View source for The Adventures of Tintin

{{Short description|Series of 24 comic albums by Hergé}}
{{About|the comics|the 2011 film|The Adventures of Tintin (film)|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2013}}
{{Infobox comics meta series
|image               = Tintin-mainCast.png
|imagesize           = 280
|caption             = The main characters of ''The Adventures of Tintin'' from left to right: <br />[[Professor Calculus]], [[Captain Haddock]], [[Tintin (character)|Tintin]] and [[Snowy (character)|Snowy]], [[Thomson and Thompson]], and <br />[[Bianca Castafiore]]
|alt                 = Tintin is standing in front of all of his friends
|anthology           = {{plainlist|
* {{lang|fr|[[Le Petit Vingtième]]}} (newspaper supplement, 1929–1940)
* {{lang|fr|[[Le Soir]]}} (newspaper, 1940–1944)
* ''[[Tintin (magazine)|Tintin]]'' (magazine, 1946-–1976)}}
|graphicnovel        = y
|titles              = {{plainlist|
* ''[[Tintin in the Land of the Soviets]]'' (1930)
* ''[[Tintin in the Congo]]'' (1931)
* ''[[Tintin in America]]'' (1932)
* ''[[Cigars of the Pharaoh]]'' (1934)
* ''[[The Blue Lotus]]'' (1936)
* ''[[The Broken Ear]]'' (1937)
* ''[[The Black Island]]'' (1938)
* ''[[King Ottokar's Sceptre]]'' (1939)
* ''[[The Crab with the Golden Claws]]'' (1941)
* ''[[The Shooting Star]]'' (1942)
* ''[[The Secret of the Unicorn]]'' (1943)
* ''[[Red Rackham's Treasure]]'' (1944)
* ''[[The Seven Crystal Balls]]'' (1948)
* ''[[Prisoners of the Sun]]'' (1949)
* ''[[Land of Black Gold]]'' (1950)
* ''[[Destination Moon (comics)|Destination Moon]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Explorers on the Moon]]'' (1954)
* ''[[The Calculus Affair]]'' (1956)
* ''[[The Red Sea Sharks]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Tintin in Tibet]]'' (1960)
* ''[[The Castafiore Emerald]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Flight 714 to Sydney]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Tintin and the Picaros]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Tintin and Alph-Art]]'' (1986)}}
|lang                = fr
|Adventure           = y
|publisher           = {{plainlist|
* [[Casterman]]
* [[Le Lombard]]
* [[Egmont Group]]
* [[Little, Brown and Company]]}}
|startmo             = <!-- optional in lieu of date-->
|startyr             = 1929
|endmo               = <!-- optional in lieu of date-->
|endyr               = 1976
|main_char_team      = {{plainlist|
* [[Tintin (character)|Tintin]]
* [[Snowy (character)|Snowy]] ({{lang|fr|Milou}})
* [[Captain Haddock]]
* [[Professor Calculus]] ({{lang|fr|Tryphon Tournesol}})
* [[Thomson and Thompson]] ({{lang|fr|Dupond and Dupont}})
* [[Bianca Castafiore]]}}
|creators            = [[Hergé]]
|writers             = [[Hergé]]
|artists             = {{plainlist|
* Hergé
* ''Uncredited:''
* [[Bob de Moor]]
* [[Edgar P. Jacobs]]
* [[Jacques Martin (comics)|Jacques Martin]]
* [[Roger Leloup]]}}
|colorists           = {{plainlist|
* [[Edgar P. Jacobs]]
* [[Josette Baujot]]
* [[Fanny Rodwell]]}}
''(all uncredited)''
|nonUS               = y
|alttop              = y
|sort                = Adventures of Tintin, The
}}

'''''The Adventures of Tintin''''' ({{langx|fr|Les Aventures de Tintin}} {{IPA|fr|lez‿avɑ̃tyʁ də tɛ̃tɛ̃|}}) is a series of 24 [[comic album]]s created by [[Belgians|Belgian]] cartoonist [[Hergé]] (pen name of Georges Remi). The series was one of the most popular [[European comics]] of the 20th century. By 2007, a century after Hergé's birth,{{sfnm|1a1=Pollard|1y=2007|2a1=Bostock|2a2=Brennan|2y=2007|3a1=The Age 24 May|3y=2006|4a1=Junkers|4y=2007}} ''Tintin'' had been published in more than 70 languages with sales of more than 200 million copies,{{sfn|Farr|2007a|p=4}} and had been adapted for radio, television, theatre, and film.

The series first appeared in French on 10 January 1929 in {{lang|fr|[[Le Petit Vingtième]]}}, a youth supplement to the Belgian newspaper {{lang|fr|[[Le Vingtième Siècle]]}}. The success of the series led to [[serial (literature)|serialised]] strips published in Belgium's leading newspaper {{lang|fr|[[Le Soir]]}} and spun into a successful [[Tintin (magazine)|''Tintin'' magazine]]. In 1950, [[Hergé]] created [[Studios Hergé]], which produced the canonical versions of ten ''Tintin'' albums. Following Hergé's death in 1983, the final instalment of the series, ''[[Tintin and Alph-Art]]'', was released posthumously.

The series is set in the contemporary world. Its protagonist is [[Tintin (character)|Tintin]], a courageous young Belgian reporter and adventurer aided by his faithful dog [[Snowy (character)|Snowy]] ({{lang|fr|Milou}} in the original French edition). Other allies include the brash and cynical [[Captain Haddock]], the intelligent but hearing-impaired [[Professor Calculus]] ({{langx|fr|Professeur Tournesol|links=no}}), incompetent detectives [[Thomson and Thompson]] ({{langx|fr|Dupont et Dupond|links=no}}), and the opera diva [[Bianca Castafiore]].

The series has been admired for its clean, expressive drawings in Hergé's signature {{lang|fr|[[ligne claire]]}} ("clear line") style.{{sfnm|1a1=Screech|1y=2005|1p=27|2a1=Miller|2y=2007|2p=18|3a1=Clements|3y=2006|4a1=Wagner|4y=2006|5a1=Lichfield|5y=2006|6a1=Macintyre|6y=2006|7a1=Gravett|7y=2008}} Its well-researched{{sfnm|1a1=Thompson|1y=2003|2a1=Gravett|2y=2005|3a1=Mills|3y=1983}} plots straddle a variety of genres: swashbuckling adventures with elements of fantasy, mysteries, political thrillers, and science fiction. The stories feature slapstick humour, offset by dashes of political or cultural commentary.

