View source for Tabebuia

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Tabebuia aurea fruit & flowers W IMG 7055.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Tabebuia aurea]]''
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Tabebuia
| authority = [[Bernardino António Gomes|Gomes]] ex [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|A.P. de Candolle]]
| type_species = ''[[Tabebuia cassinoides]]''
| type_species_authority = A.P. de Candolle
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = Approximately 67 species (see text)
| synonyms = {{Plainlist|style=margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
*''Leucoxylon'' <small>Raf.</small>
*''Potamoxylon'' <small>Raf.</small>
*''Proterpia'' <small>Raf.</small>
*''Couralia'' <small>Splitg.</small>
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=318511
|title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
|access-date=June 3, 2014}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Tabebuia sp. MHNT.BOT.2009.7.18.jpg|thumb|Three seeds with septum and valves of split pod of ''Tabebuia sp.'' at [[MHNT]]]]

'''''Tabebuia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Family (taxonomy)|family]] [[Bignoniaceae]].<ref name="fischer2004">Eberhard Fischer, Inge Theisen, and Lúcia G. Lohmann. 2004. "Bignoniaceae". pages 9-38. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor) and Joachim W. Kadereit (volume editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-3-540-40593-1}}</ref> ''Tabebuia'' consists almost entirely of [[tree]]s, but a few are often large [[shrub]]s. A few [[species]] produce [[timber]], but the genus is mostly known for those that are [[Gardening|cultivated]] as flowering trees.<ref name="mabberley2008">David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. {{ISBN|978-0-521-82071-4}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The genus name is derived from the [[Tupi people|Tupi]] words for "ant" and "wood", referring to the fact that many ''Tabebuia'' species have twigs with soft pith which forms hollows within which ants live, defending the trees from other herbivores. The ants are attracted to the plants by special extra-floral nectar glands on at the apex of the petioles.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gentry|first=Alwyn H.|date=1974|title=Coevolutionary Patterns in Central American Bignoniaceae|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2395026|journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden|volume=61|issue=3|pages=728–759|doi=10.2307/2395026|issn=0026-6493|jstor=2395026|bibcode=1974AnMBG..61..728G }}</ref> The [[common name]] "roble" is sometimes found in [[English language|English]]. ''Tabebuias'' have been called "trumpet trees", but this name is usually applied to other trees and has become a source of confusion and [[Identification (biology)|misidentification]].

==Distribution==
''Tabebuia'' is [[Indigenous (ecology)|native]] to the [[Americas|American]] [[tropics]] and [[subtropics]] from [[Mexico]] and the [[Caribbean basin|Caribbean]] to [[Argentina]]. Most of the species known are from the islands of [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]].<ref name="grose2007phylogeny">Susan O. Grose and Richard G. Olmstead. 2007. "Evolution of a Charismatic Neotropical Clade: Molecular Phylogeny of ''Tabebuia'' s.l., Crescentieae, and Allied Genera (Bignoniaceae)". ''[[Systematic Botany]]'' '''32'''(3):650-659. {{doi|10.1600/036364407782250553}}</ref> It is commonly [[Horticulture|cultivated]] and often [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] or [[Adventive species|adventive]] beyond its [[Nature|natural]] [[Range (biology)|range]]. It easily [[Colonisation (biology)|escapes]] cultivation because of its numerous, [[Anemochory|air-borne]] seeds.<ref name="staples2005">George W. Staples and Derral R. Herbst. 2005. "A Tropical Garden Flora" Bishop Museum Press: Honolulu, HI, USA. {{ISBN|978-1-58178-039-0}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
In 1992, a revision of ''Tabebuia'' [[Species description|described]] 99 species and one [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]].<ref name="gentry1992fn"/> [[Phylogenetic]] [[Research|studies]] of [[DNA sequence]]s later showed that ''Tabebuia'', as then [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]], was [[polyphyletic]].<ref name="grose2007phylogeny"/> In 2007, it was divided into three separate genera.<ref name="grose2007revisions">Susan O. Grose and Richard G. Olmstead. 2007. "Taxonomic Revisions in the Polyphyletic Genus ''Tabebuia'' s.l. (Bignoniaceae)". ''[[Systematic Botany]]'' '''32'''(3):660-670. {{doi|10.1600/036364407782250652}} (See ''External links'' below).</ref> Primavera (''[[Roseodendron donnell-smithii]]'') and a related species with no unique common name (''[[Roseodendron chryseum]]'') were transferred to ''[[Roseodendron]]''. Those species known as ''ipê'' and ''pau d'arco'' (in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]) or poui were transferred to ''[[Handroanthus]]''. Sixty-seven species remained in ''Tabebuia''. The former genus and polyphyletic group of 99 species described by [[Alwyn Howard Gentry|Gentry]] in 1992 is now usually referred to as "''Tabebuia'' [[sensu lato]]".<ref name="grose2007revisions"/>

