View source for Tatars

{{Short description|Turkic ethnic groups in Eurasia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}

{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Tatars
| native_name      = {{lang|tt-Cyrl|татарлар}}<br />{{lang|tt-Latn|tatarlar}}<br />{{lang|tt-Arab|تاتارلار}}
| flag             = 
| flag_caption     = 
| image            = Verbreitungsgebiet der Tataren.PNG
| image_caption    = 
| population       = * [[Volga Tatars]]: 6.6–7.0 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/anthropology-and-archaeology/people/tatars|title=Tatars |website=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |access-date=December 6, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-tatarstan-president-federalism/31519341.html|title=Putin's Power Play? Tatarstan Activists Say Loss Of 'President' Title Would Be An Existential Blow|work=Radio Free Europe|date=19 October 2021 |access-date=December 9, 2021}}</ref>
* [[Crimean Tatars]]: ≈500,000 – 6.7 million<ref name= ICCr/>
* [[Afghan Tatars]]: {{circa|100,000}}<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bezhan |first1=Frud |title=Afghanistan Recognizes Long Forgotten Ethnic Tatar Community |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-recognizes-long-forgotten-ethnic-tatar-community/31180205.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.rferl.org |date=April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-13 |title=کنگره جهانی تاتارها: یک هزار دانشجوی تاتار افغانستان به چین و هند می‌روند |url=https://www.afintl.com/202301253774 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=افغانستان اینترنشنال |language=fa}}</ref>
* [[Siberian Tatars]]: {{circa|100,000–200,000}}
* [[Lipka Tatars]]: {{circa|10,000–15,000}}
| region1          = {{flag|Russia}}
| pop1             = 5,554,601
| ref1             = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://singapore.mid.ru/en/russia_and_singapore/about_russia/population_data/|title=Population Data|website=singapore.mid.ru|access-date=June 1, 2024}}</ref>
| region2          = {{flag|Turkey}}
| pop2             = 500,000
| ref2             = <ref name= ICCr>[[Henryk Jankowski]]. [http://www.iccrimea.org/scholarly/jankowski.html "Crimean Tatars and Noghais in Turkey"] // a slightly edited version of the paper with the same title that appeared in ''Türk Dilleri Arastirmalari'' [''Studies on the Turkic Languages''] 10 (2000): 113–131, distributed by Sanat Kitabevi, Ankara, Turkey. A Polish version of this paper was published in Rocznik Tatarów Polskich (Journal of Polish Tatars), vol. 6, 2000, 118–126.</ref>{{efn|In Turkey, the census does not indicate the nationality, because all residents of Turkey are considered Turks, so it is impossible to name at least the approximate number of Turkish citizens, considering themselves as Crimean Tatars.}}
| region3          = {{flag|Ukraine}}
* ({{tooltip|incl.|including}} population in Crimea and [[Crimean Tatars]])
| pop3             = 319,377
| ref3             = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/|title=About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001|work=Ukraine Census 2001|publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine|access-date=27 September 2012}}</ref>
| region4          = {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
| pop4             = ≈239,965
| ref4             = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/5685404 |script-title=ru:Крымские татары |website=[[Great Russian Encyclopedia]] |language=ru |access-date=January 29, 2021 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308012134/https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/5685404 }}</ref><br />(Crimean Tatars)
| region5          = {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
| pop5             = 208,987
| ref5             = <ref>{{Cite web|script-title=ru:Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на начало 2021 года|trans-title=The population of the Republic of Kazakhstan by individual ethnic groups at the beginning of 2021|url=https://stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT414397|access-date=20 June 2021|website=stat.gov.kz|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502165841/https://stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT414397}}</ref>
| region6          = {{flag|Afghanistan}}
| pop6             = 100,000
| ref6             = <ref>{{Cite news|title=Afghanistan Recognizes Long Forgotten Ethnic Tatar Community|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-recognizes-long-forgotten-ethnic-tatar-community/31180205.html|access-date=28 April 2021|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|language=en|quote=Community leaders estimate there are up to 100,000 ethnic Tatars in Afghanistan.}}</ref> (estimate)
| region7          = {{flag|Canada}}
| pop7             = 56,000
| ref7             = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census – Canada &#91;Country&#93; and Canada &#91;Country&#93;|publisher=Statistics Canada|date=8 February 2017 |access-date=March 25, 2018}}</ref><br />({{tooltip|incl.|including}} those of mixed ancestries)
| region8          = {{flag|Turkmenistan}}
| pop8             = 36,655
| ref8             = <ref name= Asgabat>{{lang|ru|[http://asgabat.net/turkmenistan/itogi-vseobschei-perepisi-naselenija-turkmenistana-po-nacionalnomu-sostavu-v-1995-godu.html "Итоги всеобщей переписи населения Туркменистана по национальному составу в 1995 году"]}}. ''Asgabat.net городской социально-информационный портал''. {{Cite web |url=http://asgabat.net/turkmenistan/itogi-vseobschei-perepisi-naselenija-turkmenistana-po-nacionalnomu-sostavu-v-1995-godu.html |title=今話題のニュース配信サービス |access-date=31 January 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709093436/http://asgabat.net/turkmenistan/itogi-vseobschei-perepisi-naselenija-turkmenistana-po-nacionalnomu-sostavu-v-1995-godu.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
| region9          = {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
| pop9             = 28,334
| ref9             = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113151445/http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2013|title=National composition of the population |access-date=January 29, 2021}}</ref>
| region10         = {{flag|Azerbaijan}}
| pop10            = 25,900
| ref10            = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/1_5.xls |title=Archived copy |access-date=31 January 2021 |archive-date=30 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130101713/http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/1_5.xls }}</ref>
| region11         = {{flag|Iran}}
| pop11            = 20,000–30,000
| ref11            = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://jamestown.org/volga-tatars-in-iran-being-turkmenified/|title=Volga Tatars in Iran Being Turkmenified|first=Paul |last=Goble|newspaper=Jamestown |date=20 June 2016|access-date=27 February 2022}}</ref><br />(Volga Tatars)
| languages        = [[Kipchak languages]]
| religions        = Predominantly [[Sunni Islam]]<br />with [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] minority
| related          = Other [[Turkic peoples]], especially other speakers of [[Kipchaks|Kipchak languages]]
| region12         = {{flag|Romania}}
| pop12            = ≈20,000
| ref12            = <ref name= romania>{{cite web|url=http://mimmc.ro/info_util/formulare_1294/|title=Recensamant Romania 2002|access-date=5 August 2007|year=2002|work=Agentia Nationala pentru Intreprinderi Mici si Mijlocii|language=ro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513211550/http://mimmc.ro/info_util/formulare_1294/|archive-date=13 May 2007}}</ref>
| region13         = {{flag|United States}}
| pop13            = 10,000
| ref13            = {{citation needed|date=January 2025}}
| region14         = {{flag|Bulgaria}}
| pop14            = 5,003
| ref14            = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsi.bg/Census_e/Census_e.htm|title=Census 2001 – Final Results |publisher=National Statistical Institute |access-date=August 5, 2021}}</ref>
| region15         = {{flag|China}}
| pop15            = 3,544
| ref15            = <ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:塔塔尔族 |trans-title=Tatar Nationality |url=https://rcenw.lzu.edu.cn/c/202405/1533.html |website=rcenw.lzu.edu.cn |publisher=Center for Studies of Ethnic Minorities in Northwest China of [[Lanzhou University]] |access-date=13 October 2025 |language=zh-Hans-CN |quotation={{lang|zh-Hans-CN|塔塔尔族人口共有3544人（2021年），是我国人口较少的民族之一。}}}}</ref>
| region16         = {{flag|Belarus}}
| pop16            = 3,000
| ref16            = <ref>{{Cite web|date=12 August 2010|title=Tatars In Belarus|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/Tatars_In_Belarus_Hope_For_Help_From_Tatarstan/2126354.html|website=Radio Free Europe|language=en |access-date=October 31, 2021}}</ref>
| region17         = {{flag|Lithuania}}
| pop17            = 2,800–3,200
| ref17            = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ru.espreso.tv/article/2017/10/22/yakubauskas|script-title=ru:Адас Якубаускас: Я всегда говорю крымским татарам не выезжайте, оккупация не вечна|trans-title=Adas Jakubauskas: I always tell Crimean Tatars not to leave, the occupation is not forever|website=Espreso TV |access-date=January 31, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://etcetera.media/kryimskie-tataryi-v-litve-600-let-istorii.html |script-title=ru:Как крымские татары оказались в Литве 600 лет назад? |language=ru |website=EtCetera |date=31 January 2019 |access-date=31 January 2021 |archive-date=12 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812234338/https://etcetera.media/kryimskie-tataryi-v-litve-600-let-istorii.html }}</ref><ref>[http://pop-stat.mashke.org/lithuania-ethnic2011.htm "Национальный состав населения Литвы. Перепись 2011"]. ''Pop-stat''.</ref><br />({{tooltip|incl.|including}} all of [[Lipka Tatars|Lipka]], [[Crimean Tatars|Crimean]] and [[Volga Tatars|Volga]] origins)
| region18         = {{flag|Latvia}}
| pop18            = 2,800
| ref18            = {{citation needed|date=January 2025}}
| region19         = {{flag|Estonia}}
| pop19            = 2,000
| ref19            = <ref name= stat>{{cite web |title=RL0428: Rahvastik rahvuse, soo ja elukoha järgi, 31. detsember 2011 |url=https://andmed.stat.ee/et/stat/rahvaloendus__rel2011__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__rahvus-emakeel-ja-keelteoskus-murded/RL0428/table/tableViewLayout2 |publisher=Statistikaamet |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
| region20         = {{flag|Poland}}
| pop20            = 1,916
| ref20            = <ref>{{cite web|title=Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna – NSP 2011|publisher=Central Statistical Office|url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf|language=pl-PL |access-date=October 29, 2021}}</ref>
| region21         = {{flag|Japan}}
| pop21            = 600–2000
| ref21            = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hrono.ru/statii/2007/adutov_jap.html|title=ru:Статьи на исторические темы|language=ru|website=www.hrono.ru |access-date= April 21, 2018}}</ref>
| region22         = {{flag|Switzerland}}
| pop22            = 1,045+
| ref22            = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://president.tatarstan.ru/eng/index.htm/news/1156035.htm|title=Rustam Minnikhanov meets representatives of the Tatar Diaspora in Switzerland|website=President of Republic of Tatarstan |access-date=August 5, 2021}}</ref>
| region23         = {{flag|France}}
| pop23            = 700
| ref23            = <ref>{{Cite web |last=Рушан |first=Лукманов |date=16 May 2018 |title=Vasil Shaykhraziev met with the Tatars of France |publisher=ru:Всемирный конгресс татар |url=https://tatar-congress.org/en/news/vasil-shaykhraziev-met-with-the-tatars-of-france/ |website=tatar-congress.org |language=en-US |access-date=October 31, 2021}}</ref>
| region24         = {{flag|Finland}}
| pop24            = 600–700
| ref24            = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkkojakaupunki.fi/-/tataareja-johtaa-pankkiuran-tehnyt-nainen-suomen-vanhimmalla-muslimiseurakunnalla-on-hyvat-valit-niin-kristittyihin-kuin-juutalaisiin|title = Suomen tataareja johtaa pankkiuran tehnyt ekonomisti Gölten Bedretdin, jonka mielestä uskonnon pitää olla hyvän puolella |language=fi |publisher=Kirkko ja kaupunki |access-date=March 6, 2021}}</ref>
| region25         = {{flag|Australia}}
| pop25            = 500+
| ref25            = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.australiantatars.com/tatarsau/default.aspx |title=Welcome to the website of Australian Tatars! |access-date=27 April 2018 |archive-date=16 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816135641/http://australiantatars.com/tatarsau/default.aspx }}</ref>
| region26         = {{flag|Czech Republic}}
| pop26            = 300+
| ref26            = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://president.tatarstan.ru/tat/news/view/117668|script-title=ru:Президент РТ|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305084220/http://president.tatarstan.ru/tat/news/view/117668|archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=April 28, 2018}}</ref>
}}