{{TOC limit|3}}

== History ==
==={{lang|fr|Le Vingtième Siècle}}: 1929–1939===
{{quote box|width=250px|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=right|quote="The idea for the character of Tintin and the sort of adventures that would befall him came to me, I believe, in five minutes, the moment I first made a sketch of the figure of this hero: that is to say, he had not haunted my youth nor even my dreams. Although it's possible that as a child I imagined myself in the role of a sort of Tintin".|source=—Hergé, 15 November 1966.{{sfn|Assouline|2009|p=19}} }}

Georges Prosper Remi, best known under the pen name [[Hergé]], was employed as an illustrator at {{lang|fr|[[Le Vingtième Siècle]]}} (''The Twentieth Century''), a staunchly Roman Catholic, [[social conservatism|conservative]] Belgian newspaper based in Hergé's native [[Brussels]]. Run by the [[Abbé]] [[Norbert Wallez]], the paper described itself as a "Catholic Newspaper for Doctrine and Information" and disseminated a fascist viewpoint.{{sfnm|1a1=Thompson|1y=1991|1p=24|2a1=Peeters|2y=2012|2pp=20–29}} Wallez appointed Hergé editor of a new Thursday youth supplement, titled {{lang|fr|[[Le Petit Vingtième]]}} ("''The Little Twentieth''").{{sfnm|1a1=Thompson|1y=1991|1pp=24–25|2a1=Peeters|2y=2012|2pp=31–32}} Propagating Wallez's sociopolitical views to its young readership, it contained explicitly pro-fascist and [[antisemitism|antisemitic]] sentiment.{{sfn|Assouline|2009|p=38}} In addition to editing the supplement, Hergé illustrated {{lang|fr|L'extraordinaire aventure de Flup, Nénesse, Poussette et Cochonnet}} (''The Extraordinary Adventure of Flup, Nénesse, Poussette and Cochonnet''),{{sfn|Goddin|2008|p=44}} a comic strip authored by a member of the newspaper's sport staff. Dissatisfied with this, Hergé wanted to write and draw his own cartoon strip.{{sfn|Farr|2001|p=12}}

He already had experience creating comic strips. From July 1926, he had written a strip about a Boy Scout patrol leader titled {{lang|fr|[[Totor|Les Aventures de Totor C.P. des Hannetons]]}} (''The Adventures of Totor, Scout Leader of the Cockchafers'') for the [[Scouting]] newspaper {{lang|fr|Le Boy Scout Belge}} (''The Belgian Boy Scout'').{{sfn|Farr|2001|p=12}} Totor was a strong influence on [[Tintin (character)|Tintin]],{{sfnm|1a1=Farr|1y=2001|1p=12|2a1=Thompson|2y=1991|2p=25|3a1=Assouline|3y=2009|p=19}} with Hergé describing the latter as being like Totor's younger brother.{{sfn|Assouline|2009|p=19}} Jean-Marc and Randy Lofficier stated that graphically, Totor and Tintin were "virtually identical" except for the Scout uniform,{{sfn|Thompson|1991|p=29}} also noting many similarities between their respective adventures, particularly in the illustration style, the fast pace of the story, and the use of humour.{{sfn|Lofficier|Lofficier|2002|p=19}} He was fascinated by new techniques in the medium such as the systematic use of speech bubbles—found in such American comics as [[George McManus]]' ''[[Bringing up Father]]'', [[George Herriman]]'s ''[[Krazy Kat]]'', and [[Rudolph Dirks]]'s ''[[Katzenjammer Kids]]'', copies of which had been sent to him from Mexico by the paper's reporter [[Léon Degrelle]].{{sfnm|1a1=Assouline|1y=2009|1p=17|2a1=Farr|2y=2001|2p=18|3a1=Lofficier|3a2=Lofficier|3y=2002|3p=18}}

[[File:Le Petit Vingtieme, Tintin in the Land of the Soviets.jpg|thumb|left|The front page of the 1 May 1930 edition of {{lang|fr|Le Petit Vingtième}}, declaring "{{lang|fr|Tintin revient!}}" ("Tintin Returns!") from his adventure in the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Goddin|2008|p=67}}]]

Although Hergé wanted to send Tintin to the United States, Wallez ordered him to set his adventure in the [[Soviet Union]], in order to create antisocialist propaganda for children. The result, ''[[Tintin in the Land of the Soviets]]'', was serialised in {{lang|fr|Le Petit Vingtième}} from January 1929 to May 1930.{{sfnm|1a1=Assouline|1y=2009|1pp=22–23|2a1=Peeters|2y=2012|2pp=34–37}} Popular in Francophone Belgium, Wallez organised a publicity stunt at the [[Paris Gare du Nord]] railway station, following which he organised the publication of the story in book form.{{sfn|Peeters|2012|pp=39–41}} The story's popularity led to an increase in sales, so Wallez granted Hergé two assistants.{{sfnm|1a1=Assouline|1y=2009|1pp=32–34|2a1=Peeters|2y=2012|2pp=42–43}} In ''Tintin in the Land of the Soviets'', the [[Bolshevik]]s are presented as villains. Hergé drew on ''Moscow Unveiled'', a work given to him by Wallez and authored by [[Joseph Douillet]], the former Belgian consul in Russia, that is highly critical of the Soviet regime, although Hergé contextualised this by noting that in Belgium, at the time a devout Catholic nation, "anything Bolshevik was [[atheism|atheist]]".{{sfn|Sadoul|Didier|2003}} In the story, Bolshevik leaders are motivated by personal greed and a desire to deceive the world. Tintin discovers, buried, "the hideout where [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]], [[Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]], and [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] have collected together wealth stolen from the people". ''[[The Economist]]'' stated that while the book is "crude", "the land of hunger and tyranny painted by Hergé was uncannily accurate."{{sfn|The Economist 28 January|1999}}

At Wallez's direction, in June Hergé began serialisation of the second story, ''[[Tintin in the Congo]]'', designed to encourage colonial sentiment towards the [[Belgian Congo]]. Authored in a paternalistic style that depicted the Congolese as childlike idiots, in later decades it was accused of racism, but at the time was uncontroversial and popular, and further publicity stunts were held to increase sales.{{sfnm|1a1=Assouline|1y=2009|1pp=26–29|2a1=Peeters|2y=2012|2pp=45–47}}

For the third adventure, ''[[Tintin in America]]'', serialised from September 1931 to October 1932, Hergé finally got to deal with a scenario of his own choice, and used the work to push an anti-capitalist, anti-consumerist agenda in keeping with the paper's ultraconservative ideology.{{sfn|Assouline|2009|pp=30–32}} ''The Adventures of Tintin'' had been [[print syndication|syndicated]] to a Catholic magazine named {{lang|fr|[[Cœurs Vaillants]]}} (''Brave Hearts'') since 1930, and Hergé was soon receiving syndication requests from Swiss and Portuguese newspapers, too.{{sfn|Assouline|2009|p=35}}

Hergé wrote a string of ''Adventures of Tintin'', sending his character to real locations such as the Belgian Congo, United States, [[Egypt]], [[India]], [[Tibet]], [[China]], and the [[United Kingdom]]. He also sent Tintin to fictional countries of his own devising, such as the Latin American republic of [[San Theodoros]], the East European kingdom of [[Syldavia]], or the fascist state of [[Borduria]]—whose leader's name, Müsstler, was a [[portmanteau]] of the names of the Nazi German Führer [[Adolf Hitler]] and the Italian Fascist Prime Minister [[Benito Mussolini]].{{sfn|Thompson|1991|p=82}}

==={{lang|fr|Le Soir}}: 1940–1945===
In May 1940, [[Nazi Germany]] invaded Belgium as [[World War II]] spread further across Europe. Although Hergé briefly fled to France and was considered a self-imposed exile, he ultimately decided to return to his occupied homeland.{{sfn|Thompson|1991|pp=91–92}} For political reasons, the Nazi authorities closed down {{lang|fr|Le Vingtième Siècle}}, leaving Hergé unemployed.{{sfn|Thompson|1991|pp=90–91}} In search of employment, he got a job as an illustrator at Belgium's leading newspaper, {{lang|fr|[[Le Soir]]}} (''The Evening''), which was allowed to continue publication under German management.{{sfn|Thompson|1991|pp=92–93}} On 17 October 1940, he was made editor of the children's supplement, {{lang|fr|[[Le Soir Jeunesse]]}}, in which he set about producing new Tintin adventures.{{sfn|Thompson|1991|pp=98–99}} In this new, more repressive political climate of [[German occupation of Belgium during World War II|German-occupied Belgium]], Hergé could no longer politicize ''The Adventures of Tintin'' lest he be arrested by the [[Gestapo]]. As [[Harry Thompson]] noted, Tintin's role as a reporter came to an end, to be replaced by his new role as an explorer.{{sfn|Thompson|1991|p=147}} The serialized publication of ''[[Land of Black Gold]]'', which was being released in the years immediately preceding the occupation, was put on hold and its publication would not resume until 1948. [[The Adventures of Tintin#List of titles|Six other stories]] were released in the meantime, which were notably absent of any explicitly political plot or commentary.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