===Species===
[[Image:Leaves I IMG 4036.jpg|thumb|right|Young leaves of ''[[Tabebuia aurea]]'']]
All of the species in the first two columns below were recognized and described by [[Alwyn Howard Gentry|Gentry]] in 1992.<ref name="gentry1992fn">Alwyn H. Gentry. 1992. "Bignoniaceae: Part II (Tribe Tecomeae)". ''Flora Neotropica'' Monograph '''25'''(part 2):1-150.</ref> Listed in the third column are [[species name]]s that have been used recently, but were not accepted by Gentry. The currently accepted [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] for each is in parentheses.

Some recently used names in ''Tabebuia'' that were not recognized by Gentry are not listed in the third column below because they apply to species that are now in ''[[Handroanthus]]''. ''Tabebuia spectabilis'' is an obsolete name for ''[[Handroanthus chrysanthus]]'' [[Subspecies|subsp.]] ''meridionalis''. ''Tabebuia ecuadorensis'' is now synonymized under ''[[Handroanthus billbergii]]''. ''Tabebuia heteropoda'' is now synonymized under ''[[Handroanthus ochraceus]]''.

No species that is now assigned to ''Roseodendron'' or to ''Handroanthus'' is listed below.

Authorities are cited for some of the names below. These can be found in Gentry (1992)<ref name="gentry1992fn"/> or at the [[International Plant Names Index]].<ref name="ipnitabebuia">''Tabebuia'' in International Plant Names Index. (see ''External links'' below).</ref>
{| border="0"
| valign="top" |
*''[[Tabebuia acrophylla]]'' 
*''[[Tabebuia angustata]]'' 
*''[[Tabebuia arimaoensis]]'' <small>[[Nathaniel Lord Britton|Britton]]</small>
*''[[Tabebuia aurea]]'' – Caribbean trumpet tree
*''[[Tabebuia berteroi]]'' 
*''[[Tabebuia bibracteolata]]'' <small>([[August Grisebach|Grisebach]]) Britton</small>
*''[[Tabebuia bullata]]'' 
*''[[Tabebuia cassinoides]]'' <small>([[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]) [[A. P. de Candolle|DC.]]</small> 
*''[[Tabebuia conferta]]'' 
*''[[Tabebuia dubia]]'' <small>([[Charles Wright (botanist)|C.Wright]] ex [[Francisco Adolfo Sauvalle|Sauvalle]]) Britton ex [[Russell Jacob Seibert|Seibert]]</small>
*''[[Tabebuia elliptica]]'' 
*''[[Tabebuia elongata]]'' 
*''[[Tabebuia fluviatilis]]'' 
*''[[Tabebuia haemantha]]'' 
*''[[Tabebuia heterophylla]]''  – pink manjack, pink trumpet tree, white cedar, and whitewood
*''[[Tabebuia hypoleuca]]'' 
*''[[Tabebuia insignis]]'' 
*''[[Tabebuia jackiana]]'' 
| valign="top" |
*''[[Tabebuia maxonii]]''
*''[[Tabebuia microphylla]]'' 
*''[[Tabebuia myrtifolia]]'' 
*''[[Tabebuia nodosa]]'' 
*''[[Tabebuia obtusifolia]]'' 
*''[[Tabebuia orinocensis]]'' <small>([[Noel Yvri Sandwith|Sandwith]]) A.H. Gentry</small>
*''[[Tabebuia pallida]]'' 
*''[[Tabebuia palustris]]'' 
*''[[Tabebuia pilosa]]'' 
*''[[Tabebuia platyantha]]'' 
*''[[Tabebuia polymorpha]]'' 
*''[[Tabebuia rosea]]'' <small>[[A. P. de Candolle|DC.]]</small> – pink poui and rosy trumpet tree
*''[[Tabebuia roseo-alba]]'' – white ipê
*''[[Tabebuia schumanniana]]'' 
*''[[Tabebuia shaferi]]'' 
*''[[Tabebuia stenocalyx]]'' 
*''[[Tabebuia striata]]'' 
| valign="top" |
*''[[Tabebuia anafensis|T. anafensis]]'' <small>Urb.</small> (''T. myrtifolia'' var. ''petrophila'')
*''T. aquatilis''  (''T. fluviatilis'') 
*''T. argentea''  (''T. aurea'')
