View source for Paul Keating

{{short description|Prime Minister of Australia from 1991 to 1996}}
{{about|the former prime minister of Australia|the British actor|Paul Keating (actor)}}
{{Use Australian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]]
| image            = Keating Paul Portrait.jpg<!-- Don't change this image without obtaining consensus in talk -->
| caption          = Official portrait, 1993
| alt              = Head shot of Keating smiling
| order            = 24th
| office           = Prime Minister of Australia
| monarch          = [[Elizabeth II]]
| governor_general = {{ubl|[[Bill Hayden]]|[[Sir William Deane]]}}
| deputy           = {{ubl|[[Brian Howe (politician)|Brian Howe]]|[[Kim Beazley]]}}
| term_start       = 20 December 1991
| term_end         = 11 March 1996
| predecessor      = [[Bob Hawke]]
| successor        = [[John Howard]]
| order1           = 14th
| office1          = Leaders of the Australian Labor Party{{!}}Leader of the Labor Party
| deputy1          = {{ubl|Brian Howe|Kim Beazley}}
| term_start1      = [[December 1991 Australian Labor Party leadership spill|19 December 1991]]
| term_end1        = [[1996 Australian Labor Party leadership election|19 March 1996]]
| predecessor1     = Bob Hawke
| successor1       = Kim Beazley
| office2          = [[Deputy Prime Minister of Australia]]
| prime_minister2  = Bob Hawke
| term_start2      = 4 April 1990
| term_end2        = 3 June 1991
| predecessor2     = [[Lionel Bowen]]
| successor2       = Brian Howe
| office3          = [[Leaders of the Australian Labor Party#Deputy Leader|Deputy Leader of the Labor Party]]
| term_start3      = 4 April 1990
| term_end3        = 3 June 1991
| leader3          = Bob Hawke
| predecessor3     = Lionel Bowen
| successor3       = Brian Howe
| office4          = [[Treasurer of Australia]]
| prime_minister4  = Bob Hawke
| term_start4      = 11 March 1983
| term_end4        = 3 June 1991
| predecessor4     = John Howard
| successor4       = [[John Kerin]]
| office5          = [[Minister for Territories (Australia)|Minister for Northern Australia]]
| prime_minister5  = [[Gough Whitlam]]
| term_start5      = 21 October 1975
| term_end5        = 11 November 1975
| predecessor5     = [[Rex Patterson]]
| successor5       = [[Ian Sinclair]]
| constituency_MP6 = [[Division of Blaxland|Blaxland]]
| parliament6      = Australian
| term_start6      = 25 October 1969
| term_end6        = 23 April 1996
| predecessor6     = [[Jim Harrison (Australian politician)|Jim Harrison]]
| successor6       = [[Michael Hatton]]
| birth_name       = Paul John Keating
| birth_date       = {{birth date and age|1944|01|18|df=y}}
| birth_place      = [[Darlinghurst]], New South Wales, Australia
| party            = [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]]
| spouse           = {{marriage|[[Annita van Iersel]]|1976|2008|end=divorced}}
| partner          = [[Julieanne Newbould]] (1999–present)
| children         = 4
| education        = {{ubl|[[LaSalle Catholic College, Bankstown|De La Salle Catholic College]]|Belmore Technical College}}
| profession       = {{ubl|Trade unionist|Politician}}
| signature        = Paul Keating signature 1998.svg
| website          = {{URL|paulkeating.net.au}}
| module           = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Paul Keating Dollar Float.oga|title=Paul Keating's voice|type=speech|description=Keating on the floating of the dollar<br/>12 December 1983}}
}}
{{Paul Keating sidebar}}

'''Paul John Keating''' (born 18 January 1944) is an Australian former politician who served as the 24th [[prime minister of Australia]] from 1991 to 1996. He held office as the [[Australian Labor Party|leader of the Labor Party]] (ALP), having previously served as [[treasurer of Australia|treasurer]] under [[Bob Hawke]] from 1983 to 1991 and as the seventh [[deputy prime minister of Australia|deputy prime minister]] from 1990 to 1991.

Keating was born in [[Sydney]] and left school at the age of 14. He joined the Labor Party at the same age, serving a term as State president of [[Young Labor]] and working as a research assistant for a trade union. He was elected to the [[Australian House of Representatives]] at the age of 25, winning the [[division of Blaxland]] at the [[1969 Australian federal election|1969 election]]. He was briefly [[Minister for Territories (Australia)|minister for Northern Australia]] from October to November 1975, in the final weeks of the [[Whitlam government]] - along with [[Doug McClelland]], he is the last surviving minister who served under [[Gough Whitlam]]. After [[1975 Australian constitutional crisis|the Dismissal]] removed Labor from power, he held senior portfolios in the [[Shadow Cabinet of Australia|Shadow Cabinets]] of Whitlam and [[Bill Hayden]]. During this time he came to be seen as the leader of the [[Labor Right]] faction, and developed a reputation as a talented and fierce parliamentary performer.

After Labor's landslide victory at the [[1983 Australian federal election|1983 election]], Keating was appointed treasurer by prime minister [[Bob Hawke]]. The pair developed a powerful political partnership, overseeing significant reforms intended to [[Economic liberalism|liberalise]] and strengthen the Australian economy. These included the [[Prices and Incomes Accord]], the [[Floating exchange rate|float]] of the Australian dollar, the elimination of [[tariff]]s, the deregulation of the financial sector, achieving the first federal [[budget surplus]] in Australian history, and reform of the [[Taxation in Australia|taxation system]], including the introduction of [[Capital gains tax in Australia|capital gains tax]], [[Fringe benefits tax (Australia)|fringe benefits tax]], and [[dividend imputation]]. He also became recognised for his [[Sardonicism|sardonic]] rhetoric, as a controversial but deeply skilled orator.<ref name="Johnson-2020">{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Carol |title=How Paul Keating transformed the economy and the nation |url=http://theconversation.com/how-paul-keating-transformed-the-economy-and-the-nation-131562 |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=The Conversation |date=16 June 2020 |archive-date=16 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616221730/http://theconversation.com/how-paul-keating-transformed-the-economy-and-the-nation-131562 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2013-11-11 |title=The collected insults of former PM Paul Keating |language=en-AU |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-11-12/the-collected-insults-of-paul-keating/5071412 |access-date=2022-06-17 |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617104422/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-11-12/the-collected-insults-of-paul-keating/5071412 |url-status=live }}</ref> Keating became deputy prime minister in 1990, but in June 1991 he resigned from the ministry to [[June 1991 Australian Labor Party leadership spill|unsuccessfully challenge]] Hawke for the leadership, believing he had reneged on the [[Kirribilli Agreement of 1988|Kirribilli Agreement]]. He mounted [[December 1991 Australian Labor Party leadership spill|a second successful challenge]] six months later, and became prime minister.

Keating was appointed prime minister in the aftermath of [[Early 1990s recession in Australia|the early 1990s economic downturn]], which he had famously described as "the recession that Australia had to have". This, combined with poor opinion polling, led many to predict Labor was certain to lose the [[1993 Australian federal election|1993 election]], but Keating's government was re-elected in an [[Upset (competition)|upset victory]]. In its second term, the [[Keating government]] enacted the landmark ''[[Native Title Act 1993|Native Title Act]]'' to enshrine [[Indigenous land rights in Australia|Indigenous land rights]], introduced [[Superannuation in Australia|compulsory superannuation]] and [[enterprise bargaining]], created [[One Nation (infrastructure)|a national infrastructure development program]], privatised [[Qantas]], [[CSL Limited|Commonwealth Serum Laboratories]] and the [[Commonwealth Bank]], established the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]] leaders' meeting, and promoted [[Republicanism in Australia|republicanism]] by establishing the [[Republic Advisory Committee]].

At the [[1996 Australian federal election|1996 election]], after 13 years in office, Keating's government suffered a landslide defeat to the [[Coalition (Australia)|Liberal–National Coalition]], led by [[John Howard]]. Keating resigned as leader of the Labor Party and retired from Parliament shortly after the election, with his deputy [[Kim Beazley]] being [[1996 Australian Labor Party leadership election|elected unopposed]] to replace him. Keating has since remained active as a political commentator, whilst maintaining a broad series of business interests, including serving on the international board of the [[China Development Bank]] from 2005 to 2018.

As prime minister, Keating performed poorly in [[opinion poll]]s, and in August 1993, received the lowest approval rating for any Australian prime minister since modern political polling began.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://infogram.com/federal-newspoll-archive-1gv4m7ejjndop18|title=Federal Newspoll Archive|via=Infogram|access-date=3 July 2022|archive-date=1 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301054328/https://infogram.com/federal-newspoll-archive-1gv4m7ejjndop18|url-status=live}}</ref> Since leaving office, Keating received broad praise from historians and commentators for his role in modernising the Australian economy as treasurer, although [[Historical rankings of prime ministers of Australia|ratings of his premiership have been mixed]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Strangio |first=Paul |date=2 August 2021 |title=Who was Australia's best prime minister? Experts rank the winners and dunces |url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/aug/02/who-was-australias-best-prime-minister-experts-rank-the-winners-and-dunces |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802024636/http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/aug/02/who-was-australias-best-prime-minister-experts-rank-the-winners-and-dunces |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=17 June 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/ranking-australias-prime-ministers-20100624-z3bn.html|title=Ranking Australia's prime ministers|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=25 June 2010|access-date=17 August 2011|archive-date=25 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025091144/https://www.smh.com.au/national/ranking-australias-prime-ministers-20100624-z3bn.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Prime-ministers-rank-and-file/2004/12/17/1102787277290.html|title=Prime ministers' rank and file|work=[[The Age]]|date=18 December 2004|access-date=30 December 2017|archive-date=14 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114084608/http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Prime-ministers-rank-and-file/2004/12/17/1102787277290.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Walker, Tony; Koutsoukis, Jason; "The good, the bad and the couldabeens", ''[[Australian Financial Review]]'', 3 January 2001.</ref> Keating has been recognised across the political spectrum for his charisma, debating skills, and his willingness to boldly confront social norms,<ref name="Johnson-2020"/> including his famous [[Redfern Park Speech]] on the impact of [[History of Australia (1788–1850)|colonisation in Australia]] and [[Aboriginal reconciliation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Unforgettable Speeches (ABC Radio National) |url=https://www.abc.net.au/rn/features/speeches/ |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=www.abc.net.au |archive-date=17 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217211521/https://www.abc.net.au/rn/features/speeches/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Paul John Keating was born on 18 January 1944 at [[St Margaret's Hospital, Sydney|St Margaret's Hospital]] in [[Darlinghurst]], [[Sydney]].<ref>{{cite book |author=David Day |title=Paul Keating: The Biography |year=2015 |publisher=Fourth Estate |page=17|author-link=David Day (historian)}}</ref> He is the eldest of four children born to Matthew John Keating (1918–1978) and Minnie Therese Keating ({{née}} Chapman; 1920–2015).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Day |first=David |title=Paul Keating |date=27 January 2015 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=9780732284251}}</ref> His father worked as a [[boilermaker]] for the [[New South Wales Government Railways]].<ref>Day (2015), p. 10.</ref> All of Keating's grandparents were born in Australia. On his father's side, he was descended from Irish immigrants born in counties [[County Galway|Galway]], [[County Roscommon|Roscommon]], and [[County Tipperary|Tipperary]].<ref>Day (2015), p. 8.</ref> On his mother's side, he was of mixed English and Irish descent. His maternal grandfather, Fred Chapman, was the son of two [[Convicts in Australia|convicts]], John Chapman and Sarah Gallagher, both of whom had been [[Penal transportation|transported]] for theft in the 1830s.<ref>Day (2015), p. 3.</ref>