==={{lang|fr|Le Journal de Tintin}}: 1946–1983===
In September 1944, the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] [[Liberation of Belgium|entered Brussels]] and Hergé's German employers fled. {{lang|fr|Le Soir}} was shut down and ''The Adventures of Tintin'' was put on hold.{{sfn|Thompson|1991|p=166}}
Then in 1946, Hergé accepted an invitation from Belgian comic publisher [[Raymond Leblanc]] and his new publishing company {{lang|fr|[[Le Lombard]]|italic=no}} to continue ''The Adventures of Tintin'' in the new {{lang|fr|Le journal de Tintin}} (''[[Tintin (magazine)|Tintin]]'' magazine).{{sfn|Thompson|1991|p=173}}
Hergé quickly learned that he no longer had the independence he preferred; he was required to produce two coloured pages a week for Leblanc's magazine, a tall order.{{sfn|Thompson|1991|p=174}}

In 1950, Hergé began to poach the better members of the ''Tintin'' magazine staff to work in the large house on Avenue Louise that contained the fledgling {{lang|fr|[[Studios Hergé]]|italic=no}}.{{sfn|Thompson|1991|p=194}} [[Bob De Moor]] (who imitated Hergé's style and did half the work),{{sfn|Thompson|1991|p=194}} Guy Dessicy (colourist), and Marcel DeHaye ([[secretary]]) were the nucleus. To this, Hergé added [[Jacques Martin (comics)|Jacques Martin]] (imitated Hergé's style), [[Roger Leloup]] (detailed, realistic drawings), Eugène Evany (later chief of the Studios),{{sfn|Thompson|1991|p=173}} Michel Demaret ([[letterer]]), and Baudouin Van Den Branden (secretary).{{sfn|Thompson|1991|pp=202–203}}
As Harry Thompson observed, the idea was to turn the process of creating ''The Adventures of Tintin'' into a "veritable production line, the artwork passing from person to person, everyone knowing their part, like an artistic orchestra with Hergé conducting".{{sfn|Thompson|1991|p=203}}
The studios produced eight new Tintin albums for ''Tintin'' magazine, and coloured and reformatted two old Tintin albums.
{{lang|fr|Studios Hergé|italic=no}} continued to release additional publications until Hergé's death in 1983. In 1986, a 24th [[Tintin and Alph-Art|unfinished album]] was released, the studios were disbanded, and the assets were transferred to the [[TintinImaginatio|Hergé Foundation]].{{sfn|Thompson|1991|p=289}}

== Characters ==
=== Tintin and Snowy ===
{{Main|Tintin (character)|Snowy (character)}}
Tintin is a young Belgian reporter and adventurer who becomes involved in dangerous cases in which he takes heroic action to save the day. The ''Adventures'' may feature Tintin hard at work in his investigative journalism, but seldom is he seen actually turning in a story.
Readers and critics have described Tintin as a well-rounded yet open-ended, intelligent, and creative character, noting that his lack of backstory and neutral personality permits a reflection of the evil, folly, and foolhardiness which surrounds him. The character never compromises his [[Scout (Scouting)|Boy Scout]] ideals, which represent Hergé's own, and his status allows the reader to assume his position within the story, rather than merely following the adventures of a strong protagonist.{{sfn|Walker|2005}} Tintin's cartoonish representation against more realistic backgrounds enhances this aspect, with [[Scott McCloud]] noting that it "allows readers to mask themselves in a character and safely enter a sensually stimulating world".{{sfn|McCloud|1993}}

Snowy ({{lang|fr|Milou}} in Hergé's original version), a white [[Wire Fox Terrier]] dog, is Tintin's loyal companion. Like Captain Haddock, Snowy is fond of [[Loch Lomond distillery|Loch Lomond]] brand [[Scotch whisky]], and his occasional bouts of drinking tend to get him into unintentional trouble, as does his only fear: [[Arachnid|arachnids]].

=== Captain Haddock ===
{{Main|Captain Haddock}}

Captain Archibald Haddock ({{lang|fr|Capitaine Haddock}} in Hergé's original version) is a [[Merchant Navy|Merchant Marine]] [[sea captain]] and Tintin's best friend. Introduced in ''[[The Crab with the Golden Claws]]'', Haddock is initially depicted as a weak and alcoholic character, but later evolves to become genuinely heroic and even a socialite after he finds a treasure from his ancestor, [[Sir Francis Haddock]] ({{lang|fr|Chevalier François de Hadoque}}). The Captain's coarse humanity and sarcasm act as a counterpoint to Tintin's often-implausible heroism; he is always quick with a dry comment whenever the boy reporter seems too idealistic. The hot-tempered Haddock uses a range of colourful insults and curses to express his feelings, such as "billions of bilious blue blistering barnacles!" ({{lang|fr|Mille milliards de mille sabords!}}) or "ten thousand thundering typhoons!"

=== Professor Calculus ===
{{Main|Professor Calculus}}

Professor Cuthbert Calculus ({{lang|fr|Professeur Tryphon Tournesol}} in Hergé's original version; {{wikt-lang|fr|tournesol}} is the French word for 'sunflower') is an [[absent-mindedness|absent-minded]] and [[deafness|partially deaf]] [[physicist]] and a regular character alongside Tintin, Snowy, and Captain Haddock. He was introduced in ''[[Red Rackham's Treasure]]'', and based partially on [[Auguste Piccard]], a Swiss physicist.{{sfn|Horeau|2004}}

=== Supporting characters ===
{{Main|List of The Adventures of Tintin characters}}

{{quote box|width=250px|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=right|quote="Everybody wants to be Tintin: generation after generation. In a world of [[Rastapopoulos]]es, [[R.W. Trickler|Tricklers]] and [[Laszlo Carreidas|Carreidases]]—or, more prosaically, [[Jolyon Wagg]]s and [[Mr. Bolt|Bolt-the-builders]]—Tintin represents an unattainable ideal of goodness, cleanness, authenticity".|source=—Literary critic [[Tom McCarthy (novelist)|Tom McCarthy]], 2006{{sfn|McCarthy|2006|pp=160–161}} }}

Hergé's supporting characters have been cited as far more developed than the central character, each imbued with strength of character and depth of personality, which has been compared with that of the characters of [[Charles Dickens]].{{sfn|McCarthy|2006|p=8}} Hergé used the supporting characters to create a [[realism (arts)|realistic]] world{{sfn|Thompson|1991|p=207–208}} in which to set his protagonists' adventures. To further the realism and continuity, characters would recur throughout the series. The occupation of Belgium and the restrictions imposed upon Hergé forced him to focus on characterisation to avoid depicting troublesome political situations. As a result, the colourful supporting cast was developed during this period.{{sfn|Yusuf|2005}}

[[Thomson and Thompson]] ({{lang|fr|Dupont et Dupond}} in Hergé's original version) are two incompetent detectives who look like identical twins, their only discernible difference being the shape of their moustaches.{{sfn|How to tell a Thompson from a Thomson|2006}} First introduced in ''[[Cigars of the Pharaoh]]'', they provide much of the [[comic relief]] throughout the series, being afflicted with chronic [[spoonerism]]s. They are extremely clumsy, thoroughly incompetent, and usually bent on arresting the wrong character. The detectives usually wear bowler hats and carry walking sticks except when sent abroad; during those missions they attempt the [[national costume]] of the locality they are visiting, but instead dress in conspicuously stereotypical folkloric attire which makes them stand apart. The detectives were based partly on Hergé's father Alexis and uncle Léon, identical twins who often took walks together, wearing matching bowler hats while carrying matching walking sticks.

