View source for Nationality

{{short description|Status of being a member or citizen of a particular nation}}
{{about|legal status between a country and its subjects|a person's sense of belonging to a nation|National identity|citizenship of a country|Citizenship}}
{{Legal status of persons}}
{{Conflict of laws}}
'''Nationality''' is the [[legal]] status of belonging to a particular [[nation]], defined as a [[Social group|group]] of people organized in one country, under one legal jurisdiction, or a group of people who are united by a common culture, history, traditions, and awareness of a common origin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nationality Definition & Meaning {{!}} Britannica Dictionary |url=https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/nationality |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Publishers |first=HarperCollins |title=The American Heritage Dictionary entry: nationality |url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=nationality&submit.x=0&submit.y=0 |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=www.ahdictionary.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=nationality |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/nationality |website=Cambridge Dictionary}}</ref>

In [[international law]], nationality is a [[Identity document|legal identification]] establishing the person as a subject, a ''national'', of a [[sovereign state]]. It affords the state [[jurisdiction]] over the person and affords the person the protection of the state against other states.<ref>{{cite book |last=Boll |first=Alfred Michael |title=Multiple Nationality And International Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mr6Y45439A0C |year=2007 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-14838-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Mr6Y45439A0C&pg=PA114 114] |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2020-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726132542/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mr6Y45439A0C |url-status=live }}</ref> The rights and duties of nationals vary from state to state,<ref name="Weis1979">Weis, Paul. [https://books.google.com/books?id=hSLGDXqXeegC&pg=PA29 ''Nationality and Statelessness in International Law''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624044720/https://books.google.com/books?id=hSLGDXqXeegC&pg=PA29 |date=2016-06-24 }}. BRILL; 1979 [cited 19 August 2012]. {{ISBN|9789028603295}}. p. 29–61.</ref> and are often complemented by [[citizenship]] law, in some contexts to the point where citizenship is synonymous with nationality.<ref>{{cite book |title=Nationality and Statelessness: A Handbook for Parliamentarians |publisher=[[UNHCR]] and [[Inter-Parliamentary Union|IPU]] |issue=11 |year=2005 |access-date=2020-07-16 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/PDF/publications/nationality_en.pdf |archive-date=2021-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501071045/http://archive.ipu.org/PDF/publications/nationality_en.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> However, nationality differs technically and legally from citizenship, which is a different legal relationship between a person and a country. The noun "national" can include both citizens and non-citizens. The most common distinguishing feature of citizenship is that citizens have the right to participate in the political life of the state, such as by [[voting]] or [[Candidate|standing for election]]. However, in most modern countries all nationals are citizens of the state, and full citizens are always nationals of the state.<ref name="Kadelbach" />

In [[international law]], a "[[stateless person]]" is someone who is "not considered as a national by any [[State (polity)|state]] under the operation of its law".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/415c3cfb4.html|title=Refworld &#124; The 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons: Implementation within the European Union Member States and Recommendations for Harmonisation|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|last=Refugees|website=Refworld|access-date=July 29, 2021|archive-date=August 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812040512/https://www.refworld.org/docid/415c3cfb4.html|url-status=live}}</ref> To address this, Article 15 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] states that "Everyone has the right to a nationality", and "No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality", even though, by international [[Customary international law|custom]] and conventions, it is the right of each state to determine who its nationals are.<ref>[http://eudo-citizenship.eu/InternationalDB/docs/Convention%20on%20certain%20questions%20relating%20to%20the%20conflict%20of%20nationality%20laws%20FULL%20TEXT.pdf Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226230108/http://eudo-citizenship.eu/InternationalDB/docs/Convention%20on%20certain%20questions%20relating%20to%20the%20conflict%20of%20nationality%20laws%20FULL%20TEXT.pdf |date=2014-12-26 }}. The Hague, 12 April 1930. Full text. Article 1, "It is for each State to determine under its own law who are its nationals...".</ref> Such determinations are part of [[nationality law]]. In some cases, determinations of nationality are also governed by [[public international law]]—for example, by [[Treaty|treaties]] on [[statelessness]] or the [[European Convention on Nationality]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Spiro |first1=Peter |title=A New International Law of Citizenship |journal=American Journal of International Law |date=2011 |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=694–746 |doi=10.5305/amerjintelaw.105.4.0694 |s2cid=143124544 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/new-international-law-of-citizenship/4698CDED726B0311863D0EAD635E355C |access-date=2021-03-30 |archive-date=2021-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227175106/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/new-international-law-of-citizenship/4698CDED726B0311863D0EAD635E355C |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> For when a person lacks nationality, globally only 23 countries have established dedicated statelessness determination procedures. Even where such procedures exist, they still have shortcomings in accessibility and functionality, preventing stateless people from accessing rights connected to being determined stateless.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-30 |title=Statelessness determination in Europe and beyond: Trends and good practices |url=https://www.statelessness.eu/updates/blog/statelessness-determination-europe-and-beyond-trends-and-good-practices |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=European Network on Statelessness |language=en}}</ref>

The general process of acquiring nationality is called [[naturalization]]. Each state determines in its [[nationality law]] the conditions ([[statute]]) under which it will recognize persons as its nationals, and the conditions under which that status will be [[Loss of citizenship|withdrawn]]. Some countries permit their nationals to have [[Multiple citizenship|multiple nationalities]], while others insist on exclusive [[allegiance]].

Due to [[Nation#Etymology and terminology|the etymology of nationality]], in older texts or other languages the word "nationality", rather than "ethnicity", is often used to refer to an [[ethnic group]] (a group of people who share a common ethnic identity, language, culture, lineage, history, and so forth). Individuals may also be considered nationals of groups with [[autonomous administrative division|autonomous status]] that [[devolution|have ceded some power]] to a larger sovereign state.

Nationality is also employed as a term for [[national identity]], with some cases of [[identity politics]] and [[nationalism]] conflating the legal nationality as well as ethnicity with a national identity.

