | title = TimePieces | url = http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/timeline.cfm | publisher = Minnesota Historical Society | access-date = September 19, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060917211935/http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/timeline.cfm | archive-date = September 17, 2006 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> and dislocated the [[Mdewakanton]] from its homelands along [[Mille Lacs Lake]]. Explorers such as [[Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut]], Father [[Louis Hennepin]], [[Jonathan Carver]], [[Henry Schoolcraft]], and [[Joseph Nicollet]] mapped the state.

The region was part of [[Louisiana (New Spain)|Spanish Louisiana]] from 1762 to 1802.<ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase – History, Facts, & Map |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349302/Louisiana-Purchase |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501010249/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349302/Louisiana-Purchase |archive-date=May 1, 2015 |access-date=December 31, 2014 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chamberlain |first1=Charles |last2=Faber |first2=Lo |title=Spanish Colonial Louisiana |url=http://www.knowlouisiana.org/entry/spanish-colonial-louisiana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219090342/http://www.knowlouisiana.org/entry/spanish-colonial-louisiana |archive-date=February 19, 2018 |access-date=February 18, 2018 |website=Know Louisiana}}</ref> The portion of the state east of the Mississippi River became part of the United States at the end of the [[American Revolutionary War]], when the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Second Treaty of Paris]] was signed. Land west of the Mississippi was acquired with the [[Louisiana Purchase]], though the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] disputed the [[Red River Valley]] until the [[Treaty of 1818]], when the border on the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]] was agreed upon.<ref name="Lass" />

In 1805, [[Zebulon Pike]] bargained with Native Americans to acquire land at the [[confluence]] of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers to create a military reservation. The construction of Fort Snelling followed between 1819 and 1825.<ref name="Gilman">{{cite book | title = The Story of Minnesota's Past | last = Gilman | first = Rhoda R. | publisher = Minnesota Historical Society Press | location = St. Paul, Minnesota | date = July 1, 1991 | isbn = 978-0-87351-267-1}}</ref> Its soldiers built a [[grist mill]] and a [[sawmill]] at [[Saint Anthony Falls]], which were harbingers of the water-powered industries around which Minneapolis later grew. Meanwhile, squatters, government officials, and others had settled near the fort; in 1839 the army forced them off military lands, and most moved downriver, just outside the military reservation, to the area that became St. Paul.<ref name="hfs">{{cite web | url = http://www.mnhs.org/places/sites/hfs/history.html | title = Historic Fort Snelling | publisher = Minnesota Historical Society Press | access-date = July 6, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120716231055/http://www.mnhs.org/places/sites/hfs/history.html | archive-date = July 16, 2012 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

Minnesota was part of several territorial organizations between acquisition and statehood. From 1812 to 1821 it was part of the [[Territory of Missouri]] that corresponded with much of the Louisiana Purchase. It was briefly an unorganized territory ([[Territories of the United States#Formerly unorganized territories|1821–1834]]) and was later consolidated with Wisconsin, Iowa and half the Dakotas to form the short-lived [[Territory of Michigan]] (1834–1836). From 1836 to 1848, Minnesota and Iowa were part of the [[Territory of Wisconsin]]. From 1838 to 1846, Minnesota west of the Mississippi River was part of the [[Territory of Iowa]]. Minnesota east of the Mississippi was part of Wisconsin until 1848.<ref name="auto">Minnesota: A History of the State By Theodore Christian Blegen page 202–203</ref>

=== Statehood ===
When Iowa gained statehood, western Minnesota was in an Unorganized Territory again. [[Minnesota Territory]] was formed on March 3, 1849. The first territorial legislature, held on September 2, 1849,<ref>{{cite web |title=City History |url=http://www.ci.crystal.mn.us/about_crystal/city_history.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027214559/http://www.ci.crystal.mn.us/about_crystal/city_history.php |archive-date=October 27, 2014 |access-date=October 28, 2014 |website=Welcome to the City of Crystal, MN}}</ref> was dominated by men of [[New England]] ancestry.<ref>New England in the Life of the World: A Record of Adventure and Achievement By Howard Allen Bridgman page 112</ref> Minnesota became the [[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union|32nd U.S. state]] on May 11, 1858. The founding population was so overwhelmingly of New England origins that the state was dubbed "the New England of the West".<ref name="auto" /><ref>Northern Lights: The Stories of Minnesota's Past By Dave Kenney, Hillary Wackman, Nancy O'Brien Wagner page 94</ref>
[[File:Dakota War of 1862-stereo-right.jpg|thumb|upright|Mixed Dakota-Europeans who were rescued by "non-hostile" Dakota. The girl in the foreground wrapped in the striped blanket is Elise Robertson, the sister of Thomas Robertson, a mixed blood who acted as an intermediary between the Dakota and the European-Americans during the [[Dakota War of 1862]]]]

Treaties between the U.S. government and the eastern Dakota and Ojibwe gradually forced the natives off their lands and onto [[Indian reservation|reservations]]. As conditions deteriorated for the eastern Dakota, tensions rose, leading to the [[Dakota War of 1862]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Kunnen-Jones |first=Marianne |title=Anniversary Volume Gives New Voice To Pioneer Accounts of Sioux Uprising |publisher=University of Cincinnati |date=August 21, 2002 |url=http://www.uc.edu/news/sioux.htm |access-date=June 6, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619085622/http://www.uc.edu/news/sioux.htm |archive-date=June 19, 2008 }}</ref> The conflict was ignited when four young Dakota men, searching for food, killed a family of white settlers on August 17. That night, a faction of [[Little Crow]]'s eastern Dakota decided to try to drive all settlers out of the Minnesota River valley. In the weeks that followed, Dakota warriors killed hundreds of settlers, causing thousands to flee the area.<ref name="anderson2019">Anderson, Gary Clayton (2019). ''Massacre in Minnesota: The Dakota War of 1862, the Most Violent Ethnic Conflict in American History.'' Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. P. 107 {{ISBN|978-0-8061-6434-2}}</ref> The six-week war ended with the defeat of the eastern Dakota and 2,000 in custody, who were eventually exiled to the [[Crow Creek Reservation]] by the [[Great Sioux Reservation]] in [[Dakota Territory]]. The remaining 4,500 to 5,000 Dakota mostly fled the state into [[Rupert's Land]].<ref name="Lass">{{cite book | last = Lass | first = William E. | title = Minnesota: A History | edition = 2nd | publisher = W.W. Norton & Company | location = New York, NY | year = 1998 | orig-date = 1977 | isbn = 978-0-393-04628-1 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/minnesotahistory0000lass_v7g8 }}</ref> As many as 800 settlers were killed during the war.<ref>Steil, Mark and Tim Post. [http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part4.shtml Hundreds of settlers killed in attacks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223010616/http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part4.shtml |date=February 23, 2018 }}. Minnesota Public Radio. September 26, 2002.</ref>

Minnesota Governor [[Alexander Ramsey]] subsequently declared that "the Sioux Indians of Minnesota must be exterminated or driven forever beyond the borders of the state"<ref>{{cite news|title=The controversial career of Minnesota's first territorial governor, Alexander Ramsey |work=MinnPost |first=Jayne |last=Becker |date=October 1, 2018 |url=https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2018/10/the-controversial-career-of-minnesotas-first-territorial-governor-alexander-ramsey/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104233734/https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2018/10/the-controversial-career-of-minnesotas-first-territorial-governor-alexander-ramsey/|archive-date=November 4, 2020}}</ref> and placed a bounty of $25/scalp on the heads of the eastern Dakota men. Over 1,600 eastern Dakota women, children, and elderly walked from the Lower Sioux Agency to [[Fort Snelling]] to be held until the spring thaw allowed riverboats to take them out of Minnesota to Crow Creek Indian Reservation.<ref name="aftermath">{{cite news|title=U.S.-Dakota War's aftermath a 'dark moment' in Fort Snelling history "work=Pioneer Press |first=Nick |last=Woltman |date=May 2019 |url=https://www.twincities.com/2019/05/04/u-s-dakota-wars-aftermath-a-dark-moment-in-fort-snelling-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227171951/https://www.twincities.com/2019/05/04/u-s-dakota-wars-aftermath-a-dark-moment-in-fort-snelling-history/|archive-date=December 27, 2020}}</ref> [[William Crooks (colonel)|William Crooks]], commander of [[6th Minnesota Infantry Regiment|6th Minnesota]], had a [[palisade]] erected around the encampment on the river bottom flats directly below Fort Snelling, to protect native people from the soldiers and settlers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2012/12/11/dakota-war-part10 |access-date=September 21, 2020 |date=December 11, 2012 |first=John |last=Biewen |title=Part 10: Payback for the Dakota – banishment |publisher=[[Minnesota Public Radio]] |archive-date=December 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203234241/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2012/12/11/dakota-war-part10 |url-status=live }}</ref> Conditions there were poor and between 125 and 300 died of disease.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/forced-marches-imprisonment |title=Forced Marches & Imprisonment |work=The U.S.-Dakota War of 1862 |date=August 23, 2012 |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society |access-date=July 6, 2013 |archive-date=March 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320010318/http://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/forced-marches-imprisonment |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bounty">Minnesota Bounties On Dakota Men During The US-Dakota War, Hamline University, C. Rotel, 2013,[https://open.mitchellhamline.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1261&context=facsch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922210952/http://open.mitchellhamline.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1261&context=facsch|date=September 22, 2017}}</ref> Around 400 Dakota men were tried after the war. 303 were sentenced to death, but [[Abraham Lincoln]] reviewed the convictions and approved 39 of the death sentences. In December 1862, 38 of them were hanged.<ref name="Lass"/>

In early 1863, Ramsey resigned as governor to become the Federal [[Indian Commissioner]]. His successor, Governor [[Henry Adoniram Swift|Henry Swift]], raised the bounty to $200/scalp. A total of $325 was paid out to four people collecting bounties, including for Little Crow who was killed in July 1863.<ref name="Bounty" /> Upon becoming Indian Commissioner, Ramsey set out to get Ojibwe lands too. In 1863 he negotiated the [[Treaty of Old Crossing]], whereby the Ojibwe ceded all their land in northern Minnesota and moved to reservations.

Logging, farming, and railroads were mainstays of Minnesota's early economy. The sawmills at Saint Anthony Falls and logging centers of [[Pine City, Minnesota|Pine City]], [[Marine on St. Croix, Minnesota|Marine on St. Croix]], [[Stillwater, Minnesota|Stillwater]], and [[Winona, Minnesota|Winona]] processed vast quantities of timber. These cities were on rivers that were ideal for transportation.<ref name="Lass" /> St. Anthony Falls was later tapped to provide power for flour mills. Innovations by Minneapolis millers led to the production of Minnesota "patent" flour, which commanded almost double the price of "bakers'" or "clear" flour which it replaced.<ref>{{cite web| last =Hazen| first =Theodore R.| title =New Process Milling of 1850–70| publisher =Pond Lily Mill Restorations| url =https://www.angelfire.com/journal/millrestoration/newprocess.html| access-date =May 11, 2007| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130619073151/http://www.angelfire.com/journal/millrestoration/newprocess.html| archive-date =June 19, 2013| url-status =live}}</ref> By 1900, Minnesota mills, led by [[Pillsbury Company|Pillsbury]], [[Northwestern Consolidated Milling Company|Northwestern]], and the Washburn-Crosby Company, an ancestor of [[General Mills]], were grinding 14.1% of the nation's grain.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Danbom, David B. |date=Spring 2003 | title = Flour Power: The Significance of Flour Milling at the Falls | journal = Minnesota History | volume = 58 | issue = 5 | pages = 271–285}}</ref>
[[File:Phelpsmill ottertailcounty.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Phelps Mill]] in [[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail County]]]]

The state's iron-mining industry was established with the discovery of iron in the [[Vermilion Range (Minnesota)|Vermilion]] and [[Mesabi Range|Mesabi]] ranges in the 1880s, followed by the [[Cuyuna Range]] in the early 1900s. The ore went by rail to [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]] and [[Two Harbors, Minnesota|Two Harbors]] for ship transport east via the [[Great Lakes]].<ref name="Lass" />

=== 20th and 21st centuries ===
Industrial development and the rise of manufacturing caused the population to shift gradually from rural areas to cities during the early 20th century. Nevertheless, farming remained prevalent. Minnesota's economy was hit hard by the [[Great Depression]], resulting in lower prices for farmers, layoffs among iron miners, and labor unrest. Compounding the adversity, western Minnesota and the Dakotas were hit by drought from 1931 to 1935. [[New Deal]] programs provided some economic turnaround. The [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] and other programs around the state established some jobs for Indians on their reservations, and the [[Indian Reorganization Act]] of 1934 provided the tribes with a mechanism of self-government. This gave Natives a greater voice within the state and promoted more respect for tribal customs because religious ceremonies and [[native language]]s were no longer suppressed.<ref name="Gilman" />

After World War II, industrial development quickened. New technology increased farm productivity through automation of [[feedlot]]s for hogs and cattle, machine milking at dairy farms, and raising chickens in large buildings. Planting became more specialized, with [[hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] of corn and wheat, and farm machinery such as [[tractor]]s and [[combine harvester|combines]] became the norm. [[University of Minnesota]] professor [[Norman Borlaug]] contributed to these developments as part of the [[Green Revolution]].<ref name="Gilman" /> Increased mobility enabled more specialized jobs.<ref name="Gilman" />

Minnesota became a center of technology after World War II. [[Engineering Research Associates]] was formed in 1946 to develop computers for the [[United States Navy]]. It later merged with [[Remington Rand]], and then became [[Sperry Rand]]. [[William Norris (CEO)|William Norris]] left Sperry in 1957 to form [[Control Data Corporation]] (CDC).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hagley.lib.de.us/2015.htm |title=Engineering Research Associates Records 1946–1959 |publisher=Hagley Museum and Library |access-date=November 26, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622021939/http://www.hagley.lib.de.us/2015.htm |archive-date=June 22, 2006 }}</ref> [[Cray]] Research was formed when [[Seymour Cray]] left CDC to form his own company. Medical device maker [[Medtronic]] also started business in the Twin Cities in 1949. The nonprofit [[Mayo Clinic]], which was founded in 1864 in [[Rochester, Minnesota|Rochester]], grew to become one of the country's leading medical systems, and, by the 21st century, Minnesota's largest private employer.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fye |first=W. Bruce |date=2010 |title=PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: The Origins and Evolution of the Mayo Clinic from 1864 to 1939: A Minnesota Family Practice Becomes an International "Medical Mecca" |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=323–357 |doi=10.1353/bhm.2010.0019 |issn=0007-5140 |jstor=44448967 |pmid=21037395 |s2cid=44839983}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoff |first=Jennifer |date=May 10, 2023 |title=Mayo Clinic, legislature standoff could lead to economic hit on Minnesota |url=https://www.kare11.com/article/news/local/mayo-clinic-legislature-standoff-could-lead-to-economic-hit-minnesota/89-665fda3f-3c47-41a4-b5c0-511907eb7255 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=kare11.com |language=en-US |archive-date=October 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026185320/https://www.kare11.com/article/news/local/mayo-clinic-legislature-standoff-could-lead-to-economic-hit-minnesota/89-665fda3f-3c47-41a4-b5c0-511907eb7255 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1957, the legislature created a planning commission for the Twin Cities metropolitan area, which became the [[Metropolitan Council (Minnesota)|Metropolitan Council]] in 1967.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Gilman |first=Rhoda R. |title=The Story of Minnesota's Past |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society |year=1991 |isbn=0-87351-267-7 |location=Saint Paul, Minnesota}}</ref> In 1971, under Governor [[Wendell R. Anderson|Wendell Anderson]], a series of legislation called the "Minnesota Miracle" led to a broad reform in financing of Minnesota public schools and local governments that created a fairer distribution in taxation and education.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Berg |first=Tom |title=Minnesota's miracle: learning from the government that worked |date=2012 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-8053-5 |location=Minneapolis, MN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kenney |first1=Dave |title=Minnesota in the 70s |last2=Saylor |first2=Thomas |date=2013 |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society Press |isbn=978-0-87351-900-7 |location=St. Paul, MN}}</ref> Two postwar Minnesota governors, former dentist [[Rudy Perpich]] and former professional wrestler [[Jesse Ventura]], were both known for their unconventional manner, but enjoyed some popularity within the state.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