Keating grew up in [[Bankstown]], a working-class suburb in western Sydney, the family home from 1942 to 1966 being a modest [[Asbestos cement|fibro]]-and-brick bungalow at 3 Marshall Street (demolished for flat development in 2014).<ref>{{cite news |last=Bell |first=Matt |title=From a KFC to a Centrelink: What the former homes of Australia's prime ministers have become |url=https://www.realestate.com.au/news/from-a-kfc-to-a-centrelink-what-the-former-homes-of-australias-prime-ministers-have-become/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |agency=realestate.com.au |date=22 September 2021 |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925173434/https://www.realestate.com.au/news/from-a-kfc-to-a-centrelink-what-the-former-homes-of-australias-prime-ministers-have-become/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The suburb was nicknamed "Irishtown" during Keating's childhood, and sectarian antagonisms between Protestants and Roman Catholics were commonplace. Keating's upbringing was Catholic, with his father being involved with anti-Communist workers' organisations and [[Catholic social teaching]] having a significant impact on Keating's social perspective.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Warhurst |first=John |date=2010-11-10 |title=The religious beliefs of Australia's prime ministers |url=https://www.eurekastreet.com.au/article/the-religious-beliefs-of-australia-s-prime-ministers |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Eureka Street |language=en}}</ref> His siblings include Anne Keating, a company director and businesswoman.

Leaving De La Salle College — now known as [[LaSalle Catholic College, Bankstown|LaSalle Catholic College]] — at the age of 14, Keating left high school rather than pursuing higher education, instead working as a pay clerk at the [[Sydney County Council]]'s electricity distributor. Keating also attended Belmore Technical High School to further his education.<ref name="naa before">{{cite web |url=https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/australias-prime-ministers/paul-keating/before-office |title=Paul Keating: before office |work=Australia's Prime Ministers |publisher=National Archives of Australia |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=13 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913190638/https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/australias-prime-ministers/paul-keating/before-office |url-status=live }}</ref> He then worked as research assistant for a trade union, having joined the [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]] as soon as he was eligible. In 1966, he became president of New South Wales Young Labor.<ref name="bio">{{cite web |url=http://www.civicsandcitizenship.edu.au/cce/default.asp?id=14942 |title=Civics &#124; Paul Keating (1944–) |date=14 June 2005 |publisher=Civicsandcitizenship.edu.au |access-date=25 April 2010 |archive-date=11 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511194352/http://www.civicsandcitizenship.edu.au/cce/default.asp?id=14942 |url-status=dead }}</ref> During the 1960s, Keating also managed a rock band named The Ramrods.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civicsandcitizenship.edu.au/cce/default.asp?id=14942 |title=Paul Keating |date=14 June 2005 |publisher=Civicsandcitizenship.edu.au |access-date=25 April 2010 |archive-date=11 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511194352/http://www.civicsandcitizenship.edu.au/cce/default.asp?id=14942 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early political career==
[[File:Paul Keating 1970.png|left|thumb|upright|Keating in 1970, shortly after he was first elected to Parliament]]
Through his contacts in the unions and Young Labor, then known as Youth Council, Keating met future senior Labor figures such as [[Laurie Brereton]], [[Graham Richardson]] and [[Bob Carr]]. He also developed a friendship with former [[Premier of New South Wales|New South Wales Premier]] [[Jack Lang (Australian politician)|Jack Lang]], who Keating took on as a political mentor. In 1971, he succeeded in having Lang re-admitted to the Labor Party.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/rn/latenightlive/stories/2005/1509394.htm |title=Former PM Paul Keating and historian Frank Cain discuss Jack Lang's life, legacy and the Depression |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=17 November 2005 |access-date=25 April 2010 |archive-date=3 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703074603/http://www.abc.net.au/rn/latenightlive/stories/2005/1509394.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Keating successfully gained the Labor nomination for the seat of [[Division of Blaxland|Blaxland]] in the western suburbs of Sydney, and was elected to the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] in [[1969 Australian federal election|1969]] when he was just 25 years old.<ref name="bio"/>

Keating was initially more [[Social conservatism|socially conservative]]; in his [[maiden speech]] he declared that the Liberal government had "boasted about the increasing number of women in the workforce. Rather than something to be proud of, I feel it is something of which we should be ashamed".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/dread-and-dry-mouth-first-speeches-in-parliament-20140703-zsv5p.html|title=Dread and dry mouth: first speeches in Parliament|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=5 June 2020|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605041716/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/dread-and-dry-mouth-first-speeches-in-parliament-20140703-zsv5p.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He later voted against former prime minister [[John Gorton]]'s motion to decriminalise [[homosexuality]] in 1973. According to [[Tom Uren]] he was originally a "very narrow-minded young man", who later "matured" and became far less socially conservative.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliament 1973: baby steps on Australian gay law reform|url=https://qnews.com.au/federal-parliament-1973-baby-steps-on-australian-gay-law-reform/%7Ctitle=Federal|website=Q News|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-date=20 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220054912/https://qnews.com.au/federal-parliament-1973-baby-steps-on-australian-gay-law-reform/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Jamoe.jpg|right|thumb|Keating aged 34, second from left, with Labor figures (from left) [[Colin Jamieson]], [[Peter Walsh (Australian politician)|Peter Walsh]] and [[Stewart West]] in [[Wickham, Western Australia|Wickham]], 1978]]

After Labor's victory at the [[1972 Australian federal election|1972 election]], Keating narrowly failed to be elected to serve in the [[Cabinet of Australia|Cabinet]], instead being a backbencher for most of the [[Whitlam government]]. He was eventually appointed [[Minister for Territories (Australia)|Minister for Northern Australia]] in October 1975, but served in the role only until the Government was [[1975 Australian constitutional crisis|controversially dismissed]] by Governor-General [[John Kerr (governor-general)|John Kerr]] the following month. In a 2013 interview with [[Kerry O'Brien (journalist)|Kerry O'Brien]], Keating called the dismissal a "coup" and raised the idea to "arrest [Kerr]" and "lock him up", adding that he would not have "[taken] it lying down" if he was prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Keating, on life, politics, and the day he suggested arresting the Governor-General|url=https://theconversation.com/keating-on-life-politics-and-the-day-he-suggested-arresting-the-governor-general-19980|website=The Conversation|date=7 November 2013|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414132348/https://theconversation.com/keating-on-life-politics-and-the-day-he-suggested-arresting-the-governor-general-19980|url-status=live}}</ref>

After Labor's defeat in the [[1975 Australian federal election|1975 election]], Keating was quickly added to the Shadow Cabinet, serving as Shadow Minister for Minerals, Resources and Energy until January 1983.<ref name="naa before"/> During this time he achieved a reputation as a flamboyant and fierce parliamentary performer, adopting the style of an aggressive debater. In 1981, he was elected president of the [[New South Wales Labor Party]], thus becoming the leader of the influential [[Labor Right]] faction. At this time, he initially supported the former [[Treasurer of Australia|treasurer]] [[Bill Hayden]] for Labor Leader over the former [[Australian Council of Trade Unions|ACTU President]] [[Bob Hawke]] as leadership tensions between the two men began to mount; he later explained that part of his reasoning was that he privately hoped to succeed Hayden himself in the near future.<ref>Edwards, John, ''Keating: The Inside Story, Viking'', 1996, p. 153</ref> However, by 1982, the members of his faction had swung behind Hawke, and Keating endorsed his challenge. The formal announcement of Keating's support for Hawke was written by a fellow Labor politician, [[Gareth Evans (politician)|Gareth Evans]].<ref name="Edwards">Edwards, John, ''Keating: The Inside Story, Viking'', 1996, p. 159</ref>

Although Hayden survived the challenge, pressure continued to mount on him. In an attempt to shore up his position, Hayden promoted Keating to the role of Shadow Treasurer in January 1983. However this did not prove sufficient and Hayden resigned a month later, after a [[1982 Flinders by-election|poor by-election result in the federal electorate of Flinders in Victoria]]. Hawke was elected unopposed to replace him and Hawke subsequently led Labor to a landslide victory in the [[1983 Australian federal election|1983 election]] just six weeks later.<ref name="Edwards"/>

==Treasurer of Australia==
{{Further|Hawke government}}

===Early days===
Following Labor's victory in the 1983 election, Keating was appointed [[Treasurer of Australia]] by Prime Minister [[Bob Hawke]]; he succeeded [[John Howard]] in the position.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ministers.treasury.gov.au/AllMinisters.aspx |title=Past Treasury Ministers |work=The Treasury |publisher=[[Commonwealth of Australia]] |year=2013 |access-date=19 September 2013 |archive-date=17 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917180416/http://ministers.treasury.gov.au/AllMinisters.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> He and Hawke were able to use the size of the budget deficit that the [[Hawke government]] had inherited from the [[Fraser government]] to question the economic credibility of the [[Coalition (Australia)|Liberal-National Coalition]] over the coming years.<ref name="Hawke-1994">{{cite book|title=The Hawke Memoirs|first=Bob|last=Hawke|authorlink=Bob Hawke|publisher=William Heinemann Australia|date=1994|page=148}}</ref> According to Hawke, the historically large $9.6&nbsp;billion budget deficit left by the Coalition "became a stick with which we were justifiably able to beat the Opposition".<ref name="Hawke-1994"/> Although Howard was widely regarded at this time as being "discredited" by the hidden deficit, he had in fact argued unsuccessfully against Fraser that the revised figures should be disclosed before the election.<ref>{{cite book|title=John Winston Howard: The Biography|first1=Wayne|last1=Errington|first2=Peter|last2=Van Onselen|publisher=Melbourne University Press|date=2007}}</ref>