== International law ==
Nationality is the status that allows a nation to grant rights to the subject and to impose obligations upon the subject.<ref name=Kadelbach /> In most cases, no rights or obligations are automatically attached to this status, although the status is a necessary precondition for any rights and obligations created by the state.<ref name=Bast>{{cite book |editor1-last= von Bogdandy |editor1-first=Armin |editor2-last=Bast |editor2-first=Jürgen |title=Principles of European Constitutional Law. |date=2009 |publisher=Hart Pub. |location=Oxford |isbn=9781847315502 |pages=449–451 |edition=2nd}}</ref>

In European law, nationality is the status or relationship that gives the nation the right to protect a person from other nations.<ref name=Kadelbach /> [[Diplomatics|Diplomatic]] and [[consular protection]] are dependent upon this relationship between the person and the state.<ref name="Kadelbach">{{cite book |last1=Kadelbach |first1=Stefan |editor1-last=Ehlers |editor1-first=Dirk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BHep8q-OxboC |title=European Fundamental Rights and Freedoms |chapter=Part V: Citizenship Rights in Europe |date=2007 |publisher=De Gruyter Recht |location=Berlin |isbn=9783110971965 |pages=547–548 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BHep8q-OxboC&pg=PA547 |access-date=2016-05-06 |archive-date=2021-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308034455/https://books.google.com/books?id=BHep8q-OxboC |url-status=live }}</ref> A person's status as being the national of a country is used to resolve the [[conflict of laws]].<ref name="Bast" />

Within the broad limits imposed by a few treaties and international law, states may freely define who are and are not their nationals.<ref name=Kadelbach /> However, since the [[Nottebohm case|''Nottebohm'' case]], other states are only required to respect the claim(s) by a state to protect an alleged national if the nationality is based on a true social bond.<ref name=Kadelbach /> In the case of dual nationality, the states may determine the most effective nationality for the person, to determine which state's laws are the most relevant.<ref name="Bast" /> There are also limits on removing a person's status as a national. Article 15 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] states that "Everyone has the right to a nationality," and "No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality."

== Determining factors ==
{{Further|Nationality law}}

A person can be recognized or granted nationality on a number of bases. Usually, nationality based on circumstances of birth is automatic, but an application may be required.

* Nationality by family (''[[jus sanguinis]]''). If one or both of a person's parents are citizens of a given state, then the person may have the right to be a citizen of that state as well.{{efn|Examples: [[Philippine nationality law#Citizenship by birth|Philippines]],<ref>[http://www.chanrobles.com/article4.htm Article IV of the Philippine Constitution].</ref> [[Title 8 of the United States Code|United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/chapter-12/subchapter-III/part-I|title=8 U.S. Code Part I - Nationality at Birth and Collective Naturalization|website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref>}} Formerly this might only have applied through the paternal line, but [[sex equality]] became common since the late twentieth century. Citizenship is granted based on ancestry or [[ethnicity]] and is related to the concept of a [[nation state]] common in [[Europe]]. Where ''jus sanguinis'' holds, a person born outside a country, one or both of whose parents are citizens of the country, is also a citizen. Some states ([[United Kingdom]], [[Canada]]) limit the right to citizenship by descent to a certain number of generations born outside the state; others ([[Germany]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Switzerland]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Federal Act on Swiss Citizenship (art 7.1) |url=https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/404/en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227171040/https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/404/en |archive-date=2021-12-27 |access-date=2021-02-15 |website=admin.ch}}</ref>) grant citizenship only if each new generation is registered with the relevant foreign mission within a specified deadline; while others ([[Italy]], for example<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=12 January 2023 |title=CITTADINANZA ITALIANA: COME SI OTTIENE? |url=https://www.cittadinanzattiva.it/approfondimenti/giustizia/11085-cittadinanza-italiana-come-si-ottiene.html |access-date=7 November 2023 |website= |publisher=Cittadinanzattiva APS |quote=}}</ref>) have no limitation on the number of generations born abroad who can claim citizenship of their ancestors' country. This form of citizenship is common in [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] countries.
* Nationality by birth (''[[jus soli]]''). Some people are automatically nationals of the state in which they are born. This form of citizenship originated in [[England]], where those who were born within the realm were [[British subject#Prior to 1949|subjects of the monarch]] (a concept pre-dating that of citizenship in England) and is common in [[common law]] countries. Most countries in [[Americas|the Americas]] grant unconditional ''jus soli'' citizenship, while it has been limited or abolished in almost all other countries.
** In many cases, both ''jus soli'' and ''jus sanguinis'' hold citizenship either by place or parentage (or both).
* Nationality by marriage (''[[jus matrimonii]]''). Many countries fast-track naturalization based on the marriage of a person to a citizen. Countries that are destinations for such immigration often have regulations to try to detect [[sham marriage]]s, where a citizen marries a non-citizen typically for payment, without them having the intention of living together.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bishops act to tackle sham marriages |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/bishops-act-to-tackle-sham-marriages |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> Many countries ([[United Kingdom]], [[Germany]], [[United States]], [[Canada]]) allow citizenship by marriage only if the foreign spouse is a permanent resident of the country in which citizenship is sought; others ([[Switzerland]], [[Luxembourg]]) allow foreign spouses of expatriate citizens to obtain citizenship after a certain period of marriage, and sometimes also subject to language skills and proof of cultural integration (e.g. regular visits to the spouse's country of citizenship).
* [[Naturalization]]. States normally grant nationality to people who have entered the country legally and been granted a permit to stay, or been granted [[political asylum]], and also lived there for a specified period. In some countries, naturalization is subject to conditions which may include passing a test demonstrating reasonable knowledge of the language or way of life of the host country, good conduct (no serious criminal record), and moral character (such as drunkenness, or gambling, or an understanding of the nature of drunkenness, or gambling) vowing allegiance to their new state or its ruler and renouncing their prior citizenship. Some states allow [[dual citizenship]] and do not require naturalized citizens to formally renounce any other citizenship.
* Nationality by investment or [[economic citizenship]]. Wealthy people invest money in property or businesses, buy government bonds or simply donate cash directly, in exchange for citizenship and a passport. Whilst legitimate and usually limited in quota, the schemes are controversial. Costs for citizenship by investment range from as little as $100,000 (£74,900) to as much as €2.5m (£2.19m).<ref>{{cite web |date=2 June 2018 |title=Citizenship for sale: how tycoons can go shopping for a new passport |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/02/citizenship-by-investment-passport-super-rich-nationality |access-date=24 August 2018 |website=The Guardian}}</ref>

== Legal protections ==
The following instruments address the right to a nationality:

* [[Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|title=The 1951 Refugee Convention|url=https://www.unhcr.org/1951-refugee-convention.html|access-date=2021-03-25|website=UNHCR|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119152720/https://www.unhcr.org/1951-refugee-convention.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 
*[[Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|title=Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees|url=https://www.unhcr.org/protection/basic/3b66c2aa10/convention-protocol-relating-status-refugees.html|access-date=2021-03-25|website=UNHCR|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127214615/https://www.unhcr.org/protection/basic/3b66c2aa10/convention-protocol-relating-status-refugees.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|title=Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons|url=https://www.unhcr.org/protection/statelessness/3bbb25729/convention-relating-status-stateless-persons.html|access-date=2021-03-25|website=UNHCR|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808155043/https://www.unhcr.org/protection/statelessness/3bbb25729/convention-relating-status-stateless-persons.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|title=Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness|url=https://www.unhcr.org/protection/statelessness/3bbb286d8/convention-reduction-statelessness.html|access-date=2021-03-25|website=UNHCR|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223191222/https://www.unhcr.org/protection/statelessness/3bbb286d8/convention-reduction-statelessness.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[European Convention on Nationality]]<ref name="Full list">{{Cite web|title=Full list|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Treaty Office|language=en-GB|archive-date=2019-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110225058/https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child]] (art. 6) <ref>African Charter on The Rights and Welfare of the Child, 1990 https://www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/pdf/au/afr_charter_rights_welfare_child_africa_1990.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405141000/https://www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/pdf/au/afr_charter_rights_welfare_child_africa_1990.pdf |date=2021-04-05 }}</ref>
* [[American Convention on Human Rights]] (art. 20)<ref>{{Cite web|last=OAS|date=2009-08-01|title=OAS - Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development|url=http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/mandate/Basics/convention.asp|access-date=2021-03-25|website=www.oas.org|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606202516/http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/mandate/Basics/convention.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man]] (art. 19)<ref>{{Cite web|last=OAS|date=2009-08-01|title=OAS - Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development|url=http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/mandate/Basics/declaration.asp|access-date=2021-03-25|website=www.oas.org|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115162050/https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/mandate/Basics/declaration.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Arab Charter on Human Rights]] (art. 24)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|title=Refworld {{!}} Arab Charter on Human Rights|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b38540.html|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Refworld|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102204129/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b38540.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women]] (art. 9)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CEDAW.aspx|title=OHCHR &#124; Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women|access-date=2021-03-25|archive-date=2022-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119133430/http://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/cedaw.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]] (art. 5(d)(iii))<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CERD.aspx|title=OHCHR &#124; International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination|access-date=2021-03-25|archive-date=2013-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029114322/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CERD.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]] (art. 18)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/convention/convoptprot-e.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-03-25 |archive-date=2021-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408035457/https://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/convention/convoptprot-e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]] (arts. 7 and 8)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CRC.aspx|title=OHCHR &#124; Convention on the Rights of the Child|access-date=2021-03-25|archive-date=2015-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113092120/http://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Council of Europe Convention on the Avoidance of Statelessness in Relation to State Succession]]<ref name="Full list"/>
* [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] (art. 24(3))<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CCPR.aspx|title=OHCHR &#124; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|access-date=2021-03-25|archive-date=2020-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512032053/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CCPR.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa ([[Maputo Protocol]]) (art. 6(g) and (h))<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/pdf/au/protocol_rights_women_africa_2003.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-03-25 |archive-date=2021-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428145207/https://www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/pdf/au/protocol_rights_women_africa_2003.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (art. 15)<ref>{{Cite web|author=United Nations|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights|url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights|access-date=2021-03-25|website=United Nations|language=en|archive-date=2021-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316050452/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights|url-status=live}}</ref>

== National law ==
Nationals normally have the [[right of return|right to enter or return]] to the country they belong to. [[Passports]] are issued to nationals of a state, rather than only to citizens, because a passport is a travel document used to enter the country. However, nationals may not have the [[right of abode]] (the right to live permanently) in the countries that granted them passports.

== Nationality versus citizenship ==
[[File:201812 Immigration Inspection directory Sign at PVG.jpg|thumb|An immigration inspection sign at [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport]] with the English term "Chinese nationals" and the Chinese term for "Chinese citizens ({{lang|zh|中国[[:wiktionary:公民|公民]]}})".]]
Conceptually [[citizenship]] and nationality are different dimensions of state membership. Citizenship is focused on the internal political life of the state and nationality is the dimension of state membership in [[international law]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sassen |first=Saskia |chapter=17. Towards Post-National and Denationalized Citizenship |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gtiZqLcJYZEC&pg=PA277 |editor1-last=Isin |editor1-first=Engin F. |editor2-last=Turner |editor2-first=Bryan S. |title=Handbook of Citizenship Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gtiZqLcJYZEC |year=2002 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-6858-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gtiZqLcJYZEC&pg=PA278 278] |access-date=2016-05-06 |archive-date=2021-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930072523/https://books.google.com/books?id=gtiZqLcJYZEC |url-status=live |quote="Today the terms citizenship and nationality both refer to the national state. In a technical legal sense, while essentially the same concept, each term reflects a different legal framework. Both identify the legal status of an individual in terms of state membership. But citizenship is largely confined to the national dimension, while nationality refers to the international legal dimension in the context of an interstate system."}}</ref> Article 15 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] states that everyone has the right to nationality.<ref name="IJRC">{{cite web |url=https://ijrcenter.org/thematic-research-guides/nationality-citizenship/ |website=International Justice Resource Center (IJRC) |title=CITIZENSHIP & NATIONALITY |date=15 November 2012 |access-date=2020-07-07 |archive-date=2022-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119020456/https://ijrcenter.org/thematic-research-guides/nationality-citizenship/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As such nationality in international law can be called and understood as citizenship,<ref name="IJRC"/> or more generally as subject or belonging to a [[sovereign state]], and not as ethnicity. This notwithstanding, around 10 million people are [[Statelessness|stateless]].<ref name="IJRC"/>

Today, the concept of full citizenship encompasses not only active political rights, but full [[civil rights]] and [[social rights]].<ref name="Kadelbach" />

Historically, the most significant difference between a national and a citizen is that the citizen has the right to vote for elected officials, and the right to be elected.<ref name="Kadelbach" /> This distinction between full citizenship and other, lesser relationships goes back to antiquity. Until the 19th and 20th centuries, it was typical for only a certain percentage of people who belonged to the state to be considered as full citizens. In the past, a number of people were excluded from citizenship on the basis of sex, socioeconomic class, ethnicity, religion, and other factors. However, they held a legal relationship with their government akin to the modern concept of nationality.<ref name="Kadelbach" />

== Nationality in context ==
[[United States nationality law]] defines some persons born in some of the US outlying possessions as US nationals but not citizens. [[British nationality law]] defines six classes of British national, among which "British citizen" is one class (having the [[right of abode]] in the United Kingdom, along with some "[[British subject]]s"). Similarly, in the [[Republic of China]], commonly known as [[Taiwan]], the status of [[national without household registration]] applies to people who have the [[Republic of China nationality law|Republic of China nationality]], but do not have an automatic entitlement to enter or reside in the [[Taiwan Area]], and do not qualify for civic rights and duties there. Under the nationality laws of [[Mexican nationality law|Mexico]], [[Colombian nationality law|Colombia]], and some other Latin American countries, nationals do not become citizens until they turn the age of majority.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