[[File:Share of Tatars in regions of Russia, 2010 census.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Share of Tatars in regions of Russia, 2010 census]]

The '''Tatars'''{{efn|name=:2|Often spelled '''Tartar''' in English to specify the pronunciation {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɑː|.|-}} and prevent misinterpretation as {{IPAc-en|t|eɪ|.|-}}.<br /> {{langx|tt-Cyrl|татарлар|translit=tatarlar}}, {{lang|tt-Arab|تاتارلر}}; {{crh|tatarlar}}; {{langx|otk|𐱃𐱃𐰺|tatar}})}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɑː|.|t|ər|z}}, {{respell|TAH|tərz}})<ref name=collins>{{cite web |author=Collings Dictionary |title=Tatar |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/tatar |website=CollinsDictionary.com |publisher=Collins English Dictionary}}</ref> are a group of [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] peoples found across [[Eastern Europe]] and [[Northern Asia]] who bear the name "[[Tatar (term)|Tatar]]".<ref name="brit">{{Cite web |title=Tatar – people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tatar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730095202/http://global.britannica.com/topic/Tatar |archive-date=30 July 2017 |access-date=28 February 2016}}</ref>

Initially, the ethnonym ''[[Tatar (term)|Tatar]]'' possibly referred to the [[Tatar confederation]]. That confederation was eventually incorporated into the [[Mongol Empire]] when [[Genghis Khan]] unified the various steppe tribes.<ref name= EB1911>{{EB1911 |inline=y |wstitle=Tatars |volume=26 |pages=448–449 |first=Peter |last=Kropotkin |author-link=Peter Kropotkin |first2=Charles |last2=Eliot |author2-link=Charles Eliot (diplomat)}}</ref> Historically, the term ''Tatar'' (or ''Tartar'') was [[Endonym and exonym|applied]] by western cartographers to anyone from the vast [[North Asia|Northern]] and [[Central Asia]]n landmass then known as [[Tartary]], a term that was falsely conflated with the Mongol Empire. More recently, the term has come to refer more narrowly to related ethnic groups who call themselves ''Tatars''.

By far the largest group amongst the Tatars are the [[Volga Tatars]], native to the [[Volga-Ural region]] ([[Tatarstan]] and [[Bashkortostan]]) of European Russia, who for this reason are often also known as ''Tatars'' in Russian. They compose 53% of [[Tatarstan]]'s population. Their language is known as the [[Tatar language]]. {{As of|2010}}, there were an estimated 5.3&nbsp;million ethnic Tatars in Russia.

While also speaking languages belonging to different [[Kipchak languages|Kipchak]] sub-groups, genetic studies have shown that the three main groups of Tatars (Volga, [[Crimean Tatars|Crimean]], and [[Siberian Tatars|Siberian]]) are apparently unrelated, and thus their formation occurred independently of one another, but it is possible that at least one of the Tatar groups had cultural influence mainly from the times of the [[Golden Horde]].<ref name= Lenin>{{Cite journal |title=Татары Евразии: своеобразие генофондов крымских, поволжских и сибирских татар |journal=Вестник Московского Университета. Серия 23. Антропология |date=20 January 2024 |issue=3 |pages=75–85 |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/tatary-evrazii-svoeobrazie-genofondov-krymskih-povolzhskih-i-sibirskih-tatar}}</ref><ref name=ucoz>{{Cite web|url=https://tartareurasia.ucoz.com/publ/knigi_enikeeva_gr/kniga_quotpo_sledam_chjornoj_legendyquot/prodolzhenie/6-1-0-36|title=Внешний вид (фото), Оглавление (Содержание) книги Еникеева Г.Р. "По следам чёрной легенды". - Книга Еникеева Г.Р. "По следам чёрной легенды" - Книги Еникеева Г.Р. и его соавторов - Каталог статей - Татары Евразии (история)|website=tartareurasia.ucoz.com}}</ref>

Many noble families in the [[Tsardom of Russia]] and [[Russian Empire]] had Tatar origins.<ref>Thomas Riha, ''Readings in Russian Civilization, Volume 1: Russia Before Peter the Great, 900–1700'', University of Chicago Press (2009), p. 186</ref><ref>[[:ru:Баскаков, Николай Александрович|Baskakov]]: [https://ru.calameo.com/books/003891456306154af2ea6 Русские фамилии тюркского происхождения (Russian surnames of Turkic origin)] (1979)</ref>

==Etymology==
{{Further|Tatar (term)|Tatarstan|Tartary}}

[[File:Gok turk Epigraph Copy in Gazi University Ankara.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Orkhon inscriptions]] in [[Old Turkic]] (replica)]]
[[File:Szigetvar 1566.jpg|thumb|Ottoman miniature of the 1566 [[Siege of Szigetvár|Szigetvár campaign]] showing Ottoman troops and [[Crimean Tatars]] as vanguard]]

''Tatar'' became a name for populations of the former [[Golden Horde]] in Europe, such as those of the former [[Khanate of Kazan|Kazan]], [[Crimean Khanate|Crimean]], [[Astrakhan Khanate|Astrakhan]], [[Qasim Khanate|Qasim]], and [[Khanate of Sibir|Siberian]] Khanates. The form ''Tartar'' has its origins in either [[Latin]] or [[French language|French]], coming to Western European languages from [[Turkish language|Turkish]] and the [[Persian language|Persian]] ({{lang|fa-Latn|tātār}}, "mounted messenger"). From the beginning, the extra ''r'' was present in the Western forms and according to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] this was most likely due to an association with ''[[Tartarus]]''.{{efn|citing a letter to St Louis of Frances dated 1270 which makes the connection explicit, "In the present danger of the Tartars either we shall push them back into the Tartarus whence they are come, or they will bring us all into heaven."<ref name= Wedgwood/>}}<ref name= Wedgwood>{{cite journal |last= Wedgwood |first= Hensleigh |author-link= Hensleigh Wedgwood |title= On False Etymologies |journal=[[Transactions of the Philological Society]] |issue=6 |page=72 |year= 1855 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3924121;view=1up;seq=82}}</ref>

The Persian word is first recorded in the 13th century in reference to the hordes of [[Genghis Khan]] and is of unknown origin; according to the Oxford English Dictionary it is "said to be" ultimately from ''tata''. The [[Arabic]] word for Tatars is {{lang|ar|تتار}}. Tatars themselves wrote their name as {{lang|tt-Arab|تاتار}} or {{lang|tt-Arab|طاطار}}.