*''[[Tabebuia furfuracea|T. furfuracea]]''  (''T. bibracteolata'')
*''[[Tabebuia lapacho|T. lapacho]]'' 
*''T. leucoxyla''  (''T. obtusifolia'')
*''[[Tabebuia ochracea|T. ochracea]]'' 
*''[[Tabebuia oligolepis|T. oligolepis]]''  (''T. shaferi'')
*''T. pentaphylla''  (''T. rosea'')
*''T. uliginosa''  (''T. cassinoides'')
|}

===Taxonomic history===
[[Image:Plaque-Tabebuia-pallida-Réunion.JPG|thumb|right|Trunk of ''Tabebuia pallida'']]
The [[Botanical name|name]] ''Tabebuia'' entered the [[Scientific literature|botanical literature]] in 1803, when [[António Bernardino Gomes]] used it as a [[common name]] for ''Tabebuia uliginosa'', now a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] for ''Tabebuia cassinoides'', which he [[Diagnosis (taxonomy)|described]] as a species of ''[[Bignonia]]''.<ref name="gomes1803">Antonio B. Gomes. 1803. ''Observationes Botanico-medicae de Nonnullis Brasiliae Plantis''. Lisbon.</ref> ''Tabebuia'' is an abbreviation of "tacyba bebuya", a Tupi name meaning "ant wood".<ref name="gentry1969">Alwyn H. Gentry. 1969. "''Tabebuia'', the tortuous history of a generic name (Bignoniaceae)". ''Taxon'' '''18'''(6):635-642.</ref> Among the [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil]], similar names exist for various species of ''Tabebuia''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Quattrocchi|first=Umberto|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ndDtX-RjYkC|title=CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names|publisher=Taylor & Francis US|year=2000|isbn=978-0-8493-2678-3|volume=4 R-Z|pages=2621}} (See ''External links'' below).</ref>

''Tabebuia'' was first used as a [[Genus#Generic name|generic name]] by [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle]] in 1838.<ref name="ipnitabebuia"/><ref name="decandolle1838">Augustin Pyramus de Candolle. 1838. "Revue sommaire de la famille des Bignoniaceae". ''Bibliotheque Universelle de Genève'', series 2, '''17''':130.</ref> The [[type species]] for the genus is ''Tabebuia uliginosa'', which is now a synonym for ''Tabebuia cassinoides''.<ref name="ingtabebuia">''Tabebuia'' In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: [[Regnum Vegetabile]] (see ''External links'' below).</ref> Confusion soon ensued over the meaning of ''Tabebuia'' and what to include within it. Most of the misunderstanding was cleared up by [[Nathaniel Lord Britton]] in 1915.<ref name="britton1915">Nathaniel Lord Britton. 1915. "Studies of West Indian plants". ''Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club'' '''42'''(7):372-379.</ref> Britton revived the concept of ''Tabebuia'' that had been originated in 1876 by [[George Bentham|Bentham]] and [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hooker]], consisting of species with either simple or palmately compound leaves.<ref name="b&h1876">George Bentham and Joseph D. Hooker. 1876. ''Genera plantarum :ad exemplaria imprimis in Herberiis Kewensibus servata definita'' vol. 2 part 2:1026-1053. Reeve & Co. London, England. (See ''External links'' below).</ref> Similar plants with [[pinnate]]ly compound leaves were placed in ''[[Tecoma]]''. This is the concept of ''Tabebuia'' that was usually followed until 2007.