[[Bianca Castafiore]] is an opera singer of whom Haddock is terrified. She was first introduced in ''[[King Ottokar's Sceptre]]'' and seems to appear wherever the protagonists travel, along with her maid [[Irma (comics)|Irma]] and pianist [[Igor Wagner]]. Although amiable and strong-willed, she is also comically foolish, whimsical, absent-minded, talkative, and seemingly unaware that her voice is shrill and appallingly loud. Her speciality is the Jewel Song ({{lang|fr|Ah! Je ris de me voir si belle en ce miroir}} / ''Ah! My beauty past compare, these jewels bright I wear'') from [[Charles Gounod|Gounod]]'s opera ''[[Faust (opera)|Faust]]'', which she sings at the least provocation. She is often maternal toward Haddock, of whose dislike she remains ignorant. She often confuses words, especially names, with other words that rhyme with them or of which they remind her; "Haddock" is frequently replaced by [[malapropism]]s such as "[[Paddock]]", "[[Stopcock]]", or "[[Hopscotch]]", while Nestor, Haddock's butler, is confused with "Chestor" and "Hector". Her own name means "white and chaste flower": a meaning to which Professor Calculus once refers when he breeds a white rose and names it for the singer. She was based upon opera [[diva]]s in general (according to Hergé's perception), Hergé's Aunt Ninie (who was known for her "shrill" singing of opera), and, in the post-war comics, on [[Maria Callas]].{{sfn|Farr|2004}}

Other recurring characters include [[Nestor (comics)|Nestor]] the butler, [[Chang Chong-Chen|Chang]] (or Chang Chong-Chen) the loyal Chinese boy, [[Rastapopoulos]] the criminal mastermind, [[Jolyon Wagg]] the infuriating (to Haddock) insurance salesman, [[General Alcazar]] the South American freedom fighter and (on and off) President of San Theodoros, [[Mohammed Ben Kalish Ezab]] the Arab emir, and [[Abdullah (Tintin)|Abdullah]] his mischievous son, [[Dr. Müller]] the evil German psychiatrist, [[Oliveira da Figueira]] the friendly Portuguese salesman, [[Cutts the butcher]] whose phone number is repeatedly confused with Haddock's, and [[Allan Thompson (Tintin character)|Allan]] the henchman of Rastapopoulos and formerly Haddock's first mate.

== Settings ==
{{originalresearch|section|date=October 2025}}
The settings within ''Tintin'' have also added depth to the strips. Hergé mixes real and fictional lands into his stories. In ''King Ottokar's Sceptre'' (revisited once more in ''Destination Moon'', ''Explorers on the Moon'' and ''The Calculus Affair'') Hergé creates two fictional countries, [[Syldavia]] and [[Borduria]], and invites the reader to tour them in text through the insertion of a travel brochure into the storyline.{{sfn|Thompson|2003}} Other fictional lands include [[Khemed]] on the Arabian Peninsula and [[San Theodoros]], [[São Rico]], and [[Nuevo Rico]] in South America, as well as the kingdom of [[Gaipajama]] in India.{{sfn|McLaughlin|2007|p=187}} Apart from these fictitious locations, Tintin also visits real places such as Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, Belgian Congo, Peru, India, Egypt, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Iceland, Nepal, and China. Other actual locales used were the Sahara Desert, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Moon.

Fictional settings include:
* Black Island, an island off the Scottish coast, ''The Black Island''
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Borduria (Tintin - 1939).svg}}/{{flagicon image|Borduriens flagga.svg}} [[Borduria]] is the historical rival of Syldavia and attempts a [[fascist]] [[annexation]] similar to the 1938 ''[[Anschluss]]'' of Austria in ''King Ottokar's Sceptre''. Borduria is ruled by the military dictator [[Marshal Kûrvi-Tasch]], who oppresses his own people and attempts to influence [[Third World]] conflicts by sending "military advisors" to countries such as San Theodoros.
* Gran Chapo, after the South American [[Gran Chaco|Chaco]] region. ''The Broken Ear'' is set in a war inspired by the Chaco War.
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Khemed.svg}} Khemed, in [[Arabia]]. Khemed is subject to a revolution in ''[[The Red Sea Sharks]]'' and in the ''[[Land of Black Gold]]''.
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Nuevo Rico.svg}} [[Nuevo Rico]], bordering San Theodoros. The two countries go to [[war]] over [[Petroleum|oil]] in ''[[The Broken Ear]]'', which is parallel to the 1930s [[Chaco War]] between [[Paraguay]] and [[Bolivia]]. The capital of Nuevo Rico is Sanfacion (a play on [[Asunción]], which indicates that it is modelled upon Paraguay).
* {{flagicon image|Flag of San Theodoros.svg}} San Theodoros in [[South America]], a prototypical [[banana republic]] where US-based companies and Borduria (meant as an allusion to the [[Soviet Union]] or [[Cuba]]) vie for power, with "advisors" of local generals. The capital is Los Dopicos, which is later renamed Tapiocapolis.
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Sao Rico.svg}} [[São Rico]] in South America. São Rico was added as a reference in a later versions of ''[[The Shooting Star]]''. The original version had the villainous masterminds as stereotypical Jewish American puppet-masters; the later version darkens their skin tone and inserts São Rico as a reference.
* Most of the events of ''[[Flight 714 to Sydney]]'' take place on the island of Pulau-Pulau Bompa ("pulau-pulau" is Indonesian for "islands") involving people Hergé calls the [[Sondonesians]]. Said to be undergoing a civil war or a war for independence and now rebels for hire, the people may be based on separatist fighters of the [[Republic of South Maluku]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Yeung|first=Kenneth|title=Tintin in Indonesia|url=http://indonesiaexpat.biz/featured/tintin-in-indonesia|access-date=October 8, 2013|newspaper=Jakarta Expat|date=January 28, 2013}}</ref> It was a self-proclaimed republic of seismically active islands in the [[Molucca Sea]], whose residents fought for independence from [[Indonesia]] in the 1950s and 1960s. The inclusion of Jakarta's [[Kemayoran Airport|Kemajoran Airport]] and the radio message from [[Makassar]] just before the plane is hijacked suggests that the location is within the Indonesian archipelago. The Sondonesians' conversations in the album are in Indonesian Malay ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]). The [[Proboscis monkey]], which appears in the album, is exclusive to [[Borneo]].
* {{flagicon image|Syldavia.webp}} [[Syldavia]] in the [[Balkans]] is, by Hergé's own admission modelled on [[Montenegro]]<ref>[http://www.lefigaro.fr/voyages/2012/10/26/03007-20121026ARTFIG00665-balade-princiere-au-montenegro.php Le Figaro - Voyages : Balade princière au Monténégro]</ref> and is threatened by neighbouring [[Borduria]] (an attempted annexation appears in ''[[King Ottokar's Sceptre]]''), a situation that parallels respectively [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]] or [[Federal State of Austria|Austria]] and the expansionist [[Nazi Germany]] prior to [[World War II]]. Both Syldavia and Borduria are stereotyped Balkan countries.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fleming |first1=K. E. |title=Orientalism, the Balkans, and Balkan Historiography |journal=The American Historical Review |date=1 October 2000 |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=1218–1233 |doi=10.1086/ahr/105.4.1218 |url=https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/105/4/1218/87914 |access-date=2 February 2025 |issn=0002-8762|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Syldavia is later home to [[Sprodj]] Atomic Centre, which launches the first rocket to the Moon.