Tatar was also an endonym to a number of peoples of [[Siberia]] and [[Russian Far East]], namely [[Chulyms]] (татар, ''tatar''), also [[Khakas]], [[Teleuts|Teleut]], and [[Shors|Shor]] (тадар, ''tadar'').<ref>''Ушницкий В. В.'' Средневековые народы Центральной Азии (вопросы происхождения и этнической истории тюрко-монгольских племен). — Казань: Изд-во «Фэн» АН РТ, 2009. — С. 4. — 116 с. — {{ISBN|978-5-9690-0112-1}}</ref> Ochir (2016) states that [[Siberian Tatars]] and the Tatars living in the territories between Asia and Europe are of Turkic origin, acquired the appellation Tatar later, and do not possess ancestral connection to the Mongolic [[Tatar confederation|Nine Tatars]], whose ethnogenesis involved Mongolic people as well as Mongolized Turks who had been ruling over them during the 6–8th centuries.<ref name= Ochir>{{cite book |author=Очир А. |url= http://kigiran.com/sites/default/files/ochir_mongolskie_etnonimy.pdf|script-title=ru:Монгольские этнонимы: вопросы происхождения и этнического состава монгольских народов |date=2016 |publisher=КИГИ РАН |isbn=978-5-903833-93-1 |location=Элиста }} quote (p. 160–161): "Ныне татарами называют этнические группы, имеющие монгольское и тюркское происхождение. Из них так называемые «девять татар» приняли участие в этнокультурном развитии монголов. Татары эти, как племя, сформировались, видимо, в период существования на территории Монголии Тюркского каганата (VI–VIII вв.); помимо монгольского компонента, в процессе этногенеза приняли участие и тюркские, о чем свидетельствует этнический состав татар. В этот период монголами управляли тюрки, которые со временем омонголились. [...] Что же касается сибирских татар и татар, проживающих на территории между Азией и Европой, то они являются выходцами из тюрок. Название татар они получили позднее и не имеют родовой связи с монгольскими («девятью татарами». — А.О.) татарами."</ref> Valikhova et al. (2022) states that Siberian Tatars, at least Tom Tatars, have Mongol genetic component, which is in line with their genetic history.<ref>https://www.medgen-journal.ru/jour/article/view/2212 The structure of the gene pool of Tomsk Tatars according to Y-chromosome markers</ref><ref>''Гаркавец А. Н.'' Кыпчакские языки. — Алма-Ата: Наука, 1987. — С. 18.</ref>

Pow (2019) proposes that Turkic-speaking peoples of [[Cumania]] (i.e. [[Cumans|Polovtsians]]<ref name = "Garkavets">''Гаркавец А. Н.'' Кыпчакские языки. — Алма-Ата: Наука, 1987. — С. 18.</ref>), as a sign of political allegiance, adopted the endonym ''Tatar'' of their Mongol conquerors, before ultimately subsuming the latter culturally and linguistically in the Golden Horde;<ref name= Pow>{{ cite journal
| last = Pow | first = Stephen | year=2019
| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336135124 
| title='Nationes que se Tartaros appellant': An Exploration of the Historical Problem of the Usage of the Ethnonyms Tatar and Mongol in Medieval Sources
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720060624/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336135124_Nationes_que_se_Tartaros_appellant_An_Exploration_of_the_Historical_Problem_of_the_Usage_of_the_Ethnonyms_Tatar_and_Mongol_in_Medieval_Sources 
|archive-date=2021-07-20
| journal=Golden Horde Review
| volume= 7 
| issue = 3
| pages = 545–567
| doi = 10.22378/2313-6197.2019-7-3.545-567
| doi-access=free
}}
quote (p 563): "Regarding the Volga Tatar people of today, it appears they took on the endonym of their Mongol conquerors when they overran the Dasht-i-Kipchak. It was preserved as the prevailing ethnonym in the subsequent synthesis of the Mongols and their more numerous Turkic subjects who ultimately subsumed their conquerors culturally and linguistically as al-Umari noted by the fourteenth century [32, p. 141]. I argue that the name 'Tatar' was adopted by the Turkic peoples in the region as a sign of having joined the Tatar conquerors – a practice which Friar Julian reported in the 1230s as the conquest unfolded. The name stands as a testament to the survivability and adaptability of both peoples and ethnonyms. It became, as Sh. Marjani stated, their 'proud Tatar name.'"</ref> therefore, the term Tatar was originally not just an [[Endonym and exonym|exonym]].<ref name = "Garkavets"/>

Some Turkic peoples living within the Russian Empire were named ''Tatar'', although not all Turkic peoples of Russian Empire were referred to as Tatars (for instance, this name was never used in relation to the [[Yakuts]], [[Chuvash people|Chuvashes]], [[Sart]]s and some others). Some of these populations used and keep using ''Tatar'' as a self-designation, others do not.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Willem Floor |title=Travels through Northern Persia, 1770–1774 |author=Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin |translator=Willem Floor |year=2015 |publisher=Mage Publishers |page=6 |isbn=978-1-933823-15-7 |quote=Prior to 1920, the Russians used the term Tatar to denote the numerous Turkic speaking peoples in their Empire ranging from the Azeris in the Caucasus to tribal people in Siberia.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=George A. Bournoutian |title=From the Kur to the Aras. A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801–1813 |date=2021 |publisher=Brill |page=18 |series=Iran Studies, vol. 22 |isbn=978-90-04-44516-1 |quote=Until the Sovietization of the South Caucasus, Russian language sources refer to the Turkish-speaking Muslims of that region as 'Tatars,' while referring to the Ottomans as 'Turks'.}}</ref><ref>[http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0187/perep04.php «Алфавитный список народов, обитающих в Российской Империи»] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205042823/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0187/perep04.php}} [[Демоскоп_Weekly]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Татары|url=http://www.vokrugsveta.ru/encyclopedia/index.php?title=Татары|publisher=Энциклопедия «Вокруг света»|access-date=29 May 2014|language=ru}}</ref>

* Oghur branch
** [[Chuvash people|Chuvash]]: ''Chuvash Tatars<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Iagafova |first1=Ekaterina |last2=Bondareva |first2=Valeriia |date=2020-06-01 |title=Chuvash 'Paganism' at the Turn of the 21st Century: Traditional Rituals in the Religious Practice of Volga–Urals Chuvash Groups |journal=Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=111–120 |doi=10.2478/jef-2020-0007 |issn=2228-0987 |quote=In some cases, the Chuvash perceived Tatar ethnic identity as parallel to Islam, although they retained the Chuvash language and kept some elements of Chuvash culture in everyday life as well as in rituals. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arik |first=Durmuş |date=2007-04-01 |title=Islam among the Chuvashes and its Role in the Change of Chuvash Ethnicity |journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=37–54 |doi=10.1080/13602000701308814 |issn=1360-2004 |quote=Chuvashes who accepted Islam later on became imams, muezzins, teachers in madrasahs and the other religious employees. Many Chuvashes were influenced by Tatars who were strong representatives of Islam in the Volga-Urals region. This caused Chuvashes to define themselves as Tatars.}}</ref>'' 

* Kipchak groups
** Kipchak–Bulgar branch or "[[Tatar language|Tatar]]" in the narrow sense
*** [[Volga Tatars]]
**** [[Astrakhan Tatars]]
*** [[Lipka Tatars]]
** Kipchak–Cuman branch
*** [[Crimean Tatars]]
*** [[Karachays]] and [[Balkars]]: ''Mountain Tatars''
*** [[Kumyks]]: ''Daghestan Tatars''
** Kipchak–Nogai branch:
*** [[Tatars of Romania|Dobrujan Tatars]]
*** [[Nogais]]: ''Nogai Tatars''
*** [[Tobol-Irtysh Tatars|Tobol-Irtysh]] group of [[Siberian Tatars]]
** Kipchak-Kyrgyz branch
*** [[Baraba Tatars|Baraba]] group of [[Siberian Tatars]]
*** [[Tom Tatars|Tom]] group of [[Siberian Tatars]]
*** Southern [[Altai people|Altaians]] (Altai-Kizhi)
* [[Siberian Turkic|Siberian]] branch:
** Northern [[Altai people|Altaians]]: ''Altai Tatars'', including the [[Tubalar]] or ''Chernevo Tatars''{{efn|The name originating from the name of [[spruce-fir forests|spruce–fir]] [[Taiga]] forests in Russian language: ''черневая тайга''}}
** [[Chulyms]] or ''Chulym Tatars''
** [[Khakas]]: ''[[Yenisei River|Yenisei]] Tatars'' (also ''Abakan Tatars'' or ''Achin Tatars''), still use the ''Tatar'' designation
** [[Shors]]: ''[[Kuznetsk Basin|Kuznetsk]] Tatars''
* Oghuz branch
** [[Azerbaijanis]]: ''Caucasus Tatars'' (also ''Transcaucasia Tatars'' or ''Azerbaijan Tatars'')