In the 2020s, the state drew national and international attention for the [[murder of George Floyd]] and the subsequent [[George Floyd protests]], as well as a [[Minnesota fraud scandal|series of cases of fraud]], most notably the [[Feeding Our Future]] scandal, as well as [[Operation Metro Surge]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bierschbach |first=Briana |date=23 May 2021 |title=Families, civil rights leaders reflect on one year since George Floyd's killing |url=https://www.startribune.com/families-civil-rights-leaders-reflect-on-one-year-since-george-floyd-s-killing/600060500 |work=Star Tribune}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Derosier |first=Alex |date=2024-10-20 |title=Feeding Our Future fraud led to new grant controls, little progress recovering stolen money |url=https://www.twincities.com/2024/10/20/feeding-our-future-fraud-led-to-new-grant-controls-little-progress-recovering-stolen-money/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120133010/https://www.twincities.com/2024/10/20/feeding-our-future-fraud-led-to-new-grant-controls-little-progress-recovering-stolen-money/ |archive-date=20 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=[[Twin Cities Pioneer Press]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Meitrodt |first=Jeffrey |last2=Martin |first2=Emmy |date=6 December 2025 |title=Trump claims Minnesota lost billions to fraud. The evidence to date isn't close. |url=https://www.startribune.com/trump-claims-minnesota-lost-billions-to-fraud-the-evidence-to-date-isnt-close/601538955 |work=[[Minnesota Star Tribune]]}}</ref> After a period of mostly divided government during the 21st century, the DFL ([[Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party|Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party]]) won control of all three branches of Minnesota's government in 2022 and passed significant reforms in the [[93rd Minnesota Legislature|2023 legislative session]], moving the state in a progressive direction.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last1=Bierschbach |first1=Briana |last2=Van Berkel |first2=Jessie |date=May 20, 2023 |title=Minnesota Legislature wrapping work on one of the most consequential sessions in state history |url=https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-legislature-wraps-work-on-one-of-the-most-consequential-sessions-in-state-history-tax/600276542/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521043216/https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-legislature-wraps-work-on-one-of-the-most-consequential-sessions-in-state-history-tax/600276542/ |archive-date=May 21, 2023 |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=Star Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Tom |date=May 24, 2023 |title=Minnesota Miracle 2.0? Not quite, but close enough. |url=https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-miracle-2-0-not-quite-but-close-enough/600277536/ |access-date=June 18, 2023 |website=Star Tribune |archive-date=June 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618015110/https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-miracle-2-0-not-quite-but-close-enough/600277536/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Geography ==

{{Main|Geography of Minnesota}}

[[File:National-atlas-minnesota.svg|thumb|right|Scalable map of Minnesota, showing roads and major bodies of water]]

Minnesota is the second northernmost U.S. state (after [[Alaska]]) and northernmost contiguous state, as the isolated [[Northwest Angle]] in [[Lake of the Woods County]] is the only part of the 48 [[Contiguous United States|contiguous states]] north of the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]]. The state is part of the U.S. region known as the [[Upper Midwest]] and part of North America's [[Great Lakes region (North America)|Great Lakes region]]. It shares a [[Lake Superior]] water border with [[Michigan]] and a land and water border with [[Wisconsin]] to the east. [[Iowa]] is to the south, [[North Dakota]] and [[South Dakota]] are to the west, and the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian provinces]] of [[Ontario]] and [[Manitoba]] are to the north. With {{convert|86,943|sqmi|km2}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Just the Facts | date=June 7, 2002 |url=http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/jsp/content.do?id=-8542&subchannel=null&sc2=null&sc3=null&contentid=536879492&contenttype=EDITORIAL&programid=536888179&agency=NorthStar |publisher=Minnesota North Star (official state government site). |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401204836/http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/jsp/content.do?id=-8542&subchannel=null&sc2=null&sc3=null&contentid=536879492&contenttype=EDITORIAL&programid=536888179&agency=NorthStar |archive-date=April 1, 2009 }} Retrieved on July 4, 2009.</ref> or approximately 2.25% of the United States,<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=Facts and figures |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/us/A0859662.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615062217/http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/us/minnesota-state-united-states-facts-figures.html |archive-date=June 15, 2013 |access-date=April 9, 2008 |publisher=Infoplease}}</ref> Minnesota is the 12th-largest state.<ref>{{cite web| title = Land and Water Area of States, 2008| publisher = Information Please| year = 2011| url = http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108355.html| access-date = October 13, 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130720013202/http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108355.html| archive-date = July 20, 2013| url-status = live}}</ref>

=== Geology ===

{{Main|Geology of Minnesota}}

{{See also|List of lakes in Minnesota|List of Minnesota rivers}}

[[File:StLouisRiver JayCooke.JPG|thumb|right|Tilted beds of the Middle [[Precambrian]] Thomson Formation in [[Jay Cooke State Park]]<ref name="MNGeog">{{cite book | last = Ojakangas | first = Richard W. |author2=Charles L. Matsch | others = Illus. Dan Breedy | title = Minnesota's Geology | year = 1982 | publisher = [[University of Minnesota Press]] | location= Minneapolis, Minnesota | isbn = 978-0-8166-0953-6}}</ref>]]

Minnesota has some of the earth's oldest rocks, [[gneiss]]es that are about 3.6{{spaces}}billion years old (80% as old as the planet).<ref name="MNGeog" /><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web | title = Geologic Time: Age of the Earth | publisher = United States Geological Survey | date = October 9, 1997 | url = https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html | access-date = April 9, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051223072700/http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html | archive-date = December 23, 2005 | url-status = live }}</ref> About 2.7{{spaces}}billion years ago [[basalt]]ic [[lava]] poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial [[ocean]]; the remains of this [[volcano|volcanic]] rock formed the [[Canadian Shield]] in northeast Minnesota.<ref name="MNGeog" /><ref name="Compass">{{cite book | last = Breining | first = Greg | title = Compass American Guides: Minnesota, 3rd Edition | edition = 3rd | publisher = [[Fodor's|Compass American Guides]] | date = December 2005 | isbn = 978-1-4000-1484-2 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/minnesota0003brei }}</ref> The roots of these volcanic mountains and the action of [[Precambrian]] seas formed the [[Iron Range]] of northern Minnesota. Since a period of [[volcanism]] 1.1{{spaces}}billion years ago, Minnesota's geological activity has been more subdued, with no volcanism or mountain formation, but with repeated incursions of the sea, which left behind multiple strata of [[sedimentary rock]].<ref name="MNGeog" />

In [[Glacial history of Minnesota|more recent times]], massive ice sheets at least one kilometer thick ravaged the state's landscape and sculpted its terrain.<ref name="MNGeog" /> The [[Wisconsin glaciation]] left 12,000 years ago.<ref name="MNGeog" /> These glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast, an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the [[bedrock]]. This area is known as the [[Coulee Region|Driftless Zone]] for its absence of [[drift (geology)|glacial drift]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Natural history – Minnesota's geology |publisher=Minnesota DNR |url=http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/snas/naturalhistory.html |year=2008 |access-date=April 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010202724/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/snas/naturalhistory.html |archive-date=October 10, 2006 }}</ref> Much of the remainder of the state has 50 feet (15{{spaces}}m) or more of [[glacial till]] left behind as the last glaciers retreated. Gigantic [[Lake Agassiz]] formed in the northwest 13,000 years ago. Its flatbed now is the fertile [[Red River of the North|Red River]] valley, and its outflow, [[glacial River Warren]], carved the valley of the [[Minnesota River]] and the Upper Mississippi downstream from [[Fort Snelling]].<ref name="MNGeog" /> Minnesota is geologically quiet today; it experiences [[earthquake]]s infrequently, most of them minor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Table Showing Minnesota Earthquakes |publisher=University of Minnesota, Morris |url=http://www.mrs.umn.edu/earthquakes/MNeqchart.html |access-date=April 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327204634/http://www.mrs.umn.edu/earthquakes/MNeqchart.html |archive-date=March 27, 2008 }}</ref>
[[File:Palisade, Shovel Point (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Palisade Head]] on [[Lake Superior]] was formed from a [[Precambrian]] [[rhyolitic]] [[lava]] flow.<ref name="MNGeog" />]]

The state's high point is [[Eagle Mountain (Minnesota)|Eagle Mountain]] at 2,301 feet (701{{spaces}}m), which is only {{convert|13|mi|km}} away from the low point of 601 feet (183{{spaces}}m) at the shore of Lake Superior.<ref name="Compass" /><ref>{{cite web | title = {{convert|118|km|0|abbr=on}} SW of Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada | website = Topographic map | publisher = U.S.G.S via terraserver.microsoft.com | date = July 1, 1964 | url = http://msrmaps.com/map.aspx?t=2&s=16&lon=-90.56700164&lat=47.79184974&w=600&h=400&opt=0 | access-date = April 13, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131009100944/http://msrmaps.com/map.aspx?t=2&s=16&lon=-90.56700164&lat=47.79184974&w=600&h=400&opt=0 | archive-date = October 9, 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref> Notwithstanding dramatic local differences in elevation, much of the state is a gently rolling [[peneplain]].<ref name="MNGeog" />

Two major [[drainage divide]]s meet in Minnesota's northeast in rural [[Hibbing, Minnesota|Hibbing]], forming a triple [[Drainage basin|watershed]]. [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] can follow the [[Mississippi River]] south to the [[Gulf of Mexico]], the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] east to the Atlantic Ocean, or the [[Canada Hudson Bay drainage|Hudson Bay watershed]] to the Arctic Ocean.<ref>{{cite web|title=Continental Divides in North Dakota and North America |publisher=National Atlas |date=October 2, 2007 |url=http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/geology/a_continentalDiv.html |access-date=April 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513163803/http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/geology/a_continentalDiv.html |archive-date=May 13, 2008 }}</ref>

The state's nickname "Land of 10,000 Lakes" is apt, as there are 11,842 [[Minnesota lakes]] over {{convert|10|acre|ha|0}} in size.<ref name="dnr">{{cite web | title = Lakes, rivers & wetlands | website = MN Facts | publisher = Minnesota DNR | year = 2008 | url = http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/faq/mnfacts/water.html | access-date = April 9, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130629143248/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/faq/mnfacts/water.html | archive-date = June 29, 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref> Minnesota's portion of Lake Superior is the largest (at {{convert|962,700|acre|ha km2}}) and deepest (at {{convert|1290|ft|m|abbr=on}}) body of water in the state.<ref name="dnr" /> Minnesota has 6,564 natural rivers and streams that cumulatively flow for {{convert|69,000|mi|km}}.<ref name="dnr" /> The Mississippi River begins its journey from its [[headwaters]] at [[Lake Itasca]] and crosses the Iowa border {{convert|680|mi|km}} downstream.<ref name="dnr" /> It is joined by the [[Minnesota River]] at Fort Snelling, by the [[St. Croix River (Wisconsin-Minnesota)|St. Croix River]] near [[Hastings, Minnesota|Hastings]], by the [[Chippewa River (Wisconsin)|Chippewa River]] at [[Wabasha, MN|Wabasha]], and by many smaller streams. The Red River drains the northwest part of the state northward toward Canada's Hudson Bay. Approximately {{convert|10.6|e6acre|ha km2}} of wetlands are within Minnesota's borders, the most of any state outside Alaska.<ref name="weatheralmanac">{{cite book | last = Seeley | first = Mark W. | title = Minnesota Weather Almanac | publisher = [[Minnesota Historical Society]] press | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-87351-554-2 | url = https://archive.org/details/minnesotaweather0000seel }}</ref>

=== Flora and fauna ===

{{Main|Natural history of Minnesota}}

Minnesota has four ecological provinces: [[prairie]] parkland, in the southwestern and western parts of the state; the [[Temperate deciduous forest|eastern broadleaf forest]] ([[Big Woods]]) in the southeast, extending in a narrowing strip to the state's northwestern part, where it transitions into [[Tallgrass Aspen Parkland|tallgrass aspen parkland]]; and the northern [[Laurentian Mixed Forest Province|Laurentian mixed forest]], a transitional forest between the northern [[Taiga|boreal forest]] and the broadleaf forests to the south.<ref>[http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/natural_resources/ecs/province.pdf Ecological Provinces] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020104611/http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/natural_resources/ecs/province.pdf |date=October 20, 2017 }}, ''Ecological Classification System'', [[Minnesota Department of Natural Resources]] (1999). Retrieved on May 3, 2008.</ref> These northern forests are a vast wilderness of [[pine]] and [[spruce]] trees mixed with patchy stands of [[birch]] and [[Populus|poplar]].

Much of Minnesota's northern forest has undergone logging, leaving only a few patches of [[old growth forest]] today in areas such as the [[Chippewa National Forest]] and the [[Superior National Forest]], where the [[Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness]] has some {{convert|400000|acres|sigfig=3|abbr=on}} of unlogged land.<ref name="Heinselman">{{cite book | title = The Boundary Waters Wilderness Ecosystem | last = Heinselman | first = Miron | publisher = University of Minnesota Press | location = Minneapolis, Minnesota | year = 1996 |isbn = 978-0-8166-2805-6}}</ref> Although logging continues, regrowth and replanting keep about [[Forest cover by state and territory in the United States|a third of the state forested]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Bewer | first = Tim | title = Moon Handbooks Minnesota | publisher = Avalon Travel Publishing | year = 2004 | edition = First | isbn = 978-1-56691-482-6 | url = https://archive.org/details/minnesota00bewe }}</ref> Nearly all Minnesota's prairies and [[oak savanna]]s have been fragmented by farming, grazing, logging, and suburban development.<ref>{{cite web | title = Upper Midwest forest-savanna transition (NA0415) | website = Terrestrial Ecoregions | publisher = [[World Wildlife Fund]] | year = 2001 | url = http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/na/na0415_full.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010429031358/http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/na/na0415_full.html | archive-date=April 29, 2001| access-date = September 3, 2012}} (archived from original June 11, 2008).</ref>

While loss of habitat has affected native animals such as the [[American marten|pine marten]], [[elk]], [[Migratory Woodland Caribou|woodland caribou]], and [[American bison|bison]],<ref>Bison disappeared in the mid-19th century; the last bison was reported in southwest Minnesota in 1879. {{cite book|title=Big Game in Minnesota, Technical Bulletin, no. 9|last=Moyle|first=J. B.|publisher=Minnesota Department of Conservation, Division of Game and Fish, Section of Research and Planning|year=1965|page=172}} As referenced in {{cite book|title=Southwestern Minnesota Archaeology|last=Anfinson|first=Scott F.|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|location=St. Paul, Minnesota|year=1997|isbn=978-0-87351-355-5|page=20}}</ref> others like [[whitetail deer]] and [[bobcat]] thrive. Minnesota has the nation's largest [[Repopulation of wolves in Midwestern United States|population of timber wolves]] outside Alaska,<ref>[http://www.fws.gov/home/feature/2007/gray_wolf_factsheet.pdf Gray Wolf Factsheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020104610/https://www.fws.gov/home/feature/2007/gray_wolf_factsheet.pdf |date=October 20, 2017 }}, [[U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]] (January 2007). Retrieved on May 3, 2008.</ref> and supports healthy populations of [[American black bear|black bears]], [[moose]], and [[gopher]]s. Located on the [[Mississippi Flyway]], Minnesota hosts migratory waterfowl such as [[Goose|geese]] and [[duck]]s, and game birds such as [[grouse]], [[pheasant]]s, and [[Turkey (bird)|turkeys]]. It is home to [[bird of prey|birds of prey]], including the largest number of breeding pairs of [[bald eagle]]s in the lower 48 states as of 2007,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/birds/bald_eagle/report/index.html|title=Center for Biological Diversity|website=www.biologicaldiversity.org|access-date=December 15, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323072614/http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/birds/bald_eagle/report/index.html|archive-date=March 23, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[red-tailed Hawk|red-tailed hawks]], and [[snowy owl]]s. [[Hawk Ridge, Duluth|Hawk Ridge]] is one of the premier birdwatching sites in North America. The lakes teem with sport fish such as [[walleye]], [[bass (fish)|bass]], [[muskellunge]], and [[northern pike]], while [[brook trout|brook]], [[brown trout|brown]], and [[rainbow trout]] populate streams in the southeast and northeast.