In the ensuing years, Hawke and Keating developed an extremely powerful partnership, which proved to be essential to Labor's success in government; multiple Labor figures in years since have cited the partnership between the two as the party's greatest ever.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Hansard/Hansard_Display?bid=chamber/hansards/79f1fe78-5449-42d1-be9b-3f40736f1a19/&sid=0004|title=Hansard Display|website=Aph.gov.au|access-date=23 September 2020|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027134521/https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Hansard/Hansard_Display?bid=chamber/hansards/79f1fe78-5449-42d1-be9b-3f40736f1a19/&sid=0004|url-status=live}}</ref> The two men proved a study in contrasts: Hawke was a Rhodes Scholar; Keating left high school early.<ref>{{cite book|title=Keating: The Inside Story|first=John|last=Edwards|publisher=Viking|date=1996|page=44}}</ref> Hawke's enthusiasms were cigars, betting and most forms of sport; Keating preferred [[classical architecture]], [[Gustav Mahler|Mahler]] symphonies and collecting [[British Regency]] and [[First French Empire|French Empire]] antiques.<ref>{{cite book|title=Keating: The Inside Story|first=John|last=Edwards|publisher=Viking|date=1996|page=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Keating: The Inside Story|first=John|last=Edwards|publisher=Viking|date=1996|page=48}}</ref> Despite not knowing one another before Hawke assumed the leadership in 1983, the two formed a personal as well as political relationship which enabled the Government to pursue a significant number of reforms, although there were occasional points of tension between the two.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/bob-hawke-memorial-paul-keating-leads-mourners-20190614-p51xpi|title=Hawke memorial: Keating on a friendship that lasted to the end|website=Afr.com|date=14 June 2019|access-date=23 September 2020|archive-date=1 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201105902/https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/bob-hawke-memorial-paul-keating-leads-mourners-20190614-p51xpi|url-status=live}}</ref>

Keating, along with Hawke, oversaw a "National Economic Summit" in their first month in office, with Keating leading several sessions outlining the Government's economic agenda. The Summit, which brought together a significant number of senior business and industrial figures alongside trade union leaders and politicians, led to a unanimous adoption of a national economic strategy, generating sufficient political capital for the Government to begin a wide-ranging programme of economic reform previously resisted by much of the Labor Party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2011/s3400566.htm|title=Hawke: 1983 National Economic Summit established success|website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=2 January 2012|access-date=23 September 2020|archive-date=29 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329090328/https://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2011/s3400566.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Macroeconomic reforms===
[[File:ABC Dollar Float.ogv|thumb|right|[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] report on the first day of trading with a floating Australian dollar]]

Keating used the authority and relative autonomy provided to him by Hawke to become one of the major driving forces behind the various extensive [[macroeconomic]] reforms of the Government.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cart Before the Horse? Australian Exchange Rate Policy and Economic Reform in the 1980s|first=Kieron|last=Toner|publisher=Earlybrave Publications|date=2000}}</ref> In December 1983, Hawke and Keating approved the [[Floating exchange rate|floating]] of the [[Australian dollar]], disregarding advice from the [[Department of the Treasury (Australia)|Treasury Secretary]] [[John Stone (Australian politician)|John Stone]] to retain the fixed currency framework.<ref>{{cite news|title=The dollar floats free|work=[[The Age]]|first1=Russell|last1=Barton|first2=Simon|last2=Holberton|date=10 December 1983|page=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Why we had to float the dollar|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=10 December 1983|page=12}}</ref> The success of the move, which was lauded by economic and media commentators, gave confidence to Keating to pursue even more reforms.<ref>{{cite news|title=Keen observers of the dollar's float|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|first=J.N.|last=Pierce|date=15 December 1983|page=15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-11-27/jericho-floating-the-dollar-was-worth-the-pain/5118028|title=Floating the dollar was worth the pain|work=[[ABC News (Australia)]]|first=Greg|last=Jericho|date=28 November 2013|access-date=1 December 2013|archive-date=1 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201071505/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-11-27/jericho-floating-the-dollar-was-worth-the-pain/5118028|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afr.com/policy/economy/the-long-road-that-led-to-the-floating-of-the-australian-dollar-20141121-11ra30|title=The long road that led to the floating of the Australian dollar|work=[[Australian Financial Review]]|first=Selwyn|last=Cornish|date=21 November 2014|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-date=16 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116185737/https://www.afr.com/policy/economy/the-long-road-that-led-to-the-floating-of-the-australian-dollar-20141121-11ra30|url-status=live}}</ref> Over the Hawke government's first and second terms, Keating oversaw the gradual elimination of [[tariff]]s on imports,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/the-day-that-protectionism-died-in-australia-20031206-gdwvtc.html|title=The day that protectionism died in Australia|newspaper=[[The Age]]|date=6 December 2003|access-date=12 January 2014|archive-date=23 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323200439/http://www.theage.com.au/national/the-day-that-protectionism-died-in-australia-20031206-gdwvtc.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the privatisation of several state-owned companies such as [[Qantas]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/cabinet-archives-199293-keatings-department-wanted-to-sell-royal-australian-mint-20161228-gtirvw.html|title=Cabinet archives 1992-93: Paul Keating's department wanted to sell Royal Australian Mint|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|first=Markus|last=Mannheim|date=1 January 2017|access-date=3 January 2017|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916125527/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/cabinet-archives-199293-keatings-department-wanted-to-sell-royal-australian-mint-20161228-gtirvw.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[CSL Limited]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://australiainstitute.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/DP4_8.pdf|title=The privatisation of CSL Limited|publisher=[[The Australia Institute]]|first1=Clive|last1=Hamilton|first2=John|last2=Quiggin|date=June 1995|access-date=16 September 2021|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220003336/https://australiainstitute.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/DP4_8.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Commonwealth Bank]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Otchere|first1=Isaac|last2=Chan|first2=Janus|date=2003|title=Intra-industry effects of bank privatization: A clinical analysis of the privatization of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia|journal=Journal of Banking & Finance|volume=27|issue=5|pages=949–975|doi=10.1016/S0378-4266(02)00242-X}}</ref> the deregulation of significant sections of the banking system (including allowing for numerous foreign-owned banks to begin operating in Australia for the first time) and the granting of autonomy on decision-making to the [[Reserve Bank of Australia]].{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

Keating was also instrumental in establishing the Hawke government's signature industrial relations and wages policy, the [[Prices and Incomes Accord]]. This was an agreement directly between the [[Australian Council of Trade Unions]] (ACTU) and the Government to guarantee a reduction in demands for wage increases, in exchange for the Government providing a significant increase in social programmes, including the introduction of [[Medicare (Australia)|Medicare]] and the Family Assistance Scheme; in so doing, the Government was able to reduce inflation and unemployment over the decade.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Hawke government: A Critical Retrospective|first1=Susan|last1=Ryan|first2=Troy|last2=Bramston|publisher=Pluto Press Australia|date=2003}}</ref> Keating's management of the Accord, and the close working relationship he developed with ACTU Secretary [[Bill Kelty]], became a source of significant political power for Keating, who negotiated multiple versions of the Accord with Kelty throughout the Hawke government. Through the power given to him, Keating was often able to bypass the Cabinet altogether, notably in exercising monetary policy, and he was regularly referred to as "the most powerful Treasurer in modern times".<ref name="Kelly-1994">{{cite book|last=Kelly|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Kelly (journalist)|title=The End of Certainty: Power, Politics, and Business in Australia|year=1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKXBgmYeO2QC|access-date=5 October 2007|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|isbn=1-86373-757-X|archive-date=20 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220054908/https://books.google.com/books?id=EKXBgmYeO2QC|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the wake of the raft of macroeconomic reforms introduced by Keating throughout the first term of the Hawke government in particular, in 1984 he was awarded the [[Euromoney Finance Minister of the Year]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.europeanspeakers.com/orateurs-keating.htm |title=SPEAKER ORATEUR: HON. PAUL J KEATING |publisher=European Speakers Bureau |access-date=2007-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205013103/http://www.europeanspeakers.com//orateurs-keating.htm |archive-date=2008-12-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> an award which became colloquially known in Australia as the "World's Greatest Treasurer", becoming the first Australian treasurer to be presented with the award.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/let-the-gongs-sound-for-the-worlds-greatest-treasurer-20090615-casq.html|title=Let the gongs sound for the world's greatest treasurer|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|first=Alex|last=Millmow|date=16 June 2009|access-date=12 July 2012|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916125527/https://www.smh.com.au/business/let-the-gongs-sound-for-the-worlds-greatest-treasurer-20090615-casq.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Microeconomic reforms===
[[File:Jean-Claude Paye and Paul Keating.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Keating with [[OECD]] Secretary-General [[Jean-Claude Paye (OECD)|Jean-Claude Paye]], 1985]]
Throughout the second and third terms of the Hawke government, Keating led a significant overhaul of the long-stagnant [[Australian taxation|Australian taxation system]]. In 1985, he became a passionate advocate within the Cabinet for the introduction of a [[Consumption tax|broad-based consumption tax]], similar in nature to the [[Goods and Services Tax (Australia)|goods and services tax]] that was later introduced by the [[Howard government]], as a means of addressing Australia's chronic balance of payments issue.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eccleston|first=Richard|title=Taxing reforms: the politics of the consumption tax in Japan, the United States, Canada and Australia|year=2007|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|page=202|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wh-tt6G2lEYC|isbn=9781782543404|access-date=24 September 2016|archive-date=20 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220054904/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wh-tt6G2lEYC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Malone|first=Paul|title=Australian Department Heads Under Howard&nbsp;– Career Paths and Practice|publisher=ANU Press|year=2006|page=136|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi2Q5Dq_lQgC|isbn=9781920942830|access-date=24 September 2016|archive-date=20 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220054909/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi2Q5Dq_lQgC|url-status=live}}</ref> In the build-up to the [[1984 Australian federal election|1984 election]], Hawke promised a policy paper on taxation reform to be discussed with all stakeholders at a "National Taxation Summit". Three options&nbsp;– A, B and C&nbsp;– were presented in the paper, with Keating and his Treasury colleagues fiercely advocating for C, which included a consumption tax of 15% on goods and services along with reductions in personal and company income tax, a fringe benefits tax and a capital gains tax. Although Keating was able to win the support of a reluctant Cabinet, Hawke believed that the opposition from the public, the ACTU, and the business community would be too great. He therefore decided to abandon any plans for a consumption tax, although the remainder of the reforms were adopted in the tax reform package. The loss of the consumption tax was seen a defeat for Keating; he later joked about it at a press conference, saying, "It's a bit like ''Ben Hur''. We've crossed the line with one wheel off, but we have crossed the line."<ref>{{cite book|last=D'Alpuget|first=Blanche|title=Hawke: The Prime Minister|publisher=Melbourne University Publishing|year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3dsFOaoDqv4C|isbn=9780522858518|access-date=24 September 2016|archive-date=20 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220054904/https://books.google.com/books?id=3dsFOaoDqv4C|url-status=live}}</ref>