List of nationalities which do not have full citizenship rights:
{|class=wikitable
 ! Country !! Form of nationality without full citizenship rights !! Description
 |-
 | {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]] || [[British nationality law|All forms of British nationalities except British Citizen]] || Among the 6 forms of British nationality, only British Citizens have the automatic right of abode in the [[United Kingdom]], [[Isle of Man]] and [[Channel Islands]], all the others do not have an automatic right to enter and live in the UK at all. Although the status of a [[British Overseas Territories citizen]] (BOTC) is derived from a connection of an overseas territory, it does not guarantee ''belonger status'' in that territory (which confers citizenship rights) as it is defined by the law of the territory itself which may be different from the British nationality law.<ref>{{cite BAILII |litigants=The Queen v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte: Manjit Kaur |court=EUECJ |year=2001 |num=C19299 |eucase=C-192/99 |courtname=auto }} for a case in [[Bermuda]]</ref>
 |-
 | {{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Latvia]] || [[Non-citizens (Latvia)]] || This is the status conferred to people who were legal residents in [[Latvia]] upon restoring independence, but not eligible for Latvian citizenship—mainly ethnic Russians who migrated during the Soviet occupation period.
 |-
 | {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Estonia]] || [[Estonian nationality law#Undefined citizenship|Undefined citizenship]] || This is the term used to denote the legal residents in [[Estonia]] upon restoring independence who are not eligible for Estonian citizenship—mainly ethnic Russians who migrated during the Soviet occupation period.
 |-
 | {{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Taiwan]] (Republic of China) || [[National without household registration]] || Rights in [[Taiwan]] are granted by both having the nationality and a household registration there. Without a household registration a person does not have automatic right to enter or live in Taiwan. These are mainly overseas ethnic Chinese who have right to the Republic of China nationality under the nationality law.
 |-
 | {{flagicon|China}} [[China]] || Chinese nationals migrated to either [[Hong Kong]] or [[Macau]] [[People's Republic of China Permit for Proceeding to Hong Kong and Macao|in a one-way permit]] but who have not yet taken up permanent residence || These people, although technically Chinese nationals, are unable to vote or apply for a passport anywhere because rights in mainland China are associated with [[household registration]] which is relinquished upon migration, but rights in the SARs (e.g. right to vote and right to hold a passport) are given to ''permanent residents'' which is only eligible after 7 years of continuous residence. (They are eligible for applying [[Hong Kong Document of Identity for Visa Purposes]] or [[Macao Special Administrative Region Travel Permit]] as travel documents.)
 |-
 | {{flagicon|United States}} [[United States]] || [[United States nationality law#Nationals|US nationals who are not US citizens]] || These people, mainly American Samoan, have the right to enter, work, and live in the United States as permanent residents but do not have the same [[Voting rights in the United States|voting rights]] as citizens and are barred from holding certain public offices that are restricted to citizens only. 
 |-
 | {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Uruguay]] || [[Uruguayan nationality law|"Non-national citizens"]] || Certain interpretation of the Constitution of Uruguay leads to the belief that the language of the Constitution divides citizens into "nationals" and "non-national citizens".
|}

Even if the nationality law classifies people with the same nationality on paper (''de jure''), the right conferred can be different according to the place of birth or residence, creating different ''de facto'' classes of nationality, sometimes with different passports as well. For example, although [[Chinese nationality law]] operates uniformly in [[China]], including [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] SARs, with all Chinese nationals classified the same under the nationality law, in reality local laws, in mainland and also in the SARs, govern the right of Chinese nationals in their respective territories which give vastly different rights, including different passports, to Chinese nationals according to their birthplace or residence place, effectively making a distinction between Chinese national of mainland China, Hong Kong or Macau, both domestically and internationally. The United Kingdom had a similar distinction as well before 1983, where all nationals with a connection to the UK or one of the colonies were classified as ''Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies'', but their rights were different depending on the connection under different laws, which was formalised into different classes of nationalities under the [[British Nationality Act 1981]].

== Nationality versus ethnicity ==
{{Main|Ethnic nationalism}}

Nationality is sometimes used simply as an alternative word for [[ethnic group|ethnicity]] or national origin, just as some people assume that citizenship and nationality are identical.<ref>{{cite book |author=Oommen, T. K. |title=Citizenship, nationality, and ethnicity: reconciling competing identities |publisher=Polity Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=1997 |page=6 |isbn=978-0-7456-1620-9 }}</ref> In some countries, the [[cognate]] word for ''nationality'' in local language may be understood as a synonym of ethnicity or as an identifier of cultural and family-based [[self-determination]], rather than on relations with a state or current government. For example, some [[Kurds]] say that they have Kurdish nationality, even though there is no Kurdish [[sovereign state]] at this time in history.

[[File:Russian birth certificate of Michael Lucas.JPG|thumb|A Soviet birth certificate, in which the ''nacional'nost' ''of both parents (here both [[Jews|Jewish]]) was recorded. These records were subsequently used to determine the ethnicity of the child, as specified in his internal passport.]]
In the context of former [[Soviet Union]] and former [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], "nationality" is often used as translation of the [[Russian language|Russian]] ''nacional'nost' ''and [[Serbo-Croatian]] ''narodnost'', which were the terms used in those countries for [[ethnic group]]s and local affiliations within the member states of the [[federation]]. In the Soviet Union, more than 100 such groups were formally recognized. Membership in these groups was identified on Soviet [[internal passport]]s, and recorded in [[census]]es in both the USSR and Yugoslavia. In the early years of the Soviet Union's existence, ethnicity was usually determined by the person's native language, and sometimes through religion or cultural factors, such as clothing.<ref name="Slezkine">Slezkine, Yuri (Summer 1994) "The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism" ''Slavic Review'' Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 414-452</ref> Children born after the revolution were categorized according to their parents' recorded ethnicities. Many of these ethnic groups are still recognized by modern [[Russia]] and other countries.

Similarly, the term ''[[List of ethnic groups in China|nationalities of China]]'' refers to ethnic and cultural groups in China. Spain is one nation, made up of [[Nationalities and regions of Spain|nationalities]], which are not politically recognized as nations (state), but can be considered smaller nations within the Spanish nation. Spanish law recognizes the autonomous communities of [[Andalusia]], [[Aragon]], [[Balearic Islands]], [[Canary Islands]], [[Catalonia]], [[Valencian Community|Valencia]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]] as "[[Nationalities and regions of Spain|nationalities]]" (''nacionalidades'').