=== Climate ===

{{Main|Climate of Minnesota}}

[[File:Minnesota Köppen.svg|thumb|Minnesota's [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]]]]

Minnesota experiences [[List of Minnesota weather records|temperature extremes]] characteristic of its [[continental climate]], with cold winters and hot summers. The lowest temperature recorded was {{convert|-60|F|C}} at [[Tower, Minnesota|Tower]] on February 2, 1996. The highest was {{convert|114|F|C}} at [[Moorhead, Minnesota|Moorhead]] on July 6, 1936.<ref name="extremes">{{cite web|title=Minnesota climate extremes |publisher=University of Minnesota |url=http://climate.umn.edu/doc/historical/extremes.htm |access-date=May 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005084248/http://www.climate.umn.edu/doc/historical/extremes.htm |archive-date=October 5, 2006 }}</ref> Meteorological events include rain, snow, blizzards, thunderstorms, hail, [[derecho]]s, tornadoes, and high-velocity [[Downburst|straight-line winds]]. The growing season varies from 90 days in the far northeast to 160 days in southeast Minnesota near the Mississippi River. Average temperatures range from {{convert|37|to|49|F|C}}.<ref name="noaa">{{cite web | title = Climate of Minnesota | publisher = National Weather Service Forecast Office | url = http://www5.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim60/states/Clim_MN_01.pdf| access-date = May 3, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080528042433/http://www5.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim60/states/Clim_MN_01.pdf |archive-date = May 28, 2008}}</ref> Average summer [[dew point|dewpoints]] range from about {{convert|58|F|C}} in the south to about {{convert|48|F|C}} in the north.<ref name="noaa" /><ref>{{cite web|title=104 Years of Twin Cities Dew Point Temperature Records: 1902–2006 |publisher=Minnesota Climatology Office |date=March 7, 2006 |url=http://climate.umn.edu/doc/twin_cities/mspdewpoint.htm |access-date=April 6, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526112144/http://climate.umn.edu/doc/twin_cities/mspdewpoint.htm |archive-date=May 26, 2007 }}</ref> Average annual precipitation ranges from {{convert|19|to|35|in|cm}}. Droughts occur every 10 to 50 years.<ref name="noaa" />

Minnesota has been affected by climate change and warmed over the past few years. Rising temperatures have affected natural habitats and many species that live in them. For example, the lakes' water is warming, which affects fish populations: trout, a cold-water fish, is losing its habitat, while the habitat of bass, a warm-water fish, is growing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-mn.pdf|title=What Climate Change Means For Minnesota}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|+Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Minnesota<ref name="Minnesota climate averages">{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=MN&statename=Minnesota-United-States-of-America|title=Minnesota climate averages|publisher=Weatherbase|access-date=November 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009031433/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=MN&statename=Minnesota-United-States-of-America|archive-date=October 9, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!Location
!July (°F)
!July (°C)
!January (°F)
!January (°C)
|-
|[[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]] || 83/64 || 28/18 || 23/7 || −4/−13
|-
|[[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]] || 83/63 || 28/17 || 23/6 || −5/−14
|-
|[[Rochester, Minnesota|Rochester]] || 82/63 || 28/17 || 23/3 || −5/−16
|-
|[[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]] || 76/55 || 24/13 || 19/1 || −7/−17
|-
|[[St. Cloud, Minnesota|St. Cloud]] || 81/58 || 27/14 || 18/−1 || −7/−18
|-
|[[Mankato, Minnesota|Mankato]] || 86/62 || 30/16 || 23/3 || −5/−16
|-
|[[International Falls, Minnesota|International Falls]] || 77/52 || 25/11 || 15/−6 || −9/−21
|}

=== Protected lands ===

[[File:Pose lake Minnesota.jpg|thumb|right|Pose Lake in the [[Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness]]]]

Minnesota's first state park, [[Itasca State Park]], was established in 1891, and is the [[source (river or stream)|source]] of the Mississippi River.<ref>{{cite web | title = Itasca State Park | publisher = Minnesota Department of Natural Resources | url = http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/state_parks/itasca/narrative.html | access-date = May 3, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080403192641/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/state_parks/itasca/narrative.html | archive-date = April 3, 2008 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> Today Minnesota has [[List of Minnesota state parks|72 state parks]] and recreation areas, [[List of Minnesota state forests|58 state forests]] covering about four million acres (16,000{{spaces}}km<sup>2</sup>), and numerous state wildlife preserves, all managed by the [[Minnesota Department of Natural Resources]]. The [[Chippewa National Forest|Chippewa]] and [[Superior National Forest|Superior national forests]] comprise {{convert|5.5|e6acre}}. The Superior National Forest in the northeast contains the [[Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness]], which encompasses over a million acres (4,000{{spaces}}km<sup>2</sup>) and a thousand lakes. To its west is [[Voyageurs National Park]]. The [[Mississippi National River and Recreation Area]] (MNRRA) is a {{convert|72|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}} corridor along the Mississippi River through the Minneapolis–St. Paul Metropolitan Area connecting a variety of sites of historic, cultural, and geologic interest.<ref>{{cite web|title=Places To Go|url=https://www.nps.gov/miss/planyourvisit/placestogo.htm|publisher=National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior|access-date=May 3, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413225513/http://www.nps.gov/miss/planyourvisit/placestogo.htm|archive-date=April 13, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cities and towns ==

{{See also|List of cities in Minnesota|List of townships in Minnesota|List of counties in Minnesota}}
[[File:OwatonnaBank.JPG|thumb|right|[[National Farmers Bank]] in [[Owatonna, Minnesota|Owatonna]] by [[Louis Sullivan]]]]
[[File:Minnesota municipalities.svg|thumb|[[List of cities in Minnesota|Minnesota cities]], [[List of counties in Minnesota|counties]], and [[List of townships in Minnesota|towns]].]]
[[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]], in east-central Minnesota along the banks of the Mississippi River, has been Minnesota's [[List of capitals in the United States|capital city]] since 1849, first as capital of the [[Territory of Minnesota]], and then as the state capital since 1858.

Saint Paul is adjacent to Minnesota's most populous city, Minneapolis; they and their suburbs are collectively known as the [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul#Combined Statistical Area|Twin Cities metropolitan area]], the country's 16th-largest metropolitan area and home to about 55% of the state's population.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hibbs |first1=James |title=Analysis of the 2015 Population and Household Estimates |url=https://mn.gov/admin/assets/analysis-2015-population-household-estimates-msdc-nov2016_tcm36-270612.pdf |website=Demographic Reports and Analysis |publisher=Minnesota State Demographics Center |access-date=June 28, 2018 |page=2 |format=Presentation |date=November 1, 2016 |quote=Minnesota's estimated population in 2015 is 5,485,238. Over half (54.8%) of Minnesota's population lives in the seven Twin Cities area counties that make up Region 11. The population of Region 11 has surpassed three million. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628184332/https://mn.gov/admin/assets/analysis-2015-population-household-estimates-msdc-nov2016_tcm36-270612.pdf |archive-date=June 28, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The remainder of the state is known as "[[Regions of Minnesota|Greater Minnesota]]" or "Outstate Minnesota".<ref name=":2" />

The state has 17 cities with populations above 50,000 as of the 2020 census. In descending order of population, they are [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]], [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]], [[Rochester, Minnesota|Rochester]], [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]], [[Bloomington, Minnesota|Bloomington]], [[Brooklyn Park, Minnesota|Brooklyn Park]], [[Plymouth, Minnesota|Plymouth]], [[St. Cloud, Minnesota|Saint Cloud]], [[Woodbury, Minnesota|Woodbury]], [[Eagan, Minnesota|Eagan]], [[Maple Grove, Minnesota|Maple Grove]], [[Coon Rapids, Minnesota|Coon Rapids]], [[Eden Prairie, Minnesota|Eden Prairie]], [[Minnetonka, MN|Minnetonka]], [[Burnsville, Minnesota|Burnsville]], [[Apple Valley, Minnesota|Apple Valley]], [[Blaine, Minnesota|Blaine]], and [[Lakeville, Minnesota|Lakeville]].<ref name="popest">{{cite web|title=Population Estimates |publisher=Minnesota Demographic Center |url=http://www.demography.state.mn.us/estimates.html |access-date=April 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307174342/http://www.demography.state.mn.us/estimates.html |archive-date=March 7, 2008 }}</ref> Of these, only Rochester, Duluth, and Saint Cloud are outside the Twin Cities metropolitan area.

Minnesota's population continues to grow, primarily in the urban centers. The populations of metropolitan [[Sherburne County, Minnesota|Sherburne]] and [[Scott County, Minnesota|Scott]] counties doubled between 1980 and 2000, while 40 of the state's 87 counties lost residents over the same period.<ref name="EIA">{{cite web|title=Environmental Information Report, App. D Socioeconomic Information |publisher=Minnesota Pollution Control Agency |date=May 30, 2003 |url=http://www.pca.state.mn.us/publications/reports/eir-appendix-e.pdf |access-date=April 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406011936/http://www.pca.state.mn.us/publications/reports/eir-appendix-e.pdf |archive-date=April 6, 2008 }}</ref>
{{Largest cities
| country = Minnesota
| stat_ref = Source:<ref name="QuickFacts">{{cite web |title=QuickFacts |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/brooklynparkcityminnesota,duluthcityminnesota,bloomingtoncityminnesota,rochestercityminnesota,stpaulcityminnesota,minneapoliscityminnesota/POP010220 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=January 1, 2023}}</ref>
| list_by_pop = List of cities in Minnesota
| div_name =
| div_link = List of counties in Minnesota{{!}}County
| city_1 = Minneapolis
| div_1 = Hennepin County, Minnesota{{!}}Hennepin
| pop_1 = 425,336

| city_2 = Saint Paul, Minnesota{{!}}Saint Paul
| div_2 = Ramsey County, Minnesota{{!}}Ramsey
| pop_2 = 307,193

| city_3 = Rochester, Minnesota{{!}}Rochester
| div_3 = Olmsted County, Minnesota{{!}}Olmsted
| pop_3 = 121,465

| city_4 = Bloomington, Minnesota{{!}}Bloomington
| div_4 = Hennepin County, Minnesota{{!}}Hennepin
| pop_4 = 89,298

| city_5 = Duluth, Minnesota{{!}}Duluth
| div_5 = St. Louis County, Minnesota{{!}}St. Louis
| pop_5 = 86,372

| city_6 = Brooklyn Park, Minnesota{{!}}Brooklyn Park
| div_6 = Hennepin County, Minnesota{{!}}Hennepin
| pop_6 = 84,526

| city_7 = Plymouth, Minnesota{{!}}Plymouth
| div_7 = Hennepin County, Minnesota{{!}}Hennepin
| pop_7 = 79,828

| city_8 = Woodbury, Minnesota{{!}}Woodbury
| div_8 = Washington County, Minnesota{{!}}Washington
| pop_8 = 76,990

| city_9 = Lakeville, Minnesota{{!}}Lakeville
| div_9 = Dakota County, Minnesota{{!}}Dakota
| pop_9 = 72,812

| city_10 = Blaine, Minnesota{{!}}Blaine
| div_10 = Anoka County, Minnesota{{!}}Anoka
| pop_10 = 70,935

}}

The United States Navy has recognized
[[List of naval ships named for Minnesota|multiple Minnesota communities]].

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Minnesota}}

=== Overview ===
[[File:Minnesota 2020 Population Density.png|thumb|A map of Minnesota's population density, 2020]]
{{US Census population
|1850= 6077
|1860= 172023
|1870= 439706
|1880= 780773
|1890= 1310283
|1900= 1751394
|1910= 2075708
|1920= 2387125
|1930= 2563953
|1940= 2792300
|1950= 2982483
|1960= 3413864
|1970= 3804971
|1980= 4075970
|1990= 4375099
|2000= 4919479
|2010= 5303925
|2020= 5706494
|estimate= 5830405
|estyear= 2025
|align-fn=center
|footnote=Source: 1910–2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html }}</ref><br />2022 Estimate<ref name="2024 Estimate">{{cite web |title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN/PST045222 |work=QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, 2021 Estimate |access-date=January 1, 2023 |archive-date=February 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213024646/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN/PST045222 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]] and the Minnesota State Demographic Center, Minnesota had a population of about 5.7 million in 2020, making it the 22nd-most populous U.S. state.<ref name="PopEstUS">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN,US/PST045222|title=QuickFacts Minnesota; UNITED STATES|website=2022 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=January 1, 2023|access-date=January 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011526/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN,US/PST045222|archive-date=February 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Its fertility rate in 2021 was slightly below the replacement rate at 1.75, but the state has seen growth over the past century through more births than deaths, and significant immigration.<ref name="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2018 y464">{{cite web | title=Stats of the State of Minnesota | website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | date=April 5, 2018 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/states/minnesota/minnesota.htm | access-date=July 11, 2023 | archive-date=July 11, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711002517/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/states/minnesota/minnesota.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> A destination for European immigrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, primarily from [[Scandinavia]], [[Germany]], and [[Ireland]], it now attracts people from [[Latin America]], primarily [[Mexico]]; [[East Africa]], particularly [[Somalis]] and [[Ethiopians]]; and [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]], especially [[Hmong people|Hmong]], [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], [[Karen people|Karen]], and [[Indian people]].<ref name="Immigration Language MN">{{cite web | title=Immigration & Language | website=Minnesota State Demographic Center | url=https://mn.gov/admin/demography/data-by-topic/immigration-language/ | access-date=June 27, 2023 | archive-date=June 9, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609162359/https://mn.gov/admin/demography/data-by-topic/immigration-language/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The state has a diverse population in terms of age, birthplace, ancestry, and socioeconomic status, with a well-educated populace and a median household income around $77,000.<ref name="Census Bureau QuickFacts 2022 f936">{{cite web | title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Minnesota | website=Census Bureau QuickFacts | date=July 1, 2022 | url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN/INC110221 | access-date=July 11, 2023 | archive-date=January 27, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127014543/http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN/INC110221 | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Race and ethnicity ===
Minnesota's racial demographics have significantly diversified since its early settlement period. As of 2020, according to U.S. census data, the white population had fallen to 77.5% from over 98% in the early to mid-20th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=August 12, 2021 |website=census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=September 26, 2021 |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815165418/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Concurrently, other racial populations have markedly increased. The Black population has risen to 7%, the Asian population to 5.3%, and those identifying as two or more races to 6.1%.

{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible nowrap" style="font-size: 90%; text-align: left; display:inline-table;"
|+ Racial composition in 2020<ref name="Census 2020">{{cite web | title=MINNESOTA: 2020 Census | website=U.S. Census Bureau | date=May 12, 2022 | url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/minnesota-population-change-between-census-decade.html | access-date=September 25, 2022 | archive-date=June 9, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609103749/https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/minnesota-population-change-between-census-decade.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! Race !! Percentage
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[White Americans|White]] || 77.5%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[African American|Black or African American]] || 7.0%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] || 1.2%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Asian American|Asian]] || 5.3%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Pacific Islander American|Pacific Islander]] || 0.1%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Other race]] || 3.2%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] || 6.1%
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Minnesota – Racial and ethnic composition'''<br><small>{{nobold|''Note: the U.S. Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}}</small>
!Race / Ethnicity <small>(''NH = Non-Hispanic'')</small>
!Pop 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>{{Cite web|title=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Minnesota  |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALSF12000.P004?q=P004:+HISPANIC+OR+LATINO,+AND+NOT+HISPANIC+OR+LATINO+BY+RACE+[73]&g=040XX00US27|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=March 8, 2026|df=mdy }}</ref>
!Pop 2010<ref name=2010CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Minnesota  |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2010.P2?q=p2&g=040XX00US27|website=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=March 8, 2026|df=mdy }}</ref>
!{{partial|Pop 2020}}<ref name=2020CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Minnesota |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P2?q=p2&g=040XX00US27|website=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=March 8, 2026|df=mdy }}</ref>
!% 2000
!% 2010
!{{partial|% 2020}}
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White]] alone (NH)
|4,337,143
|4,405,142
|style='background: #ffffe6; |4,353,880
|88.16%
|83.05%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |76.30%
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (NH)
|168,813
|269,141
|style='background: #ffffe6; |392,850
|3.43%
|5.07%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |6.88%
|-
|[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[Alaska Native]] alone (NH)
|52,009
|55,421
|style='background: #ffffe6; |57,046
|1.06%
|1.04%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |1.00%
|-
|[[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone (NH)
|141,083
|212,996
|style='background: #ffffe6; |297,460
|2.87%
|4.02%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |5.21%
|-
|[[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] alone (NH)
|1,714
|1,860
|style='background: #ffffe6; |2,621
|0.03%
|0.04%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.05%
|-
|[[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Other race]] alone (NH)
|5,031
|5,947
|style='background: #ffffe6; |20,963
|0.10%
|0.11%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.37%
|-
|[[Multiracial Americans|Mixed race or Multiracial]] (NH)
|70,304
|103,160
|style='background: #ffffe6; |236,034
|1.43%
|1.94%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |4.14%
|-
|[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (any race)
|143,382
|250,258
|style='background: #ffffe6; |345,640
|2.91%
|4.72%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |6.06%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''4,919,479'''
|'''5,303,925'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''5,706,494'''
|'''100.00%'''
|'''100.00%'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''100.00%'''
|}

In the 2017 [[American Community Survey]], 5.1% of Minnesota's population were of [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] origin (of any race): [[Mexican American|Mexican]] (3.5%), [[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]] (0.2%), [[Cuban American|Cuban]] (0.1%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (1.2%).<ref name="ACS2016DEMO">{{cite web |title=2016 American Community Survey – Demographic and Housing Estimates |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP05/0400000US27 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=November 21, 2018}}</ref> The ancestry groups claimed by more than 5% of the population were [[German Americans|German]] (33.8%), [[Norwegian American|Norwegian]] (15.3%), [[Irish American|Irish]] (10.5%), [[Swedish American|Swedish]] (8.1%), and [[English American|English]] (5.4%).<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 American Community Survey – Selected Social Characteristics |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP02/0400000US27 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=November 21, 2018 }}</ref> Minnesota has the country's largest [[Somalis|Somali]] population, and the largest Hmong population per capita.<ref name="Imgpnanss">[http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/docs/New_Americans_in_the_North_Star_State_2009.pdf New Americans in the North Star State] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226202334/http://immigrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/docs/New_Americans_in_the_North_Star_State_2009.pdf |date=December 26, 2013 }}</ref> Minnesota also has the largest [[Norwegian Americans|Norwegian American]] and [[Swedish Americans|Swedish American]] populations.

=== Immigration ===
Since the 1960s, Minnesota's immigrant population has been shaped by its status as a major area for refugee resettlement. As of 2018, Minnesota had the largest refugee population per capita of any state, with 2% of the country's population but 13% of its refugees.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Bob Shaw {{!}} Pioneer |date=January 13, 2018 |title=Minnesota has the most refugees per capita in the U.S. Will that continue? |url=https://www.twincities.com/2018/01/13/the-not-so-welcome-mat-minnesota-winces-at-refugee-cutbacks/ |access-date=January 24, 2024 |website=Twin Cities |language=en-US}}</ref> The largest groups of refugees over the past decades have been Hmongs, Somalis, Ethiopians, and Vietnamese; other major refugee groups that have recently been settling in Minnesota include Burmese, Liberians, Ecuadorians, Congolese, Russians, and Ukrainians.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Decker |first=Julia |date=December 15, 2023 |title=Asylum saves lives. It is under attack. |url=https://minnesotareformer.com/2023/12/15/asylum-saves-lives-it-is-under-attack/ |access-date=January 24, 2024 |newspaper=Minnesota Reformer |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 25, 2019 |title=About Refugees |url=https://www.mnchurches.org/what-we-do/refugee-services/about-refugees |access-date=January 24, 2024 |website=Minnesota Council of Churches}}</ref> Minnesota also receives large numbers of non-refugee immigrants, primarily from Mexico, India, China, Korea, and Canada.