Whilst the remainder of the package represented the biggest overhaul of the Australian taxation system for decades, Keating continued to agitate for further changes to address the balance of payments problems faced by Australia. On 14 May 1986, frustrated at the slow pace of dealing with the issue, he caused considerable public comment and a degree of controversy when he declared on a radio programme that if Australia did not address the problem, it risked degenerating to the status of a "[[banana republic]]".<ref name="Jericho-2014">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/31/cabinet-papers-show-paul-keating-had-a-budget-emergency-of-his-own |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |title=Cabinet papers show Paul Keating had a 'budget emergency' of his own |first=Greg |last=Jericho |date=1 January 2014 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=7 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107084205/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/31/cabinet-papers-show-paul-keating-had-a-budget-emergency-of-his-own |url-status=live }}</ref> Although the remark was quickly disowned by Hawke in public, the Government increased efforts to deal with the growing balance of payments crisis. With no consumption tax to generate a significant increase in incomings, Keating and his ministerial colleagues led a process to significantly reduce Government outlays instead, resulting in some criticism from the grassroots of the Labor Party, who opposed cuts to spending.<ref name="Jericho-2014"/> Despite the criticism, the Government was able to produce a national [[budget surplus]] for the years 1988, 1989 and 1990, with the surplus of 1988 proving to be the largest budget surplus in Australian history.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;db=CHAMBER;id=chamber/hansards/1987-09-17/0039;query=Id:%22chamber/hansards/1987-09-17/0087%22| title = Hansard| website = Parlinfo.aph.gov.au| access-date = 23 September 2020| archive-date = 20 February 2024| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240220054917/https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;db=CHAMBER;id=chamber/hansards/1987-09-17/0039;query=Id:%22chamber/hansards/1987-09-17/0087%22| url-status = live}}</ref>

During the campaign for the [[1987 Australian federal election|1987 election]], Keating was credited as dealing a "fatal" blow to the Liberal-National Coalition's hopes for victory, after giving a press conference in which he exposed a significant accounting error in the costings the Liberal Party had released to demonstrate how its economic policies would be paid for.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.crikey.com.au/2005/09/30/chess-john-howard-and-the-box-hill-town-hall/|title = Chess, John Howard and the Box Hill town hall|date = 30 September 2005|access-date = 23 September 2020|archive-date = 6 December 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201206021544/https://www.crikey.com.au/2005/09/30/chess-john-howard-and-the-box-hill-town-hall/|url-status = dead}}</ref> Then-Opposition Leader John Howard accepted the error, and subsequent opinion polling reported that the mistake greatly contributed to Labor's vote in what proved to be a landslide victory.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hawke savours the glory of victory|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|first=Peter|last=Bowers|date=12 July 1987|page=3}}</ref>

Keating's later tenure as treasurer was heavily criticised by some for consistently high interest rates, which he argued was necessary to reduce economic growth gradually so that demand for imports did not grow out of control. Throughout the 1980s, both the global and Australian economies grew quickly, and by the late 1980s, inflation had grown to around 9%. By 1988, the Reserve Bank of Australia began tightening monetary policy, and household interest rates peaked at 18%. It is often said that the bank was too slow in easing monetary policy, and that this ultimately led to a recession. In private, Keating had argued for rates to rise earlier than they did, and fall sooner, although his view was at odds with the Reserve Bank and his Treasury colleagues.<ref name="Kelly-1994" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/08/30/1093852180757.html |title=Keating still casts a shadow |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=31 August 2004 |access-date=25 April 2010 |archive-date=29 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629195802/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/08/30/1093852180757.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Publicly, Hawke and Keating had said there would be no recession&nbsp;– or that there would be a "soft landing"&nbsp;– but this changed when Keating announced the country was indeed in recession in 1990, several months after the Hawke government had won an unprecedented fourth consecutive term in office. Announcing the recession, Keating described it as a "recession Australia had to have". The remark was referred to by political journalist [[Paul Kelly (journalist)|Paul Kelly]] as "perhaps the most stupid remark of Keating's career, and it nearly cost him the Prime Ministership," though he said that, "...however, it is largely true that the boom begat the recession."<ref>{{cite news|author=McFarlane|first=Ian|date=2 December 2006|title=The real reasons why it was the 1990s recession we had to have|newspaper=The Age|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/business/the-real-reasons-why-it-was-the-1990s-recession-we-had-to-have/2006/12/01/1164777791623.html|url-status=dead|access-date=6 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402011541/http://www.theage.com.au/news/business/the-real-reasons-why-it-was-the-1990s-recession-we-had-to-have/2006/12/01/1164777791623.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2|archive-date=2 April 2016}}</ref>

The economic reform package throughout the 1980s has been claimed by numerous economic commentators and journalists to have been the basis for an unprecedentedly long period of economic growth, with Australia's [[gross domestic product]] increasing every year for 30 years, and the end of chronic inflation and balance of payments difficulties, along with the increasingly globalised domestic economy, enabling long periods of stability and growth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2007/s1945485.htm |title=Paul Keating on the lead-up to the federal election |publisher=[[Lateline]]&nbsp;– [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] |date=7 June 2007 |access-date=15 July 2007 |archive-date=10 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710230111/http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2007/s1945485.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/australias-economy-expands-strongly-in-2q-1536115061|title=Australia's record-breaking economic growth continues|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=4 September 2018|access-date=28 December 2018|archive-date=31 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231131850/https://www.wsj.com/articles/australias-economy-expands-strongly-in-2q-1536115061|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Leadership challenges===
At the end of 1988, Keating, who had long believed that he would succeed Hawke as prime minister, began to put pressure on Hawke to retire in the new year. Hawke rejected this advice, but reached a [[Kirribilli Agreement of 1988|secret agreement]] with Keating that he would remain as leader through to the [[1990 Australian federal election|1990 election]], and that he would resign in Keating's favour shortly after the election, which he convinced Keating he could win.<ref name="Kelly-1994" /> Hawke subsequently won that election, albeit narrowly, and appointed Keating his [[Deputy Prime Minister of Australia|deputy prime minister]] to replace the retiring [[Lionel Bowen]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/former-deputy-pm-lionel-bowen-dead-20120401-1w64w.html|title=Former deputy PM Lionel Bowen dead|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=1 April 2012|access-date=11 August 2017|archive-date=26 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226071827/http://www.smh.com.au/national/former-deputy-pm-lionel-bowen-dead-20120401-1w64w.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, by the end of 1990, frustrated at the lack of any indication from Hawke as to when he might retire, Keating delivered a provocative speech questioning the direction of the government. As a result, Hawke told Keating he would renege on the deal on the basis that Keating had been publicly disloyal.<ref>{{cite news |title=True rivals |author=Gordon, Michael |date=16 July 2010 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/true-rivals-20100715-10cpx.html |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=11 March 2018 |archive-date=12 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312022354/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/true-rivals-20100715-10cpx.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Although tensions between the two remained private for some time, Keating eventually resigned from the [[Cabinet of Australia|Cabinet]] in June 1991 and [[June 1991 Australian Labor Party leadership spill|challenged for the leadership]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Revelation of pact provided trigger|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|first=Michael|last=Millett|date=1 June 1991|page=2}}</ref> Hawke won the ballot by 66 votes to 44,<ref>{{cite news|title=Kerin takes over as Treasurer|work=[[The Age]]|first=Michelle|last=Grattan |author-link=Michelle Grattan |date=4 June 1991|page=1}}</ref> and in a press statement afterwards Keating declared that he had fired his "one shot" as regards the leadership.<ref>{{cite book|title=Keating: The Inside Story|first=John|last=Edwards|publisher=Viking|date=1996|page=435}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Keating: The Inside Story|first=John|last=Edwards|publisher=Viking|date=1996|page=438}}</ref> Publicly, at least, this seemed to spell the end of his leadership ambitions. Having failed to defeat Hawke, he realised that events would have to move very much in his favour for a second challenge to be even possible, and he strongly considered retiring from politics altogether.<ref>{{cite book|title=Keating: The Inside Story|first=John|last=Edwards|publisher=Viking|date=1996|page=439}}</ref> However, Hawke's leadership was regarded by many as being "wounded" as a result of losing his long-term political partner and the growing confidence of the Liberal-National Coalition under the new leadership of [[John Hewson]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Hawke Memoirs|first=Bob|last=Hawke|authorlink=Bob Hawke|publisher=William Heinemann Australia|date=1994|page=544}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Keating: The Inside Story|first=John|last=Edwards|publisher=Viking|date=1996|page=440}}</ref> After Hawke was forced to sack [[John Kerin]], the man appointed to replace Keating as treasurer, for a public gaffe in attempting to combat the Coalition's new '[[Fightback! (policy)|Fightback!]]' policy,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.crikey.com.au/2001/03/04/contribute-six-names-to-our-lists-and-win-a-free-crikey-sub/|title=Contribute six names to our lists and win a free Crikey sub|publisher=[[Crikey]]|date=4 March 2001|access-date=1 February 2019|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612181000/https://www.crikey.com.au/2001/03/04/contribute-six-names-to-our-lists-and-win-a-free-crikey-sub/|url-status=live}}</ref> Keating took the opportunity to [[December 1991 Australian Labor Party leadership spill|challenge a second time]] in December 1991, this time emerging victorious by 56 votes to 51.<ref>{{cite news|title=Keating scrapes in|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|first=Peter|last=Hartcher|date=20 December 1991|page=1}}</ref> He paid tribute to Hawke's nine years as prime minister, and stated that he would provide a robust challenge to Hewson.<ref>{{cite book|title=Keating: The Inside Story|first=John|last=Edwards|publisher=Viking|date=1996|page=442}}</ref>

==Prime Minister of Australia (1991–1996)==
{{Main|Keating government|Hawke–Keating government}}
On 20 December 1991, Keating was sworn in as prime minister by the [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]] Bill Hayden. 
On becoming prime minister, he thought of becoming treasurer again, noting that state premiers had often been their own treasurers, but decided against it.<ref>Edwards, John, Keating - The Inside Story, pp. 458-9</ref>
John Dawkins was appointed treasurer instead.