== Research ==
Hergé's extensive research began with ''[[The Blue Lotus]]''; Hergé said that "it was from that time that I undertook research and really interested myself in the people and countries to which I sent Tintin, out of a sense of responsibility to my readers".{{sfn|Gravett|2005}}

Hergé's use of research and photographic reference allowed him to build a realised universe for Tintin, going so far as to create fictionalised countries, dressing them with specific political cultures. These were heavily informed by the cultures evident in Hergé's lifetime. Pierre Skilling has asserted that Hergé saw monarchy as "the legitimate form of government", noting that democratic "values seem underrepresented in [such] a classic Franco-Belgian strip".{{sfn|McLaughlin|2007|pp=173–234}} Syldavia in particular is described in considerable detail, Hergé creating a history, customs, and a language, which is actually a Slavic-looking transcript of [[Marols]], a working-class Brussels dialect. He set the country in the [[Balkans]], and it is, by his own admission, modelled after [[Albania]].{{sfn|Assouline|2009}} The country finds itself threatened by neighbouring Borduria, with an attempted annexation appearing in ''[[King Ottokar's Sceptre]]''. This situation parallels the [[Italian invasion of Albania|Italian conquest of Albania]], and that of [[Czechoslovakia]] and [[Austria]] by expansionist Nazi Germany prior to World War II.{{sfn|Ewing|1995}}

Hergé's use of research would include months of preparation for Tintin's voyage to the Moon in the two-part storyline spread across ''[[Destination Moon (comics)|Destination Moon]]'' and ''[[Explorers on the Moon]]''. His research for the storyline was noted in ''[[New Scientist]]'': "The considerable research undertaken by Hergé enabled him to come very close to the type of space suit that would be used in future [[Exploration of the Moon|Moon exploration]], although his portrayal of the type of rocket that was actually used was a long way off the mark". The Moon rocket is based on the German [[V-2]] rockets.{{sfn|Pain|2004}}

== Influences ==
In his youth, Hergé admired [[Benjamin Rabier]] and suggested that a number of images within ''Tintin in the Land of the Soviets'' reflected his influence, particularly the pictures of animals. [[René Vincent]], the [[Art Deco]] designer, also affected early Tintin adventures: "His influence can be detected at the beginning of the ''Soviets'', where my drawings are designed along a decorative line, like an 'S'".{{sfn|Moura|1999}} Hergé also readily adopted the image of round noses from [[George McManus]], feeling they were "so much fun that I used them, without scruples!"{{sfn|Sadoul|Didier|2003}}

During the extensive research Hergé carried out for ''The Blue Lotus'', he became influenced by Chinese and Japanese illustrative styles and [[woodcut]]s. This is especially noticeable in the seascapes, which are reminiscent of works by [[Hokusai]] and [[Hiroshige]].{{sfn|The Great Wave|2006}}

Hergé also declared [[Mark Twain]] an influence, although this admiration may have led him astray when depicting [[Inca Empire|Incas]] as having no knowledge of an upcoming solar eclipse in ''[[Prisoners of the Sun]]'', an error T.&nbsp;F. Mills attributed to an attempt to portray "Incas in awe of a latter-day '[[A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court|Connecticut Yankee]]'".{{sfn|Mills|1983}}

== Translation into English ==

===British===
Tintin first appeared in English in the weekly British children's comic ''[[Eagle (British comics)|Eagle]]'' in 1951 with the story ''King Ottokar's Sceptre''.{{efn|Tintin first appeared in ''Eagle'' Vol 2:17 (3 August), which ran in weekly parts in the lower half of the centerfold, beneath the cutaway drawings, until Vol 3:4 (2 May 1952).}}{{sfn|Thompson|1991|p=109}} It was translated in conjunction with [[Casterman]], Tintin's publishers, and starts by describing Tintin as "a French boy". Snowy was called by his French name {{lang|fr|Milou}}.{{sfnm|1a1=Corn|1y=1989|2a1=The Times 4 August|2y=2009}}

The process of translating Tintin into [[British English]] was then commissioned in 1958 by [[Methuen Publishing|Methuen]], Hergé's British publishers. It was a joint operation, headed by Leslie Lonsdale-Cooper and Michael Turner,{{sfnm|1a1=The Daily Telegraph 14 August|1y=2009|2a1=The Times 4 August|2y=2009}} who worked closely with Hergé to attain a translation as true as possible to the original work.{{sfn|Owens 10 July|2004}} Due in part to the large amount of language-specific [[word play]] (such as punning) in the series, especially the jokes which played on [[Professor Calculus]]' partial deafness, it was never the intention to translate literally; instead they strove to fashion a work whose idioms and jokes would be meritorious in their own right. Despite the free hand Hergé afforded the two, they worked closely with the original text, asking for regular assistance to understand Hergé's intentions.{{sfn|Owens 10 July|2004}}

The British translations were also Anglicised to appeal to British customs and values. Milou, for example, was renamed Snowy at the translators' discretion. Captain Haddock's {{lang|fr|Le château de Moulinsart}} was renamed Marlinspike Hall.{{sfn|Farr|2001|p=106}}

When it came time to translate ''[[The Black Island]]'', which is set in [[Great Britain]], the opportunity was taken to redraw the entire book. Methuen had decided that the book did not portray Great Britain accurately enough and had compiled a list of 131 errors of detail which needed to be put right, such as ensuring that the British police were unarmed and ensuring that scenes of the British [[countryside]] would be acceptable to British readers.{{sfn|Owens 10 July|2004}} The resulting 1966 album is the dramatically updated and redrawn version most commonly available today.{{sfn|Farr|2001|p=72}} {{As of|2013|alt=As of the early 21st century|post=,}} [[Egmont Group|Egmont]] publishes Tintin books in the United Kingdom and elsewhere.{{sfn|Egmont Group|2013}}

===American===
The ''Tintin'' books have had relatively limited popularity in the United States.{{sfn|BBC News 9 January|2009}}

The works were first adapted for the [[American English]] market by [[Golden Books]], a branch of the [[Western Publishing Company]] in the 1950s. The albums were translated from French into American English with some artwork panels blanked except for the speech balloons. This was done to remove content considered to be inappropriate for children, such as drunkenness and free mixing of races.{{sfnm|1a1=Thompson|1y=1991|1p=103|2a1=A personal website (Netherlands)|2y=2006}} The albums were not popular and only six were published in mixed order.{{sfn|Owens 1 October|2004}} The edited albums later had their blanked areas redrawn by Hergé to be more acceptable, and they currently appear this way in published editions around the world.{{sfn|Owens 1 October|2004}}

From 1966 to 1979, ''[[Children's Digest]]'' included monthly instalments of ''The Adventures of Tintin''. These serialisations served to increase Tintin's popularity, introducing him to many thousands of new readers in the United States.{{efn|At that time, ''Children's Digest'' had a circulation of around 700,000 copies monthly.}}{{sfn|Owens 1 October|2004}}

[[The Atlantic Monthly|Atlantic Monthly Press]], in cooperation with [[Little, Brown and Company]] beginning in the 1970s, republished the albums based on the British translations. Alterations were made to vocabulary not well known to an American audience (such as [[gaol]], [[tyre (wheel)|tyre]], [[saloon (car)|saloon]], and [[wrench|spanner]]). {{As of|2013|alt=As of the early 21st century|post=,}} Little, Brown and Company (owned by the [[Hachette Book Group USA]]) continues to publish Tintin books in the United States.{{sfn|Hachette Book Group|2013}}

