View source for Okhotsk

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{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2013}}

{{Infobox Russian inhabited locality
|en_name=Okhotsk
|ru_name=Охотск
|image_skyline=Lenin in Okhotsk.jpg
|image_caption=Monument to Lenin in front of the House of Culture
|coordinates = {{coord|59|22|03|N|143|15|34|E|display=inline,title}}
|map_label_position=top
|image_coa=Coat of arms of Okhotsk.jpg
|coa_caption=
|image_flag= Flag of Okhotsk.jpg
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|anthem=
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|federal_subject=[[Khabarovsk Krai]]
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|adm_district_jur=[[Okhotsky District]]
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|adm_ctr_of=Okhotsky District
|adm_ctr_of_ref=
|inhabloc_cat=Urban-type settlement
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|inhabloc_type=[[Classification of inhabited localities in Russia|Work settlement]]
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|pop_2010census=4215
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|established_date=1647
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|current_cat_date=1949
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}}

'''Okhotsk''' ({{lang-rus|Охотск|p=ɐˈxotsk}}) is an [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|urban locality]] (a [[urban-type settlement|work settlement]]) and the [[administrative center]] of [[Okhotsky District]] of [[Khabarovsk Krai]], [[Russia]], located at the mouth of the [[Okhota River]] on the [[Sea of Okhotsk]]. Population: {{ru-census|p2010=4,215|p2002=5,738|p1989=9,298}}

==Etymology==
It was named after the [[Okhota River]], whose name is a [[Corruption (linguistics)|corrupted]] [[Evenk language|Evenk]] word ''okat'', "river".<ref>F.K Komarov, ''Словарь русской транскрипции эвенкийских и эвенских терминов и слов, встречающихся в географических названиях Сибири и Дальнего Востока'', 1967</ref>

==History==
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2023}}
Okhotsk was the main Russian base on the Pacific coast from about 1650 to 1860, but lost its importance after the [[Amur Annexation]] in 1860. It is located at the east end of the [[Siberian River Routes]] on the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] where the [[Okhota River|Okhota]] and [[Kukhtuy River|Kukhtuy]] rivers join to form a poor-but-usable harbor. [[File:Ochotsk (1737).jpg|thumb|left|Map of Okhotskoy Ostrog, ink drawing, 1737]]

In 1639, the Russians [[Ivan Moskvitin|first reached]] the Pacific {{convert|65|mi|km|order=flip}} southwest of Okhotsk at the mouth of the [[Ulya River]]. In 1647, Semyon Shelkovnikov built winter quarters at Okhotsk. In 1649, a fort was built (Kosoy Ostrozhok). In 1653, Okhotsk was burned by the local [[Lamuts]]. Although the Russian pioneers were skilled builders of river boats, they lacked the knowledge and equipment to build seagoing vessels, which meant that Okhotsk remained a coastal settlement and not a port. In 1682, Okhotsk had eight dwellings and five other buildings. When the Russians entered the  [[Kamchatka Peninsula]], they had to travel overland from the north.

In 1714, [[Peter the Great]] sent a party of shipbuilders to Okhotsk to provide faster access to the furs of Kamchatka. In 1715, they built the vessel ''Vostok'', and in 1716–17, Kozma Sokolov sailed it to Kamchatka. For the next 145 years, Okhotsk was the main Russian seaport on the Pacific, supplying Kamchatka and other coastal settlements. In 1731, the [[Siberian Military Flotilla]] was established here. In 1736, Okhotsk was moved {{convert|2|mi|km|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} downstream to a spit of land at the mouth of the Okhota River, converting the ''[[ostrog (fortress)|ostrog]]'' into a proper port. [[Vitus Bering]]'s two Pacific expeditions ([[First Kamchatka expedition|1725–1729]] and [[Great Northern Expedition|1733–1742]]) brought in large numbers of people, including the first scholars and expert sailors, and led to a great deal of building. In 1742, there were fifty-seven already-established buildings, forty-five newer buildings in Bering's "expedition settlement," and eight ships in the harbor. [[Anton de Vieira]] was the town's governor at that time; he was of [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] origin, son of a [[Jewish]] father and [[Christians|Christian]] mother. From 1737 to 1837, there was a salt works several kilometers west on the coast that produced 14–36 tons of salt annually; in 1827, it was worked by a hundred and fifty exiles and about a hundred guards and overseers.

Bering's men found valuable [[sea otter]]s east of Kamchatka, and fur hunters began island-hopping along the [[Aleutian Islands]]. Furs were brought back to Okhotsk and carried inland, mostly to be sold to the Chinese at [[Kyakhta]]. The [[Russian-American Company]] was founded in 1799 with its base at Okhotsk, which brought in more money to the town. In 1822 the Scottish traveler [[John Dundas Cochrane|Captain John Cochrane]] ranked Okhotsk just after [[Barnaul]] as the neatest, cleanest, and most pleasant town he had seen in Siberia.