Keating entered office with an extensive legislative agenda, including pursuing reconciliation with Australia's [[Australian Aborigine|Indigenous population]], deepening Australia's economic and cultural ties with Asia, and [[Republicanism in Australia|making Australia a republic]]. The addressing of these issues came to be known as his "big picture".<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/federal-election-2007-news/fast-forward/2007/11/19/1195321698340.html?page=fullpage Fast Forward] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102174444/http://www.theage.com.au/news/federal-election-2007-news/fast-forward/2007/11/19/1195321698340.html?page=fullpage |date=2 November 2012 }}, Shaun Carney, ''[[The Age]]'', 20 November 2007</ref>

===Indigenous land rights and domestic policy===
[[File:Prime Minister Paul Keating visits Indonesia ABC 1992.webm|thumb|[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] footage of Keating visiting [[Indonesia]] in 1992 and meeting with Indonesian president [[Suharto]]]]
Shortly after Keating became prime minister, the [[High Court of Australia]] handed down a judgement in [[Mabo v Queensland (No 2)|Mabo v Queensland]], a long-running case on [[Indigenous land rights in Australia|Indigenous land rights]]; the judgement would come to be known as ''Mabo'', and declared that a right to [[Native title in Australia|native title]] did exist in Australia, overturning [[terra nullius]], but not clarifying exactly who had the right to access the title.<ref name="Mabo #2 HCA">{{cite AustLII|HCA|23|1992|litigants=Mabo v Queensland (No 2) |parallelcite=(1992) 175 [[Commonwealth Law Reports|CLR]] 1 |date=3 June 1992 |courtname=[[High Court of Australia|High Court]]}}.</ref> Keating led the Government's response to the ruling, beginning a high-profile public campaign on raising awareness of the issue, and advocating repeatedly in favour of the judgment and for an expansion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander land rights. On 10 December 1992, he delivered a major address which came to be known as the [[Redfern Park Speech]] on [[Aboriginal reconciliation]]. The speech, in which he explicitly noted the responsibility of settler Australians for destroying much of Indigenous society, has since regularly been cited as among the greatest in Australian political history.<ref>{{cite web |author=Phillip Adams |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20876,21673159-12272,00.html |title=The greatest speech |work=[[The Australian]]|date=5 May 2007 |access-date=25 April 2010 |archive-date=21 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221143930/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20876,21673159-12272,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/Barani/news/KeatingsRedfernAddressanunforgettablespeech.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903172050/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/barani/news/KeatingsRedfernAddressanunforgettablespeech.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 September 2007 |title=Keating's Redfern Address voted an unforgettable speech |publisher=Cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au |access-date=25 April 2010 }}</ref>

This work culminated in the passage of the [[Native Title Act 1993|Native Title Act]] in 1993, which "provide(d) a national system for the recognition and protection of [[Native title in Australia|native title]] and for its co-existence with the national land management system".<ref name="Mabo #2 HCA"/> As well as creating the legal field of native title, the act established an [[Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner]], who was required to prepare an annual report to the [[Attorney-General for Australia|attorney-general]] on the operation of the Native Title Act and its effect on the exercise and enjoyment of human rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, and to report, when requested by the attorney-general, on any other matter relating to the rights of Indigenous people under the act.<ref>{{cite web | title=Native Title | website=Australian Human Rights Commission | date=27 November 2015 | url=https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice/projects/native-title | access-date=4 August 2020 | archive-date=15 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815045235/https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice/projects/native-title | url-status=live }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Attribution 4.0 International  (CC BY 4.0)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016190421/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |date=16 October 2020 }} licence. (Statement [https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/commission-general/copyright here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920115655/https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/commission-general/copyright |date=20 September 2020 }}.)</ref>

[[File:Paul Keating delivering the Redfern Speech at Redfern Park, 1992.tif|thumb|left|Keating delivering the [[Redfern Park Speech]] on 10 December 1992]]
Elsewhere in domestic policy, Keating established and promoted the first Commonwealth cultural policy, known as 'Creative Nation'.<ref name="creative nation">{{cite web |url=https://theconversation.com/paul-keatings-creative-nation-a-policy-document-that-changed-us-33537 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |title=Paul Keating's Creative Nation: a policy document that changed us |date=30 October 2014 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001225049/https://theconversation.com/paul-keatings-creative-nation-a-policy-document-that-changed-us-33537 |url-status=live }}</ref> The policy allocated AU$250 million over four years to promote the cultural and creative arts sectors in Australia. He had frequently espoused the benefits of the arts in public, and used the policy as an opportunity to develop the Australian cultural sector.<ref name="creative nation"/> During the Keating government, [[Mandatory detention in Australia|mandatory detention for asylum seekers]] was also introduced for the first time.<ref>[http://www.ajustaustralia.com/informationandresources_researchandpapers.php?act=papers&id=101 Detention timeline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113231604/http://www.ajustaustralia.com/informationandresources_researchandpapers.php?act=papers&id=101 |date=13 November 2011 }}, [[Special Broadcasting Service]], 17 June 2008</ref>

===Superannuation and economic policy===
[[File:Second Keating Cabinet 1994.jpg|thumb|Keating and his Cabinet, 1994]]

Among Keating's most far-reaching achievements as prime minister was the full introduction of the [[Superannuation in Australia|National Superannuation Scheme]], implemented to address Australia's long-term problem of chronically low national savings. This initiative built on policies that Keating had pursued whilst treasurer, and was aimed at ensuring that most Australians would have enough money to retire. In 1992, the compulsory employer contribution scheme became a part of a wider reform package addressing this retirement income dilemma. It had been demonstrated that Australia, along with many other Western nations, would experience a major [[population ageing|demographic shift]] in the coming decades, due to ageing population, and it was claimed that this would result in increased pension payments that would place an unaffordable strain on the [[Economy of Australia|Australian economy]].

Keating's solution was a "three pillars" approach to retirement income, requiring compulsory employer contributions to superannuation funds, permitting further contributions to superannuation funds and other investments, and introducing, where this was insufficient, a safety net consisting of a means-tested government-funded age pension.<ref>{{citation|chapter-url=http://taxreview.treasury.gov.au/content/StrategicPaper.aspx?doc=html/Publications/Papers/Retirement_Income_Strategic_Issues_Paper/Chapter_2.htm|title=Retirement Income Strategic Issues Paper|publisher=Australian Government|chapter=Chapter 2: Australia's three-pillar system|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228145533/http://taxreview.treasury.gov.au/content/StrategicPaper.aspx?doc=html%2FPublications%2FPapers%2FRetirement_Income_Strategic_Issues_Paper%2FChapter_2.htm|archive-date=28 February 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The compulsory employer contributions were branded "Superannuation Guarantee" (SG) contributions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://theconversation.com/compulsory-super-its-good-it-works-and-we-want-more-of-it-5975|title=Compulsory super: it's good, it works and we want more of it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913190822/http://theconversation.com/compulsory-super-its-good-it-works-and-we-want-more-of-it-5975|archive-date=13 September 2015|date=28 March 2012|first=Trevor|last=Cook|publisher=The Conversation}}</ref> As a result of this policy, along with the gradual increases in the minimum contribution amount, Australia grew to become the fourth largest holder of pension fund assets in the world, with a balance of AU$3.3 trillion in superannuation assets at the end of the June 2022 quarter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.superannuation.asn.au/resources/superannuation-statistics|title=Superannuation Statistics|date=31 July 2019 |publisher=The Association of Superannuation Funds of Australia|access-date=23 September 2020|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928230519/https://www.superannuation.asn.au/resources/superannuation-statistics|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the aftermath of the 1990 recession, Keating appointed his close ally [[John Dawkins]] as treasurer, and together the two developed an economic package to counter the Liberal-National Coalition's '[[Fightback! (policy)|Fightback!]]' proposals; this package came to be known as 'One Nation', and involved using funding from the budget surplus to produce new welfare-to-work programmes, as well as introducing a new degree of competition within the telecommunications and communications industries and creating the Australian National Training Authority (ANTA).<ref name="Murphy-2016">{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/cabinet-papers-199293-released-paul-keatings-one-nation-and-the-economy-20161216-gtd3mg.html |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |title=Cabinet papers 1992-93: Paul Keating's One Nation and the economy |first=Damien |last=Murphy |date=20 December 2016 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001231655/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/cabinet-papers-199293-released-paul-keatings-one-nation-and-the-economy-20161216-gtd3mg.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 'One Nation' also proposed a series of further tax cuts for middle-income workers coming in two tranches, in 1993 and 1995, although these would later be deferred to 1995 and 1998, a move which cost the Government considerable political support among the public.<ref name="Murphy-2016"/> A further major economic policy development was the introduction of an [[enterprise bargaining]] scheme as part of the final stage of the [[Prices and Incomes Accord]], intended to allow for greater flexibility and economies of scale within industrial wage arbitration, although much of this was curtailed by the Howard government after 1996.<ref name="Murphy-2016"/>

===Foreign policy===
{{See also|Australia and the Indonesian occupation of East Timor#Keating era Keating era 1994–98}}
[[File:Clinton Keating.jpg|thumb|upright|Keating with [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Bill Clinton]] (left) in 1993]]