In 2013, the [[Supreme Court of Israel]] unanimously affirmed the position that "citizenship" (e.g. Israeli) is separate from ''le'om'' ({{Langx|he|לאום}}; "nationality" or "ethnic affiliation"; e.g. [[Jews|Jewish]], [[Arab]], [[Druze]], [[Circassians|Circassian]]), and that the existence of a unique "Israeli" ''le'om'' has not been proven. Israel recognizes more than 130 ''le'umim'' in total.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Jonathan |title=Court nixes push for 'Israeli nationality' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/10/court-nixes-push-israeli-nationality-20131017115755321289.html |access-date=2020-06-23 |website=Al Jazeera |archive-date=2020-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625010634/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/10/court-nixes-push-israeli-nationality-20131017115755321289.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Is "Israeli" a Nationality? |url=https://en.idi.org.il/articles/6516 |access-date=2020-06-23 |website=[[Israel Democracy Institute]] |date=September 2014 |archive-date=2020-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625130320/https://en.idi.org.il/articles/6516 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ornan v. Ministry of the Interior (CA 8573/08) |url=https://versa.cardozo.yu.edu/sites/default/files/upload/opinions/Ornan%20v.%20Ministry%20of%20the%20Interior.pdf |access-date=2020-06-23 |archive-date=2020-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007204410/https://versa.cardozo.yu.edu/sites/default/files/upload/opinions/Ornan%20v.%20Ministry%20of%20the%20Interior.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The older ethnicity meaning of "nationality" is not defined by political borders or [[passport]] ownership and includes nations that lack an [[sovereign state|independent state]] (such as the [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Scottish people|Scots]], [[Welsh people|Welsh]], [[English people|English]], [[Andalusians]],<ref>[http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2007/03/20/pdfs/A11871-11909.pdf ''Boletín Oficial del Estado'' of Spain, n. 68 of 2007/03/20, p. 11872.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609194157/http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2007/03/20/pdfs/A11871-11909.pdf |date=2011-06-09 }} Statute of Autonomy of Andalusia. Article 1: «Andalusia, as a historical nationality and in the exercise of the right of self-government recognized by the Constitution, is constituted in the Autonomous Community within the framework of the unity of the Spanish nation and in accordance with article 2 of the Constitution.»</ref> [[Basques]], [[Catalans]], [[Kurds]], [[Punjabis]], [[Kabyles]], [[Baluchs]], [[Pashtuns]], [[Berbers]], [[Bosniaks]], [[Palestinians]], [[Hmong people|Hmong]], [[Inuit]], [[Copts]], [[Māori people|Māori]], [[Wakhi people|Wakhis]], [[Xhosas]] and [[Zulus]], among others).{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

== Nationality versus national identity ==
[[National identity]] is person's subjective sense of belonging to one state or to one nation. A person may be a national of a state, in the sense of being its [[citizen]], without subjectively or emotionally feeling a part of that state, for example a migrant may identify with their ancestral and/or religious background rather than with the state of which they are citizens. Conversely, a person may feel that he belongs to one state without having any legal relationship to it. For example, children who were brought to the US illegally when quite young and grew up there while having little contact with their native country and their culture often have a national identity of feeling American, despite legally being nationals of a different country.

== Dual nationality ==
[[Multiple citizenship|Dual nationality]] is when a single person has a formal relationship with two separate, sovereign states.<ref name="TurnerIsin2003">Turner, Bryan S; Isin, Engin F. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=gtiZqLcJYZEC&pg=PA278 Handbook of Citizenship Studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610173514/https://books.google.com/books?id=gtiZqLcJYZEC&pg=PA278 |date=2016-06-10 }}''. SAGEs; 2003-01-29. {{ISBN|9780761968580}}. p. 278–279.</ref> This might occur, for example, if a person's parents are nationals of separate countries, and the mother's country claims all offspring of the mother's as their own nationals, but the father's country claims all offspring of the father's.

Nationality, with its historical origins in [[allegiance]] to a sovereign monarch, was seen originally as a permanent, inherent, unchangeable condition, and later, when a change of allegiance was permitted, as a strictly exclusive relationship, so that becoming a national of one state required rejecting the previous state.<ref name="TurnerIsin2003"/>

Dual nationality was considered a problem that caused a conflict between states and sometimes imposed mutually exclusive requirements on affected people, such as simultaneously serving in two countries' military forces. Through the middle of the 20th century, many international agreements were focused on reducing the possibility of dual nationality. Since then, many accords recognizing and regulating dual nationality have been formed.<ref name="TurnerIsin2003"/>

== Statelessness ==
[[Statelessness]] is the condition in which an individual has no formal or protective relationship with any state. There are various reasons why a person can become stateless. This might occur, for example, if a person's parents are nationals of separate countries, and the mother's country rejects all offspring of mothers married to foreign fathers, but the father's country rejects all offspring born to foreign mothers. People in this situation may not legally be the national of any state despite possession of an emotional national identity.

Another stateless situation arises when a person holds a travel document (passport) which recognizes the bearer as having the nationality of a "state" which is not internationally recognized, has no entry into the International Organization for Standardization's country list, is not a member of the United Nations, etc. In the current era, persons native to Taiwan who hold passports of Republic of China are one example.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.taiwanbasic.com/nstatus/linvs.htm |title=Roger C. S. Lin et al. v. USA |author=US District Court, Washington, D.C. |quote=Plaintiffs have essentially been persons without a state for almost 60 years. |access-date=2017-08-06 |archive-date=2017-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330235633/http://www.taiwanbasic.com/nstatus/linvs.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.twclarify.com/taiwan/pages/travel/ |title=ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes |author=International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) |quote=The Republic of China passport carried by native Taiwanese people clearly indicates the bearer's nationality as 'Republic of China.' Under international standards however, such a nationality designation does not exist. This is explained as follows. ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes are three-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166-1, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), to represent countries, territories, etc. These three-letter abbreviations have been formally adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) as the official designation(s) of a 'recognized nationality' for use in manufacturing machine-readable passports, carried by travelers in order to deal with entry/exit procedures at customs authorities in all nations/territories of the world. According to these three-letter ISO country codes adopted by ICAO, the 'Republic of China' is not a recognized nationality in the international community, and thus there is no 'ROC' entry. |access-date=2017-08-06 |archive-date=2016-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221074310/http://www.twclarify.com/taiwan/pages/travel/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some countries (like Kuwait, the UAE, and Saudi Arabia) can also remove one's citizenship; the reasons for removal can be fraud and/or security issues. There are also people who are abandoned at birth and the parents' whereabouts are not known.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/05/17/the-controversial-plan-to-give-kuwaits-stateless-people-citizenship-of-a-tiny-poor-african-island/ |title=The controversial plan to give Kuwait's stateless people citizenship of a tiny, poor African island |first=Adam |last=Taylor |date=17 May 2016 |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=6 January 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030123510/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/05/17/the-controversial-plan-to-give-kuwaits-stateless-people-citizenship-of-a-tiny-poor-african-island/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/11/the-bizarre-scheme-to-transform-a-remote-island-into-new-dubai-comoros |title=The bizarre scheme to transform a remote island into the new Dubai &#124; Atossa Araxia Abrahamian |first=Atossa Araxia |last=Abrahamian |newspaper=The Guardian |date=November 11, 2015 |via=www.theguardian.com |access-date=January 6, 2020 |archive-date=December 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230223923/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/11/the-bizarre-scheme-to-transform-a-remote-island-into-new-dubai-comoros |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== ''De jure'' vs ''de facto'' statelessness ===
{{Missing information|section|2=de jure and de facto statelessless|date=November 2023}}
Nationality law defines nationality and statelessness. Nationality is awarded based on two well-known principles: ''[[jus sanguinis]]'' and ''[[jus soli]]''. ''Jus sanguinis'' translated from Latin means "right of blood". According to this principle, nationality is awarded if the parent(s) of the person are nationals of that country. ''Jus soli'' is referred to as "birthright citizenship". It means, anyone born in the territory of the country is awarded nationality of that country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statelessness |url=http://www.statelessness.ca/statelessness.html |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=Canadian Centre on Statelessness |language=en |archive-date=2021-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412183330/http://www.statelessness.ca/statelessness.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Statelessness is defined thus in the 1954 Statelessness Convention: "For the purpose of this Convention, the term 'stateless person' means a person who is not considered as a national by any State under the operation of
its law."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=UN Conventions on Statelessness |url=https://www.unhcr.org/un-conventions-on-statelessness.html |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=UNHCR |language=en |archive-date=2021-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193020/https://www.unhcr.org/un-conventions-on-statelessness.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A person can become stateless because of administrative reasons. For example, "A person may be at risk of statelessness if she is born in a State that applies ''jus sanguinis'' while her parents were born in a State that applies ''jus soli'', leaving the person ineligible for citizenship in both States due to conflicting laws."<ref name="Citizenship & Nationality">{{Cite web |date=2012-11-15 |title=Citizenship & Nationality |url=https://ijrcenter.org/thematic-research-guides/nationality-citizenship/ |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=International Justice Resource Center |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119020456/https://ijrcenter.org/thematic-research-guides/nationality-citizenship/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Moreover, there are countries in which if a person does not reside for a specified period of time, they can automatically lose their nationality.<ref name="Citizenship & Nationality"/> To protect those individuals from being deemed "stateless", the 1961 Statelessness Convention places limitations on nationality laws.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons |url=https://www.unhcr.org/protection/statelessness/3bbb25729/convention-relating-status-stateless-persons.html |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=UNHCR |language=en |archive-date=2021-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808155043/https://www.unhcr.org/protection/statelessness/3bbb25729/convention-relating-status-stateless-persons.html |url-status=live }} Articles 6-8.</ref>