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Country of origin of first and second-generation immigrants (2023)'''<ref>{{cite web | title=Biggest sources of immigrants to Minnesota | website=Stacker | date=July 29, 2025 | url=https://stacker.com/stories/minnesota/biggest-sources-immigrants-minnesota | access-date=August 7, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=By immigrant group {{!}} MN Compass |url=https://www.mncompass.org/topics/demographics/immigration |access-date=January 24, 2024 |website=www.mncompass.org |language=en}}</ref>
!Country
!Population
|-
|{{Flag|Mexico}}
|95,227
|-
|{{Flag|Somalia}}
|76,658
|-
|''[[Hmong people]]''{{Efn|Hmong people are a stateless group; the majority of Hmong in Minnesota have immigrated from either Laos or Thailand.}}
|55,005
|-
|{{Flag|India}}
|39,559
|-
|{{Flag|Ethiopia}}
|36,982
|-
|{{Flag|Laos}}
|24,901
|-
|{{Flag|China}}
|24,353
|-
|{{Flag|Vietnam}}
|22,283
|-
|{{Flag|Liberia}}
|20,168
|-
|{{Flag|South Korea}}
|20,126
|-
|{{Flag|Thailand}}
|19,235
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|18,804
|-
|{{Flag|Kenya}}
|16,823
|-
|{{Flag|Myanmar}}
|15,679
|-
|{{Flag|Philippines}}
|13,544
|-
|{{Flag|Russia}}
|12,787
|-
|{{Flag|El Salvador}}
|12,137
|-
|{{Flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Nigeria]]
|9,508
|-
|{{Flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Guatemala]]
|7,727
|-
|{{Flag|Ecuador}}
|6,298
|}

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Minnesota}}

[[File:St Paul Cathedral 2012.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The [[French Renaissance architecture|French Renaissance]] style [[Cathedral of Saint Paul, National Shrine of the Apostle Paul|Cathedral of St. Paul]] in the city of St. Paul]]

Minnesota's religious landscape is also diverse, having evolved significantly over its history. The area's first Christian influence came from Catholic missionaries in the 17th and 18th centuries. 19th-century European settlers, especially Scandinavians, established Protestant denominations, particularly [[Lutheranism]]. [[Catholicism]] also continued to be significant due to Irish immigrants, and the [[Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis]] serves a substantial Catholic community. The 20th and 21st centuries witnessed growth in other Christian denominations and non-Christian religions due to further immigration, leading to the establishment of [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Miao folk religion|Hmong folk religion]], [[Islam|Muslim]], and [[Hinduism|Hindu]] communities, as well as a sizable [[Judaism|Jewish]] community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salatomatic.com/c/Minneapolis-St-Paul+42|title=Mosques and Islamic schools in Minneapolis–St. Paul, Minnesota – salatomatic.com: your guide to mosques & Islamic schools|access-date=October 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528005623/http://www.salatomatic.com/c/Minneapolis-St-Paul+42|archive-date=May 28, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite book| last =Gilman| first =Rhonda R.| title =The Story of Minnesota's Past| publisher =Minnesota Historical Society Press| year =1989| location =Saint Paul, Minnesota| page =99| isbn =978-0-87351-267-1}}</ref> A growing number of people identify as [[Irreligion|non-religious]], in line with national trends. As of 2014, 74% of Minnesotans identified as Christian, 5% belonged to non-Christian faiths, and 20% identified as religiously unaffiliated, according to the Pew Research Center.<ref>{{cite web | title = Religious Composition of Minnesota | website = Maps, U.S. Religious Landscape Survey | publisher = [[Pew Research Center]] | year = 2010 | url = http://religions.pewforum.org/maps | access-date = March 19, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150506033840/http://religions.pewforum.org/maps | archive-date = May 6, 2015 | url-status = live }}</ref>

===Languages===
Minnesota does not have an official language, although [[English language|English]] is dominant, spoken by about 90% of residents.<ref name="Bureau">{{cite web| title=Explore Census Data | website=Explore Census Data | url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0400000US27&tid=ACSDP5Y2020.DP02&tp=false | access-date=September 4, 2022}}</ref> Other languages spoken include [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Somali language|Somali]], [[Hmong language|Hmong]], [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Arabic]], [[Amharic]], and [[Karenic languages|Karen]].<ref name="Immigration Language MN" />

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Minnesota}}

{{See also|List of Minnesota locations by per capita income}}

Once primarily a producer of raw materials, Minnesota's economy has transformed to emphasize finished products and services. Perhaps the most significant characteristic of the economy is its diversity; the relative outputs of its business sectors closely match the United States as a whole.<ref>{{cite web|title=Environmental Information Report, App. D Socioeconomic Information |date=May 30, 2003 |place=[[United States of America|US]], MN |url=http://www.pca.state.mn.us/publications/reports/eir-appendix-e.pdf |access-date=November 19, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205204209/http://www.pca.state.mn.us/publications/reports/eir-appendix-e.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2007 }}</ref> 

In 2025, Minnesota's [[gross domestic product]] was $531.4 billion,<ref>{{cite web |title=SASUMMARY State annual summary statistics: personal income, GDP, consumer spending, price indexes, and employment |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |url=https://apps.bea.gov/itable/?ReqID=70&step=1&_gl=1*1r8p4yk*_ga*MTMwNTU5NTYxMC4xNzc2ODY1NjY1*_ga_J4698JNNFT*czE3NzcyNDQ0NjEkbzE3JGcxJHQxNzc3MjQ0NDY3JGo1NCRsMCRoMA..#eyJhcHBpZCI6NzAsInN0ZXBzIjpbMSwyOSwyNSwzMSwyNiwyNywzMF0sImRhdGEiOltbIlRhYmxlSWQiLCI2MDAiXSxbIk1ham9yX0FyZWEiLCIwIl0sWyJTdGF0ZSIsWyIwIl1dLFsiQXJlYSIsWyIyNzAwMCJdXSxbIlN0YXRpc3RpYyIsWyItMSJdXSxbIlVuaXRfb2ZfbWVhc3VyZSIsIkxldmVscyJdLFsiWWVhciIsWyIyMDI1Il1dLFsiWWVhckJlZ2luIiwiLTEiXSxbIlllYXJfRW5kIiwiLTEiXV19 |access-date=April 26, 2026}}</ref> with 33 of the United States' top 1,000 publicly traded companies by revenue headquartered in Minnesota,<ref>{{cite web | url = https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/states/MN.html | website = Fortune 500 | year = 2006 | title = States | publisher = CNN Money | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = http://web.archive.org/web/20250408213928/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/states/MN.html | archive-date = 2025-04-08| url-status = dead }}</ref> including [[Target Corporation|Target]], [[UnitedHealth Group]], [[3M]], [[General Mills]], [[U.S. Bancorp]], [[Ameriprise]], [[Hormel]], [[Land O' Lakes]], [[SuperValu (United States)|SuperValu]], [[Best Buy]], and [[Valspar]]. Private companies based in Minnesota include [[Cargill]], the largest privately owned company in the United States,<ref>{{cite web | author= Forbes | title= Largest US Private Cos | website= [[Forbes]] | url= https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/21/privates08_Cargill_5ZUZ.html | year= 2008 | access-date= January 25, 2009 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090122061017/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/21/privates08_Cargill_5ZUZ.html | archive-date= January 22, 2009 | url-status= live }}</ref> and [[Carlson Companies]], the parent company of [[Radisson Hotels]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Brands |publisher=Carlson Companies |url=http://www.carlson.com/brands/index.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024112507/http://carlson.com/brands/index.cfm |archive-date=October 24, 2007 |access-date=January 5, 2010 }}</ref>

Minnesota's [[List of U.S. states by income|per capita personal income]] was $78,538 in 2025,<ref>{{cite web |title=SASUMMARY State annual summary statistics: personal income, GDP, consumer spending, price indexes, and employment |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis |url=https://apps.bea.gov/itable/?ReqID=70&step=1&_gl=1*1r8p4yk*_ga*MTMwNTU5NTYxMC4xNzc2ODY1NjY1*_ga_J4698JNNFT*czE3NzcyNDQ0NjEkbzE3JGcxJHQxNzc3MjQ0NDY3JGo1NCRsMCRoMA..#eyJhcHBpZCI6NzAsInN0ZXBzIjpbMSwyOSwyNSwzMSwyNiwyNywzMF0sImRhdGEiOltbIlRhYmxlSWQiLCI2MDAiXSxbIk1ham9yX0FyZWEiLCIwIl0sWyJTdGF0ZSIsWyIwIl1dLFsiQXJlYSIsWyIyNzAwMCJdXSxbIlN0YXRpc3RpYyIsWyItMSJdXSxbIlVuaXRfb2ZfbWVhc3VyZSIsIkxldmVscyJdLFsiWWVhciIsWyIyMDI1Il1dLFsiWWVhckJlZ2luIiwiLTEiXSxbIlllYXJfRW5kIiwiLTEiXV19 |access-date=April 26, 2026}}</ref> the 13th-highest in the nation.<ref>{{cite web | title = State Personal Income 2019 | place = US | publisher = Bureau of Economic Analysis | url = https://apps.bea.gov/regional/bearfacts/action.cfm | access-date = November 10, 2020 | df = mdy-all | archive-date = October 22, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181022232802/https://apps.bea.gov/regional/bearfacts/action.cfm | url-status = live }}</ref> Its 2019 [[median household income]] was $74,593, ranking thirteenth in the U.S. and fifth among the 36 states not on the Atlantic coast.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2019-median-household-income.html | title= United States and States – R2001. Median Household Income | publisher= Census Bureau | access-date= November 10, 2020 | place= US | archive-date= November 16, 2020 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201116233552/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2019-median-household-income.html | url-status= live }}</ref> As of May 2025, the [[unemployment rate]] was 3.3%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=staff |first=CNBC com |date=2025-07-10 |title=10. Minnesota |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/07/10/minnesota-top-states-for-business-ranking.html |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

=== Industry and commerce ===

[[File:IDS reflecting Wells Fargo.jpg|upright|thumb|The [[IDS Tower]], designed by [[Philip Johnson]], is the state's tallest building,<ref>{{Cite news| last = Coleman| first = Nick| title = Capella Tower sports a cap, but it can't topple the IDS| work = Star Tribune| date = March 24, 2008| url = http://www.startribune.com/featuredColumns/16942626.html| access-date = November 19, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121126040508/http://www.startribune.com/featuredColumns/16942626.html| archive-date = November 26, 2012| url-status = live}}</ref> reflecting [[César Pelli]]'s [[Art Deco]]-style [[Wells Fargo Center (Minneapolis)|Wells Fargo Center]].]]

Minnesota's earliest industries were fur trading and agriculture. Minneapolis grew around the flour mills powered by [[St. Anthony Falls]]. Although less than 1% of the population is now employed in the agricultural sector,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US27&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_DP3&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-_sse=on |title=Minnesota – DP-3. Profile of Selected Economic Characteristics: 2000 |place=US |publisher=Census Bureau |access-date=November 26, 2006 }}</ref> it remains a major part of the state's economy, ranking sixth in the nation in the value of products sold.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/profiles/mn/cp99027.PDF | title=Census of Agriculture, Minnesota State Profile | place = US | publisher = Department of Agriculture | access-date = December 3, 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061001103025/http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/profiles/mn/cp99027.PDF |archive-date = October 1, 2006}}</ref> The state is the nation's largest producer of [[sugar beet]]s, [[sweet corn]], [[pea]]s for processing, and farm-raised [[Turkey (bird)|turkeys]]. Minnesota is a large producer of corn and soybeans,<ref name="resources">{{cite web | url = http://www.deed.state.mn.us/whymn/resources.htm | title = Wealth of Resources | publisher = Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development | access-date = November 26, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061212194851/http://www.deed.state.mn.us/whymn/resources.htm | archive-date = December 12, 2006 | url-status = live }}</ref> and has the most food [[List of food cooperatives#United States|cooperatives]] per capita in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|title= The Co-Op Advantage|url= http://www.minnesotamonthly.com/media/Minnesota-Monthly/August-2008/Twin-Cities-Fresh-Taste-Festival/The-Co-Op-Advantage/|date= August 2008|publisher= Greenspring|work= Minnesota Monthly|access-date= February 10, 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130115143853/http://www.minnesotamonthly.com/media/Minnesota-Monthly/August-2008/Twin-Cities-Fresh-Taste-Festival/The-Co-Op-Advantage/|archive-date= January 15, 2013|df= mdy-all}}</ref>

[[Forestry]] remains strong, including [[logging]], [[pulpwood]] processing and paper production, and forest products manufacturing. Minnesota was famous for its soft-ore mines, which produced a significant portion of the world's [[iron ore]] for more than a century. Although the high-grade ore is now depleted, [[taconite]] mining continues, using processes developed locally to save the industry. In 2016 the state produced 60% of the country's usable iron ore.<ref name="resources" /> The mining boom created the port of Duluth, which continues to be important for shipping ore, coal, and agricultural products.

The manufacturing sector now includes technology and [[biomedical]] firms, in addition to the older food processors and heavy industry. The nation's first indoor [[shopping mall]] was [[Edina, Minnesota|Edina]]'s [[Southdale Center]], and its largest is Bloomington's [[Mall of America]]. Minnesota is one of 45 U.S. states with its [[Minnesota State Lottery|own lottery]]; its games include [[Multi-State Lottery Association|multi-jurisdiction draws]] and in-house draws.

==== Largest employers ====
As of 2026, Minnesota's largest employers were:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Patrick |date=7 April 2026 |title=See the list of Minnesota's largest employers and Target's new ranking |url=https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-largest-employers-mayo-clinic-target-us-bank-wells-fargo-unitedhealth-medtronic/601634352 |work=Minnesota Star Tribune}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Company
!Employees in Minnesota
!Headquartered in Minnesota?
|-
|[[Mayo Clinic]]
|57,159
|Yes
|-
|State of Minnesota
|46,485
|Yes
|-
|[[M Health Fairview]]
|33,941
|Yes
|-
|[[Target Corporation]]
|32,000
|Yes
|-
|[[Allina Health]]
|27,677
|Yes
|-
|[[HealthPartners]]
|26,100
|Yes
|-
|[[Walmart]]
|25,205
|No
|-
|[[University of Minnesota]]
|23,171
|Yes
|-
|Federal government
|19,076
|No
|-
|[[UnitedHealth Group]]
|18,000
|Yes
|-
|[[Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system]]
|13,969
|Yes
|-
|[[Essentia Health]]
|12,965
|Yes
|-
|[[CentraCare Health]]
|10,692
|Yes
|-
|[[U.S. Bancorp]]
|10,102
|Yes
|-
|[[Wells Fargo]]
|10,000
|No
|-
|[[Medtronic]]
|10,000
|No
|}

=== Energy use and production ===
{{Further|List of power stations in Minnesota}}

Minnesota produces [[ethanol fuel]] and is the first to mandate its use, a 10% mix ([[E10 fuel|E10]]).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ethanolproducer.com/article.jsp?article_id=1905 |publisher= Ethanol Producer Magazine |title= Hawaii to meet E10 mandate with imported ethanol |access-date= December 3, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130612002534/http://www.ethanolproducer.com/articles/1905/hawaii-to-meet-e10-mandate-with-imported-ethanol/ |archive-date= June 12, 2013 |url-status= live }}</ref> In 2019, there were more than 411 service stations supplying [[E85]] fuel, comprising 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://afdc.energy.gov/stations/states |title= Alternative Fueling Station Counts by State| publisher = US Department of Energy| access-date=February 24, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190211145220/https://afdc.energy.gov/stations/states |archive-date = February 11, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2% [[biodiesel]] blend has been required in [[diesel fuel]] since 2005. Minnesota is ranked in the top ten for wind energy production. In 2018, Minnesota generated nearly one-fifth of its electrical energy from wind.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.php?sid=MN|title=Minnesota: Profile Analysis|date=March 15, 2018|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration|access-date=September 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929000256/https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.php?sid=MN|archive-date=September 29, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Xcel Energy]] is the state's largest utility and is headquartered in the state;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Xcel quarterly profits up 35%, buoyed by rate increases|url=https://www.startribune.com/xcel-quarterly-profits-up-35-buoyed-by-rate-increases/567423812/|website=Star Tribune|date=January 31, 2020 |access-date=May 1, 2020|archive-date=February 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209113328/http://www.startribune.com/xcel-quarterly-profits-up-35-buoyed-by-rate-increases/567423812/|url-status=live}}</ref> it is one of five investor-owned utilities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=About MN's Municipal Utilities :: Minnesota Municipal Utilities Association|url=https://www.mmua.org/about/about-mns-municipal-utilities|website=www.mmua.org|access-date=May 1, 2020|archive-date=March 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303105555/https://www.mmua.org/about/about-mns-municipal-utilities|url-status=live}}</ref> There are also a number of municipal utilities.<ref name=":0" /> There are 44 electric distribution cooperatives serving retail electric consumers throughout the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mrea.org/about/|title=About - MREA - Minnesota Rural Electric Association|website=www.mrea.org/about|access-date=August 22, 2024}}</ref>