Throughout his time as prime minister, Keating took a number of steps to strengthen and develop bilateral links with Australia's closest neighbours; he frequently said that there was no country in the world that was more important to Australia than [[Indonesia]], and undertook his first overseas visit to the country, becoming the first Australian prime minister to do so.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sheriden|first=Greg|title=Farewell to Jakarta's Man of Steel|work=The Australian|date=28 January 2008|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23118079-5013460,00.html|access-date=30 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322053012/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/nocookies|archive-date=22 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Keating made a conscious effort to develop a personal relationship with [[President of Indonesia|Indonesian President]] [[Suharto]], and to include Indonesia in multilateral forums attended by Australia. Keating's friendship with Suharto was criticised by human rights activists supportive of [[East Timor]]ese independence, and by [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner [[José Ramos-Horta]]. The Keating government's cooperation with the Indonesian military, and the signing of the [[Timor Gap Treaty]], were also strongly criticised by these same groups. It was alleged by some that Keating was overlooking alleged human rights abuses by the Indonesian government as part of his effort to dramatically increase Australia's cultural, diplomatic and economic ties with Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/stories/s57063.htm |title=The World Today&nbsp;– 5/10/99: Howard hits back at Keating over criticism |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=5 October 1999 |access-date=31 July 2012 |archive-date=10 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110213709/http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/stories/s57063.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the creation of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC) Economic Forum by [[Bob Hawke]], Keating developed the idea further, winning the support in 1993 of recently elected [[President of the United States|US President]] [[Bill Clinton]] and [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|Chinese Premier]] [[Li Peng]] to expand APEC to a full Leaders' Meeting. This led to APEC becoming one of the most significant high-level international summits, and at the 1994 APEC Leaders' Meeting, hosted by Indonesia, members agreed to the Keating government's proposals for what became known as the [[Bogor|Bogor Declaration]], which set targets for a significant increase in free trade and investment between industrialised APEC countries by 2010 and between developing APEC countries by 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pecc.org/resources/regional-cooperation/601-back-to-canberra-founding-apec/file|title=Back to Canberra: Founding APEC|website=Pecc.org|access-date=28 June 2022|archive-date=29 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329012108/https://www.pecc.org/resources/regional-cooperation/601-back-to-canberra-founding-apec/file|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 1993, Keating became involved in a diplomatic incident with [[Malaysia]] when he described Prime Minister [[Mahathir Mohamad]] as "recalcitrant". The incident occurred after Mahathir refused to attend the 1993 [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC summit]]. Keating said "APEC is bigger than all of us&nbsp;– Australia, the U.S. and Malaysia, and Dr. Mahathir and any other recalcitrants." The translation of the word "recalcitrant" into Malaysian rendered the word a more egregious insult, and Mahathir demanded an apology from Keating, threatening to reduce diplomatic ties and trade drastically with Australia, which became an enormous concern to Australian exporters. Some Malaysian officials talked of launching a "Buy Australian Last" campaign; Keating subsequently apologised to Mahathir over the remark.<ref>{{cite news |first=Philip |last=Shenon |title=Malaysia Premier Demands Apology |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE0DB113EF93AA35751C1A965958260 |work=The New York Times |date=9 December 1993 |access-date=16 June 2008 |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220054918/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/09/world/malaysia-premier-demands-apology.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===1993 and 1996 elections===
[[File:PaulKeating1993.jpg|thumb|upright|Keating at the [[White House]] in 1993]]

As prime minister, Keating maintained his aggressive debating style. When asked by [[Leader of the Opposition (Australia)|Opposition Leader]] [[John Hewson]] why he would not call an early election, Keating replied, "because I want to do you slowly." He referred to the [[Australian Liberal Party|Liberal Party]] as "a motley, dishonest crew", and the [[Australian National Party|National Party]] as "dummies and dimwits; desperadoes". During an opposition debate that sought to censure Keating, he described being attacked by [[Peter Costello]] as "like being flogged with warm lettuce". Despite this renewed attack on the Opposition, and a busy legislative agenda, many commentators predicted that the [[1993 Australian federal election|1993 election]] was "unwinnable" for Labor.<ref>Dyster, B., & Meredith, D., ''Australia in the Global Economy'', Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 309</ref>

During the campaign, Keating focused a great amount of effort on attacking the Coalition's proposed [[Goods and Services Tax (Australia)|goods and services tax]] (GST), arguing that it would prove "a dead weight" on the economy, and stating that "every time you put your hand in your pocket, [[John Hewson|Dr. Hewson's]] will be in there with you". He was helped by Hewson struggling towards the end of the campaign to [[Birthday cake interview|explain exactly which products]] would have the GST levied on them, and which would not. Having begun the campaign far behind the Coalition in opinion polls, on 13 March Keating led Labor to an unexpected and record-breaking [[1993 Australian federal election|fifth consecutive election victory]], picking up a two-seat swing. The speech Keating delivered at the victory celebration has been described as one of the great Labor speeches.<ref>Bramston, Troy. (2012). ''For The True Believers: Great Labor Speeches that Shaped History''. Federation Press. {{ISBN|9781862878310}}.</ref><ref>Warhaft, Sarah. (7 August 2004). "The power of speech – Talking Point", ''The Age'', p8.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Michael|title=A True Believer: Paul Keating|year=1996|publisher=University of Queensland Press|isbn=0702229407|page=257}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Gahan|first=Peter|title=Solidarity Forever? The 1993 ACTU Congress|journal=The Journal of Industrial Relations|date=December 1993|volume=35|issue=4|page=607|doi=10.1177/002218569303500406|s2cid=153901163}}</ref> Opening with "This is a victory for the true believers; the men and women of Australia who, in difficult times, have kept the faith", the speech has been described as providing a source of inspiration for Labor Party faithful to the present day.<ref>[[Don Watson|Watson, Don]]. (6 May 2002) "[https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/05/05/1019441460858.html The Keating we never knew] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629074205/https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/05/05/1019441460858.html |date=29 June 2018 }}", ''The Sydney Morning Herald''. Retrieved 31 December 2014.</ref>

Like Hawke before him, Keating was able to benefit from disunity in the Liberal Party. Fourteen months after the March 1993 election, John Hewson was replaced as Liberal Leader by [[Alexander Downer]], whose leadership was quickly marred by gaffes and controversies within months. Keating routinely succeeded in outwitting Downer within Parliament, and in early 1995, Downer resigned to be replaced by [[John Howard]], who had previously led the Liberals from 1985 to 1989. Howard was able to give the Coalition renewed momentum after Labor lost the seat of [[Division of Canberra|Canberra]] in a [[1995 Canberra by-election|by-election]]. In contrast to Hewson, Howard adopted a "small target" campaign strategy for the [[1996 Australian federal election|1996 election]], publicly committing to keep numerous Labor reforms such as [[Medicare (Australia)|Medicare]], and defusing the republic issue by promising to hold a [[Constitutional Convention (Australia)|constitutional convention]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/133338929?browse=ndp%3Abrowse%2Ftitle%2FC%2Ftitle%2F11%2F1995%2F02%2F28%2Fpage%2F14181026%2Farticle%2F133338929|title=Dazzling Meteor That Disappeared|author=Norman Abjorensen|newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]]|date=28 February 1995|access-date=28 June 2022|archive-date=1 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201113043/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/133338929?browse=ndp%3Abrowse%2Ftitle%2FC%2Ftitle%2F11%2F1995%2F02%2F28%2Fpage%2F14181026%2Farticle%2F133338929|url-status=live}}</ref> This combined with a narrative of "time for a change" led to a heavy defeat for the Keating government on 2 March 1996, suffering a five percent [[two party preferred]] swing and losing 29 seats, making it the second-worst defeat of a sitting government in Australian history. Keating announced he would retire as Labor Leader and from Parliament, and tendered his resignation as prime minister on 11 March, 13 years to the day after [[Bob Hawke]] had first taken office.<ref name="naa_afteroffice">{{cite web |publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]] |url=https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/australias-prime-ministers/paul-keating/after-office |title=Paul Keating: after office |work=Australia's Prime Ministers |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201114716/https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/australias-prime-ministers/paul-keating/after-office |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Post-political career==
[[File:Paul Keating 2007 2.jpg|thumb|Keating in 2007]]
After leaving Parliament in 1996, Keating moved to the affluent [[Eastern Suburbs (Sydney)|eastern Sydney]] suburb of [[Woollahra]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 March 2017|title=Keating to quit Woollahra home|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/keating-staying-at-st-kevins/news-story/e4ceeb5cde954f881d622ecc4a18fe70%7C|website=Daily Telegraph}}</ref> He accepted appointment as a director for various companies, and also became a senior adviser to [[Lazard]], an investment banking firm.<ref>For example {{cite web |url=http://www.asx.com.au/asx/research/CompanyInfoSearchResults.jsp?searchBy=asxCode&allinfo=on&asxCode=BRC |title=ASX listing for Brain Resource Company Ltd |publisher=Australian Stock Exchange |access-date=21 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607181407/http://www.asx.com.au/asx/research/CompanyInfoSearchResults.jsp?searchBy=asxCode&allinfo=on&asxCode=BRC |archive-date=7 June 2007}}</ref><ref>Lazard (2010). [http://www.lazard.com.au/advisory-team.aspx Advisory Team] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528142454/http://www.lazard.com.au/advisory-team.aspx |date=28 May 2010 }}. Retrieved 11 September 2010.</ref> Keating was appointed to the advisory council to the [[Chinese Government|Chinese Government Development Bank]].<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/foreign-interference-laws-chinese-russian-state-media-will-have-to-declare-as-foreign-agents-20171206-gzzyol.html/| title=Foreign interference laws: Paul Keating may have to declare as foreign agent| date=6 December 2017| access-date=20 February 2020| archive-date=1 February 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201193056/http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/foreign-interference-laws-chinese-russian-state-media-will-have-to-declare-as-foreign-agents-20171206-gzzyol.html/| url-status=live}}</ref> He was also appointed a visiting professor of public policy at the [[University of New South Wales]] and was awarded [[Honorary degree|honorary doctorates in law]] from [[Keio University]] in Tokyo (1995), the [[National University of Singapore]] (1999), the University of New South Wales (2003) and [[Macquarie University]] (2012).<ref name=naa_afteroffice/> In 1997, Keating declined appointment in the [[1997 Australia Day Honours|Australia Day Honours]] as a [[Companion of the Order of Australia]], an honour which has been offered to all former prime ministers since the modern [[Australian Honours System]] was introduced in 1975.<ref name="naa_afteroffice"/> On his refusal, Keating expressed that he had long believed honours should be reserved for those whose work in the community went unrecognised and that having been prime minister was sufficient public recognition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Keating: gone wrong |agency=[[The Sun-Herald]] |date=26 January 1997 |page=3}}</ref>