The genus ''Roseodendron'' was established by [[Faustino Miranda|Faustino Miranda González]] in 1965 for the two species now known as ''[[Roseodendron donnell-smithii]]'' and ''[[Roseodendron chryseum]]''.<ref name="miranda1965">Faustino Miranda-Gonzalez. 1965. "Estudios acerca de arboles y arbustos de America Tropical principamente de Mexico". ''Boletin de la Sociedad Botanica de Mexico'' 29( ):34-49.</ref> These species had been placed in ''[[Cybistax]]'' by [[Russell J. Seibert]] in 1940,<ref name="seibert1940b">Russell J. Seibert. 1940. "New names in ''Cybistax'' and ''Tabebuia''". ''Tropical Woods'' '''63''':7-8.</ref> but were returned to ''Tabebuia'' by [[Alwyn Howard Gentry|Alwyn H. Gentry]] in 1992.<ref name="gentry1992fn"/>

''[[Handroanthus]]'' was established by [[Joáo Rodrigues de Mattos]] in 1970.<ref name="mattos1970">Joáo Rodrigues de Mattos. 1970. "''Handroanthus'', Um novo gênero para os "ipês" do Brasil". ''Loefgrenia'' '''50'''(?):1-4.</ref> Gentry did not agree with the [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregation]] of ''Handroanthus'' from ''Tabebuia'' and warned against "succumbing to further paroxysms of unwarranted splitting".<ref name="gentry1972">Alwyn H. Gentry. 1972. "''Handroanthus'' (Bignoniaceae): A critique". ''Taxon'' '''21'''(1):113-114.</ref> In 1992, Gentry published a revision of ''Tabebuia'' in [[Flora Neotropica]], in which he described 99 species and one [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]], including those species placed by some authors in ''Roseodendron'' or ''Handroanthus''.<ref name="gentry1992fn"/> Gentry divided ''Tabebuia'' into ten "species groups", some of them intentionally artificial. ''Tabebuia'', as currently circumscribed, consists of groups 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. Group 1 is now the genus ''Roseodendron''. Groups 3, 4, and 5 compose the genus ''Handroanthus''.

In 2007, a [[molecular phylogenetic]] [[Research|study]] found ''Handroanthus'' to be closer to a certain [[Clade|group]] of four genera than to ''Tabebuia''.<ref name="grose2007phylogeny"/> This group consists of ''[[Spirotecoma]]'', ''[[Parmentiera]]'', ''[[Crescentia]]'', and ''[[Amphitecna]]''. A [[phylogenetic tree]] can be seen at [[Bignoniaceae#Phylogeny|Bignoniaceae]]. ''Handroanthus'' was duly resurrected and 30 species were assigned to it, with species boundaries the same as those of Gentry (1992).