=== State taxes ===

Minnesota has a [[progressive income tax]] structure. The four brackets of state [[income tax]] rates are 5.35%, 7.05%, 7.85%, and 9.85%.<ref>{{cite web | title = Minnesota Income Tax Rates and Brackets: Income Tax Rates for 2013 | place = MN | publisher = Department of Revenue | url = http://www.revenue.state.mn.us/individuals/individ_income/Pages/Minnesota_Income_Tax_Rates_and_Brackets.aspx | access-date = August 28, 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170921165202/http://www.revenue.state.mn.us/individuals/individ_income/Pages/Minnesota_Income_Tax_Rates_and_Brackets.aspx | archive-date = September 21, 2017 }}</ref> In 2025, Minnesota ranked 10th in the nation in per capita total state and local taxes.<ref name="TF2025">{{cite web |last1=Johns |first1=Joseph |title=State and Local Tax Collections Per Capita by State, 2025 |url=https://taxfoundation.org/data/all/state/state-local-tax-collections-per-capita |website=Tax Foundation |access-date=26 February 2026 |date=13 May 2025}}</ref> In 2022, Minnesotans paid 12.1% of their income in state and local taxes; the U.S. average was 11.2%.<ref name="TF2025burden">{{cite web |title=State and Local Tax Burdens, Calendar Year 2022 |url=https://taxfoundation.org/data/all/state/tax-burden-by-state-2022/ |website=Tax Foundation |access-date=26 February 2026 |date=7 April 2022}}</ref> The state [[sales tax]] in Minnesota is 6.875%. Clothing, prescription drug medications and food items for home consumption are exempt.<ref name="salestax">{{cite web|title=Sales and Use Tax Instruction Book |publisher=Department of Revenue |date=July 2009 |url=http://taxes.state.mn.us/sales/Documents/sales_tax_booklet.pdf |place=MN |access-date=June 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027093524/http://taxes.state.mn.us/sales/Documents/sales_tax_booklet.pdf |archive-date=October 27, 2011 }}</ref> The [[Minnesota Legislature|state legislature]] may allow municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes, such as the 0.5% supplemental sales tax in Minneapolis.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://taxes.state.mn.us/taxes/sales/publications/fact_sheets_by_name/content/BAT_1100111.pdf |publisher = Department of Revenue | title= Local Sales Tax and Use |access-date=November 26, 2006 | place = MN | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061009052806/http://www.taxes.state.mn.us/taxes/sales/publications/fact_sheets_by_name/content/BAT_1100111.pdf |archive-date = October 9, 2006}}</ref> [[Excise]] taxes are levied on alcohol, tobacco, and motor fuel. The state imposes a [[use tax]] on items purchased elsewhere but used in Minnesota.<ref name="salestax" /> Owners of [[real property]] in Minnesota pay [[property tax]] to their county, municipality, school district, and special taxing districts.{{clear left}}

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Minnesota|Minnesotan Cuisine}}

=== Fine and performing arts ===

[[File:Mpls arts.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Minneapolis Institute of Art]]'s [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] north facade, designed by [[McKim, Mead, and White]]]]
[[File:Menagha St. Urho.jpg|thumb|upright|A sculpture of [[St. Urho]] in [[Menahga, Minnesota]], in 2020]]

Minnesota's leading [[fine art]] museums include the [[Minneapolis Institute of Art]], the [[Walker Art Center]], the [[Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum]], and [[Museum of Russian Art (Minnesota)|The Museum of Russian Art]] (TMORA). All are in Minneapolis. The [[Minnesota Orchestra]] and the [[Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra]] are prominent full-time professional [[musical ensemble]]s who perform concerts and offer educational programs to the Twin Cities' community. The world-renowned [[Guthrie Theater]] moved into a new Minneapolis facility in 2006, boasting three stages and overlooking the Mississippi River.

Attendance at [[theatre|theatrical]], [[music]]al, and [[comedy]] events in the area is strong. In the United States, Minneapolis's number of theater companies ranks behind only [[New York City]]'s,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tormoen |first1=Erik |title=Fake News: The Twin Cities Theater Scene's Claim to Fame |url=https://www.minnesotamonthly.com/featured/fake-news-the-twin-cities-theater-scenes-claim-to-fame/ |access-date=October 12, 2020 |work=[[Minnesota Monthly]] |date=November 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118171053/https://www.minnesotamonthly.com/featured/fake-news-the-twin-cities-theater-scenes-claim-to-fame/ |archive-date=January 18, 2020}}</ref> and about 2.3{{spaces}}million theater tickets were sold in the Twin Cities annually as of 2006.<ref name="Royce">{{cite news | last = Royce | first = Graydon Royce | title = New Guthrie casts a huge shadow over theater scene | publisher = Minneapolis Star-Tribune via SavetheGuthrie.org | date = April 1, 2006 | url = http://www.savetheguthrie.org/news/royce040106.htm | access-date = May 6, 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060518153633/http://www.savetheguthrie.org/news/royce040106.htm |archive-date = May 18, 2006}}</ref> The [[Minnesota Fringe Festival]] in Minneapolis is an annual celebration of [[theatre]], [[dance]], [[improvisation]], [[puppetry]], kids' shows, [[visual art]], and musicals with more than 800 performances over 11 days. It is the country's largest non-juried performing arts festival.<ref>{{cite web| title = How to fringe| website = Fresh Art Delivered Daily| publisher = Minnesota Fringe Festival| year = 2006 | url = http://www.fringefestival.org/new.cfm| access-date = November 22, 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061114023612/http://www.fringefestival.org/new.cfm| archive-date = November 14, 2006}}</ref>

=== Literature ===

The rigors and rewards of pioneer life on the [[prairie]] are the subject of [[Giants in the Earth (novel)|''Giants in the Earth'']] by [[Ole Rolvaag]] and the [[Little House on the Prairie|''Little House'']] series of children's books by [[Laura Ingalls Wilder]]. Small-town life is portrayed grimly by [[Sinclair Lewis]] in the novel [[Main Street (novel)|''Main Street'']], and more gently and affectionately by [[Garrison Keillor]] in his tales of [[Lake Wobegon]].

St. Paul native [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] wrote of the social insecurities and aspirations of the young city in stories such as ''[[Winter Dreams]]'' and ''The Ice Palace'', published in ''[[Flappers and Philosophers]]''. [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]'s epic poem ''[[The Song of Hiawatha]]'' was inspired by Minnesota and names of many of the state's places and bodies of water. Minnesota native [[Bob Dylan]] won the 2016 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]. Science fiction writer [[Marissa Lingen]] lives here.

=== Entertainment ===
{{Main|Music of Minnesota}}

[[File:First Avenue nightclub.jpg|thumb|[[First Avenue (nightclub)|First Avenue]] nightclub, the heart of Minnesota's music community<ref name="Compass" />]]

Minnesota musicians include [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], [[Bob Dylan]], [[Eddie Cochran]], [[The Andrews Sisters]], [[The Castaways (band)|The Castaways]], [[The Trashmen]], [[Soul Asylum]], [[David Ellefson]], [[Chad Smith]], [[John Wozniak]], [[Hüsker Dü]], [[Semisonic]], [[The Replacements (band)|The Replacements]], [[Owl City]], [[Holly Henry]], [[Motion City Soundtrack]], [[Atmosphere (music group)|Atmosphere]], and [[Dessa]]. Minnesotans helped shape the history of music through popular American culture: the Andrews Sisters' "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy" was an iconic tune of World War II, while the Trashmen's "[[Surfin' Bird]]" and Bob Dylan epitomize two sides of the 1960s. In the 1980s, influential hit radio groups and musicians included [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], [[The Original 7ven]], [[Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis]], [[The Jets (Minnesota band)|The Jets]], [[Lipps Inc.]], and [[Information Society (band)|Information Society]].

Minnesotans have also made significant contributions to comedy, theater, media, and film. The comic strip ''[[Peanuts]]'' was created by St. Paul native [[Charles M. Schulz]]. [[A Prairie Home Companion]] which first aired in 1974, became a long-running comedy radio show on [[National Public Radio]]. A cult [[Science fiction|sci-fi]] cable TV show, ''[[Mystery Science Theater 3000]]'', was created by [[Joel Hodgson]] in Hopkins, and Minneapolis, MN. Another popular comedy staple developed in the 1990s, ''[[The Daily Show]]'', was originated through [[Lizz Winstead]] and [[Madeleine Smithberg]].

[[Joel and Ethan Coen]], [[Terry Gilliam]], [[Bill Pohlad]], and [[Mike Todd]] contributed to the art of [[filmmaking]] as writers, directors, and producers. Notable actors from Minnesota include [[Loni Anderson]], [[Richard Dean Anderson]], [[James Arness]], [[Jessica Biel]], [[Rachael Leigh Cook]], [[Julia Duffy]], [[Mike Farrell]], [[Judy Garland]], [[Peter Graves]], [[Josh Hartnett]], [[Garrett Hedlund]], [[Tippi Hedren]], [[Jessica Lange]], [[Kelly Lynch]], [[E.G. Marshall]], [[Laura Osnes]], [[Melissa Peterman]], [[Chris Pratt]], [[Marion Ross]], [[Jane Russell]], [[Winona Ryder]], [[Seann William Scott]], [[Kevin Sorbo]], [[Lea Thompson]], [[Vince Vaughn]], [[Jesse Ventura]], [[James Hong]], and [[Steve Zahn]].

=== Popular culture ===

{{See also|List of television shows and movies in Minnesota}}
[[File:MNfiddles.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|A youth [[fiddle]] performance at the [[Minnesota State Fair]]]]

[[Stereotype|Stereotypical]] traits of Minnesotans include "[[Minnesota nice]]", [[Lutheranism]], a strong sense of community and shared culture, and a distinctive brand of [[North Central American English]] featuring [[Scandinavia]]n expressions.<!--[[wp:nor]] Rose on Golden Girls?--> [[Potluck]]s, usually with a variety of [[hotdish]]es, are popular small-town church activities. A small segment of the Scandinavian population attend a traditional [[lutefisk]] dinner to celebrate Christmas.

Life in Minnesota has also been depicted or used as a backdrop, in movies such as ''[[Fargo (1996 film)|Fargo]]'', ''[[Grumpy Old Men (film)|Grumpy Old Men]]'', ''[[Grumpier Old Men]]'', ''[[Juno (film)|Juno]]'', ''[[Drop Dead Gorgeous (film)|Drop Dead Gorgeous]]'', ''[[Young Adult (film)|Young Adult]]'', ''[[A Serious Man]]'', ''[[New in Town]]'', ''[[Rio (2011 film)|Rio]]'', ''[[The Mighty Ducks (film series)|The Mighty Ducks films]],'' and in famous television series like ''[[Little House on the Prairie (TV series)|Little House on the Prairie]]'', ''[[The Mary Tyler Moore Show]]'', ''[[The Golden Girls]]'', ''[[Coach (TV series)|Coach]]'', ''[[The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show]]'', ''[[How I Met Your Mother]]'' and ''[[Fargo (TV series)|Fargo]]''. Major movies shot on location in Minnesota include ''[[That Was Then... This Is Now]]'', ''[[Purple Rain (film)|Purple Rain]]'', ''[[Airport (1970 film)|Airport]]'', ''[[Beautiful Girls (film)|Beautiful Girls]]'', ''[[North Country (film)|North Country]]'', ''[[Untamed Heart]]'', ''[[Feeling Minnesota]]'', ''[[Jingle All The Way]]'', and ''[[A Simple Plan (film)|A Simple Plan]]''.

The [[Minnesota State Fair]], advertised as ''The Great Minnesota Get-Together'', is an icon of state culture. In a state of 5.5{{spaces}}million people, there were more than 1.8{{spaces}}million visitors to the fair in 2014, setting a new attendance record.<ref>{{cite web| title = General Information: Attendance| publisher = Minnesota State Fair| url = http://www.mnstatefair.org/general_info/attendance.html| access-date = December 9, 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141209164621/http://www.mnstatefair.org/general_info/attendance.html| archive-date = December 9, 2014| url-status = live}}</ref> The fair covers the variety of Minnesota life, including [[fine art]], [[science]], [[agriculture]], food preparation, [[4-H]] displays, music, [[midway (fair)|the midway]], and corporate merchandising. It is known for its displays of [[seed art]], [[butter]] sculptures of [[Princess Kay of the Milky Way|dairy princesses]], the birthing barn, and the "fattest pig" competition. In September 1927, [[John Philip Sousa]] and his band gave the premiere performance of "[[The Minnesota March]]" at the fair before a grandstand crowd of 12,000.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Minnesota March |url=https://cla.umn.edu/music/ensembles/marching-band/history-traditions/school-songs/minnesota-march |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522203941/https://cla.umn.edu/music/ensembles/marching-band/history-traditions/school-songs/minnesota-march |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |access-date=February 3, 2024 |website=[[University of Minnesota]]: College of Liberal Arts |publisher= |language=en |quote=Adapted from the U of M Marching Band Centennial Book, Minnesota Hats Off to Thee, ©1992}}</ref> One can also find dozens of varieties of food on a stick, such as [[Pronto Pup]]s, [[Cheese curds#Fried cheese curds|cheese curds]], and deep-fried candy bars. On a smaller scale, many of these attractions are offered at numerous county fairs.

Other large annual festivals include the [[Saint Paul Winter Carnival]], the [[Minnesota Renaissance Festival]], Minneapolis' [[Minneapolis Aquatennial|Aquatennial]] and Mill City Music Festival, [[Moondance Jam]] in [[Walker, Minnesota|Walker]], the [[Judy Garland]] Festival in [[Grand Rapids, Minnesota|Grand Rapids]], the [[Eelpout Festival]] on Leech Lake, and the [[WE Fest]] in [[Detroit Lakes, Minnesota|Detroit Lakes]].

== Health ==

[[File:MayoMedicalCentersign2006-05-14.JPG|thumb|The [[Mayo Clinic]] in [[Rochester, Minnesota|Rochester]]]]

Minnesotans have low rates of premature death, infant mortality, cardiovascular disease, and occupational fatalities.<ref name = UHC>{{cite web | title = America's Health Rankings 2009 | publisher = United Health Foundation | year = 2009 | url = http://www.americashealthrankings.org/MN/2009 | access-date = December 3, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130115143839/http://www.americashealthrankings.org/MN/2009 | archive-date = January 15, 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Statemaster Health Statistics – Death Rate per 100,000| publisher = Statemaster| url = http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_dea_rat_per_100-death-rate-per-100-000| access-date = August 16, 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130415130000/http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_dea_rat_per_100-death-rate-per-100-000| archive-date = April 15, 2013}}</ref> They have long life expectancies,<ref>{{cite web | title = Explore Minnesota Living | publisher = Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development | url = http://www.deed.state.mn.us/publications/MNLiving.pdf | access-date = August 16, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060822084115/http://www.deed.state.mn.us/publications/MNLiving.pdf | archive-date = August 22, 2006 | url-status = live }}</ref> and high rates of health insurance and regular exercise.<ref name = UHC /><ref>{{cite web| title = The Percentage of People Without Health Insurance Coverage by State Using 2- and 3-year Averages: 2003 to 2005| website = Health Insurance Coverage: 2005| publisher = U.S. Census Bureau, Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division| date = August 29, 2006 | url = https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/hlthin05/hi05t10.pdf| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061006081530/http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/hlthin05/hi05t10.pdf| archive-date = October 6, 2006| access-date = November 24, 2006 }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web | title = Statemaster Health Statistics Physical Exercise by State | publisher = Statemaster | year = 2002 | url = http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_phy_exe-health-physical-exercise | access-date = August 16, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130513182949/http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_phy_exe-health-physical-exercise | archive-date = May 13, 2013 }}</ref> These and other measures have led two groups to rank Minnesota as the healthiest state in the nation; however, in one of these rankings, Minnesota descended from first to sixth in the nation between 2005 and 2009 because of low levels of public health funding and the prevalence of [[binge drinking]].<ref name = UHC /><ref>{{cite web | title = Health Statistics Health Index by state | publisher = Statemaster | url = http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_hea_ind-health-index | access-date = August 16, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130525074940/http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_hea_ind-health-index | archive-date = May 25, 2013 }}</ref> While overall health indicators are strong, Minnesota has significant health disparities in minority populations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.startribune.com/despite-progress-ethnic-health-disparities-persist-in-minnesota/468711853/ |title=Despite progress, ethnic health disparities persist in Minnesota |author=Olsen, Jeremy|date=January 11, 2018|work=Star Tribune |access-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124003646/http://www.startribune.com/despite-progress-ethnic-health-disparities-persist-in-minnesota/468711853/ |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2007, the [[Freedom to Breathe Act]] took effect, outlawing smoking in restaurants and bars in Minnesota.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=September 30, 2007 | title=Put 'Em Out: Minnesota Smoking Ban Kicks In Monday |publisher=WCCO |url=http://wcco.com/health/local_story_272145441.html |access-date=December 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227004710/http://wcco.com/health/smoking.ban.statewide.2.370656.html |archive-date=December 27, 2007}}</ref>