In 2000, Keating published his first book since leaving office, ''Engagement: Australia Faces the Asia-Pacific'', which focused on foreign policy during his time as prime minister.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://booksinprint.seekbooks.com.au/featuredbook1.asp?StoreUrl=booksinprint&bookid=0732910196&db=au |title=Books in Print |publisher=Booksinprint.seekbooks.com.au |access-date=25 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706111729/http://booksinprint.seekbooks.com.au/featuredbook1.asp?StoreUrl=booksinprint&bookid=0732910196&db=au |archive-date=6 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2002, Keating's former speechwriter and adviser, [[Don Watson]], published ''[[Recollections of a Bleeding Heart: A Portrait of Paul Keating PM]]''. The book first drew criticism from Keating's by then-estranged wife, [[Annita Keating]], who said that it understated her contribution, a complaint Watson rejected.<ref>{{cite web |date=2004-04-22 |title=Annita Keating draws ire |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/annita-keating-draws-ire-20040422-gdxprp.html |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=[[The Age]] |first=Michelle |last=Grattan |author-link=Michelle Grattan |archive-date=5 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105100231/https://www.theage.com.au/national/annita-keating-draws-ire-20040422-gdxprp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Keating himself was so unhappy with the book that it brought the two men's friendship to an abrupt end.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gordon |first=Michael |date=2011-08-19 |title=Loves lies bleeding: the PM and the pen |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/loves-lies-bleeding-the-pm-and-the-pen-20110819-1j22o.html |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |archive-date=5 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105100233/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/loves-lies-bleeding-the-pm-and-the-pen-20110819-1j22o.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Keating initially avoided public political comment during the Howard government, although made occasional speeches criticising his successor's social policies. Ahead of the [[2007 Australian federal election|2007 election]], Keating joined former Labor Prime Ministers [[Gough Whitlam]] and [[Bob Hawke]] to campaign against Howard, describing Howard as a "desiccated coconut" who was "[[Araldite]]d to the seat", as an "...old [[antediluvian]] 19th century person who wanted to stomp forever...on ordinary people's rights to organise themselves at work...he's a pre-[[Copernican Revolution|Copernican]] [[obscurantism|obscurantist]]".<ref>{{cite news |title=Middle-of-the-road fascists can't compose IR policy |work=[[The Australian]] |date=2 May 2007}}</ref> He also described Howard's deputy, [[Peter Costello]], as being "all tip and no iceberg" when referring to an alleged pact made by Howard to hand the leadership over to Costello after two terms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2007/s1863256.htm |title=The World Today&nbsp;– Keating criticises ALP over compulsory super plan |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |year=2007 |access-date=14 March 2007 |archive-date=7 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307083232/http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2007/s1863256.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In February 2008, after Labor's victory in the 2007 election, Keating joined former prime ministers Whitlam, Fraser and Hawke in [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]] to witness new prime minister [[Kevin Rudd]] deliver the [[Apology to Australia's Indigenous peoples|National Apology]] to the [[Stolen Generations]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Dylan |last=Welch |title=Kevin Rudd says sorry |url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/prime-minister-kevin-rudd-made-today-an--historic-one-for-australia/2008/02/13/1202760342960.html |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=13 February 2008 |access-date=22 February 2008 |archive-date=27 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227233812/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/prime-minister-kevin-rudd-made-today-an--historic-one-for-australia/2008/02/13/1202760342960.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2008, he spoke at the book launch of ''Unfinished Business: Paul Keating's Interrupted Revolution'', authored by economist David Love. Among the topics discussed during the launch were the need to increase compulsory superannuation contributions, as well as to restore incentives for people to receive their superannuation payments in annuities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themonthly.com.au/tm/node/1152|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202220300/http://www.themonthly.com.au/tm/node/1153|url-status=dead|title=Video of speech, part 2|archive-date=2 December 2008|access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Paul Keating 2017 01.jpg|thumb|upright|Keating in 2017]]

In 2013, Keating took part in a series of four-hour-long interviews with [[Kerry O'Brien (journalist)|Kerry O'Brien]] which were broadcast on the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] in November of that year. The series covered Keating's early life, his entry into Parliament, his years as treasurer and prime minister, and canvassing his academic, musical and artistic interests, economic and cultural vision for Australia, and commitment to Australia's integration into Asia. O'Brien used these conversations as the basis for a 2014 book ''Keating: The Interviews''. Keating repeatedly declared he would not write a memoir, so his cooperation with O'Brien was perceived as the closest he would come to producing an autobiography.

In 2016, Troy Bramston, a journalist for ''[[The Australian]]'' and a political historian, wrote an unauthorised biography that Keating cooperated with titled ''Paul Keating: The Big-Picture Leader''. Bramston was given full access to Keating's personal papers, was granted a series of interviews with Keating and also interviewed more than 100 other people. It was described as the "authoritative" and "definitive" Keating biography written by a "first class" political historian.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://spectator.com.au/2017/02/bankstown-lefty-3/|author=Stephen Loosley|newspaper=[[The Spectator Australia]]|title=Bankstown lefty|date=2 February 2017|access-date=17 September 2021|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916234152/https://spectator.com.au/2017/02/bankstown-lefty-3/|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the [[2015 New South Wales state election]], Keating gave his support for the privatisation agenda of the Liberal government and slammed the Labor Party for its anti-privatisation position.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-11-28/keating-full-of-praise-for-nsw-liberal-premier/5925960 |title=Former prime minister Paul Keating praises performance of NSW Liberal Premier Mike Baird |newspaper=ABC News |publisher=ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |date=2014-11-28 |access-date=2016-11-13 |last1=Gerathy |first1=Sarah |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118025358/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-11-28/keating-full-of-praise-for-nsw-liberal-premier/5925960 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, during campaigning for that year's [[2019 Australian federal election|federal election]], Keating spoke out against the [[Australian Security Intelligence Organisation]] by calling them "nutters".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/am/former-pm-paul-keating-attacks-security-agencies-on-china-stance/11081978|title=Former PM Paul Keating Attacks Security Agencies On China Stance|date=6 May 2019|last=Greene|first=Andrew|work=[[AM (radio program)|AM]]|access-date=21 November 2019|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108000633/https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/am/former-pm-paul-keating-attacks-security-agencies-on-china-stance/11081978|url-status=live}}</ref> His remarks attracted media criticism, and Labor leader [[Bill Shorten]] distanced himself from Keating's views.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.3aw.com.au/the-china-conflict-paul-keating-has-you-need-to-be-aware-of/|title=The China 'conflict' Paul Keating has you 'need to be aware of'|date=6 May 2019|last=Mitchell|first=Neil|work=3AW Radio|access-date=21 November 2019|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809051504/https://www.3aw.com.au/the-china-conflict-paul-keating-has-you-need-to-be-aware-of/|url-status=live}}</ref> Keating later issued a joint statement with [[Bob Hawke]] endorsing Labor's economic plan as part of the election campaign, and condemning the Liberal Party for "completely [giving] up the economic reform agenda". They stated that "Shorten's Labor is the only party of government focused on the need to modernise the economy to deal with the major challenge of our time: human induced climate change"; it was the first joint press statement released by the two since 1991.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bob Hawke and Paul Keating reunite for the first time in 28 years to endorse Labor's economic plan|newspaper=The Canberra Times|date=8 May 2019|access-date=8 May 2019|url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6111996/old-foes-bury-the-hatchet-to-endorse-shorten/?cs=14350|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813082510/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6111996/old-foes-bury-the-hatchet-to-endorse-shorten/?cs=14350|url-status=live}}</ref> After Hawke's death in the same month, Keating gave an address at Hawke's [[state funeral|state memorial]] service at [[Sydney Opera House]] on 14 June, where he reflected on the "great friendship and partnership" the two had enjoyed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/keating-pays-tribute-to-great-friendship-hawke-in-emotional-speech-20190614-p51xoz.html|title=Paul Keating pays tribute to 'great friendship' with Bob Hawke|website=Smh.com.au|date=14 June 2019|access-date=23 September 2020|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922024353/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/keating-pays-tribute-to-great-friendship-hawke-in-emotional-speech-20190614-p51xoz.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2021, following the announcement of the [[AUKUS]] trilateral military alliance between the United States, United Kingdom and Australia, Keating criticised the alliance, saying that "Australia turns its back on the 21st century, the century of Asia, for the jaded and faded Anglosphere" and the deal would be "locking the country and its military forces into the force structure of the United States by acquiring US submarines". Keating went on to criticise Labor's opposition foreign affairs spokesperson [[Penny Wong]], accusing the Labor opposition of being complicit with the Liberal government in "false representation of China's foreign policy".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/nov/10/throwing-toothpicks-at-the-mountain-paul-keating-says-aukus-submarines-plan-will-have-no-impact-on-china |title='Throwing toothpicks at the mountain': Paul Keating says Aukus submarines plan will have no impact on China |last=Hurst |first=Daniel |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 November 2021 |access-date=10 November 2021 |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109150448/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/nov/10/throwing-toothpicks-at-the-mountain-paul-keating-says-aukus-submarines-plan-will-have-no-impact-on-china |url-status=live }}</ref> His comments were criticised by Labor MPs [[Anthony Byrne (politician)|Anthony Byrne]] and [[Peter Khalil]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/labor-mps-lash-paul-keating-for-china-comments-20210922-p58tut.html |title=Labor MPs lash Paul Keating for China comments |last=Galloway |first=Anthony |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=23 September 2021 |access-date=10 November 2021 |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109150506/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/labor-mps-lash-paul-keating-for-china-comments-20210922-p58tut.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2022, Keating accused British foreign secretary [[Liz Truss]] of making "demented" comments about Chinese military aggression in the Pacific, saying that "Britain suffers delusions of grandeur and relevance deprivation."<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Australian PM Paul Keating criticises Liz Truss over 'demented' China comments |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/jan/24/former-australian-pm-paul-keating-criticises-liz-truss-over-demented-china-comments |work=The Guardian |date=24 January 2022 |access-date=27 January 2022 |archive-date=8 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708182227/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/jan/24/former-australian-pm-paul-keating-criticises-liz-truss-over-demented-china-comments |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, Keating went on to call the AUKUS pact "the worst deal in all history" and lambasting the Labor government for being "incompetent" and stating that the decision was the worst by a Labor government since [[Billy Hughes]] attempted to introduce conscription during World War I.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/mar/15/paul-keating-labels-aukus-submarine-pact-worst-deal-in-all-history-in-attack-on-albanese-government |title=Paul Keating labels Aukus submarine pact 'worst deal in all history' in attack on Albanese government |last=Karp |first=Paul |newspaper=The Guardian |date=15 March 2023 |access-date=15 March 2023 |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315053254/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/mar/15/paul-keating-labels-aukus-submarine-pact-worst-deal-in-all-history-in-attack-on-albanese-government |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2024, Keating criticized [[AUKUS]], claimed [[Taiwan]] is "[[Chinese unification|Chinese real estate]]", and that Taiwan is comparable to [[Tasmania]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Farrer |first1=Martin |last2=Hurst |first2=Daniel |date=2024-08-08 |title=Aukus pact will turn Australia into '51st state' of the US, Paul Keating says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/article/2024/aug/08/aukus-pact-will-turn-australia-into-51st-state-of-the-us-says-paul-keating |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In December 2024, Keating sold his shareholding in [[Boost Mobile (Australia)|Boost Mobile]] for $40 million, having co-founded the business in 2000 with an investment of $500,000.<ref>[https://www.afr.com/companies/telecommunications/telstra-snaps-up-boost-mobile-delivering-paul-keating-a-40m-payday-20241202-p5kv3m Telstra snaps up Boost Mobile, delivering Paul Keating a $40m payday] ''[[Australian Financial Review]]'' 2 December 2024</ref><ref>[https://www.9news.com.au/national/former-prime-minister-paul-keating-huge-pay-day-after-telstra-buys-boost-mobile/0574206d-ee65-4efa-9db2-a770c9ea4df0 Paul Keating to pocket $40 million after Telstra buys Boost Mobile] ''[[Nine News]]'' 3 December 2024</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1972, Keating announced his engagement to fashion consultant Kristine Kennedy, but they did not marry.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/195857431|title=Parliamentarian to marry beauty|newspaper=[[The Biz (newspaper)|The Biz]]|date=2 March 1972|access-date=23 March 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806065014/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/195857431|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 17 January 1975, Keating married [[Annita van Iersel]], a Dutch-born flight attendant for [[Alitalia]].<ref name=naapaul>{{cite web | title=Paul Keating: fast facts | website=[[National Archives of Australia]] | date=18 January 1944 | url=https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/australias-prime-ministers/paul-keating/fast-facts | access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref><ref name=naaannita>{{cite web | title=Paul Keating's partner: Annita Keating | website=[[National Archives of Australia]] | url=https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/australias-prime-ministers/paul-keating/partner | access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> They had four children, who spent some of their teenage years in [[The Lodge (Australia)|The Lodge]], the prime minister's official residence in [[Canberra]]. The couple separated in November 1998. While they did not formally divorce until 2008,{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} Annita had resumed her maiden name long before then.