From at least 1715, it was clear that Okhotsk was a poor site for a city. In addition to the difficult track inland, the harbor was poor, and the short growing season and lack of plowland meant that food had to be imported. Around 1750, there were only thirty-seven peasant families and a number of [[Yakuts|Yakut]] cattlemen living there. There was so little pasture in the area that pack horses sometimes had to be returned to [[Yakutsk]] unloaded. The harbor was ice-free from May to November, but the sailing season ran only from June through September. The town was built on a low, narrow spit blocking the mouths of the two rivers. The harbor inside the spit was large but shallow; three quarters of it was a mud flat during low water. Large ships could cross the bar only on a high tide. Ice-choked water during the spring breakup frequently flooded the town (twenty times from 1723 to 1813), as did high surf on a number of occasions. In 1810, the Okhota River, its mouth jammed by ice, cut a new channel through the spit and isolated the townsite; the town was moved to the spit east of the harbor mouth five years later. Goods now had to be unloaded and barged across the harbor; because the harbor was shallow, Yakuts had to wade with loads from shore to barge. Fresh water had to be fetched from {{convert|2+1/2|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on|0}} away. Goods could not be brought down along the Kukhtuy River because of swamps. [[File:Ohotsk.jpg|thumb|left|Okhotsk in 1857]] [[File:Le Tour du monde-02-p165.jpg|thumb|left|Okhotsk in 1860]]

In 1840, [[Vasily Zavoyko]] became head of the [[Russian-American Company]] post at Okhotsk and decided to move the post south to [[Ayan, Russia|Ayan]], a move that was completed in 1845. The Yakutsk-Ayan Track was built and then rebuilt in 1852 at a cost of 20,000 rubles, bypassing Okhotsk. In 1849, Siberian governor [[Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky]] followed the Russian-American Company's example and decided to move the Siberian Flotilla to [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]] and other government facilities to Ayan. The [[Amur Annexation]] in 1860 continued the shift of Russian focus to the south. From 1870, Okhotsk was supplied from [[Nikolayevsk-on-Amur]].  Further loss of importance came in 1867 when [[Russian America]] (Alaska) was [[Alaska Purchase|sold to the United States]]. The total population decline of Okhotsk went from 1,660 in 1839 to one hundred in 1865.

Between 1849 and 1866, [[United States|American]] [[whaler|whaleship]]s cruised for [[bowhead whale]]s in the waters off Okhotsk.<ref name=Gelett1917>''Arctic'', of Fairhaven, Aug. 1853. In Gelett, C. W. (1917). ''A life on the ocean: Autobiography of Captain Charles Wetherby Gelett''. Honolulu, Hawaii: Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd.</ref><ref>''Good Return'', of New Bedford, July 27, 1849, Old Dartmouth Historical Society (ODHS); ''William Wirt'', of New Bedford, June 3, 1854, Nicholson Whaling Collection (NWC); ''Cincinnati'', of Stonington, Sep. 24-26, 1859, NWC; ''Sea Breeze'', of New Bedford, Sep. 23, 1866, ODHS.</ref> Some caught whales within sight of the settlement<ref>''Mary Frazier'', of New Bedford, Sep. 27, 1855, NWC.</ref> while others visited the town itself.<ref name=Gelett1917/><ref>''Florida'', of Fairhaven, Sep. 3, 8, 27, 1859, Sep. 5, 1860. In Williams, H. (1964). ''One whaling family''. Boston, Houghton Mifflin.</ref> They also fished for salmon in the Okhota River.<ref name=Gelett1917/>

Okhotsk was of some military importance during the [[Russian Civil War]], when the [[White army]] generals [[Vasily Rakitin]] and [[Anatoly Pepelyayev]] used it as their [[Yakut Revolt|place of arms in the Far East]].

Okhotsk was also a launch site of [[sounding rocket]]s between 1981 and 2005. The rockets reached altitudes of up to 1,000&nbsp;km [https://web.archive.org/web/20081013233725/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/okhotsk.htm].

The importance and population of Okhotsk sharply declined following the demise of the Soviet Union.

==Transportation==
Okhotsk is served by the [[Okhotsk Airport]].