The [[Minnesota Department of Health]] is the primary state health agency responsible for public policy and regulation. Medical care in the state is provided by a comprehensive network of hospitals and clinics operated by a number of large providers including [[Allina]] Hospitals & Clinics, [[CentraCare Health System]], [[Essentia Health]], [[HealthPartners]], [[M Health Fairview]] and the [[Mayo Clinic Health System]]. There are two teaching hospitals and medical schools in Minnesota. The [[University of Minnesota Medical School]] is a high-rated teaching institution that has made a number of breakthroughs in treatment, and its research activities contribute significantly to the state's growing [[biotechnology]] industry.<ref>{{cite web|title=University of Minnesota Medical Milestones |publisher=University of Minnesota Medical School |year=2002 |url=http://www.med.umn.edu/faculty/handbook/info/home.html |access-date=August 14, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830085610/http://www.med.umn.edu/faculty/handbook/info/home.html |archive-date=August 30, 2006 }}</ref> The [[Mayo Clinic]], a world-renowned hospital based in Rochester, was founded by [[William Worrall Mayo]], an immigrant from England.<ref name="Welbourn1990">{{cite book|author=Richard Burkewood Welbourn|title=The History of Endocrine Surgery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0Y9nQ9WngYC&pg=PA353|year=1990|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-92586-4|pages=353–|access-date=June 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906081012/https://books.google.com/books?id=R0Y9nQ9WngYC&pg=PA353|archive-date=September 6, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Haddy2011">{{cite book|author1=Francis J. Haddy |author2=Theresa B. Haddy|title=Minnesota Physicians in the 1862 Sioux Uprising|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ULCGhzS1iJ0C|date=July 12, 2011|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4634-0264-8|access-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817075221/https://books.google.com/books?id=ULCGhzS1iJ0C|archive-date=August 17, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

''U.S. News & World Report''{{'s}} 2020–21 survey ranked 4,554 hospitals in the country in 12 specialized fields of care, and placed the Mayo Clinic in the top four in most fields. The hospital ranked first on the best hospitals honor roll. The only specialty where it fell outside the top ten was ophthalmology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/rankings|publisher=U.S. News & World Report|date=2021|title=Best Hospitals by Specialty|access-date=June 7, 2021|archive-date=August 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802174741/http://health.usnews.com/health-care/best-hospitals/articles/best-hospitals-honor-roll-and-overview|url-status=live}}</ref> The Mayo Clinic and the University of Minnesota are partners in the Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics, a state-funded program that conducts research into [[cancer]], [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Coronary heart disease|heart health]], [[obesity]], and other areas.<ref>{{cite web | title = Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics | publisher = University of Minnesota Medical School | year = 2002 | url = http://www.minnesotapartnership.info/ | access-date = August 14, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060816052039/http://www.minnesotapartnership.info/ | archive-date = August 16, 2006 | url-status = live }}</ref>

== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Minnesota}}

{{See also|List of colleges and universities in Minnesota|List of high schools in Minnesota|List of school districts in Minnesota}}
[[File:Pillsbury Hall.jpg|thumb|The [[Richardsonian Romanesque]] Pillsbury Hall (1889) is one of the oldest buildings on the [[University of Minnesota]] Minneapolis campus.]]

One of the first acts of the Minnesota Legislature when it opened in 1858 was the creation of a [[normal school]] in Winona. Minnesota's commitment to education has contributed to a literate and well-educated populace. In 2009, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, Minnesota had the second-highest proportion of high school graduates, with 91.5% of people 25 and older holding a [[high school diploma]], and the tenth-highest proportion of people with bachelor's degrees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/tables/12s0233.pdf |title=Table 233. Educational Attainment by State: 1990 to 2009 |publisher=Census.gov |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017150539/http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0233.pdf |archive-date=October 17, 2011}}</ref>

In 2015, Minneapolis was named the nation's "Most Literate City", while St. Paul placed fourth, according to a major annual survey.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2015/04/10/americas-most-literate-cities-minneapolis/25531751/|title=Minneapolis ranked most literate city|website=[[USA Today]]|access-date=September 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020104620/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2015/04/10/americas-most-literate-cities-minneapolis/25531751/|archive-date=October 20, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In a 2013 study conducted by the National Center for Educational Statistics comparing the performance of eighth-grade students internationally in math and science, Minnesota ranked eighth in the world and third in the United States, behind Massachusetts and Vermont.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2013/10/report-american-education-isnt-mediocre-its-deeply-unequal/280827/|title=Report: American Education Isn't Mediocre – It's Deeply Unequal|first=Julia|last=Ryan|website=[[The Atlantic]]|date=October 24, 2013|access-date=March 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327165530/https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2013/10/report-american-education-isnt-mediocre-its-deeply-unequal/280827/|archive-date=March 27, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2014, Minnesota students had the nation's tenth-highest average composite score on the [[ACT (examination)|ACT exam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.act.org/newsroom/data/2014/states.html|title=Newsroom – Press Kit, Digital Media Library, and Press Releases|website=ACT|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415061951/http://www.act.org/newsroom/data/2014/states.html|archive-date=April 15, 2015}}</ref> In 2013, Minnesota ranked 21st nationwide in per-student public education spending.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2015/06/02/the-states-that-spend-the-most-and-the-least-on-education-in-one-map/|title=The states that spend the most (and the least) on education, in one map|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=August 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603031405/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2015/06/02/the-states-that-spend-the-most-and-the-least-on-education-in-one-map/|archive-date=June 3, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Minnesota has chosen not to implement [[school voucher]]s,<ref name="vouchers">{{Cite news|last=Hallman |first=Charles |title=School vouchers: Who stands to gain at what cost? |work=Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder |date=March 14, 2007 |url=http://www.tcdailyplanet.net/node/3985 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723221706/http://www.tcdailyplanet.net/node/3985 |archive-date=July 23, 2014 }}</ref> but is home to the first [[charter school]].<ref name="Charter">{{cite web|title=Charter Schools |publisher=Minnesota Department of Education |year=2007 |url=http://education.state.mn.us/MDE/Academic_Excellence/School_Choice/Public_School_Choice/Charter_Schools/index.html |access-date=May 6, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222235406/http://education.state.mn.us/MDE/Academic_Excellence/School_Choice/Public_School_Choice/Charter_Schools/index.html |archive-date=February 22, 2007 }}</ref>

The state supports a network of public universities and colleges, including 37 institutions in the [[Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System]] and five major campuses of the [[University of Minnesota system]]. It is also home to more than 20 private colleges and universities, six of which rank among the nation's top 100 [[liberal arts]] colleges, according to ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Best Colleges 2009: Liberal Arts Rankings |publisher=USNews.com |year=2009 |url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/college/liberal-arts-search/ |access-date=March 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314061238/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/college/liberal-arts-search/ |archive-date=March 14, 2009 }}</ref>

== Transportation ==
{{Main|Transportation in Minnesota}}

[[File:Duluth canal.jpg|thumb|The [[Aerial Lift Bridge]] in [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]]]]

Transportation in Minnesota is overseen by the [[Minnesota Department of Transportation]] (MnDOT) at the state level and by regional and local governments at the local level. Principal transportation corridors radiate from the [[Twin Cities]] metropolitan area and along interstate corridors in Greater Minnesota. The major [[Interstate Highway System|Interstate highways]] are [[Interstate 35 in Minnesota|Interstate{{spaces}}35]] (I-35), [[Interstate 90 in Minnesota|I-90]], and [[Interstate 94 in Minnesota|I-94]], with I-35 and I-94 connecting the Minneapolis–St. Paul area, and I-90 traveling east–west along the state's southern edge.<ref>{{cite map|publisher=[[Minnesota Department of Transportation]] |title=2007–2008 Official Highway Map |url=http://www.dot.state.mn.us/statemap/pdf/MNmap.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=April 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408220510/http://www.dot.state.mn.us/statemap/pdf/MNmap.pdf |archive-date=April 8, 2008 }}</ref>

In 2006, a [[constitutional amendment]] was passed that required sales and use taxes on motor vehicles to fund transportation, with at least 40% dedicated to [[public transit]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Transportation amendment update| publisher = Minnesota Department of Transportation| year = 2006| url = http://www.dot.state.mn.us/information/mvst/index.html| access-date = April 7, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080626041042/http://www.dot.state.mn.us/information/mvst/index.html |archive-date = June 26, 2008}}</ref> There are nearly two dozen [[rail transport|rail]] corridors in Minnesota, most of which go through Minneapolis–St. Paul or Duluth.<ref>{{cite map|publisher=[[Minnesota Department of Transportation]] |title=Minnesota Rail System |year=2007 |url=http://www.dot.state.mn.us/ofrw/maps/RailLines20070806_1.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=April 7, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408220542/http://www.dot.state.mn.us/ofrw/maps/RailLines20070806_1.pdf |archive-date=April 8, 2008 }}</ref> There is water transportation along the [[Mississippi River]] system and from the ports of [[Lake Superior]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Minnesota Ports and Waterways |publisher=[[Minnesota Department of Transportation]] |url=http://www.dot.state.mn.us/ofrw/waterways.html |access-date=April 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317123114/http://www.dot.state.mn.us/ofrw/waterways.html |archive-date=March 17, 2008 }}</ref>
[[File:Green Line trains on both tracks.jpg|thumb|Two [[Metro Green Line (Minnesota)|Metro Green Line]] trains on the University of Minnesota–Twin Cities campus]]

Minnesota's principal airport is [[Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport]] (MSP), a major passenger and freight hub for [[Delta Air Lines]] and [[Sun Country Airlines]]. Most other domestic carriers serve the airport. Large commercial jet service is provided at Duluth and Rochester, with scheduled commuter service to four smaller cities via [[Delta Connection]] carriers [[SkyWest Airlines]], [[Compass Airlines (North America)|Compass Airlines]], and [[Endeavor Air]].<ref name="DeltaRoutes">{{cite web | title = Delta Air Lines Map | publisher = Delta Air Lines | year = 2015 | url = http://dl.fltmaps.com/en | access-date = October 24, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151025072507/http://dl.fltmaps.com/en | archive-date = October 25, 2015 | url-status = live }}</ref>

Public transit services are available in the regional urban centers in Minnesota including [[Metro Transit (Minnesota)|Metro Transit]] in the Twin Cities, opt-out suburban operators [[Minnesota Valley Transit Authority]], [[SouthWest Transit]], [[Plymouth Metrolink]], [[Maple Grove Transit]] and others. In Greater Minnesota transit services are provided by city systems such as [[Duluth Transit Authority]], [[Mankato Transit System]], [[MATBUS (Fargo-Moorhead)]], [[Rochester, Minnesota#Transportation|Rochester Public Transit]], [[St. Cloud, Minnesota#Transportation|Saint Cloud Metro Bus]], Winona Public Transit and others. Dial-a-Ride service is available for persons with disabilities in a majority of Minnesota counties.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minnesota Public Transit Association |url=https://www.mpta-transit.org/transit-in-minnesota |website=Transit in Minnesota |publisher=Minnesota Public Transit Authority |access-date=November 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128210922/https://www.mpta-transit.org/transit-in-minnesota |archive-date=November 28, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Two daily [[Amtrak]] trains provide [[inter-city rail]] service. The ''[[Empire Builder]]'' (Chicago–Seattle/Portland) train runs through Minnesota, calling at the [[Saint Paul Union Depot]] and five other stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amtrak.com/midwest-train-bus-stations|title=Amtrak Train and Bus Stations in the Midwest|publisher=Amtrak|access-date=January 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119204439/http://www.amtrak.com/midwest-train-bus-stations|archive-date=January 19, 2013}}</ref> The [[Borealis (train)|Borealis]] (Chicago–Saint Paul) train runs from [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]] to [[Chicago]], on a portion of the tracks used by the Empire Builder.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Borealis - MnDOT |url=https://www.dot.state.mn.us/passengerrail/borealis/index.html |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=www.dot.state.mn.us |language=en}}</ref> [[Intercity bus service|Intercity bus]] providers include [[Jefferson Lines]], [[Greyhound Bus Lines|Greyhound]], and [[Megabus (North America)|Megabus]]. Local public transit is provided by [[bus]] networks in the larger cities and by two rail services. From [[Target Field station]] in downtown Minneapolis, [[light rail]] runs to Saint Paul Union Depot on the [[Green Line (Minnesota)|Green Line]], and to the MSP airport and the [[Mall of America]] via the [[Blue Line (Minneapolis-St. Paul Metro)|Blue Line]].

== Law and government ==
{{See also|Law of Minnesota}}

[[File:Minnesota state coat of arms (illustrated, 1876).jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Historical coats of arms of the U.S. states|historical coat of arms]] of Minnesota in 1876]]
[[File:State of Minnesota logo.svg|thumb|Logo of the Minnesotan government]]
Minnesota is governed pursuant to the [[Minnesota Constitution]], which was adopted on October 13, 1857, roughly one year before statehood.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Constitution of the State of Minnesota|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/constitution/|url-status=live|website=Office of the Revisor of Statutes|access-date=August 9, 2021|archive-date=May 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502203236/https://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/constitution/}}</ref> Like all U.S. states and the federal government, Minnesota has a [[Republicanism in the United States|republican system]] of political representation with power divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minnesota Government |url=http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/jsp/content.do?id=-8494&agency=NorthStar |publisher=State of Minnesota |access-date=October 20, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018193346/http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/jsp/content.do?id=-8494&agency=NorthStar |archive-date=October 18, 2006 }}</ref> The state constitution includes a bill of rights that reaffirms many of the same rights and freedoms as its [[United States Bill of Rights|federal counterpart]], with some protected more strongly and explicitly.<ref name=":1" />

=== Executive ===
{{Main|Governor of Minnesota}}

[[File:Tim Walz official photo (cropped 2).jpg|thumb|upright|Governor [[Tim Walz]]]]

The executive branch is led by Minnesota's [[Governor (United States)|governor]], currently [[Tim Walz]], a [[Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party|DFLer]] who took office on January 7, 2019. Walz was also [[Kamala Harris]]'s running mate in the [[2024 United States presidential election]]. As chief executive, the [[Governor of Minnesota|governor]] appoints the heads of state agencies and is responsible for faithful execution of the law. As commander-in-chief of the state's armed forces, the governor also has command and control over the [[Minnesota National Guard]].<ref name="Article V, Minnesota Constitution">{{Cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/constitution/#article_5|title=Article V, Minnesota Constitution|publisher=Minnesota Office of the Revisor of Statutes|access-date=October 8, 2023|archive-date=May 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502203236/https://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/constitution/#article_5|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[Governor of Minnesota#Cabinet|cabinet]] consisting of the [[Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota|lieutenant governor]] and the heads of Minnesota's 22 state agencies consults and assists the governor in the business of state government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mn.gov/governor/about-gov/governors-cabinet/|title=Governor's Cabinet|publisher=Office of Governor Tim Walz & Lt. Governor Peggy Flanagan|access-date=October 8, 2023|archive-date=October 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010190246/https://mn.gov/governor/about-gov/governors-cabinet/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Aside from the governor and lieutenant governor, who are elected on a [[joint ticket]], Minnesotans separately elect three other constitutional officers: a [[Secretary of State of Minnesota|secretary of state]], an [[Minnesota Attorney General|attorney general]], and a [[Minnesota State Auditor|state auditor]].<ref name="Article V, Minnesota Constitution"/>{{Efn|The secretary of state is custodian of state records and the [[Great Seal of the State of Minnesota|state seal]], registers businesses, and administers elections. The secretary of state also processes notary public applications and administers Minnesota's [[address confidentiality program]] for victims of crime, among other responsibilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/index/statute/topic/SECRETARY%20OF%20STATE?year=2022|title=What does the Secretary of State's Office do?|publisher=Office of the Minnesota Secretary of State|access-date=October 8, 2023|archive-date=October 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010190246/https://www.revisor.mn.gov/index/statute/topic/SECRETARY%20OF%20STATE?year=2022|url-status=live}}</ref>}}{{Efn|The attorney general is the chief law officer for the state of Minnesota, representing state agencies in legal proceedings and issuing written opinions on questions of law. As chief law officer, the attorney general also enforces state consumer protection and antitrust laws, regulates charities, and advocates for people and small businesses in utilities matters, among other responsibilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ag.state.mn.us/Office/|title=About Our Office|publisher=Office of the Minnesota Attorney General|access-date=October 8, 2023|archive-date=October 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010190247/https://www.ag.state.mn.us/Office/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}{{Efn|The state auditor supervises and audits the finances of Minnesota's approximately 5,500 local governments, which altogether spend over $40 billion annually.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osa.state.mn.us/about/about-us/what-we-do/|title=What We Do|publisher=Office of the Minnesota State Auditor|access-date=October 8, 2023|archive-date=October 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015073657/https://www.osa.state.mn.us/about/about-us/what-we-do/|url-status=live}}</ref> The state auditor also performs under contract the annual [[single audit]] of [[Administration of federal assistance in the United States|federal programs]] administered by state agencies and their subrecipients. Public expenditures overseen by the state auditor thus exceed standalone state spending by 15.3 percent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osa.state.mn.us/media/zubfptyn/2022-state-of-mn-single-audit.pdf|title=State of Minnesota Financial and Compliance Report on Federally Assisted Programs for the Year ended June 30, 2022|publisher=Minnesota Department of Management and Budget|access-date=October 8, 2023|archive-date=October 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010190247/https://www.osa.state.mn.us/media/zubfptyn/2022-state-of-mn-single-audit.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.minnpost.com/community-voices/2023/11/why-minnesotas-local-audit-function-is-in-trouble/|title=Why Minnesota's local audit function is in trouble|author=Noah McVay|publisher=MinnPost|publication-date=November 6, 2023|access-date=December 6, 2023}}</ref>}} These five "executive officers" together constitute the [[Minnesota Executive Council|Executive Council]], which has certain statutory responsibilities in matters of state finance, emergency management, and public lands administration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/index/statute/topic/EXECUTIVE%20COUNCIL?year=2022|title=2022 Minnesota Statutes Index: Executive Council|publisher=Minnesota Office of the Revisor of Statutes|access-date=October 8, 2023|archive-date=October 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010190247/https://www.revisor.mn.gov/index/statute/topic/EXECUTIVE%20COUNCIL?year=2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

Constitutional officeholders:
* Governor [[Tim Walz]] (DFL)
* Lt. Governor [[Peggy Flanagan]] (DFL)
* Secretary of State [[Steve Simon]] (DFL)
* Attorney General [[Keith Ellison]] (DFL)
* State Auditor [[Julie Blaha]] (DFL)

=== Legislature ===
{{Main|Minnesota Legislature}}

[[File:Minnesota State Capitol.jpg|thumb|The [[Minnesota State Capitol]] in Saint Paul, designed by [[Cass Gilbert]]]]

The [[Minnesota Legislature]] is a [[bicameral]] body consisting of the [[Minnesota Senate]] and the [[Minnesota House of Representatives]]. The state has 67 legislative districts, each with about 85,000 people. Each district has one senator and two representatives, with each senatorial district divided into ''A'' and ''B'' sections for members of the House. Representatives serve two-year terms, and senators are up for election every four years and in the first state election after a census.