===Digital===
[[Moulinsart]]'s official Tintin app in [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]], launched with the release of the digital version of ''[[Tintin in the Congo]]'' on 5 June 2015, features brand new English language translations by journalist, writer and Tintin expert [[Michael Farr]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://en.tintin.com/news/index/rub/0/id/4443/0/the-adventures-of-tintin-go-digital-tintin-in-the-congo-in-english| title = The Adventures of Tintin go digital – Tintin in the Congo in English| date = 3 June 2015| access-date = 23 March 2018| archive-date = 4 April 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190404084804/http://en.tintin.com/news/index/rub/0/id/4443/0/the-adventures-of-tintin-go-digital-tintin-in-the-congo-in-english| url-status = live}}</ref>

===Lettering and typography===

The English-language ''Adventures of Tintin'' books were originally published with handwritten lettering created by cartographer Neil Hyslop.<ref name="Tintinologist-2004-Turner-Lonsdale-Cooper-interview">{{cite web|url=http://www.tintinologist.org/articles/mt-llc-interview.html|title=Interview with Michael Turner and Leslie Lonsdale-Cooper|publisher=Tintinologist|author=Chris Owens|date=10 July 2004|access-date=29 November 2014|archive-date=9 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409005238/http://www.tintinologist.org/articles/mt-llc-interview.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 1958's ''The Crab with the Golden Claws'' was the first to be published with Hyslop's lettering. Hyslop was given versions of Hergé's artwork with blank panels.<ref name="Tintinologist-2004-Turner-Lonsdale-Cooper-interview" /> Hyslop would write his English script on a clear [[cellophane]]-like material, aiming to fit within the original speech bubble.<ref name="Tintinologist-2004-Turner-Lonsdale-Cooper-interview" /> Occasionally the size of the bubbles would need to be adjusted if the translated text would not fit.<ref name="Tintinologist-2004-Turner-Lonsdale-Cooper-interview" /> In the early 2000s, Tintin's English publishers [[Egmont Group|Egmont]] discontinued publishing books featuring Hyslop's handwritten lettering, instead publishing books with text created with digital fonts. This change was instigated by publisher [[Casterman]] and Hergé's estate managers [[Moulinsart]], who decided to replace localised hand-lettering with a single computerised font for all Tintin titles worldwide.<ref name="Kim-Adrian-tragic">{{cite web|url=https://www.kimadrian.com/2012/12/casterman-makes-tragic-changes-to-tintin.html|title=Casterman Makes Tragic Changes to Tintin: Hyslop's Handlettering vs. "Pretty" Computer Font|author=Kim Adrian|date=22 October 2012|access-date=29 November 2014|archive-date=4 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204131242/http://www.kimadrian.com/2012/12/casterman-makes-tragic-changes-to-tintin.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Awards ===
On 1 June 2006, the [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]] bestowed the [[International Campaign for Tibet]]'s [[Light of Truth Award]] upon the Hergé Foundation, along with South African Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]].{{sfn|BBC News 2 June|2006}} The award was in recognition of Hergé's book ''[[Tintin in Tibet]]'', Hergé's most personal adventure,{{sfn|Farr|2001|p=162}} which the executive director of ICT Europe Tsering Jampa noted was "for many&nbsp;... their introduction to the awe-inspiring landscape and culture of Tibet".{{sfn|Int'l Campaign for Tibet 17 May|2006}} In 2001, the Hergé Foundation demanded the recall of the Chinese translation of the work, which had been released with the title ''Tintin in Chinese Tibet''. The work was subsequently published with the correct translation of the title.{{sfn|BBC News 22 May|2002}} Accepting on behalf of the Hergé Foundation, Hergé's widow Fanny Rodwell said: "We never thought that this story of friendship would have a resonance more than 40 years later".{{sfn|BBC News 2 June|2006}}

=== Literary criticism ===
{{See also|List of books about Tintin}}
The study of Tintin, sometimes referred to as "Tintinology", has become the life work of some literary critics in Belgium, France and the United Kingdom.{{sfn|Wagner|2006}} Belgian author [[Philippe Goddin]] has written {{lang|fr|Hergé et Tintin reporters: Du Petit Vingtième au Journal Tintin}} (1986, later republished in English as ''Hergé and Tintin Reporters: From "Le Petit Vingtième" to "Tintin" Magazine'' in 1987) and {{lang|fr|Hergé et les Bigotudos}} (1993) amongst other books on the series. In 1983, French author [[Benoît Peeters]] released {{lang|fr|Le Monde d'Hergé}}, subsequently published in English as ''[[Tintin and the World of Hergé]]'' in 1988.{{sfn|Peeters|1989}} English reporter [[Michael Farr]] has written works such as ''Tintin, 60 Years of Adventure'' (1989), ''Tintin: The Complete Companion'' (2001),{{sfn|Farr|2001}} ''Tintin & Co.'' (2007){{sfn|Farr|2007}} and ''The Adventures of Hergé'' (2007),{{sfn|Farr|2007a}} while English television producer [[Harry Thompson]] authored ''Tintin: Hergé and his Creation'' (1991).{{sfn|Thompson|1991}}

[[Literary criticism|Literary critics]], primarily in French-speaking Europe, have also examined ''The Adventures of Tintin''. In 1984, [[Jean-Marie Apostolidès]] published his study of the ''Adventures of Tintin'' from a more "adult" perspective as {{lang|fr|Les Métamorphoses de Tintin}}, published in English as ''The Metamorphoses of Tintin, or Tintin for Adults'' in 2010.{{sfn|Apostolidès|2010}} In reviewing Apostolidès' book, Nathan Perl-Rosenthal of ''[[The New Republic]]'' thought that it was "not for the faint of heart: it is {{Sic|hide=y|densely|-}}packed with close textual analysis and laden with psychological jargon".{{sfn|Perl-Rosenthal|2010}} Following Apostolidès's work, French psychoanalyst Serge Tisseron examined the series in his books {{lang|fr|Tintin et les Secrets de Famille}} ("Tintin and the Family Secrets"), which was published in 1990,{{sfn|Tisseron|1990}} and {{lang|fr|Tintin et le Secret d'Hergé}} ("Tintin and Hergé's Secret"), published in 1993.{{sfn|Tisseron|1993}}

The first English-language work of literary criticism devoted to the series was ''Tintin and the Secret of Literature'', written by the novelist [[Tom McCarthy (novelist)|Tom McCarthy]] and published in 2006. McCarthy compares Hergé's work with that of [[Aeschylus]], [[Honoré de Balzac]], [[Joseph Conrad]], and [[Henry James]] and argues that the series contains the key to understanding literature itself.{{sfn|McCarthy|2006|p=10}} McCarthy considered the ''Adventures of Tintin'' to be "stupendously rich",{{sfn|McCarthy|2006|p=8}} containing "a mastery of plot and symbol, theme and sub-text"{{sfn|McCarthy|2006|p=32}} which, influenced by Tisseron's psychoanalytical readings of the work, he believed could be deciphered to reveal a series of recurring themes, ranging from [[bartering]]{{sfn|McCarthy|2006|pp=13–14}} to implicit sexual intercourse{{sfn|McCarthy|2006|pp=106–109}} that Hergé had featured throughout the series. Reviewing the book in ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'', Toby Clements argued that McCarthy's work, and literary criticism of Hergé's comic strips in general, cut "perilously close" to simply feeding "the appetite of those willing to cross the line between enthusiast and obsessive" in the Tintinological community.{{sfn|Clements|2006}}

=== Controversy ===
[[File:Tintin in the Congo - Rhino.jpg|thumb|right|The early ''Adventures of Tintin'' depicted controversial images, which Hergé later described as "a transgression of my youth". In 1975, he substituted this sequence with one in which the rhino accidentally discharges Tintin's rifle.{{sfnm|1a1=Thompson|1y=1991|1pp=38,49|2a1=Farr|2y=2001|2p=22}}]]

[[File:Bohlwinkel.jpg|thumb|right|The character of [[Mr. Bohlwinkel]] has been criticised as a negative [[Stereotypes of Jews|Jewish stereotype]].]]