''Roseodendron'' was resolved as [[sister taxon|sister]] to a [[clade]] consisting of ''Handroanthus'' and four other genera. This result had only weak [[Resampling (statistics)|statistical support]], but ''Roseodendron'' clearly did not group with the remainder of ''Tabebuia''. Consequently, ''Roseodendron'' was resurrected in its original form.<ref name="grose2007revisions"/> The remaining 67 species of ''Tabebuia'' formed a strongly supported clade that is sister to ''[[Ekmanianthe]]'', a genus of two species from Cuba and Hispaniola. ''Tabebuia'' had been traditionally placed in the [[Tribe (biology)|tribe]] [[Tecomeae]], but that tribe is now defined much more narrowly than it had been, and it now excludes ''Tabebuia''.<ref name="olmstead2009">Richard G. Olmstead, Michelle L. Zjhra, Lúcia G. Lohmann, Susan O. Grose, and Andrew J. Eckert. 2009. "A molecular phylogeny and classification of Bignoniaceae". ''American Journal of Botany'' '''96'''(9):1731-1743. {{doi|10.3732/ajb.0900004}}</ref> ''Tabebuia'' is now one of 12 to 14 genera belonging to a [[Taxon|group]] that is informally called the ''Tabebuia'' [[alliance (taxonomy)|alliance]]. This group has not been placed at any particular [[taxonomic rank]].

[[Cladistic]] analysis of [[DNA]] [[data]] has strongly supported ''Tabebuia'' by [[Bayesian inference]] and [[maximum parsimony]]. Such studies have so far revealed almost nothing about relationships within the genus, placing nearly all of the [[Sample (material)|sampled]] species in a large [[polytomy]].

==Description==
[[Image:Tabebuia rosea 0001.jpg|thumb|right|Flower of Pink Poui (''[[Tabebuia rosea]]'')]]
The description below is excerpted from Grose and Olmstead (2007).<ref name="grose2007revisions"/>
*[[Tree]]s or [[shrub]]s. [[Evergreen]] or [[dry season]] [[deciduous]].
*[[Wood]] lacking [[lapachol]]; not especially dense or hard. [[Wood#Heartwood and sapwood|Heartwood]] light brown to reddish brown, not distinct from [[Glossary of botanical terms#sapwood|sapwood]].
*[[Leaf|Leaves]] sometimes [[Leaf#Divisions of the blade|simple]]; usually [[Leaf shape|palmately]] 3 to 7(9)-[[Leaf#Divisions of the blade|foliate]]; with stalked or [[Sessility (botany)|sessile]] [[Glossary of botanical terms#lepidote|lepidote]] [[Indumentum|scales]].
*[[Inflorescence]]s usually few-flowered [[panicle]]s, [[dichotomous branching|dichotomously branching]], without a well-developed, central [[rachis]].
*[[Calyx (botany)|Calyx]] [[Glossary of botanical terms#coriaceous|coriaceous]], [[Spathe|spathaceous]]; irregularly 2 to 3-[[Glossary of botanical terms#labiate|labiate]], rarely 5-[[Glossary of botanical terms#dentate|dentate]].
*[[Corolla (flower)|Corolla]] yellow in two species (''T. aurea'' and ''T. nodosa''); otherwise white to pink, rarely red, often with a yellow throat.
*[[Stamen]]s [[Stamen#Descriptive terms|didynamous]]; [[staminode]] small.
*[[Ovary (plants)|Ovary]] [[Glossary of botanical terms#linear|linear]], bilocular.
*[[Ovule]]s in two or three series in each [[locule]].
*[[Fruit]] a [[Dehiscence (botany)|dehiscent]] [[Capsule (fruit)|capsule]], usually linear, sometimes ribbed, [[Glossary of botanical terms#glabrous|glabrous]] except for lepidote scales.
*[[Seed]]s thin, with two [[Glossary of botanical terms#wing|wings]]; wings [[Glossary of botanical terms#hyaline|hyaline]], membranaceous, and sharply demarcated from the seed body.
''Tabebuia'' is distinguished from ''Handroanthus'' by wood that is not especially hard or heavy, and not abruptly divided into heartwood and sapwood. Lapachol is absent. Scales are present, but no hair. The calyx is usually spathaceous in ''Tabebuia'', but never so in ''Handroanthus''. Only two species of ''Tabebuia'' are yellow-flowered, but most species of ''Handroanthus'' are.