After the 2022 state elections, both the House and Senate had a slim DFL majority.<ref name="Faircloth 2022">{{cite web | last=Faircloth | first=Ryan | title=Democrats take control of the Minnesota Legislature | website=Star Tribune | date=November 7, 2022 | url=https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-legislature-control-republicans-senate-democrats-house-election-results-2022/600222707/ | access-date=January 26, 2023 | archive-date=January 26, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126222201/https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-legislature-control-republicans-senate-democrats-house-election-results-2022/600222707/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Since the [[2024 Minnesota House of Representatives election]], the House has had 67 DFLers and 67 Republicans.

=== Judiciary ===

Minnesota's court system has three levels. Most cases start in the [[Minnesota District Courts|district courts]], which are courts of general jurisdiction. There are 279 district court judgeships in ten judicial districts. Appeals from the trial courts and challenges to certain governmental decisions are heard by the [[Minnesota Court of Appeals]], consisting of 19 judges who typically sit in three-judge panels. The seven-justice [[Minnesota Supreme Court]] hears all appeals from the tax court, the [[Minnesota Workers' Compensation Court of Appeals|workers' compensation court of appeals]], first-degree murder convictions, and [[Certiorari#State courts|discretionary appeals]] from the court of appeals; it also has [[original jurisdiction]] over election disputes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minnesota Supreme Court |publisher=Court Information Office, State of Minnesota |url=http://www.courts.state.mn.us/documents/CIO/otherResources/SupremeCourt.doc |format=doc |access-date=October 19, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101095530/https://www.courts.state.mn.us/documents/CIO/otherResources/SupremeCourt.doc |archive-date=November 1, 2006 }}</ref>

Two specialized courts within administrative agencies have been established: the workers' compensation court of appeals, and the tax court, which deals with non-criminal tax cases.

Supreme Court Justices<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mncourts.gov/SupremeCourt.aspx |title=Minnesota Supreme Court |access-date=August 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806010915/https://www.mncourts.gov/supremecourt.aspx |archive-date=August 6, 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Chief Justice [[Natalie Hudson]]
Associate Justices
* [[Gordon Moore (judge)]]
* [[Theodora Gaïtas]]
* [[Karl Procaccini]]
* [[Sarah Hennesy]]
* [[Anne McKeig]]
* [[Paul Thissen]]

=== Regional ===

In addition to the city and county levels of government found in the United States, Minnesota has other entities that provide governmental oversight and planning. [[Regional Development Commissions|Regional development commissions]] (RDCs) provide technical assistance to local governments in the broad multi-county areas of the state. Along with this [[Metropolitan Planning Organizations]] (MPOs), such as the [[Metropolitan Council (Minnesota)|Metropolitan Council]], provide planning and oversight of land use actions in metropolitan areas. Many lakes and rivers are overseen by [[Watershed district (Minnesota)|watershed districts]] and [[soil and water conservation district]]s.

=== Federal ===

Minnesota's [[United States senator]]s are Democrats [[Amy Klobuchar]] and [[Tina Smith]]. The state has eight [[Minnesota Congressional Districts|congressional districts]]; they are represented by [[Brad Finstad]] ([[Minnesota's 1st congressional district|1st district]]; R), [[Angie Craig]] ([[Minnesota's 2nd congressional district|2nd]]; DFL), [[Kelly Morrison]] ([[Minnesota's 3rd congressional district|3rd]]; DFL), [[Betty McCollum]] ([[Minnesota's 4th congressional district|4th]]; DFL), [[Ilhan Omar]] ([[Minnesota's 5th congressional district|5th]]; DFL), [[Tom Emmer]] ([[Minnesota's 6th congressional district|6th]]; R), [[Michelle Fischbach]] ([[Minnesota's 7th congressional district|7th]]; R), and [[Pete Stauber]] ([[Minnesota's 8th congressional district|8th]]; R).

Federal court cases are heard in the [[United States District Court for the District of Minnesota]], in Minneapolis, St. Paul, Duluth, and [[Fergus Falls]]. Appeals are heard by the [[Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals]] in [[St. Louis, Missouri]] and St. Paul.

=== Tribal ===

The State of Minnesota was created by the United States federal government in the traditional and cultural range of lands occupied by the [[Dakota people|Dakota]] and [[Anishinaabe]] peoples as well as other Native American groups. After many years of unequal treaties and forced resettlement by the state and federal government, the tribes re-organized into sovereign tribal governments. Today, the tribal governments are divided into 11 semi-autonomous [[Indian reservation|reservations]] that negotiate with the U.S. and the state on a bilateral basis:

Four Dakota [[Mdewakanton]] communities:
* [[Prairie Island Indian Community]]
* [[Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community]]
* [[Lower Sioux Indian Reservation]]
* [[Upper Sioux Community, Minnesota|Upper Sioux Community{{snd}}Pejuhutazizi Oyate]]

Seven Anishinaabe reservations:
* [[Bois Forte Band of Chippewa]]
* [[Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa]]
* [[Grand Portage Band of Chippewa]]
* [[Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe]]
* [[Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe]]
* [[White Earth Band of Ojibwe]]
* [[Red Lake Band of Chippewa]]

The first six of the Anishinaabe bands compose the [[Minnesota Chippewa Tribe]], the collective federally recognized tribal government of the Bois Forte, Fond du Lac, Grand Portage, Leech Lake, Mille Lacs, and White Earth reservations.

== Politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Minnesota}}

{{See also|List of political parties in Minnesota|Minnesota's congressional delegations|Minnesota's congressional districts|Political party strength in Minnesota}}
{{PresHead|place=Minnesota|source=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=27&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state|title=Presidential General Election Results Comparison – Minnesota|publisher=US Election Atlas|access-date=October 27, 2022|author=Leip, David}}</ref>}}
{{PresRow|1860|Republican|22,069|11,920|748|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1864|Republican|25,055|17,367|0|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1868|Republican|43,722|28,096|0|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1872|Republican|55,708|35,211|0|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1876|Republican|72,955|48,587|2,533|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1880|Republican|93,902|53,315|3,553|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1884|Republican|111,685|70,065|8,267|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1888|Republican|142,492|104,385|16,408|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1892|Republican|122,823|100,920|43,495|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1896|Republican|193,503|139,735|8,524|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1900|Republican|190,461|112,901|12,949|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1904|Republican|216,651|55,187|21,022|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1908|Republican|195,843|109,401|26,060|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1912|Progressive|64,334|106,426|163,459|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1916|Republican|179,544|179,152|28,668|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1920|Republican|519,421|142,994|73,423|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1924|Republican|420,759|55,913|345,474|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1928|Republican|560,977|396,451|13,548|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1932|Democratic|363,959|600,806|38,078|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1936|Democratic|350,461|698,811|80,703|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1940|Democratic|596,274|644,196|10,718|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1944|Democratic|527,416|589,864|8,249|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1948|Democratic|483,617|692,966|35,643|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1952|Republican|763,211|608,458|7,814|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1956|Republican|719,302|617,525|3,178|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1960|Democratic|757,915|779,933|4,039|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1964|Democratic|559,624|991,117|3,721|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1968|Democratic|658,643|857,738|72,129|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1972|Republican|898,269|802,346|41,037|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1976|Democratic|819,395|1,070,440|60,096|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1980|Democratic|873,241|954,174|224,538|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1984|Democratic|1,032,603|1,036,364|15,482|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1988|Democratic|962,337|1,109,471|24,982|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1992|Democratic|747,841|1,020,997|579,110|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1996|Democratic|766,476|1,120,438|305,726|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|2000|Democratic|1,109,659|1,168,266|160,760|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|2004|Democratic|1,346,695|1,445,014|36,678|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|2008|Democratic|1,275,409|1,573,354|61,606|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|2012|Democratic|1,320,225|1,546,167|70,169|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|2016|Democratic|1,323,232|1,367,825|254,176|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|2020|Democratic|1,484,065|1,717,077|76,029|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|2024|Democratic|1,519,032|1,656,979|77,909|Minnesota}}
{{PresFoot}}

Minnesota is known for a politically active citizenry, and [[populism]] has been a long-standing force among the state's [[political party|political parties]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Leigh|last=Pomeroy|title=Populism Is Alive and Well in Southern Minnesota|year=2007|publisher=Minnesota Monitor|access-date=August 4, 2008|url=http://www.minnesotamonitor.com/showDiary.do?diaryId=1728|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071008194926/http://www.minnesotamonitor.com/showDiary.do?diaryId=1728 |archive-date = October 8, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last = Grayson| first = Katharine| title = Study: Minnesota tops nation in voter turnout| publisher = Minneapolis St. Paul Business Journal| date = September 18, 2006| url = http://twincities.bizjournals.com/twincities/stories/2006/09/18/daily3.html?surround=lfn| access-date = August 4, 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150629190509/http://twincities.bizjournals.com/twincities/stories/2006/09/18/daily3.html?surround=lfn| archive-date = June 29, 2015| url-status = live}}</ref> Minnesota has a consistently high [[voter turnout]]. In the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 U.S. presidential election]], 78.2% of eligible Minnesotans voted{{snd}}the highest percentage of any U.S. state{{snd}}versus the national average of 61.2%.<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael P. McDonald |title=2008 Unofficial Voter Turnout |publisher=United States Elections Project, [[George Mason University]] |url=http://elections.gmu.edu/preliminary_vote_2008.html |access-date=November 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081113104435/http://elections.gmu.edu/preliminary_vote_2008.html |archive-date=November 13, 2008 }}</ref> That figure was surpassed in 2020, when 79.96% of registered voters participated in the general election.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Voter Turnout Statistics |url=https://www.sos.state.mn.us/election-administration-campaigns/data-maps/historical-voter-turnout-statistics/ |website=Minnesota Secretary of State |publisher=State of Minnesota |access-date=May 27, 2021 |archive-date=May 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518175300/https://www.sos.state.mn.us/election-administration-campaigns/data-maps/historical-voter-turnout-statistics/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Voters can register on [[Election Day (United States)|election day]] at their [[polling places]] with evidence of residency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=201.061&year=2011|title=201.061 – 2011 Minnesota Statutes|website=www.revisor.mn.gov|access-date=February 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202220242/https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=201.061&year=2011|archive-date=February 2, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Hubert Humphrey]] brought national attention to the state with his address at the [[1948 Democratic National Convention]]. Minnesotans have consistently cast their Electoral College votes for Democratic presidential candidates since 1976, longer than any other state. Minnesota is the only state in the nation that did not vote for [[Ronald Reagan]] in either of his presidential campaigns. Minnesota has voted for the Democratic nominee in all but one presidential election since 1960 (Republican [[Richard Nixon]] won Minnesota in 1972).

Both the Democratic and Republican parties have major-party status in Minnesota, but its state-level Democratic party has a different name, officially known as the [[Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party]] (DFL). It was formed out of a 1944 alliance of the Minnesota Democratic and [[Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party|Farmer–Labor]] parties.

The state has had active third-party movements. The [[Reform Party of the United States|Reform Party]], now the [[Independence Party of Minnesota|Independence Party]], was able to elect former mayor of [[Brooklyn Park, Minnesota|Brooklyn Park]] and [[professional wrestler]] [[Jesse Ventura]] to the [[Minnesota gubernatorial election, 1998|governorship in 1998]]. The [[Independence Party of Minnesota|Independence Party]] has received enough support to keep major-party status. The [[Green Party of Minnesota|Green Party]], while no longer having major-party status, has a large presence in municipal government,<ref name="GrnOffHldrs">{{cite web | title = Office Holders | publisher = Green Party of Minnesota | url = http://www.mngreens.org/officeholders.php | access-date = April 18, 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070107163820/http://www.mngreens.org/officeholders.php |archive-date = January 7, 2007}}</ref> notably in Minneapolis and Duluth, where it competes directly with the DFL party for local offices. Major-party status in Minnesota (which grants state funding for elections) is reserved for parties whose candidates receive five percent or more of the vote in any statewide election (e.g., governor, secretary of state, U.S. president).

The state's [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] seats was split in the early 1990s and in the [[108th United States Congress|108th]] and [[109th United States Congress|109th]] Congresses, Minnesota's congressional delegation was split, with four representatives and one senator from each party. In the 2006 mid-term election, Democrats were elected to all state offices, except governor and lieutenant governor, where Republicans [[Tim Pawlenty]] and [[Carol Molnau]] narrowly won reelection.

The DFL posted double-digit gains in both houses of the legislature, elected Amy Klobuchar to the U.S. Senate, and increased the party's U.S. House caucus by one. Keith Ellison was the first [[African American]] U.S. representative elected from Minnesota and the first [[Muslim]] elected to Congress nationwide.<ref>{{cite news|title=Minnesota Democrat becomes first Muslim to win seat in Congress |newspaper=International Herald Tribune |agency=Associated Press |date=November 7, 2006 |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/11/08/america/NA_POL_US_Election_Muslim.php |access-date=December 11, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128232133/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/11/08/america/NA_POL_US_Election_Muslim.php |archive-date=November 28, 2006 }}</ref> In 2008, DFLer and former comedian and radio talk show host [[Al Franken]] defeated incumbent Republican [[Norm Coleman]] in the U.S. Senate race by 312 votes out of three million cast.

In the 2010 election, Republicans took control of both chambers of the Minnesota legislature for the first time in 38 years and, with Mark Dayton's election, the DFL party took the governor's office for the first time in 20 years. Two years later, the DFL regained control of both houses, and with Dayton in office, the party had same-party control of both the legislative and executive branches for the first time since 1990. Two years later, the Republicans regained control of the Minnesota House,<ref>Pugmire, Tim, [http://www.mprnews.org/story/2014/11/04/mn-house-election ''Minn. House: Republicans take control''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119134322/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2014/11/04/mn-house-election |date=November 19, 2017 }}, Minnesota Public Radio, November 5, 2014</ref> and in 2016, the GOP also regained control of the State Senate.<ref>MPR News Staff, [http://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/11/08/david-hann-gop-leader-minnesota-senate-defeated ''Republicans take full control of Minnesota Legislature''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217230327/http://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/11/08/david-hann-gop-leader-minnesota-senate-defeated |date=February 17, 2017 }}, Minnesota Public Radio, November 5, 2014</ref>

In 2018, the DFL retook control of the Minnesota House, while electing DFLer [[Tim Walz]] as Governor.

In a 2020 study, Minnesota was ranked as the 15th easiest state for citizens to vote in.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=J. Pomante II |first1=Michael |last2=Li |first2=Quan |title=Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020 |journal=Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy |date=December 15, 2020 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=503–509 |doi=10.1089/elj.2020.0666 |s2cid=225139517 |doi-access=free  | issn = 1533-1296}}</ref>

== Media ==
{{Main|List of media in Minnesota}}

{{See also|List of newspapers in Minnesota}}
[[File:KSTP Studio.jpg|thumb|[[KSTP-TV|KSTP studios]]]]

The Twin Cities area is the fifteenth largest [[media market]] in the United States, as ranked by [[Nielsen Media Research]]. The state's other top markets are [[Fargo–Moorhead]] (118th nationally), [[Twin Ports|Duluth–Superior]] (137th), Rochester–Mason City–Austin (152nd), and Mankato (200th).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nielsenmedia.com/DMAs.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060517010320/http://www.nielsenmedia.com/DMAs.html |archive-date= May 17, 2006 |title= 210 Designated Market Areas – 03–04| publisher = Nielsen Media | access-date=November 26, 2006}}</ref>

[[Terrestrial television|Broadcast television]] in Minnesota and the Upper Midwest started on April 27, 1948, when [[KSTP-TV]] began broadcasting.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.kstp.com/article/stories/S278.shtml?cat=14 |title= 5 EYEWITNESS NEWS History |publisher= kstp.com |access-date= March 28, 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071011120258/http://kstp.com/article/stories/S278.shtml?cat=14 |archive-date= October 11, 2007 }}</ref> [[Hubbard Broadcasting]], which owns KSTP, is now the only locally owned television company in Minnesota. Twin Cities [[CBS]] station [[WCCO-TV]] and [[Fox Broadcasting Company|FOX]] station [[KMSP-TV]] are [[owned-and-operated]] by their respective networks. There are [[List of television stations in Minnesota (by channel number)|39 analog]] broadcast stations and 23 [[digital television|digital]] channels broadcast over Minnesota.