== Conferment of nationality ==
[[File:Women conferring nationality.png|thumb|upright=1.35|By state:{{legend|black|Unmarried fathers are unable to confer nationality on their children}}
{{legend|#ED1C24|Mothers are unable to confer nationality on their children and spouses}}
{{legend|#3F48CC|Women are unable to confer nationality on spouses and/or acquire, change, and retain their nationality}}]]
The following list includes states in which parents are able to confer nationality on their children or spouses.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://equalnationalityrights.org/the-issue/the-problem|title=Gender-Discriminatory Nationality Laws|publisher=Equal Nationality Rights|access-date=16 September 2017|archive-date=7 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907121155/http://equalnationalityrights.org/the-issue/the-problem|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/58aff4d94.pdf|title=Background Note on Gender Equality, Nationality Laws and Statelessness|date=8 March 2017|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=22 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622125305/http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/58aff4d94.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{clear}}

=== Africa ===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;"
|+Nationality law in Africa
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" style="width: 13em;"|Country:
! scope="col"|Unmarried fathers able to confer nationality on children
! scope="col"|Mothers able to confer nationality on children
! scope="col"|Women able to confer nationality on spouses
|-
|{{flagicon|Benin}} [[Beninese nationality law|Benin]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Burundi}} [[Burundian nationality law|Burundi]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{na}}{{Refn|name=Burundi|group="note"|In [[Burundi]], women nationals can confer their nationality on their children if their children are born out of wedlock to unknown fathers or their fathers disown them.}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Cameroonian nationality law|Cameroon]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Central African Republic}} [[Central African nationality law|Central African Republic]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Comoros}} [[Comorian nationality law|Comoros]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Congo}} [[Congolese nationality law|Congo]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egyptian nationality law|Egypt]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Eswatini}} [[Swazi nationality law|Eswatini]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{na}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Guinea}} [[Guinean nationality law|Guinea]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Lesotho}} [[Lesothan nationality law|Lesotho]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Liberian nationality law|Liberia]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{na}}{{Refn|name=abroad|group="note"|Women only can confer their nationality on their children who are born in the nation; children born abroad can not acquire citizenship.}}
|<!--Women-->{{ya}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Libya}} [[Libyan nationality law|Libya]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{na}}{{Refn|name=Unknown or Stateless|group="note"|Women nationals can confer their nationality on their children whose fathers are stateless, whose fathers' identities or nationalities are unknown, or whose fathers do not establish filiation with such children.}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Madagascar}} [[Malagasy nationality law|Madagascar]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}{{Refn|name=Madagascar|group="note"|In [[Madagascar]], mothers can confer nationality on children born in wedlock if the father is stateless or of unknown nationality. Children born out of wedlock or to Madagascan mothers and foreign fathers can apply to the nationality until they reach majority.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/07/Citizenship_CodedText.pdf|title=Citizenship|website=Pew Research Center|date=5 August 2014|access-date=3 October 2019|archive-date=3 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003230627/https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/07/Citizenship_CodedText.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Malawi}} [[Malawian nationality law|Malawi]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Mauritania}} [[Mauritanian nationality law|Mauritania]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{na}}{{Refn|name=Unknown or Stateless|group="note"}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Mauritius}} [[Mauritian nationality law|Mauritius]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Moroccan nationality law|Morocco]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Nigerian nationality law|Nigeria]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} [[Sierra Leonean nationality law|Sierra Leone]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Somalia}} [[Somali nationality law|Somalia]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{na}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Sudan}} [[Sudanese nationality law|Sudan]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{na}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Tanzania}} [[Tanzanian nationality law|Tanzania]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Togo}} [[Togolese nationality law|Togo]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{na}}{{Refn|name=Unknown or Stateless|group="note"}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Tunisian nationality law|Tunisia]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|}