Unlike ''Roseodendron'', the calyx of ''Tabebuia'' is always distinctly harder and thicker than the corolla. ''Tabebuia'' always has a dichotomously branched inflorescence; never a central rachis as in ''Roseodendron''. Some species of ''Tabebuia'' have ribbed fruit, but not as conspicuously so as the two species of ''Roseodendron''.
[[File:Tabebuia sprout.jpg|thumb|Tabebuia sprout]]

==Uses==
The [[wood]] of ''Tabebuia'' is light to medium in weight. ''Tabebuia rosea'' (including ''T. pentaphylla'') is an important [[timber]] tree of tropical America.<ref name="record1940">Samuel J. Record and Robert W. Hess. 1940. "American timbers of the family Bignoniaceae". ''Tropical Woods'' '''63''':9-38.</ref> ''Tabebuia heterophylla'' and ''Tabebuia angustata'' are the most important timber trees of some of the [[List of islands in the Caribbean|Caribbean islands]]. Their wood is of medium weight and is exceptionally durable in contact with salt water.<ref name="gentry1992ambg">Alwyn H. Gentry. 1992. "A Synopsis of Bignoniaceae Ethnobotany and Economic Botany". ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' '''79'''(1):53-64.</ref>

The [[swamp]] species of ''Tabebuia'' have wood that is unusually light in weight. The most prominent example of these is ''Tabebuia cassinoides''. Its roots produce a soft and spongy wood that is used for floats, razor strops, and the inner soles of shoes.<ref name="gentry1992ambg"/>

In spite of its use for lumber, ''Tabebuia'' is best known as an [[Ornamental plant|ornamental]] flowering tree. ''Tabebuia aurea'', ''Tabebuia rosea'', ''Tabebuia pallida'', ''Tabebuia berteroi'', and ''Tabebuia heterophylla'' are cultivated throughout the tropics for their showy flowers.<ref name="staples2005"/> ''Tabebuia dubia'', ''Tabebuia haemantha'', ''Tabebuia obtusifolia'', ''Tabebuia nodosa'', and ''Tabebuia roseo-alba'' are also known in cultivation and are sometimes locally abundant.<ref name="rhs">[[Anthony Huxley]], Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press, Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set).</ref>

Some species of ''Tabebuia'' have been [[Horticulture|grown]] as [[honey plant]]s by [[beekeeper]]s.<ref name="revista2005">{{aut|Luciana Baza Mendonça & Luiz dos Anjos}} (2005): Beija-flores (Aves, Trochilidae) e seus recursos florais em uma área urbana do Sul do Brasil [Hummingbirds (Aves, Trochilidae) and their flowers in an urban area of southern Brazil]. [Portuguese with English abstract] ''Revista Brasileira de Zoologia'' '''22'''(1): 51–59. {{doi|10.1590/S0101-81752005000100007}} [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbzool/v22n1/a07v22n1.pdf PDF fulltext]</ref>

==Ecology==
The [[nectar]] of ''Tabebuia'' flowers is an important food source for several species of [[bees]] and [[hummingbird]]s.<ref name="revista2005"/>

==Symbolism==
''[[Tabebuia rosea]]'' is the [[List of national trees|national tree]] of [[El Salvador]] and the [[List of state trees of Venezuela|state tree]] of [[Cojedes (state)|Cojedes]], [[Venezuela]].

==Gallery of ''Tabebuia'' flowers==
<gallery>
File:Tabebuia caraiba.JPG|''[[Tabebuia aurea]]''
Image:Tabebuia rosealba flowers1.jpg|''[[Tabebuia roseo-alba]]''
Castle in bloom (2351687460).jpg|''[[Tabebuia impetiginosa]]'' at [[Disneyland]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{aut|Lorenzi, H.}} (1992): ''Árvores brasileiras: manual de identificação e cultivo de plantas arbóreas nativas do Brasil.''