==Languages==
{{Further|Kipchak languages|Tatar language|Crimean Tatar language}}
[[File:Map-Kypchak Language World.png|thumb|Contemporary distribution of [[Kipchak languages]]:{{legend|#FF0000|Kipchak–Volga-Ural}}{{legend|#00B927|Kipchak–Cuman}}{{legend|#FF8400|Kipchak–Nogay and Kyrgyz–Kipchak}}]]

Eleventh-century [[Kara-Khanid Khanate|Kara-khanid]] scholar [[Mahmud al-Kashgari]] noted that the historical Tatars were bilingual, speaking other Turkic languages besides their own.<ref>Maħmūd al-Kašğari. "Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk". Edited & translated by [[Robert Dankoff]] in collaboration with James Kelly. In ''Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature''. Part I. (1982). pp. 82–83</ref>

The modern [[Tatar language]], together with the [[Bashkir language]], forms the Kypchak-Volga-Ural group within the [[Kipchak languages]] (also known as Northwestern Turkic).

There are two Tatar dialects—Central and Western.<ref>[[Gabdulkhay Akhatov|Akhatov G.]] "Tatar dialectology". Kazan, 1984. (Tatar language)</ref> The [[Mishar Tatar dialect|Western dialect (Misher)]] is spoken mostly by [[Mishar Tatars|Mishärs]], the Central dialect is spoken by Kazan and [[Astrakhan Tatars]]. Both dialects have subdialects. Central Tatar furnishes the base of literary Tatar.

The [[Siberian Tatar language]] is independent of Volga–Ural Tatar. The dialects are quite remote from Standard Tatar and from each other, often preventing [[Mutual intelligibility|mutual comprehension]]. The claim that Siberian Tatar is part of the modern Tatar language is typically supported by linguists in Kazan and denounced by Siberian Tatars.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

[[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]]{{efn|also rarely called ''Crimean language'' or even more rarely ''Crimean Turkic''}} is the indigenous language of the [[Crimean Tatars|Crimean Tatar people]]. Because of its common name, Crimean ''Tatar'' is sometimes mistakenly seen in Russia as a dialect of [[Tatar language|Kazan Tatar]]. Although these languages are related (as both are Turkic), the Kypchak languages closest to Crimean Tatar are (as mentioned above) [[Kumyk language|Kumyk]] and [[Karachay-Balkar language|Karachay-Balkar]], not Kazan Tatar. Still, there exists an opinion ([[Edkhyam Tenishev|E. R. Tenishev]]), according to which the Kazan Tatar language is included in the same Kipchak-Cuman group as Crimean Tatar.<ref>Сравнительно-историческая грамматика тюркских языков. Региональные реконструкции/Отв. ред. Э.Р. Тенишев. – М. Наука. 2002. – 767 с. стр. 732, 736–737</ref>

==Contemporary groups and nations==
The largest Tatar populations are the [[Volga Tatars]], native to the [[Idel-Ural]] (Volga-Ural) region of European Russia, and the [[Crimean Tatars]] of [[Crimea]]. Smaller groups of [[Lipka Tatars]] and [[Astrakhan Tatars]] also live in [[Europe]] and the [[Siberian Tatars]] in Asia.

===Volga Tatars===
{{Main|Volga Tatars}}

[[File:Ареал расселения татар в России. По данным Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года.png|thumb|The areas of settlement of Tatars in Russia according to the National Population Census 2010]]
[[File:Татар националь костюмы.jpg|thumb|Volga Tatars in traditional clothing]]
In the 7th century AD, the [[Volga Bulgaria|Volga Bulgars]] settled on the territory of the Volga-Kama region, where [[Finno-Ugric peoples|Finno-Ugrians]] lived compactly at that time. Bulgars inhabited part of the modern territory of Tatarstan, [[Udmurtia]], [[Ulyanovsk Oblast|Ulyanovsk region]], [[Samara Oblast|Samara region]] and [[Chuvashia]]. After the invasion of [[Batu Khan]] in 1223–1236, the [[Golden Horde]] destroyed Volga Bulgaria. Most of the population of the [[Bulgars]] survived and crossed to the right bank of the Volga, displacing the [[Mari people|Mountain Mari]] (''cheremis'') from the inhabited territories to the meadow side.{{fact|date=July 2025}} In the year 1236, according to a Russian annalist: "there came from the countries of the East into the Bulgar lands the godless Tatars and sacked the good city of Bolgar and killed everyone from the old to the young and the tiniest suckling".<ref name="Bukharaev">{{cite book |last1=Bukharaev |first1=Ravil |title=Islam in Russia: The Four Seasons |date=3 June 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-80793-0 |pages=118–119 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vIy3AwAAQBAJ |language=en |quote=...but of the year 1236 the Russian annalist wrote with great sadness: 'In the autumn of 6744 (1236), there came from the countries of the East into the Bulgar lands the godless Tatars and sacked the good city of Bolgar and killed everyone from the old to the young and the tiniest suckling, and looted a lot of goods, and set the city on fire, and captured the whole of their land.'}}</ref> It is likely the first time that the name ''Tatar'' was used in connection with the region.<ref name="Bukharaev"/>

After a while, Tatars from all the outskirts of the [[Golden Horde]] began to arrive in the [[Khanate of Kazan|Kazan Khanate]], and consisted mainly of Kipchak peoples: [[Nogais]] and [[Crimean Tatars]].<blockquote>[[Kazan]] was built by the Perekop fugitives from [[Taurida]] during the reign of [[Vasily II of Moscow|Vasily Vasilyevich]] in [[Moscowia|Moscow]]. [[Vasili III of Russia|Vasily Ivanovich]] forced her to take tsars from him for herself. And then, when she was indignant, he embarrassed her with the hardships of a dangerous war, but he did not conquer her. But in 7061 ([[1552]]), his son [[Ivan the Terrible|Ivan IV]] took the city of Kazan after a six-month siege together with the [[Cheremis]]. However, in the form of a reward for the offense, he subdued neighboring [[Volga Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], which he could not stand for frequent rebellions.

''— The journey to Muscovy of Baron Augustine Mayerberg and Horace Wilhelm Calvucci, ambassadors of the August Roman Emperor Leopold to the Tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich in 1661, described by Baron Mayerberg himself''</blockquote><blockquote>Kazan Tatars are descendants of the Tatars of the Kazan Kingdom of the Kipchak Horde. ''— "Alphabetical list of peoples living in the Russian Empire in 1895"[https://www.prlib.ru/item/396941]''</blockquote><blockquote>Kazan Tatars got their name from the main city of Kazan''—''and it is so called from the Tatar word Kazan, the cauldron, which was omitted by the servant of the founder of this city, Khan Altyn Bek, not on purpose, when he scooped water for his master to wash, in the river now called Kazanka. In other respects, according to their own legends, they were not of a special tribe, but descended from the fighters who remained here [in Kazan] on the settlement of different generations and from foreigners attracted to Kazan, but especially [[Nogais|Nogai Tatars]], who all through their union into a single society formed a special people.

— ''Carl Wilhelm Müller''. "Description of all the peoples living in the Russian state,.." Part Two. About the peoples of the Tatar tribe. S-P, 1776, Translated from German.<ref name= Lenin/>

— ''[[Johann Gottlieb Georgi]]''. Description of all the peoples living in the Russian state : their everyday rituals, customs, clothes, dwellings, exercises, amusements, faiths and other memorabilia. Part 2 : About the peoples of the Tatar tribe and other undecided origin of the Northern Siberian. ''—'' 1799. page 8<ref name= ucoz/></blockquote>Also in Kazan there is a famous "[[Kaban Lakes|Kaban Lake]]" similar to the name of the "[[Kuban (river)|Kuban River]]", which translates from [[Nogai language|Nogai]] as "overflowing".
[[File:Из мечети.jpg|thumb|Tatar women in [[Kazan]], Tatarstan]]
The main now central Bauman Street that leads to the Kremlin is one of the oldest streets in Kazan. In the era of the Kazan Khanate, it was called the Nogai district. Nogai daruga is a conditional territory, the possessions of which are controlled by the Nogai Horde, they were run by foremen beki:

* Alibai Murzagulov, in 1773 the foreman of the Nogaiskaya daruga (administrative territory – district)
* Kinzya Arslanov foreman of the Bushmas-Kipchak parish of the Nogaiskaya daruga (administrative territory)
* Yamansary Yapparov foreman of the Suun-Kypsak parish of the Nogaiskaya daruga (administrative territory)

The Tatar Queen [[Söyembikä of Kazan|Syuyumbike]], who was the daughter of the [[Nogais|Nogai]] biya, also testifies to the Nogai roots of the Kazan Tatars. And this is also confirmed by the Khans of the Kazan Khanate:

* Ulu-Muhammad Khan, son of Ichkile Hasan-oglan (1438–1445), former khan of the [[Golden Horde]].
* Mamuk ([[Siberian Tatars|Tyumen]] tatar) Khan (1496–1497).
* Shah-Ali Khan, son of [[Kasimov Tatars|Kasimov tatar]] Sheikh-Auliyar Sultan (1519–1521, 1546, 1551–1552).
* Sahib-Giray Khan, son of [[Crimean Tatars|Crimean tatar]] Khan Mengli Giray (1521–1524, 1524–1531, 1536–1546, 1546–1549).
* Utyamysh-Giray [[Nogais|Nogai tatar]] Khan, son of Safa-Giray Khan (1549–1551).
* Yadygar-Muhammad Khan, son of [[Kasimov Tatars|Kasimov tatar]] Khan of Astrakhan (1552).
* Ali-Akram Khan ([[Nogai Khan|Nogai dynasty]]) (1553–1556).