==Climate==
Okhotsk has a [[subarctic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dwc'') with very cold, dry winters and mild, wet summers.
{{Weather box
|location= Okhotsk (1991−2020, extremes 1891–present)
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|Jan record high C = 5.5
|Feb record high C = 2.0
|Mar record high C = 6.4
|Apr record high C = 16.0
|May record high C = 26.2
|Jun record high C = 31.3
|Jul record high C = 31.0
|Aug record high C = 32.1
|Sep record high C = 24.8 
|Oct record high C = 15.7
|Nov record high C = 6.2
|Dec record high C = 2.8
|year record high C = 32.1 
|Jan high C = -16.8
|Feb high C = -14.2
|Mar high C = -6.3
|Apr high C = 0.4
|May high C = 6.2
|Jun high C = 11.4
|Jul high C = 15.7
|Aug high C = 17.1
|Sep high C = 12.9
|Oct high C = 2.7
|Nov high C = -9.7
|Dec high C = -16.4
|year high C = 
|Jan mean C = -19.9
|Feb mean C = -18.5
|Mar mean C = -12.1
|Apr mean C = -3.8
|May mean C = 2.6
|Jun mean C = 8.1
|Jul mean C = 12.9
|Aug mean C = 13.7
|Sep mean C = 8.9
|Oct mean C = -1.2
|Nov mean C = -12.7
|Dec mean C = -19.0
|year mean C = 
|Jan low C = -22.7
|Feb low C = -22.2
|Mar low C = -17.8
|Apr low C = -8.2
|May low C = -0.2
|Jun low C = 5.7
|Jul low C = 10.6
|Aug low C = 10.6
|Sep low C = 4.9
|Oct low C = -4.6
|Nov low C = -15.3
|Dec low C = -21.4
|year low C = 
|Jan record low C = -41.3
|Feb record low C = -45.7
|Mar record low C = -36.9
|Apr record low C = -29.2
|May record low C = -16.0
|Jun record low C = -2.6
|Jul record low C = 1.7
|Aug record low C = -0.1
|Sep record low C = -6.6
|Oct record low C = -27.5
|Nov record low C = -37.4
|Dec record low C = -37.7
|year record low C = -45.7
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 15
|Feb precipitation mm = 7
|Mar precipitation mm = 16
|Apr precipitation mm = 24
|May precipitation mm = 40
|Jun precipitation mm = 55
|Jul precipitation mm = 85
|Aug precipitation mm = 94
|Sep precipitation mm = 92
|Oct precipitation mm = 66
|Nov precipitation mm = 32
|Dec precipitation mm = 14
|year precipitation mm = 
|Jan rain days = 0.1
|Feb rain days = 0.2
|Mar rain days = 0.3
|Apr rain days = 2
|May rain days = 11
|Jun rain days = 16
|Jul rain days = 18
|Aug rain days = 15
|Sep rain days = 16
|Oct rain days = 7
|Nov rain days = 1
|Dec rain days = 0.2
|year rain days = 87
|Jan snow days = 9
|Feb snow days = 9
|Mar snow days = 11
|Apr snow days = 13
|May snow days = 10
|Jun snow days = 0.4
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0.3
|Oct snow days = 9
|Nov snow days = 11
|Dec snow days = 8
|year snow days = 81
|Jan humidity = 63
|Feb humidity = 63
|Mar humidity = 68
|Apr humidity = 77
|May humidity = 84
|Jun humidity = 88
|Jul humidity = 89
|Aug humidity = 86
|Sep humidity = 80
|Oct humidity = 70
|Nov humidity = 66
|Dec humidity = 63
|year humidity = 75
|Jan sun = 113.4
|Feb sun = 158.7
|Mar sun = 229.6
|Apr sun = 227.1
|May sun = 204.1
|Jun sun = 180.8
|Jul sun = 170.9
|Aug sun = 175.6
|Sep sun = 173.2
|Oct sun = 166.0
|Nov sun = 110.1
|Dec sun = 87.2
|year sun = 
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name=pogoda>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191203150140/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/31088.htm
| archive-date = 3 December 2019
| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/31088.htm
| title = Weather and Climate-The Climate of Okhotsk
| language = ru
| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)
| access-date = 3 December 2019}}</ref> 
|source 2 = [[NOAA]]<ref name = NOAA>{{cite web
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/RussianFederation/CSV/Ohotsk_31088.csv
| title = Ohotsk (Okhotsk) Climate Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 3 December 2019}}</ref> 
|date=December 2011
}}

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*James R Gibson, "Feeding the Russian Fur Trade: Provisionment of the Okhotsk Seaboard and the Kamchatka Peninsula 1639–1856",1969

{{Khabarovsk Krai}}
{{Spaceport}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Urban-type settlements in Khabarovsk Krai]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1647]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of the Russian Pacific Coast]]
[[Category:1647 establishments in Russia]]
[[Category:Road-inaccessible communities of Russia]]
[[Category:Sea of Okhotsk]]
[[Category:Populated places in Russia that lost city or town status]]