The earliest stories in ''The Adventures of Tintin'' have been criticised{{sfnm|1a1=BBC News 28 April|1y=2010|2a1=Beckford|2y=2007}} for animal cruelty; [[colonialism]]; violence; and [[ethnocentric]], caricatured portrayals of non-Europeans.{{sfn|Farr|2001|p=22}} While the Hergé Foundation has presented such criticism as naïveté and scholars of Hergé such as Harry Thompson have said that "Hergé did what he was told by the Abbé Wallez",{{sfn|Thompson|1991|p=40}} Hergé himself felt that his background made it impossible to avoid prejudice, stating: "I was fed the prejudices of the [[bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] society that surrounded me".{{sfn|Sadoul|Didier|2003}}

In 1999, the issue of Tintin's politics was the subject of a debate in the French parliament.{{sfn|BBC News 4 February|1999}}

''Tintin in the Congo'' has been criticised as presenting the Africans as naïve and primitive.{{sfn|BBC News 17 July|2007}} In the original work, Tintin is shown at a blackboard addressing a class of African children: "My dear friends. I am going to talk to you today about your fatherland: Belgium".{{efn|"{{lang|fr|Mes chers amis, je vais vous parler aujourd'hui de votre patrie: La Belgique.}}" }} Hergé redrew this in 1946 to show a lesson in mathematics.{{sfnm|1a1=Cendrowicz|1y=2010|2a1=Farr|2y=2001|2p=25}} Hergé later admitted the flaws in the original story, excusing it saying: "I portrayed these Africans according to&nbsp;... this purely paternalistic spirit of the time".{{sfn|Sadoul|Didier|2003}} Sue Buswell, who was the editor of Tintin at Methuen, summarised the perceived problems with the book in 1988 as "all to do with rubbery lips and heaps of dead animals",{{efn|"Dead animals" refers to the fashion for big-game hunting at the time of the work's original publication.}} although Thompson noted her quote may have been "taken out of context".{{sfn|Thompson|1991|p=44}}

Drawing on [[André Maurois]]' {{lang|fr|Les Silences du colonel Bramble}}, Hergé presents Tintin as a [[big-game hunter]], accidentally killing fifteen [[antelope]] as opposed to the one needed for the evening meal. However, concerns over the number of dead animals led ''Tintin''{{'}}s Scandinavian publishers to request changes. A page of Tintin killing a [[rhinoceros]] by drilling a hole in its back and inserting a stick of dynamite was deemed excessive; Hergé replaced the page with one in which the rhino accidentally discharges Tintin's rifle while he sleeps under a tree.{{sfnm|1a1=Thompson|1y=1991|1pp=38,49|2a1=Farr|2y=2001|2p=22}} In 2007, the UK's [[Commission for Racial Equality]] called for the book to be pulled from shelves after a complaint, stating: "It beggars belief that in this day and age [[Borders (retailer)|Borders]] would think it acceptable to sell and display Tintin in the Congo."{{sfnm|1a1=Beckford|1y=2007|2a1=BBC News 12 July|2y=2007}} In August 2007, a Congolese student filed a complaint in Brussels that the book was an insult to the Congolese people. Public prosecutors investigated, and a criminal case was initiated, although the matter was transferred to a civil court.{{sfnm|1a1=Samuel|1y=2011|2a1=BBC News 13 February|2y=2012}} Belgium's Centre for Equal Opportunities warned against "over-reaction and hyper [[political correctness]]".{{sfn|Vrielink|2012}}

Hergé altered some of the early albums in subsequent editions, usually at the demand of publishers. For example, at the instigation of his American publishers, many of the African characters in ''Tintin in America'' were re-coloured to make their race [[Caucasian race|Caucasian]] or ambiguous.{{sfn|Mills|1996}} ''The Shooting Star'' originally had an American villain with the Jewish surname of "Blumenstein".{{sfn|Eschner|2017}} This proved controversial, as the character exhibited exaggerated, [[stereotype|stereotypically]] Jewish characteristics. "Blumenstein" was changed to an American with a less ethnically specific name, [[Mr. Bohlwinkel]], in later editions and subsequently to a South American of a [[fictional country]] São Rico. Hergé later discovered that 'Bohlwinkel' was also a Jewish name.{{sfn|Ewing|1995}} In recent years, even Tintin's politics of peace have been investigated.{{sfn|Rösch|2014}}

== Adaptations and memorabilia ==
{{Main|Tintin books, films, and media}}

''The Adventures of Tintin'' has been adapted in a variety of media besides the original comic strip and its collections. Hergé encouraged adaptations and members of his studio working on the animated films. After Hergé's death in 1983, the Hergé Foundation and [[Hergé Foundation#Moulinsart|Moulinsart]], the foundation's commercial and copyright wing, became responsible for authorising adaptations and exhibitions.{{sfnm|1a1=Thompson|1y=1991|1p=289|2a1=Tintin.com Moulinsart|2y=2010}}

=== Television and radio ===
Two animated television adaptations and one radio adaptation have been made.

''[[Hergé's Adventures of Tintin]]'' ({{lang|fr|Les aventures de Tintin d'après Hergé}}) (1957) was the first production of [[Belvision Studios]].{{sfn|Lofficier|Lofficier|2002|pp=143–144}} Ten of Hergé's books were adapted, each [[serial (radio and television)|serialised]] into a set of five-minute episodes, with 103 episodes produced.{{efn|Two series were created. Series 1: Two books, twelve episodes, were adapted in black and white as a test of the studio's abilities; these were actually faithful to the original albums. Series 2: Eight books, 91 episodes, were adapted in colour; these were often unfaithful to the original albums. The animation quality of the series was very limited.{{sfn|Lofficier|Lofficier|2002|pp=143–144}} }} The series was directed by [[Ray Goossens]] and written by Belgian comic artist [[Greg (comics)|Greg]], later editor-in-chief of ''[[Tintin (magazine)|Tintin]]'' magazine, and produced by [[Raymond Leblanc]].{{efn|Belvision had just been launched by [[Raymond Leblanc]], who had created ''Tintin'' magazine a decade earlier.}} Most stories in the series varied widely from the original books, often changing whole plots.{{sfn|Lofficier|Lofficier|2002|pp=143–144}}

''[[The Adventures of Tintin (TV series)|The Adventures of Tintin]]'' ({{lang|fr|Les aventures de Tintin}}) (1991–92) was the more successful ''Tintin'' television series. An adaptation of twenty-one ''Tintin'' books,{{efn|The series ran for three seasons, 13 episodes each season; the 21 stories usually presented in two-part segments.}}{{sfn|Lofficier|Lofficier|2002|p=148}} it was directed by Stéphane Bernasconi and was produced by [[Lé Studio Ellipse|Ellipse]] (France) and Canadian [[Nelvana Limited|Nelvana]] on behalf of the Hergé Foundation. The series adhered closely to the albums to such an extent that panels from the original were often transposed directly to the screen.{{sfn|Lofficier|Lofficier|2002|p=148}} The series aired in over fifty countries and was released on DVD. It aired in the US on [[HBO]].{{sfn|Baltimore Sun 16 November|1991}}