The four largest daily newspapers are the ''[[Star Tribune]]'' in Minneapolis, the ''[[St. Paul Pioneer Press|Pioneer Press]]'' in Saint Paul, the ''[[Duluth News Tribune]]'' in Duluth, and the ''[[Post-Bulletin]]'' in Rochester. ''[[Minnesota Daily|The Minnesota Daily]]'' is the largest student-run newspaper in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|title=Daily Board of Directors|url=http://www.mndaily.com/board.php|publisher=The Minnesota Daily|access-date=April 28, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080408053528/http://www.mndaily.com/board.php |archive-date = April 8, 2008}}</ref> Sites offering daily news on the Web include ''[[The UpTake]]'', ''[[MinnPost.com|MinnPost]]'', the Twin Cities ''Daily Planet'', business news site ''[[Finance & Commerce|Finance and Commerce]]'' and Washington D.C.–based ''[[Minnesota Independent]]''. Weekly and monthly publications such as ''Minnesota Monthly'' are available.

Two of the largest [[public radio]] networks, [[Minnesota Public Radio]] (MPR) and [[Public Radio International]] (PRI), are based in the state. MPR has the largest audience of any regional public radio network in the nation, broadcasting on 46 radio stations as of 2019.<ref>{{cite web | title = About MPR | publisher = Minnesota Public Radio | url = http://minnesota.publicradio.org/about/mpr/ | access-date = August 17, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080918172247/http://minnesota.publicradio.org/about/mpr/ | archive-date = September 18, 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mpr.org/listen/stations|title=MPR Stations|website=Minnesota Public Radio |access-date=October 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003073337/https://www.mpr.org/listen/stations/|archive-date=October 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> PRI weekly provides more than 400 hours of programming to almost 800 affiliates.<ref>{{cite web | title = PRI factsheet | url = http://www.pri.org/pri-facts.html | publisher = Public Radio International | access-date = May 7, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218205641/http://www.pri.org/pri-facts.html | archive-date = December 18, 2008 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The state's oldest radio station, [[KUOM]]-AM, was launched in 1922 and is among the 10-[[List of oldest radio stations|oldest radio stations]] in the United States. The University of Minnesota-owned station is still on the air, and since 1993 broadcasts a [[campus radio|college rock]] format.

== Sports, recreation and tourism ==

Minnesota has an active program of organized amateur and professional sports. Tourism has become an important industry, especially in the Lake region. In the North Country, what had been an industrial area focused on mining and timber has largely been transformed into a vacation destination. Popular interest in the environment and [[environmentalism]], added to traditional interests in [[hunting]] and fishing, has attracted a large urban audience within driving range.<ref>Aaron Shapiro, ''The Lure of the North Woods: Cultivating Tourism in the Upper Midwest'' (University of Minnesota Press, 2015).</ref>

=== Organized sports ===
{{Main|Sports in Minnesota}}

[[File:2006 WCHA Final Five.jpg|thumb|The [[University of North Dakota]] and [[St. Cloud State University]] during the [[Western Collegiate Hockey Association|WCHA]] Final Five at the [[Grand Casino Arena]]]]

Minnesota has professional men's teams in all major sports.

The [[Minnesota Vikings]] have played in the National Football League since their admission as an expansion franchise in 1961. They played in [[Metropolitan Stadium]] from 1961 through 1981 and in the [[Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome]] from 1982 until its demolition after the 2013 season for the construction of the team's new home, [[U.S. Bank Stadium]]. The Vikings' current stadium hosted [[Super Bowl LII]] in February 2018. [[Super Bowl XXVI]] was played in the Metrodome in 1992. The Vikings have advanced to the Super Bowl [[Super Bowl IV]], [[Super Bowl VIII]], [[Super Bowl IX]], and [[Super Bowl XI]], losing all four games to their AFC/AFL opponent.

The [[Minnesota Twins]] have played in the Major League Baseball in the Twin Cities since 1961. The Twins began play as the original [[Minnesota Twins|Washington Senators]], a founding member of the American League in 1901, relocating to Minnesota in 1961. The Twins won the 1987 and [[1991 World Series]] in seven-game matches where the home team was victorious in all games. The Twins also advanced to the [[1965 World Series]], where they lost to the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] in seven games. The team has played at [[Target Field]] since 2010.

The [[Minneapolis Lakers]] of the National Basketball Association played in the [[Minneapolis Auditorium]] from 1947 to 1960, after which they relocated to Los Angeles. The [[Minnesota Timberwolves]] joined the NBA in 1989, and have played in [[Target Center]] since 1990.

The National Hockey League's [[Minnesota Wild]] play in St. Paul's [[Grand Casino Arena]], and reached 300 consecutive sold-out games on January 16, 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Recap, Flames 3, Wild 2, SO |publisher=Minnesota Wild |date=January 17, 2008 |url=http://wild.nhl.com/team/app/?service=page&page=Recap&gameNumber=688&season=20072008&gameType=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118091528/http://wild.nhl.com/team/app/?service=page&page=Recap&gameNumber=688&season=20072008&gameType=2 |archive-date=January 18, 2008 |access-date=April 7, 2008 }}</ref> Previously, the [[Minnesota North Stars]] competed in the NHL from 1967 to 1993, which played in and lost the 1981 and 1991 [[Stanley Cup Final]]s.

[[Minnesota United FC]] joined [[Major League Soccer]] as an expansion team in 2017, having played in the lower-division [[North American Soccer League (2010)|North American Soccer League]] from 2010 to 2016. The team plays at [[Allianz Field]] in St. Paul.<ref>{{cite news |last=Van Berkel |first=Jessie |date=December 12, 2016 |title=Minnesota United officials say 'big dig' at stadium site will begin in spring |url=http://www.startribune.com/minnesota-united-to-hold-ceremonial-groundbreaking-for-st-paul-stadium/406049026/ |work=Star-Tribune |access-date=April 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213212815/http://www.startribune.com/minnesota-united-to-hold-ceremonial-groundbreaking-for-st-paul-stadium/406049026/ |archive-date=December 13, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Previous professional soccer teams have included the [[Minnesota Kicks]], which played at [[Metropolitan Stadium]] from 1976 to 1981, and the [[Minnesota Strikers]] from 1984 to 1988.

Minnesota also has minor-league professional sports teams. The [[Minnesota Swarm]] of the [[National Lacrosse League]] played at the Xcel Energy Center until the team moved to Georgia in 2015. The [[St. Paul Saints]], who play at [[CHS Field]] in St. Paul, are the [[Triple-A (baseball)|Triple-A]] minor league affiliate of the Minnesota Twins.

Professional women's sports include the [[Minnesota Lynx]] of the Women's National Basketball Association, winners of the 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 WNBA Championships, [[Minnesota Aurora FC]] of the [[United Soccer League]] [[USL W-League (1995–2015)|W-League]], the [[Minnesota Vixen]] of the [[Independent Women's Football League]], the [[Minnesota Valkyrie]] of the Legends Football League, the [[Minnesota Frost]] of the [[Professional Women's Hockey League]], and the [[Minnesota Whitecaps]] of the National Women's Hockey League.

The Twin Cities campus of the [[University of Minnesota]] is a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I school competing in the [[Big Ten Conference]]. Four additional schools in the state compete in NCAA Division I ice hockey: the [[University of Minnesota Duluth]]; [[Minnesota State University, Mankato]]; [[St. Cloud State University]] and [[Bemidji State University]]. There are nine [[NCAA Division II]] colleges in the [[Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference]], and twenty [[NCAA Division III]] colleges in the [[Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference]] and [[Upper Midwest Athletic Conference]].<ref>{{cite web | title = NCAA Directory: Minnesota | publisher = NCAA | url = https://web3.ncaa.org/directory/memberList?type=12&state=MN | access-date = September 20, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180920164302/https://web3.ncaa.org/directory/memberList?type=12&state=MN | archive-date = September 20, 2018 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Upper Midwest Athletic Conference – History| publisher = Upper Midwest Athletic Conference| url = http://www.umacathletics.com/Sports/gen/2008/History.asp?nl=25&tab=abouttheumac| access-date = April 13, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090503044213/http://www.umacathletics.com/Sports/gen/2008/History.asp?nl=25&tab=abouttheumac| archive-date = May 3, 2009| df = mdy-all}}</ref>

Minneapolis has hosted the [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship]] in [[1951 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|1951]], [[1992 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|1992]], [[2001 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|2001]], and [[2019 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|2019]].

The [[Hazeltine National Golf Club]] has hosted the [[U.S. Open (golf)|U.S. Open]], [[U.S. Women's Open]], [[U.S. Senior Open]] and [[PGA Championship]]. The course also hosted the [[Ryder Cup]] in the fall of 2016, when it became one of two courses in the U.S. to host all major golf competitions. The Ryder Cup is scheduled to return in 2028.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hazeltinenational.com/|title=Hazeltine National Golf Club – Premier Golf Destination|first=Hazeltine National Golf|last=Club|website=hazeltinenational.com|access-date=November 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816063422/http://www.hazeltinenational.com/|archive-date=August 16, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Interlachen Country Club]] has hosted the [[U.S. Open (golf)|U.S. Open]], [[U.S. Women's Open]], and Solheim Cup.

[[Winter Olympic Games]] medalists from the state include twelve of the twenty members of the [[gold medal]] [[Miracle on Ice|1980 ice hockey team]] (coached by Minnesota native [[Herb Brooks]]) and the bronze medalist [[Curling at the 2006 Winter Olympics#Men's|U.S. men's]] [[curling]] team in the [[2006 Winter Olympics]], as well as the gold medal-winning team from [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]] at the [[Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics#Men's|2018 Winter Olympics]]. Swimmer [[Tom Malchow]] won an Olympic gold medal in the [[2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Summer games]] and a silver medal in [[1996 Summer Olympics|1996]].{{citation needed|date=February 2026}}

[[Grandma's Marathon]] is run every summer along the scenic [[North Shore (Lake Superior)|North Shore of Lake Superior]], and the [[Twin Cities Marathon]] winds around lakes and the Mississippi River during the peak of the [[color change in leaves|fall color season]]. Farther north, [[Eveleth, Minnesota|Eveleth]] is the location of the [[United States Hockey Hall of Fame]].{{citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== Outdoor recreation ===

[[File:Lake Calhoun MN.jpg|thumb|Fishing on [[Bde Maka Ska]] in Minneapolis<ref>{{cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/minnesota/supreme-court/2020/a18-1007.html|title=Save Lake Calhoun v. Strommen|publisher=Minnesota Supreme Court|date=May 13, 2020|access-date=June 14, 2023|archive-date=July 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709190207/https://law.justia.com/cases/minnesota/supreme-court/2020/a18-1007.html|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Minnesotans participate in high levels of physical activity,<ref name=":5" /> and many of these activities are outdoors. The strong interest of Minnesotans in environmentalism has been attributed to the popularity of these pursuits.<ref>{{cite web | title = Green Hunters: Minnesota DNR | publisher = Fish & Wildlife Today | url = http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/fwt/back_issues/september97/message.html | access-date = April 7, 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080201043003/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/fwt/back_issues/september97/message.html| archive-date = February 1, 2008}}</ref>

In the warmer months, these activities often involve water. Weekend and longer trips to family [[cottage|cabins]] on Minnesota's numerous lakes are a way of life for many residents. Activities include [[water sports]] such as [[water skiing]], which originated in the state,<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Skiing History |website=ABC of Skiing |publisher=MaxLifestyle.net "Go Skiing like Max!" |year=2006 |url=http://www.abc-of-skiing.com/water-skiing/history.asp |access-date=April 7, 2008 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421022737/http://www.abc-of-skiing.com/water-skiing/history.asp |archive-date=April 21, 2008 }}</ref> [[boating]], [[canoeing]], and [[fishing]]. More than 36% of Minnesotans fish, second only to Alaska.<ref>{{cite web | title = Managing for Results | publisher = Minnesota DNR | url = http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/aboutdnr/budget/budgetpres0303.pdf | access-date = April 7, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080406011936/http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/aboutdnr/budget/budgetpres0303.pdf | archive-date = April 6, 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref>

[[File:Listening Point sauna.jpg|thumb|An old [[sauna]] cabin of [[Listening Point]] on the shores of [[Burntside Lake]] in [[Morse Township, St. Louis County, Minnesota|Morse Township]], Minnesota|left]]

Fishing does not cease when the lakes freeze; [[ice fishing]] has been around since the first Scandinavian immigrants arrived.<ref>{{cite web| last = Benjamin| first = Robert W.| title = Ice Fishing can be a very exciting experience| publisher = Buzzle.com| date = July 15, 2006| url = http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/7-15-2006-102438.asp| archive-url = http://web.archive.org/web/20110514062739/http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/7-15-2006-102438.asp| archive-date = 2011-05-14| access-date = April 7, 2008}}</ref> During the long, harsh winters, Minnesotans play ice sports such as [[ice skating|skating]], [[Ice hockey|hockey]], [[curling]], and [[broomball]], and snow sports such as [[cross-country skiing]], [[alpine skiing]], [[luge]], [[snowshoeing]], and [[snowmobile|snowmobiling]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Turning Snow into Sport| website = Explore Minnesota Experiences| publisher = Minnesota Department of Tourism| url = http://www.exploreminnesota.com/experiences/outdoors/snow/index.aspx| access-date = April 7, 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080401034153/http://www.exploreminnesota.com/experiences/outdoors/snow/index.aspx| archive-date = April 1, 2008}}</ref> Minnesota is the only U.S. state where [[bandy]] is played.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usabandy.com/|title=Home|website=USA Bandy|access-date=January 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211044326/http://www.usabandy.com/|archive-date=February 11, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

State and national forests and the 72 state parks are used year-round for hunting, [[camping]], and [[hiking]]. There are almost {{convert|20000|mi|km}} of snowmobile trails statewide.<ref>{{cite web| title = Snowmobiling Minnesota| publisher = Minnesota Department of Tourism | url = http://www.exploreminnesota.com/story.aspx?EntityId=19499| access-date = April 7, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080604210514/http://www.exploreminnesota.com/story.aspx?EntityId=19499 |archive-date = June 4, 2008}}</ref> Minnesota has more miles of [[bike trail]]s than any other state,<ref>{{cite web| title = Take to the Trails! Explore Minnesota Biking| publisher = Minnesota Department of Tourism | url = http://www.exploreminnesota.com/experiences/outdoors/biking/index.aspx| access-date = April 7, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080127122558/http://www.exploreminnesota.com/experiences/outdoors/biking/index.aspx |archive-date = January 27, 2008}}</ref> and a growing network of [[trail|hiking trails]], including the {{convert|235|mi|km|adj=on}} [[Superior Hiking Trail]] in the northeast.<ref>{{cite web| title = Superior Hiking Trail| publisher = Minnesota Department of Tourism| url = http://www.exploreminnesota.com/things-to-do/2280/superior-hiking-trail/details.aspx| access-date = December 2, 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101231234219/http://www.exploreminnesota.com/things-to-do/2280/superior-hiking-trail/details.aspx| archive-date = December 31, 2010}}</ref> Many hiking and bike trails are used for cross-country skiing during the winter.

== See also ==

{{Portal|United States|Minnesota}}
* [[Index of Minnesota-related articles]]
* [[Outline of Minnesota]]
{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links|Minnesota|voy=Minnesota}}

=== Culture and history ===
* [http://www.mnhs.org/ Minnesota Historical Society]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070814134732/http://mnplaces.mnhs.org/upham/ Minnesota Place Names]
* [http://reflections.mndigital.org/cdm/ Minnesota Reflections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525200643/http://reflections.mndigital.org/cdm/ |date=May 25, 2017 }}
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/minnesota/index.html Minnesota State Guide] from the Library of Congress

=== Government ===
* {{official website|http://www.state.mn.us/}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141022132614/http://mn.gov/indianaffairs/tribes.html Indian Affairs Council, State of Minnesota]
* [http://www.prairieisland.org/ Prairie Island Indian Community]
* [http://www.shakopeedakota.org/ Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community]
* [http://www.lowersioux.com/ Lower Sioux Indian Community]
* [http://www.uppersiouxcommunity-nsn.gov/ The Upper Sioux Community Pejuhutazizi Oyate]
* [http://www.mnchippewatribe.org/ Minnesota Chippewa Tribe]
* [http://www.boisforte.com/ Bois Forte Band of Chippewa]
* [http://www.fdlrez.com/ Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa]
* [http://www.grandportage.com/ Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa]
* [http://www.llojibwe.org/ Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe]
* [http://www.millelacsojibwe.org/ Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe]
* [http://www.whiteearth.com/ White Earth Indian Reservation Tribal Council]
* [http://www.redlakenation.org/ Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians]

=== Maps and demographics ===
* [https://mn.gov/admin/demography/ Minnesota State Demographic Center]
* [http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=27&StateName=Minnesota#.U85vdPldVu0 State Facts from USDA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424150043/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=27&StateName=Minnesota#.U85vdPldVu0 |date=April 24, 2015 }}
* [http://www.dot.state.mn.us/statemap/ Minnesota State Highway Map]
* [http://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/165471 Minnesota at OpenStreetMap]

=== Tourism and recreation ===
* [http://www.exploreminnesota.com/ Explore Minnesota]
* [http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/index.html Minnesota Department of Natural Resources]
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}

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