=== Americas ===

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;"
|+Nationality law in North America
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" style="width: 13em;"|Nation:
! scope="col"|Unmarried fathers able to confer nationality on children
! scope="col"|Mothers able to confer nationality on children
! scope="col"|Women able to confer nationality on spouses
|-
|{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canadian nationality law|Canada]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}<ref name=":0">''Citizenship Act'', R.S.C., 1985, c. C-29, ¶¶3(1)(b), (g)–(h), §5.1.</ref>
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}<ref name=":0" />
|<!--Women-->{{ya}}{{Efn|Irrespective of gender, Canadian citizens (nationals) can sponsor their spouse, common-law partner, or conjugal partner, for permanent residency in Canada. Permanent residents then can apply for citizenship by naturalization after living in Canada for three years.<ref>''Immigration & Refugee Protection Act'', S.C. 2001, c. 27, sub§12(1); ''Immigration & Refugee Protection Regulations'', SOR/2002‑227, pt. 7, div. 1–2.</ref>|name=|group=note}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexican nationality law|Mexico]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}<ref name="Téllez Carvajal 177–198">{{Cite journal|last=Téllez Carvajal|first=Evelyn|date=December 2013|title=The Political Rights of Mexican Migrants: Nationality and Citizenship in Mexico|journal=Mexican Law Review|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=177–198|doi=10.1016/S1870-0578(16)30023-3|issn=1870-0578|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}<ref name="Téllez Carvajal 177–198"/>
|<!--Women-->{{na}}<ref name="Téllez Carvajal 177–198"/>
|-
|{{flagicon|United States}} [[United States nationality law|United States]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}<ref name="auto">United States Code, Title 8 (Aliens and Nationality), Chapter 12 (Immigration and Nationality), Part I (Nationality at Birth and Collective Naturalization), §1401 (Nationals and Citizens of United States at Birth)</ref>
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}<ref name="auto"/>
|<!--Women-->{{ya}}<ref name=":0" />
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;"
|+Nationality law in the Caribbean
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" style="width: 13em;"|Country:
! scope="col"|Unmarried fathers able to confer nationality on children
! scope="col"|Mothers able to confer nationality on children
! scope="col"|Women able to confer nationality on spouses
|-
|{{flagicon|Bahamas}} [[Bahamian nationality law|Bahamas]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{na}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{na}}{{Refn|name=abroad|group="note"}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Barbados}} [[Barbadian nationality law|Barbados]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{na}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{na}}{{refn|name=abroad|group="note"}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Saint Lucia}} [[Saint Lucian nationality law|Saint Lucia]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} [[Saint Vincentian nationality law|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
<!-- probably more -->
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;"
|+Nationality law in Central America
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" style="width: 13em;"|Country:
! scope="col"|Unmarried fathers able to confer nationality on children
! scope="col"|Mothers able to confer nationality on children
! scope="col"|Women able to confer nationality on spouses
|-
|{{flagicon|Belize}} [[Belize nationality law|Belize]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{ya}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=How To Become A Citizen Of Belize|url=https://belize.com/residency-and-citizenship-in-belize/|access-date=2021-04-12|website=belize.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220234422/https://belize.com/residency-and-citizenship-in-belize/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[Costa Rican nationality law|Costa Rica]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Costa Rica Citizenship / Naturalization|url=https://outlierlegal.com/services/immigration/naturalization/|access-date=2021-04-12|website=Outlier Legal Services|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412194230/https://outlierlegal.com/services/immigration/naturalization/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|El Salvador}} [[El Salvadoran nationality law|El Salvador]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Legal Atlas for Street Children|url=https://www.streetchildren.org/legal-atlas/map/|access-date=2021-04-12|website=Consortium for Street Children|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412194231/https://www.streetchildren.org/legal-atlas/map/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Guatemalan nationality law|Guatemala]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Honduras}} [[Honduran nationality law|Honduras]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{ya}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitución Politica De La Republica De Honduras De 1982 |url=https://honduras.justia.com/federales/constitucion-politica-de-la-republica-de-honduras-de-1982/titulo-ii/capitulo-i/ |website=Justia Honduras |access-date=23 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Nicaragua}} [[Nicaraguan nationality law|Nicaragua]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{unknown}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{unknown}}
|<!--Women-->{{unknown}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Panama}} [[Panamanian nationality law|Panama]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{unknown}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{unknown}}
|<!--Women-->{{unknown}}
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;"
|+Nationality law in South America
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" style="width: 13em;"|Country:
! scope="col"|Unmarried fathers able to confer nationality on children
! scope="col"|Mothers able to confer nationality on children
! scope="col"|Women able to confer nationality on spouses
|-
|{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentine nationality law|Argentina]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{unknown}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{unknown}}
|<!--Women-->{{unknown}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Bolivian nationality law|Bolivia]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{unknown}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{unknown}}
|<!--Women-->{{unknown}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil nationality law|Brazil]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{ya}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chile nationality law|Chile]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{unknown}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{unknown}}
|<!--Women-->{{unknown}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Colombia nationality law|Colombia]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{ya}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Ecuadorian nationality law|Ecuador]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{unknown}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{unknown}}
|<!--Women-->{{unknown}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Guyana}} [[Guyanese nationality law|Guyana]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{unknown}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{unknown}}
|<!--Women-->{{unknown}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Paraguayan nationality law|Paraguay]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{unknown}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{unknown}}
|<!--Women-->{{unknown}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Peru}} [[Peru nationality law|Peru]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{unknown}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{unknown}}
|<!--Women-->{{unknown}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Suriname}} [[Surinamese nationality law|Suriname]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{unknown}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{unknown}}
|<!--Women-->{{unknown}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Uruguayan nationality law|Uruguay]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{ya}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Venezuelan nationality law|Venezuela]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{unknown}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{unknown}}
|<!--Women-->{{unknown}}
|}