The large coat of arms of Tsar [[Ivan the Terrible|Ivan IV]] the Terrible testifies that the Tatars of the Kazan Khanate and the Bulgars of the Volga Bulgarian land are different peoples and territories with different coats of arms.

;Forming
{{See also|Turco-Mongol tradition}}

The majority of Volga Tatars ([[Kazan]] Tatars and [[Mishar Tatars|Mishars]]) are usually thought to be descendants of either the [[Kipchaks]] (Polovtsians) of Golden Horde, or [[Bulgars]], that survived the Mongol conquest of 1236–1237. There were only minor groups of Kipchak tribes on the Bulgarian and Cheremis land, and there were very few of them on the territory of the future Kazan Khanate. But during the events of 1438–1445, associated with the formation of the Kazan Khanate, together with Khan Uluk-Muhammad, about 40 thousand Tatars arrived here at once. Subsequently, Tatars from [[Astrakhan]], [[Azov]], [[Crimea]], [[Akhtubinsk]] and other places moved to the [[Khanate of Kazan|Kazan Khanate]]. The Arab historian Al-Omari (Shihabuddin al-Umari) wrote that, having joined the Golden Horde, the Cumans moved to the position of subjects. The Tatar-Mongols settled on the territory of the Polovtsian steppe and gradually mixed with the Polovtsians. Al-Omari concludes that after several generations, the Tatars began to look like Polovtsy: "as if from the same (with them) kind," because they began to live on their lands.

Finally in the end of the 19th century; although the name [[Nogais|Nogailars]] persisted in some places; the majority identified themselves simply as ''the Muslims''{{citation needed|date= May 2020}}) and the language of the Kipchaks; on the other hand, the invaders eventually converted to [[Sunni Islam]] ({{circa}} 14th century). As the Golden Horde disintegrated in the 15th century, the area became the territory of the Kazan khanate, which [[Russo-Kazan wars|Russia ultimately conquered]] in the 16th century.

Some Volga Tatars speak different dialects of the [[Tatar language]]. Accordingly, they form distinct groups such as the [[Mişär]] group and the Qasim group:
* [[Mişär-Tatars]] (or Mishars) are a group of Tatars speaking a Mishar dialect of the Tatar language. They live in the [[Chelyabinsk Oblast|Chelyabinsk]], [[Tambov Oblast|Tambov]], [[Penza Oblast|Penza]], [[Ryazan Oblast|Ryazan]] and [[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast|Nizhegorodskaya]] oblasts of Russia and in [[Bashkortostan]] and [[Mordovia]]. They live on the right bank of the [[Volga River]], in Tatarstan.
* The Western Tatars have their capital in the town of Qasím ([[Kasimov]], {{langx |ru| Касимов}}) in [[Ryazan Oblast]], with a Tatar population of 1100.{{Citation needed|date= October 2008}}
[[File:Northern Yuan and Golden Horde.svg|thumb|Tatar [[khanate]]s that emerged from the Golden Horde in the 15th century]]
A minority of Christianized Volga Tatars are known as [[Kryashens|Keräşens]].

The Volga Tatars used the Turkic [[Old Tatar language]] for their literature between the 15th and 19th centuries. It was written in the [[İske imlâ alphabet|İske imlâ]] variant of the [[Arabic script]], but actual spelling varied regionally. The older literary language included many Arabic and Persian loanwords. However, the modern literary language (generally written using a [[Cyrillic alphabets|Cyrillic alphabet]]), often has Russian- and other European-derived words instead.

Outside of Tatarstan, urban Tatars usually speak [[Russian language|Russian]] as their first language (in cities such as Moscow, [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Nizhniy Novgorod]], [[Tashkent]], [[Almaty]], and in cities of the [[Ural (region)|Ural region]] and western Siberia) and other languages in a worldwide diaspora.

In the 1910s the Volga Tatars numbered about half a million in the [[Kazan Governorate]] in [[Tatarstan]], their historical homeland, about 400,000 in each of the governments of [[Ufa]], 100,000 in [[Samara, Russia|Samara]] and [[Simbirsk]], and about 30,000 in [[Kirov, Kirov Oblast|Vyatka]], [[Saratov]], [[Tambov]], [[Penza]], [[Nizhny Novgorod]], [[Perm, Russia|Perm]] and [[Orenburg]]. An additional 15,000 had migrated to [[Ryazan]] or were settled as prisoners in the 16th and 17th centuries in [[Lithuania]] ([[Vilnius]], [[Hrodna|Grodno]] and [[Podolia]]). An additional 2,000 resided in St. Petersburg.<ref name= EB1911/>
[[File:White Mosque, Laishevo (2024-02-26) 12.jpg|thumb|Volga Tatars praying in a mosque in [[Bolgar, Spassky District, Republic of Tatarstan|Bolgar]], Tatarstan]]
Most Kazan Tatars practice Islam. The Kazan Tatars speak Kazan (normal) Tatar language, with a substantial amount of Russian and Arabic loanwords.

Before 1917, [[polygamy]] was practiced<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.westmifflinmoritz.com/Honors+Cultures/2012-2013+Power+Point/Tartars_Bytzura.pdf|title=westmifflinmoritz.com|website=www.westmifflinmoritz.com|access-date=4 March 2022|archive-date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809074400/http://www.westmifflinmoritz.com/Honors+Cultures/2012-2013+Power+Point/Tartars_Bytzura.pdf}}</ref>{{citation needed|date= January 2013}} only by the wealthier classes and was a waning institution.<ref name= EB1911/>

====Astrakhan Tatars====
{{Main|Astrakhan Tatars}}

The Astrakhan Tatars (around 80,000) are a group of Tatars, descendants of the [[Astrakhan Khanate]]'s population, who live mostly in [[Astrakhan Oblast]]. In the [[Russian Census (2010)|Russian census of 2010]] most Astrakhan Tatars declared themselves simply as "Tatars" and few declared themselves as "Astrakhan Tatars". Many Volga Tatars live in Astrakhan Oblast, and differences between the two groups have been disappearing.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

===Lipka Tatars===
{{Main|Lipka Tatars}}

[[File:Lemke Skirmish with Polish Tatars.png|thumb| Swedish King [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden|Charles X Gustav]] in a skirmish with Tatars near [[Warsaw]] during the [[Second Northern War]] of 1655–1660]]

The Lipka Tatars are a group of [[Turkic languages|Turkic-speaking]] Tatars who originally settled in the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] at the beginning of the 14th century. The first settlers tried to preserve their [[shamanistic]] religion and sought asylum amongst the non-Christian Lithuanians.<ref name= galve>{{Cite web|url=http://www.galve.lt/lt/numeriai/2007062225/Trakai%20ir%20pasaulio%20paveldas/koranas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029035259/http://www.galve.lt/lt/numeriai/2007062225/Trakai%20ir%20pasaulio%20paveldas/koranas|title=Lietuvos totoriai ir jų šventoji knyga – Koranas|archive-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Towards the end of the 14th century Grand Duke [[Vytautas the Great]] of Lithuania (ruled 1392–1430) invited another wave of Tatars—Muslims, this time—into the Grand Duchy. These Tatars first settled in [[Lithuania proper]] around [[Vilnius]], [[Trakai]], [[Hrodna]] and [[Kaunas]]<ref name= galve/> and spread to other parts of the Grand Duchy that later became part of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] in 1569. These areas comprise parts of present-day [[Lithuania]], [[Belarus]] and [[Poland]]. From the very beginning of their settlement in Lithuania they were known as the Lipka Tatars.