In the early 1970s, Keating moved from the family home in Bankstown when he purchased a new brick-veneer house at 12 Gerard Avenue, [[Condell Park]], two doors up from his parents' new home at No. 8 Gerard Avenue.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schwartz |first=Larry |title=When the Treasurer lived in Black Charlie's Hill |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=17 January 1987 |page=3}}</ref> This became the family home after his marriage in 1975 until 1983, when the Keatings sold the property for $123,000 and moved to a one-storey rental house in the Canberra suburb of [[Red Hill, Australian Capital Territory|Red Hill]], to be closer to work.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Robinson |first1=Paul |title=Inside the PM's piggy bank |agency=The Age |date=21 June 1992 |page=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Barrowclough |first1=Nikki |last2=McGeough |first2=Paul |title=Woman of Mystery - The Trump Card Keating Hasn't Played |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=8 June 1991 |page=35}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Barrowclough |first1=Nikki |last2=McGeough |first2=Paul |title=Anita: woman of mystery |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=8 June 1991 |page=41}}</ref>

Since 1999 and {{as of|lc=y|2013}}, Keating's partner was the actress [[Julieanne Newbould]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/sydney-confidential/coy-keating-must-publicly-fess-his-love/story-fni0cvc9-1226659632261|title=Coy Keating must publicly 'fess his love|last=Sharp|first=Annette|work=[[Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]]|date=8 June 2013|access-date=3 June 2014|archive-date=17 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517101414/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/sydney-confidential/coy-keating-must-publicly-fess-his-love/story-fni0cvc9-1226659632261|url-status=live}}</ref>

Keating is a Catholic, having been raised in a Catholic family and has been described as a "conventional Christian".<ref name=":0" /> Catholic social teaching and egalitarianism featured in many of his political views, including his support for an [[Australian republic]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peake |first=Ross |date=1993-09-17 |title=Being Catholic has made me a republican, says Paul Keating |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article127247785 |access-date=2025-05-26 |work=Canberra Times}}</ref>

Keating's interests include the music of [[Gustav Mahler]] and collecting French [[antique]] clocks.<ref name="bio"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/keating-promoted-culture-as-something-to-celebrate-20090915-fp5e.html |title=Keating promoted culture as something to celebrate |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=15 September 2009 |access-date=5 December 2010 |archive-date=19 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819100355/http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/keating-promoted-culture-as-something-to-celebrate-20090915-fp5e.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He currently resides in [[Potts Point]], in inner-city Sydney, and has a holiday home on the [[Hawkesbury River]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/resurrecting-keating-20050528-ge08zs.html|title=Resurrecting Keating|newspaper=[[The Age]]|date=28 May 2005|access-date=16 September 2021|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916101758/https://www.theage.com.au/national/resurrecting-keating-20050528-ge08zs.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/the-election-loss-that-still-haunts-paul-keating-20150115-12r51d.html|title=The election loss that still haunts Paul Keating|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|first=David|last=Day|date=29 January 2015|access-date=30 January 2015|archive-date=27 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212040/https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/the-election-loss-that-still-haunts-paul-keating-20150115-12r51d.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Keating was formerly the patron of the [[Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs]] in the [[National Rugby League]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-11-19 |title=League chief knew of Bulldogs' breach before story broke, ICAC told |url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/nrl/league-chief-knew-of-bulldogs-breach-before-story-broke-icac-told-20021119-gdfu1s.html |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Keating's daughter, Katherine Keating, is a former adviser to former New South Wales Minister [[Craig Knowles]] as well as former [[New South Wales Premier]] [[Bob Carr]]. In 2019 she attracted press attention over her friendship with [[Ghislaine Maxwell]], former partner of American financier and child sex offender [[Jeffrey Epstein]].<ref name="m181">{{cite web |last=Hornery |first=Andrew |title=How Katherine Keating blasted into billionaire paedophile Epstein's orbit |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=23 August 2019 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/how-katherine-keating-blasted-into-billionaire-paedophile-epstein-s-orbit-20190820-p52j1t.html |access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>

==Popular culture==
In 2005, ''[[Keating!]]'', a musical based on Keating's life and career, premiered at the [[Melbourne International Comedy Festival]]. It went on to run until 2010, winning a number of awards and being broadcast on [[ABC2]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2007/08/10/1186530622418.html |title=Bleeding heart songs from the 'arse end' |work=The Age |date=11 August 2007 |access-date=6 October 2008 |archive-date=2 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102074430/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2007/08/10/1186530622418.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|1990s|Australia|New South Wales|Politics|Biography|Organized Labour}}
* [[First Keating Ministry]]
* [[Second Keating Ministry]]
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bramston |first=Troy |title=Paul Keating : the big-picture leader |date=2016 |isbn=978-1-925321-74-6 |location=Melbourne |oclc=953224423 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Carew |first=Edna |title=Paul Keating, prime minister |date=1992 |publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]] |isbn=1-86373-271-3 |edition=Updated |location=North Sydney, NSW, Australia |oclc=27109329 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Edwards |first=John |title=Keating : the inside story |date=1996 |publisher=Viking |isbn=0-670-82028-8 |location=New York |oclc=35910120 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Michael |title=A question of leadership : Paul Keating political fighter |date=1993 |publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]] |isbn=0-7022-2494-4 |location=Queensland, Australia |oclc=28460001 }}
* Gordon, Michael (1996), ''A True Believer: Paul Keating'', University of Queensland Press.
* Keating, Paul (1995), ''Advancing Australia'', Big Picture.
* {{Cite book |last=Keating |first=Paul |title=After words : post-prime ministerial speeches |date=2011 |publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]] |isbn=978-1-74237-759-9 |location=Crows Nest, N.S.W. |oclc=754851936 }}
* Lowe, David (2008), ''[[Unfinished Business: Paul Keating's interrupted revolution]]'', Scribe.
* [[Don Watson|Watson, Don]] (2002), ''[[Recollections of a Bleeding Heart: A Portrait of Paul Keating PM]]'', Knopf.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|d=Q242654|c=Category:Paul Keating|s=Author:Paul John Keating|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
* {{official website}}
* {{cite web|title=Paul Keating |url=https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/australias-prime-ministers/paul-keating|work= Australia's Prime Ministers |publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]] |access-date=14 February 2022}}
* {{cite web |title=Prime Ministers of Australia: Paul Keating |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |url=http://www.nma.gov.au/primeministers/paul_keating |access-date=29 June 2010 |archive-date=26 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226195111/http://www.nma.gov.au/primeministers/paul_keating |url-status=dead }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070829103719/http://www.webcity.com.au/keating/ Paul Keating Insults Archive]
* [https://www.nfsa.gov.au/tags/paul-keating Paul Keating] at the [[National Film & Sound Archive]]
* [http://www.abc.net.au/reslib/200907/r393588_1841613.jpg Photo&nbsp;– Delivering the annual John Curtin Prime Ministerial Lecture 2009]
* [https://jcpml.curtin.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2020/05/20090702-Australia-and-Asia.pdf Text&nbsp;– 2009 John Curtin Prime Ministerial Lecture]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100216225055/http://www.roberthannaford.com.au/images/gallery%20images/paulkeatingcloseup.jpg Painting&nbsp;– Paul Keating]
* Video of the [http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/keating-speech-redfern-address/ Redfern Address]
*{{C-SPAN|22020}}

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