=== Asia ===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;"
|+Nationality law in Asia
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" style="width: 13em;"|Country:
! scope="col"|Unmarried fathers able to confer nationality on children
! scope="col"|Mothers able to confer nationality on children
! scope="col"|Women able to confer nationality on spouses
|-
|{{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Armenian nationality law|Armenia]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{ya}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Armenian citizenship by marriage|url=https://www.ilex.am/en/2-ilex/248-armenian-citizenship-by-marriage.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-24|archive-date=2021-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630193135/https://www.ilex.am/en/2-ilex/248-armenian-citizenship-by-marriage.html}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Bahrain}} [[Bahraini nationality law|Bahrain]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{na}}{{Refn|name=Unknown or Stateless|group="note"}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladeshi nationality law|Bangladesh]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Brunei}} [[Bruneian nationality law|Brunei]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{na}} 
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Indian nationality law|India]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{ya}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Section 5 (1) (c) of the Citizenship Act, 1955 if the spouse has resided in India for a continuous period of Seven Years|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1522/1/a1955-57.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-10|archive-date=2021-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617093102/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1522/1/a1955-57.pdf}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Iranian nationality law|Iran]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}{{Refn|name=Iran|group="note"|On 14 May 2019, the Iranian [[Islamic Consultative Assembly]] approved an amendment to their nationality law, in which women married to men with a foreign nationality should request to confer nationality on children under age 18, while children and spouses of Iranian men are granted nationality automatically. However, the [[Guardian Council]] should approve the amendment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/05/14/iran-parliament-oks-nationality-law-reform|title=Iran: Parliament OKs Nationality Law Reform|work=Human Rights Watch|date=14 May 2019|access-date=16 May 2019|archive-date=5 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005172716/https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/05/14/iran-parliament-oks-nationality-law-reform|url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 October 2019, the Guardian Council agreed to sign the bill into a law,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-02/victory-for-iran-s-women-as-breakthrough-citizenship-law-passed|title=Victory for Iran's Women as Breakthrough Citizenship Law Is Passed|website=Bloomberg|date=2 October 2019|access-date=2019-10-03|archive-date=2019-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207135336/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-02/victory-for-iran-s-women-as-breakthrough-citizenship-law-passed|url-status=live}}</ref> taking into account the background checks on foreign fathers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/iran-women-married-foreigners-pass-citizenship-children-191002145229455.html|title=Iran women married to foreigners can pass citizenship to children|website=Al Jazeera|date=2 October 2019|access-date=3 October 2019|archive-date=3 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003222428/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/iran-women-married-foreigners-pass-citizenship-children-191002145229455.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Iraqi nationality law|Iraq]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{na}}{{Refn|name=Iraq|group="note"|In [[Iraq]], nationality law limits the ability of Iraqi
women to confer nationality on children who are born without the nation.}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Jordanian nationality law|Jordan]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{na}}{{Refn|name=Unknown or Stateless|group="note"}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwaiti nationality law|Kuwait]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{na}}{{Refn|name=Kuwait|group="note"|In [[Kuwait]], a person whose father is unknown or
whose paternity has not been established may apply for Kuwaiti citizenship upon the age of majority.}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Lebanese nationality law|Lebanon]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{na}}{{Refn|name=Lebanon|group="note"|In [[Lebanon]], women only can confer their citizenship on their children who are born out of wedlock and whose Lebanese mother recognizes them as her children during such children's minority.}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Malaysian nationality law|Malaysia]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{na}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{na}}{{Refn|name=abroad|group="note"}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Nepali nationality law|Nepal]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{na}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Oman}} [[Omani nationality law|Oman]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{na}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistani nationality law|Pakistan]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|-
|{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Philippine nationality law|Philippines]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Qatar}} [[Qatari nationality law|Qatar]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{na}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russian nationality law|Russia]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{ya}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=How to get Russian citizenship by marriage|url=https://www.vorotagoroda.com/en/russian-citizenship/russian-citizenship-by-marriage|access-date=2021-03-25|website=www.vorotagoroda.com|date=22 February 2018 |archive-date=2021-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222194334/https://www.vorotagoroda.com/en/russian-citizenship/russian-citizenship-by-marriage|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Saudi Arabian nationality law|Saudi Arabia]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{na}}{{Refn|name=Unknown or Stateless|group="note"}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Singaporean nationality law|Singapore]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-INDIA
|{{flagicon|Syria}} [[Syrian nationality law|Syria]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{na}}{{Refn|name=Syria|group="note"|In [[Syria]], mothers only can confer nationality on their children who are born in Syria and whose fathers do not establish filiation of such children.}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Thai nationality law|Thailand]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} [[Emirati nationality law|United Arab Emirates]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}{{Refn|name=UAE|group="note"|In [[United Arab Emirates]], mothers only can confer nationality on their children who have lived in the UAE for at least six years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/this-will-change-our-lives-emirati-mothers-rejoice-as-children-granted-citizenship-1.867176|title='This will change our lives': Emirati mothers rejoice as children granted citizenship|website=The National|date=28 May 2019|access-date=12 August 2019|archive-date=2 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702152237/https://www.thenational.ae/uae/this-will-change-our-lives-emirati-mothers-rejoice-as-children-granted-citizenship-1.867176|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Yemen}} [[Yemeni nationality law|Yemen]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}

|}

=== Europe ===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;"
|+Nationality law in Europe
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" style="width: 13em;"|Country:
! scope="col"|Unmarried fathers able to confer nationality on children
! scope="col"|Mothers able to confer nationality on children
! scope="col"|Women able to confer nationality on spouses
|-
|{{flagicon|Germany}} [[German nationality law|Germany]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Becoming a German citizen by birth |url=https://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/faqs/EN/topics/migration/staatsang/Erwerb_der_deutschen_Staatsangehoerigkeit_durch_Geburt_en.html |website=Federal Ministry of the Interior and Community |access-date=23 June 2022}}</ref>
|<!--Women-->{{ya}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Federal Ministry of the Interior and Community |url=https://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/faqs/EN/topics/migration/staatsang/Erwerb_der_deutschen_Staatsbuergerschaft_durch_Eingbuergerung_en.html;jsessionid=F4C13F8D6A3E1282A0282BC076066762.1_cid364#doc9400756bodyText3 |website=Becoming a German citizen by naturalization |access-date=23 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Monaco}} [[Monégasque nationality law|Monaco]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukrainian nationality law|Ukraine]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{ya}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=immigrationukraine|title=Ukrainian citizenship by marriage – Ukrainian immigration bureau|url=https://immigrationukraine.com/ukrainian-citizenship-by-marriage/|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Immigration Ukraine|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415082439/https://immigrationukraine.com/ukrainian-citizenship-by-marriage/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Oceania===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;"
|+Nationality law in Oceania
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" style="width: 13em;"|Country:
! scope="col"|Unmarried fathers able to confer nationality on children
! scope="col"|Mothers able to confer nationality on children
! scope="col"|Women able to confer nationality on spouses
|-
|{{flagicon|Kiribati}} [[I-Kiribati nationality law|Kiribati]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{na}}{{Refn|name=abroad|group="note"}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Nauru}} [[Nauruan nationality law|Nauru]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Solomon Islands}} [[Solomon Islands nationality law|Solomon Islands]]
|<!--Unmarried fathers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Mothers-->{{ya}}
|<!--Women-->{{na}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[Blood quantum laws]]
* [[Demonym]]
* [[Discrimination based on nationality]]
* [[Imagined communities]]
* [[Intersectionality]]
* ''[[jus sanguinis]]''
* ''[[jus soli]]''
* [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations]]
* [[Nottebohm case|Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala)]], a 1955 case that is cited for its definitions of nationality
* [[Second-class citizen]]
* [[People]]
* [[Volk]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group="note"}}
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* White, Philip L. (2006). "[http://www.nationalityinworldhistory.net/ch1.html What is a nationality?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912043132/http://www.nationalityinworldhistory.net/ch1.html |date=2008-09-12 }}", based on "Globalization and the Mythology of the Nation State", in A.G. Hopkins, ed. ''Global History: Interactions Between the Universal and the Local'' Palgrave Macmillan, pp.&nbsp;257–284.
* Grossman, Andrew. [http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/lgd/2001_1/grossman/ ''Gender and National Inclusion'']
* [http://www.panarchy.org/acton/nationality.html Lord Acton, Nationality] (1862)

{{Particular human rights}}
{{Ethnicity}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Nationality| ]]
[[Category:Conflict of laws]]
[[Category:Human migration]]
[[Category:Rights]]