From the 13th to 17th centuries various groups of Tatars settled and/or found refuge within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Grand Dukes of Lithuania especially promoted the migrations because of the Tatars' reputation as skilled warriors. The Tatar settlers were all granted ''[[szlachta]]'' (nobility) status, a tradition that survived until the end of the Commonwealth in the late 18th century. Such migrants included the [[Lipka Tatars]] (13th–14th centuries) as well as Crimean and [[Nogai people|Nogay]] Tatars (15th–16th centuries), all of which were notable in Polish military history, as well as [[Volga Tatars]] (16th–17th centuries). They all mostly settled in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

[[File:Tatar attack Warsaw 1656 (101795262).jpg|thumb| At the [[Battle of Warsaw (1656)|Battle of Warsaw]] in 1656 Tatars fought with the Poles against the Swedes.]]
Various estimates of the Tatars in the Commonwealth in the 17th century place their numbers at about 15,000 persons and 60 villages with mosques. Numerous royal privileges, as well as internal autonomy granted by the monarchs, allowed the Tatars to preserve their religion, traditions, and culture over the centuries. The Tatars were allowed to [[Interethnic marriage|intermarry]] with Christians, a practice uncommon in Europe at the time. The [[Constitution of May 3, 1791|May Constitution]] of 1791 gave the Tatars representation in the Polish [[Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Sejm]] (parliament).

Although by the 18th century the Tatars had adopted the local language, the Islamic religion and many Tatar traditions (e.g. the sacrifice of bulls in their mosques during the main religious festivals) survived. This led to the formation of a distinctive [[Muslim culture]], in which the elements of Muslim orthodoxy mixed with religious tolerance formed a relatively liberal society. For instance, the women in Lipka Tatar society traditionally had the same rights and status as men, and could attend non-segregated schools.

[[File:Tartares lituaniens (par Richard Knötel).jpg|thumb|[[Lithuanian Tartars of the Imperial Guard]] at the charge, by [[Richard Knötel]]]]
About 5,500 Tatars lived within the inter-war boundaries of [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] (1920–1939), and a Tatar cavalry unit had fought for the country's independence. The Tatars had preserved their cultural identity and sustained a number of Tatar organisations, including Tatar archives and a museum in Vilnius.

The Tatars suffered serious losses during [[World War II]] and furthermore, after the [[Polish–Soviet border agreement of August 1945|border change in 1945]], a large part of them found themselves in the [[Soviet Union]]. It is estimated that about 3,000 Tatars live in present-day Poland, of which about 500 declared Tatar (rather than Polish) nationality in the 2002 census.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} There are two Tatar villages ([[Bohoniki]] and [[Kruszyniany]]) in the north-east of present-day Poland, as well as urban Tatar communities in [[Warsaw]], [[Gdańsk]], [[Białystok]], and [[Gorzów Wielkopolski]]. Tatars in Poland sometimes have a Muslim surname with a Polish ending: ''Ryzwanowicz''; other surnames adopted by more assimilated Tatars are ''Tatara'' or ''Tataranowicz'' or ''Taterczyński'', which literally mean "son of a Tatar".

The Tatars played a relatively prominent role for such a small community in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth military as well as in Polish and Lithuanian political and intellectual life.{{Citation needed|date= April 2007}} In modern-day Poland, their presence is also widely known, due in part to their noticeable role in the historical novels of [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]] (1846–1916), which are universally recognized in Poland. A number of Polish intellectual figures have also been Tatars, e.g. the prominent historian [[Jerzy Łojek]].

A small community of Polish-speaking Tatars settled in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]], in the early 20th century. They established a mosque that remained in use {{as of | 2017 | lc = on}}.<ref>
[https://www.rferl.org/a/lipka-tatar-community-brooklyn-poland-baltic/28513760.html Amid Tatar Renaissance In Europe, An American Mosque Turns To Its Roots]&nbsp;– "A Lipka Tatar—a Muslim ethnic group native to the Baltic region—Jakub Szynkiewicz was selected to be Poland's first mufti in 1925, around the time that his community's U.S. diaspora was moving into the very mosque in Brooklyn where his portrait still hangs."</ref>

===Crimean Tatars===
{{Main|Crimean Tatars}}

{{See also|Crimean Khanate|Detatarization of Crimea}}

[[File:Мавзолей_Джанике-ханым.jpg|thumb|Mausoleum of Canike in Crimea, [[Chufut-Kale|Qırq Yer]]]]

Crimean Tatars are an indigenous people of Crimea. Their formation occurred during the 13th–17th centuries, primarily from [[Cumans]] that appeared in Crimea in the 10th century, with strong contributions from all the peoples who ever inhabited Crimea ([[Crimean Greeks|Greeks]], [[Scythians]], and [[Crimean Goths|Goths]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ana-yurt.com/qrt/istoriya-etnogeneza-krymskih-tatar|title=История этногенеза крымских татар {{!}} Ана юрт|website=ana-yurt.com|access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>

At the beginning of the 13th century, Crimea, where the majority of the population were [[Turkic peoples|Turkic people]] Cumans, became a part of the [[Golden Horde]]. The Crimean Tatars mostly adopted Islam in the 14th century and thereafter Crimea became one of the centers of Islamic civilization in Eastern Europe. In the same century, trends towards separatism appeared in the Crimean Ulus of the Golden Horde. De facto independence of Crimea from the Golden Horde may be counted since the beginning of the reign in the peninsula of ''khanum'' (princess) Canike, daughter of [[Tokhtamysh]], the powerful Khan of the Golden Horde, and wife of [[Edigey]], the founder of the [[Nogai Horde]]. During her reign she strongly supported [[Hacı I Giray|Hacı Giray]] in the struggle for the Crimean throne until her death in 1437. Following the death of Сanike, the situation of Hacı Giray in Crimea weakened and he was forced to leave Crimea for Lithuania.<ref>Gertsen, Mogarychev [http://handvorec.ru/doc/PUBLIC/krepost%20drag.PDF Крепость драгоценностей. Кырк-Ор. Чуфут-кале.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729043136/http://handvorec.ru/doc/PUBLIC/krepost%20drag.PDF |date=29 July 2020 }}, 1993, pp. 58–64. {{ISBN|5-7780-0216-5}}.</ref>

[[File:Carlo Bossoli Khanpalast von Bachcisaraj 1857.jpg|thumb|[[Khan's Palace]] in Bağçasaray]]
In 1441, an embassy from the representatives of several strong clans of Crimea, including the Golden Horde clans Shırın and Barın and the Cumanic clan Kıpçak, went to the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] to invite Hacı Giray to rule in Crimea. He became the founder of the [[Giray dynasty]], which ruled until the annexation of the Crimean Khanate by Russia in 1783.<ref name= Gayv/> [[Hacı I Giray]] was a [[Jochid]] descendant of [[Genghis Khan]] and of his grandson [[Batu Khan]] of the [[Golden Horde]]. In 1502, during the reign of Hacı's son [[Meñli I Giray]], the Crimean Khanate defeated the "[[Great Horde]]" (the remnant of the Golden Horde) and captured [[Sarai (city)|Sarai]]. Meñli proclaimed himself the [[Khagan|Great Khan]] and overlord of neighboring khanates.<ref name=Gayv/><ref>Vosgrin, 1992. {{ISBN|5-244-00641-X}}.</ref> After that, the Crimean Khanate was among the strongest powers in Eastern Europe until the beginning of the 18th century.<ref>Halil İnalcik, 1942 {{Page needed|date= June 2011}}</ref> The Khanate was formally a vassal state of the [[Ottoman Empire]], with great autonomy after 1580.<ref>[[Great Russian Encyclopedia]]: [https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/3892808 Верховная власть принадлежала хану – представителю династии Гиреев, который являлся вассалом тур. султана (официально закреплено в 1580-х гг., когда имя султана стало произноситься перед именем хана во время пятничной молитвы, что в мусульм. мире служило признаком вассалитета)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506231421/https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/3892808 |date=6 May 2020 }}</ref> As a Muslim state, the Crimean Khanate  had to recognize the Ottoman caliph as the supreme ruler, in fact, the viceroy of God on earth. A major source of prosperity were [[Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe|frequents raids into Eastern Europe for slaves]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mikhail Kizilov |author-link=Mikhail Kizilov |title=Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources |url=https://www.academia.edu/2971600 |journal=[[Journal of Early Modern History]]|year=2007 |volume=11 |issue=1–2 |page=1 |doi=10.1163/157006507780385125 }}</ref>
[[File:Crimean Khanate 1550.png|thumb|Khanates of Crimea, Astrakhan and Kazan in 1550, before [[Ivan the Terrible]]'s expansion into the Volga basin]]
[[File:Józef Brandt - Potyczka Kozaków z Tatarami.jpg|thumb|Tatars fighting [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], by [[Józef Brandt]]]]
At the same time, the Nogai hordes, not having their own khan, were vassals of the Crimean Khan. The [[Tsardom of Russia]] and the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]<ref>[http://inslav.ru/images/stories/pdf/2008_Kochegarov.pdf Kochegarov] (2008), p. 230</ref><ref>J. Tyszkiewicz. Tatarzy na Litwie i w Polsce. Studia z dziejow XIII-XVIII w. Warszawa, 1989. p. 167</ref> paid annual tribute to the khan (until [[Treaty of Constantinople (1700)|1700]]<ref>Davies (2007), p. 187; Torke (1997), p. 110</ref> and [[Treaty of Karlowitz|1699]], respectively). In 1711, when [[Peter I of Russia]] went on a campaign with all his troops (80,000) to gain access to the Black Sea, he was surrounded by the army of the Crimean Khan [[Devlet II Giray]], finding himself in a hopeless situation. And only the betrayal of the Ottoman vizier [[Baltacı Mehmet Pasha]] allowed Peter to get out of the encirclement of the Crimean Tatars.<ref>Ahmad III, H. Bowen, ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Vol. I, ed. H.A.R. Gibb, J.H. Kramers, E. Levi-Provencal and J. Shacht (E.J.Brill, 1986), 269.</ref> When Devlet II Giray protested against the vizier's decision,{{efn|He was claiming: "Such a strong and merciless enemy as Moscow, falling on its feet, fell into our hands. This is such a convenient case when, if we wish so, we can capture Russia from one side to the other, since I know for sure that the whole the strength of the Russian army is this army. Our task now is to pat the Russian army so that it cannot move anywhere from this place, and we will get to Moscow and bring the matter to the point that the Russian Tsar would be appointed by our [[padishah]]."<ref name= Giray/>}} his response was: "You might know your Tatar affairs. The affairs of the [[Sublime Porte]] are entrusted to me. You do not have the right to interfere in them."<ref name= Giray>[http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/24.phtml?id=12944 Halim Giray], 1822 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> The [[Treaty of the Pruth]] was signed, and 10 years later, Russia declared itself an empire. In 1736, the Crimean Khan [[Qaplan I Giray]] was summoned by the Turkish Sultan [[Ahmed III]] to [[Persia]]. Understanding that Russia could take advantage of the lack of troops in Crimea, Qaplan Giray wrote to the Sultan to think twice, but the Sultan was persistent. As it was expected by Qaplan Giray, in [[Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)|1736 the Russian army invaded]] Crimea, led by [[Burkhard Christoph von Münnich|Münnich]], devastated the peninsula, killed civilians and destroyed all major cities, occupied the capital, [[Bakhchisaray]], and burnt the [[Bakhchisaray Palace|Khan's palace]] with all the archives and documents, and then left Crimea because of the epidemic that had begun in it. One year later the same was done by another Russian general—[[Peter Lacy]].<ref name= Gayv>Gayvoronsky, 2007</ref><ref>Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. II. ABC-CLIO. p. 732</ref> Since then, the Crimean Khanate had not been able to recover, and its slow decline began. The [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)|Russo-Turkish War of 1768 to 1774]] resulted in the defeat of the Ottomans by the Russians, and according to the [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]] (1774) signed after the war, Crimea became independent and the Ottomans renounced their political right to protect the Crimean Khanate. After a period of political unrest in Crimea, [[Imperial Russia]] violated the treaty and [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire|annexed the Crimean Khanate]] in 1783.