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies}}
*[http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/ven-guayana HTML fulltext ''Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana'']
*[http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780849326783 CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: R-Z] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.crcpress.com/ecommerce_product/browse_book_categories.jsf?category=LIF02A Botany & Plant Science] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.crcpress.com/ecommerce_product/browse_book_categories.jsf?category=LIF Life Science] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.crcpress.com CRC Press]
*[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=6536BC3C461FF569BB0211E936F36F29?find_family=&find_genus=Tabebuia&find_species=&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch ''Tabebuia''] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/plantnamesearchpage.do Plant Names] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ipni.org IPNI]
*[http://www.botany.si.edu/ing/INGsearch.cfm?searchword=Tabebuia ''Tabebuia''] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.botany.si.edu/ing Index Nominum Genericorum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014160237/http://botany.si.edu/ing/ |date=2010-10-14 }} {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.botany.si.edu/index.htm?references References] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927172741/http://botany.si.edu/index.htm?references |date=2010-09-27 }} {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.botany.si.edu/index.htm NMNH Department of Botany] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001045837/http://botany.si.edu/index.htm |date=2010-10-01 }} {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mnh.si.edu/rc Research and Collections] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mnh.si.edu Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222183809/http://www.mnh.si.edu/ |date=2016-02-22 }}
*[http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1600/036364407782250553 Molecular Phylogeny of Tabebuia and Allied Genera] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1600/036364407782250652 PDF] {{color|green|In:}} [http://www.bioone.org/toc/sbot/32/3 Volume 32, Issue 3] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.bioone.org/loi/sbot List of Issues]
*{{aut|Grose, Susan O. and Olmstead, Richard G.}} (2007): ''[http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/aspt/sb/2007/00000032/00000003/art00015 Taxonomic Revisions in the Polyphyletic Genus Tabebuia s. l. (Bignoniaceae)]''. In: ''Systematic Botany'', volume 32, issue 3, pp.&nbsp;660–670.
*[https://dx.doi.org/10.1600/036364407782250652 ''Taxonomic Revisions in the Polyphyletic Genus Tabebuia s. l. (Bignoniaceae)'']
*[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/658188 Bignoniaceae] {{color|green|In:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/657688 ''Genera Plantarum'' vol. 2 part 2 (Bentham & Hooker)] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747 View Record] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/G Titles beginning with "G"] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles Titles] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ Biodiversity Heritage Library]
*[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/advsearch.do Bignoniaceae] <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/advanced.do Advanced Search] <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/prepareChecklist.do;jsessionid=DDBA5456114CA28530C469EF181730E1?checklist=iplants%40%40327221120120516622 Search Tool] <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [http://www.iplants.org/ iplants]
*[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40009350 ''Tabebuia'' (exact)] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx Names] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.tropicos.org Tropicos] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.mobot.org/plantscience/default.asp Science and Conservation] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.mobot.org Missouri Botanical Garden]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151104082740/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?11823 Species Records] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://web.archive.org/web/20121012065800/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11823 ''Tabebuia''] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?147 List of Genera] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://web.archive.org/web/20120916030658/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?147 Bignoniaceae] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/famlist.pl List of Families] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816163915/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/famlist.pl|date=2000-08-16}} <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxfam.pl?language=en Families and Genera in GRIN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227004053/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxfam.pl?language=en|date=2013-02-27}} <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/queries.pl?language=en Queries] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/index.pl GRIN taxonomy for plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041015103620/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/index.pl|date=2004-10-15}}
*[https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/423308 Digitifolieae] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/24079 Bignoniaceae] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/4143 Lamiales] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/91888 lamiids] {{color|violet|In: &middot;&middot;&middot;}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/3193 Embryophyta] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/131221 Streptophytina] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/35493 Streptophyta] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/33090 Viridiplantae] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/2759 Eukaryota] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy Taxonomy] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.uniprot.org UniProt]

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[[Category:Tabebuia| ]]
[[Category:Bignoniaceae genera]]
[[Category:Ayahuasca]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle]]
[[Category:Symbols of Mato Grosso do Sul]]