[[File:Tragedy of Qarasuvbazar.jpg|thumb|Abandoned houses in [[Qarasuvbazar]]]]
Due to the oppression by the Russian administration, the Crimean Tatars were forced to immigrate to the Ottoman Empire. In total, from 1783 till the beginning of the 20th century, at least 800 thousand Tatars left Crimea. In 1917, the Crimean Tatars, in an effort to recreate their statehood, announced the [[Crimean People's Republic]]—the first democratic republic in the Muslim world, where all peoples were equal in rights. The head of the republic was the young politician [[Noman Çelebicihan]]. However, a few months later the [[Bolsheviks]] captured Crimea, and Çelebicihan was killed without trial and thrown into the Black Sea. Soon in Crimea, Soviet power was established.
[[File:Crimean tatar musician.jpg|thumb|Crimean Tatar musician]]
Through the fault of the Soviet government, which exported bread from Crimea to other regions of the country, in [[Russian famine of 1921–22|1921–1922]], at least 76,000 Crimean Tatars died of starvation,<ref>Zarubin: [https://books.google.com/books?id=U28jAQAAIAAJ&q=76+000 Без победителей: из истории Гражданской войны в Крыму], 2008, p. 704</ref> which became a disaster for such a small nation. In 1928, the first wave of repression against the Crimean Tatar [[intelligentsia]] was launched, in particular, the head of the [[Crimean ASSR]], [[Veli İbraimov]], was executed in a fabricated case. In 1938, the second wave of repression against the Crimean Tatar intelligentsia was started, during which many Crimean Tatar writers, scientists, poets, politicians, teachers were killed ([[Asan Sabri Ayvazov]], [[Usein Bodaninsky]], {{ill|Seitdzhelil Hattatov|ru|Хаттатов, Сеитджелиль Усеинович|vertical-align=sup}}, {{ill|Ilyas Tarhan|ru|Тархан, Ильяс Умерович|vertical-align=sup}} and many others).<ref>[https://ru.krymr.com/a/26967214.html Расстрел 17 апреля 1938 года]. RFEL</ref><ref>Zmerzly: [http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/74204/04-Zmerzly.pdf?sequence=1 Политические репрессии среди крымскотатарских преподавателей Крымского государственного университета им. Фрунзе]</ref><ref>Abibullayeva [https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=41482932 Крымскотатарская интеллигенция – жертва политических репрессий 1920–ых – 1930–ых]</ref><ref>Hayali: [http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/107820/19-Khayali.pdf?sequence=1 Крымские татары в репрессивно-карательной политике в Крымской АССР]</ref> In May 1944, the USSR State Defense Committee [[Deportation of the Crimean Tatars|ordered the total deportation of all the Crimean Tatars from Crimea]]. The deportees were transported in
cattle trains to Central Asia, primarily to Uzbekistan. During the deportation and in the first years of being in exile, 46% of Crimean Tatars died.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/u/ussr/ussr.919/usssr919full.pdf Human Rights Watch], 1991, p. 34</ref> In 1956, [[Khrushchev]] exposed [[Stalin's cult of personality]] and allowed deported peoples to return to their homeland. The exception was the Crimean Tatars. Since then, a powerful national movement of the Crimean Tatars, supported abroad and by [[Soviet dissidents]], began, and in 1989 the [[Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union]] was made to condemn the [[ethnic cleansing|deportation of Crimean Tatars from their motherland]] as inhumane and lawless. Crimean Tatars began to return to their homeland. Today, Crimean Tatars constitute approximately 12% of the population of Crimea. There is a [[Crimean Tatar diaspora|large diaspora]] in [[Turkey]] and [[Uzbekistan]], but most (especially in Turkey) of them do not consider themselves Crimean Tatars.<ref name= ICCr/> Still, there remains a diaspora in [[Dobruja]], where most of the Tatars keep identifying themselves as Crimean Tatars.

[[File:Типы степных крымских татар.jpeg|right|thumb|Steppe Crimean Tatars]]
[[File:Горные и южнобережные крымские татары.jpg|thumb|Tat and Yaliboylu Crimean Tatars]]
Nowadays, the Crimean Tatars comprise three sub-ethnic groups:
* the [[Crimean Tatars#Sub-ethnic groups|Tats]] (not to be confused with [[Tat people (Caucasus)|Tat people]], living in the Caucasus region) who used to inhabit the [[Crimean Mountains]] before 1944
* the [[Yaliboylu|Yalıboylu]] who lived on the southern coast of the peninsula
* the [[Noğay]]s who used to live in the northern part of the Crimea

====Crimean Tatars in Dobruja====
{{Further|Tatars of Romania|Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria}}
Some Crimean Tatars have lived in the territory of today's [[Romania]] and [[Bulgaria]] since the 13th century. In Romania, according to the 2002 census, 24,000 people declared their ethnicity as Tatar, most of them being Crimean Tatars living in [[Constanța County]] in the region of Dobruja. Most of the Crimean Tatars, living in Romania and Bulgaria nowadays, left the Crimean peninsula for Dobruja after the [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire]].

Dobrujan Tatars have been present in Romania since the 13th century.<ref>Klaus Roth, Asker Kartarı, (2017), ''Cultures of Crisis in Southeast Europe: Part 2: Crises Related to Natural Disasters, to Spaces and Places, and to Identities (19) (Ethnologia Balkanica)'', p. 223</ref> The Tatars first reached the mouths of the [[Danube]] in the mid-13th century at the height of the power of the [[Golden Horde]]. In the 14th and 15th centuries the [[Ottoman Empire]] colonized [[Dobruja]] with [[Nogais]] from [[Budjak]]. Between 1593 and 1595 Tatars from Nogai and Budjak were also settled to Dobruja. Toward the end of the 16th century, about 30,000 Nogai Tatars from the Budjak were brought to [[Dobruja]].<ref name= Stan>Robert Stănciugel and Liliana Monica Bălaşa, ''Dobrogea în Secolele VII–XIX. Evoluţie istorică'', Bucharest, 2005, p.147</ref> After the [[Russo-Turkish War, 1768–1774|Russian annexation of Crimea]] in 1783 [[Crimean Tatars]] began emigrating to the Ottoman coastal provinces of Dobruja (today divided between Romania and Bulgaria). Once in Dobruja most settled in the areas surrounding [[Medgidia|Mecidiye]], [[Babadag]], [[Constanţa|Köstence]], [[Tulcea|Tulça]], [[Silistra|Silistre]], [[Beștepe, Tulcea|Beştepe]], or [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]] and went on to create villages named in honor of their abandoned homeland such as Şirin, Yayla, Akmecit, Yalta, Kefe or Beybucak. Tatars together with Albanians served as [[Bashi-bazouk|gendarmes]], who were held in high esteem by the Ottomans and received special tax privileges. The Ottomans additionally accorded a certain degree of autonomy for the Tatars who were allowed governance by their own [[kaymakam]], Khan Mirza. The [[Giray dynasty]] (1427–1878) multiplied in Dobruja and maintained their respected position. A Dobrujan Tatar, Kara Hussein, was responsible for the destruction of the [[Janissary corps]] on orders from Sultan Mahmut II.

===Siberian Tatars===
{{Main|Siberian Tatars}}

[[File:Siberian Tatars.jpg|thumb|Siberian Tatar folklore group Naza from Omsk Oblast]]

The [[Siberia]]n Tatars occupy three distinct regions:
* a strip running west to east from [[Tobolsk]] to [[Tomsk]]
* the [[Altay Mountains|Altay]] and its spurs
* South [[Yeniseisk]]

They originated in the agglomerations of various indigenous North Asian groups which, in the region north of the Altay, reached some degree of culture between the 4th and 5th centuries, but were subdued and enslaved by the Mongols.<ref name= EB1911/>
The [[Russian Census (2010)|2010 census]] recorded 6,779 Siberian Tatars in Russia. According to the 2002 census there are 500,000 Tatars in Siberia, but 400,000 of them are [[Volga Tatars]] who settled in Siberia during periods of colonization.<ref>
[http://newasp.omskreg.ru/hist/fotatlas/rezumeen.htm Siberian Tatars] {{webarchive
 |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20020227012304/http://newasp.omskreg.ru/hist/fotatlas/rezumeen.htm |date= 27 February 2002 }}</ref>

==Population of Tatars, 1926–2021==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|+Tatars in Russia (1926–2021)
!Census
!1926
!1939
!1959
!1970
!1979
!1989
!2002
!2010
!2021
|-
|align=left|Population
|3,926,053
|3,682,956
|4,074,253
|4,577,061
|5,055,757
|5,522,096
|5,554,601
|5,310,649
|4,713,669
|-
|align=left|Percentage
|3.89%
|3.40%
|3.47%
|3.52%
|3.68%
|3.75%
|3.87%
|3.87%
|3.61%
|}

==Gallery==

'''Flags'''<br />
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160" caption="Flags">
File:Flag of the Crimean Tatar people.svg|Flag of the Crimean Tatars
File:Flag of Tatarstan.svg|Flag of [[Tatarstan]]
File:Flag of Siberian Tatars.svg|Flag of Siberian Tatars
File:Lipka Tatar Flag SVG.svg|Flag of Lipka Tatars
File:Flag of the Kazan Khanate.svg|Flag of the [[Kazan Khanate]]
File:Coat of arms of Crimean Khanate.svg|Flag of the [[Crimean Khanate]]<ref>[https://archive.org/details/lemondeoulagogra00duva_0/page/n403/mode/2up Pierre Duval: Le monde ou La géographie universelle. (1676)]</ref>
File:Tartary flag.jpg|[[Tartary]] flag
</gallery>

'''Pictures'''<br />
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160" caption="Pictures">
File:Siberian Tatars.jpg|[[Siberian Tatars]]
File:Crimean Tatars.jpg|Crimean Tatar men and boys
File:Crimean-tatar-women.jpg|Crimean Tatar women, early 1900s
</gallery>

'''Paintings'''<br />
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160" caption="Paintings">
File:Chat Tatar Woman.jpg|[[Chat Tatars|Chat Tatar]] woman
File:Tatar.jpg|Tatar elder and his horse
File:Tatar woman XVIII century.jpg|Tatar woman
File:Markov EL Tatar girl 1890.jpg|Crimean Tatar woman
File:Costumes de Differents Pays, 'Femme Tatar Tobolsk' LACMA M.83.190.220.jpg|Tatar woman from [[Tobolsk]]
File:Fullarton, A. & Co. Caucausus & Crimea. 1872 (T).jpg|Crimean Tatar woman
File:Costumes de Differents Pays, 'Femme Tatar Kastchintz' LACMA M.83.190.226.jpg|Tatar woman
File:Markov EL Tatar shepherd-boy 1972.jpg|Crimean Tatar shepherd-boy
File:Tartares lituaniens en reconnaissance.jpg|Lithuanian Tatars of Napoleonic army
File:Семья крымских татар.jpg|Crimean Tatar family, 1840
File:Крымская татарка.jpg|Crimean Tatar girl from [[Morske, Crimea|Kapsikhor]]
File:Tatar de Khourzouk. Grove, Florence Craufurd. Le Caucase. 1899. P.16.png|Daghestani Tatar elder
File:Soyembika.jpg|Tatar Queen Söyembikä and <br />her son, Ötemish Giray Khan
File:Mercier. Famille Tartare (Asie). Auguste Wahlen. Moeurs, usages et costumes de tous les peuples du monde. 1843.jpg|Tatar family in 1843
File:Карло Боссоли. Татарский танец.jpg|Dance of Crimean Tatars. Crimea, 1856.
File:Кримські татари і мулла.jpg|Crimean Tatar family and a mullah
File:Tatarka.jpg|Crimean Tatar princess in 1682
File:Nicolae Tonitza - Micuta tataroaica.jpg|Tatar child ca. 19th century
File:Vasnetsov Tatary Idut.jpg|Tatars' raid on Moscow
File:Recovery of Tartar captives.PNG|Recovery of Tatar captives
File:Крымскотатарский эскадрон.jpg|Crimean Tatar squadrone of the Russian empire
File:Yeget-1.jpg|Tatar costumes
File:MarkovEL Akmulla 1872.jpg|Crimean Tatar elder inviting guests
File:Markov EL Suuksu 1872.jpg|Tatar horsemen
File:Танец крымских татар, 1790-е годы.jpg|Crimean Tatar's national dance
File:Ryszkiewicz Tatars in the vanguard.jpg|Tatars in the vanguard of the Ottoman army
File:Tatar peopleы1862.jpg|Kazan Tatars 1862
</gallery>

'''Language'''<br />
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160" caption="Language">
File:Qur'an book made by tartars.JPG|Quran of the Tatars
Kazan Millennium tamğa.svg|The word ''[[Kazan|Qazan]]''&nbsp;– قازان is written in [[Yaña imlâ alphabet|Yaña imlâ]] in the semblance of a [[Zilant]].
Borongi bolgarlar Gaziz cover.jpg|Cover page of Tatar [[Yana imla]] book, printed with Separated Tatar language in Arabic script in 1924
Хальфин Азбука татарского языка 1778.pdf|A Tatar alphabet book printed in 1778. Arabic script is used, Cyrillic text is in Russian. [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_1778.pdf Хальфин, Сагит. Азбука татарского языка. — М., 1778. — 52 с.]
Nizhny-Novgorod-Mosque-inscription-C0274.jpg|Tatar sign on a [[madrasah]] in [[Nizhny Novgorod]], written in both [[Farsi]] and Cyrillic Tatar scripts
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of Tatars]]
* [[Zabolotnie Tatars]]
* [[Cossacks]]
* [[Besermyan]]
* [[Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe]]
* [[Tatarophobia]]
* [[Tatar name]]
* [[Uhlan]]
* [[Serving Tatars]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=İdil-Ural (Tatar ve Başkurt) sihirli masalları üzerine karşılaştırmalı motif çalışması: Aktarma – motif tespiti (motif – İndex of Folk-Literature'a göre) – motif dizini |first=Erkan |last=Karagöz |volume=1 |location=Ankara |publisher=Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Başkanlığı |date=2021 |pages=143–586 (Tatar tales) |isbn=978-975-17-4742-6 |language=TR}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Tatar people}}
* {{cite EB9 |wstitle = Tartars |volume= XXIII |last= Kropotkin |first= Peter Alexeivitch |author-link= Peter Kropotkin| pages = 70–71 |short=1}}
* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle = Tatars |volume = 26 |last1= Kropotkin |first1= Peter Alexeivitch |author1-link=Peter Kropotkin | last2= Eliot |first2=Charles Norton Edgcumbe |author2-link= Charles Eliot (diplomat) | pages = 448–449 | short=1}}
* [https://www.attasf.org/ The American Turko-Tatar Association]

{{Tatars}}
{{Turkic peoples}}
{{European Muslims}}
{{Ethnic groups of Russia}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tatars}}
[[Category:Tatar peoples|*]]
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Romania]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Russia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey]]
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