''The Adventures of Tintin'' (1992–93) radio series was produced by [[BBC Radio 5 (former)|BBC Radio 5]]. The dramas starred [[Richard Pearce (British actor)|Richard Pearce]] as Tintin and [[Andrew Sachs]] as Snowy. Captain Haddock was played by [[Leo McKern]] in Series One and [[Lionel Jeffries]] in Series Two, Professor Calculus was played by [[Stephen Moore (actor)|Stephen Moore]] and Thomson and Thompson were played by [[Charles Kay]].<ref name="says">{{Cite web|title=Mille sabords tintin games.|url=https://parallel-youniversity.com/gangbang/mille-sabords-tintin-games.php|last=says|first=Brooke L. A.|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-29|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809000817/https://parallel-youniversity.com/gangbang/mille-sabords-tintin-games.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The ''Adventures of Tintin'' were also released as [[radio drama]]s on [[LP record|LP]] and [[compact cassette]] recordings in French language versions in Belgium, France and Canada, German language versions in Germany, Swedish language versions in Sweden, Danish language versions in Denmark and Norwegian language versions in Norway.<ref name="says"/>

=== Cinema ===
Five feature-length ''Tintin'' films were made before Hergé's death in 1983 and one more in 2011.

''[[The Crab with the Golden Claws (film)|The Crab with the Golden Claws]]'' ({{lang|fr|Le crabe aux pinces d'or}}) (1947) was the first successful attempt to adapt one of the comics into a feature film. Written and directed by Claude Misonne and João B Michiels, the film was a stop-motion puppet production created by a small Belgian studio.{{sfn|Lofficier|Lofficier|2002|p=143}}

''[[Tintin and the Golden Fleece]]'' ({{lang|fr|Tintin et le mystère de la Toison d'Or}}) (1961), the first live-action ''Tintin'' film, was adapted not from one of Hergé's ''Adventures of Tintin'' but instead from an original script written by André Barret and Rémo Forlani.{{sfn|Lofficier|Lofficier|2002|pp=144–145}} Directed by Jean-Jacques Vierne and starring [[Jean-Pierre Talbot]] as Tintin and [[Georges Wilson]] as Haddock, the plot involves Tintin travelling to Istanbul to collect the ''Golden Fleece'', a ship left to Haddock in the will of his friend, Themistocle Paparanic. Whilst in the city however, Tintin and Haddock discover that a group of villains also want possession of the ship, believing that it would lead them to a hidden treasure.{{sfn|Lofficier|Lofficier|2002|pp=144–145}}

''[[Tintin and the Blue Oranges]]'' ({{lang|fr|Tintin et les oranges bleues}}) (1964), the second live action ''Tintin'' film, was released due to the success of the first. Again based upon an original script, once more by André Barret, it was directed by Philippe Condroyer and starred Talbot as Tintin and [[Jean Bouise]] as Haddock.{{sfn|Lofficier|Lofficier|2002|pp=145–146}} The plot reveals a new invention, the blue orange, that can grow in the desert and solve world famines, devised by Calculus' friend, the Spanish Professor Zalamea. An emir whose interests are threatened by the invention of the blue orange proceeds to kidnap both Zalamea and Calculus, and Tintin and Haddock travel to Spain in order to rescue them.{{sfn|Lofficier|Lofficier|2002|pp=145–146}}

''[[Tintin and the Temple of the Sun]]'' ({{lang|fr|Tintin et le temple du soleil}}) (1969), the first [[traditional animation]] ''Tintin'' film, was adapted from two of Hergé's ''Adventures of Tintin'': ''The Seven Crystal Balls'' and ''Prisoners of the Sun''. The first full-length, animated film from Raymond Leblanc's Belvision, which had recently completed its television series based upon the Tintin stories; it was directed by Eddie Lateste and featured a musical score by the critically acclaimed composer [[François Rauber]]. The adaptation is mostly faithful, although the ''Seven Crystal Balls'' portion of the story was heavily condensed.{{sfn|Lofficier|Lofficier|2002|pp=145–146}}

''[[Tintin and the Lake of Sharks]]'' ({{lang|fr|Tintin et le lac aux requins}}) (1972), the second traditional animation ''Tintin'' film and the last Tintin release for nearly 40 years, it was based on an original script by [[Greg (comics)|Greg]] and directed by Raymond Leblanc.{{sfn|Da.|2003}} Belvision's second feature takes Tintin to Syldavia to outwit his old foe Rastapopoulos. While the look of the film is richer, the story is less convincing.{{sfn|Lofficier|Lofficier|2002|p=147}} The movie was subsequently adapted into a comic album made up of stills from the film.{{sfnm|1a1=Da.|1y=2003|2a1=Lofficier|2a2=Lofficier|2y=2002|2p=147}}

''[[The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn]]'' (2011) was [[Steven Spielberg]]'s [[motion capture]] [[3D film]] based on three Hergé albums: ''[[The Crab with the Golden Claws]]'' (1941), ''[[The Secret of the Unicorn]]'' (1943), and ''[[Red Rackham's Treasure]]'' (1944).{{sfn|Mulard|2012}} [[Peter Jackson]]'s company [[Weta Digital]] provided the animation and special effects. The movie received positive reviews and was a box office success.

=== Documentaries ===

''[[I, Tintin]]'' ({{lang|fr|Moi, Tintin}}, 1976) was produced by Belvision Studios and Pierre Film.{{sfn|Lofficier|Lofficier|2002|p=150}}

''[[Tintin and I]]'' ({{lang|fr|Tintin et moi}}, 2003), a documentary film directed by Anders Høgsbro Østergaard and co-produced by companies from Denmark, Belgium, France, and Switzerland, was based on a taped interview with Hergé by [[Numa Sadoul]] from 1971. Although the interview was published as a book, Hergé was allowed to edit the work prior to publishing and much of the interview was excised.{{sfn|Christensen|2003}} Years after Hergé's death, the filmmaker returned to the original tapes and restored Hergé's often personal, insightful thoughts—and in the process brought viewers closer to the world of Tintin and Hergé.{{sfn|Lofficier|Lofficier|2002|p=150}} It was broadcast in the US on the [[PBS]] network on 11 July 2006.{{sfn|PBS July|2006}}

{{lang|fr|Sur les traces de Tintin}} (''On the trail of Tintin'', 2010) was a five-part documentary television series which recaps several albums of the book series by combining comic panels (motionless or [[motion comic|otherwise]]) with live-action imagery, with commentary provided.

=== Theatre ===
[[File:Tintin and the Black Island - Unicorn Theatre Company.jpg|thumb|right|''Tintin and the Black Island'' at the [[Arts Theatre]] in the [[West End theatre|West End]] of London, by the Unicorn Theatre Company, in 1980–81{{sfnm|1a1=Hodgson|1y=2008|2a1=RLF: Current Fellows|2y=2008|3a1=Cadambi Website: Plays & Musicals|3y=2006}}]]

Hergé himself helped to create two [[play (theatre)|stage plays]], collaborating with humourist [[Jacques Van Melkebeke]]. ''[[The Mystery of the Blue Diamond|Tintin in the Indies: The Mystery of the Blue Diamond]]'' (1941) covers much of the second half of ''Cigars of the Pharaoh'' as Tintin attempts to rescue a stolen blue diamond. ''[[Mr. Boullock's Disappearance]]'' (1941–1942) has Tintin, Snowy, and Thomson and Thompson travel around the world and back to Brussels again to unmask an impostor trying to lay claim to a missing millionaire's fortune. The plays were performed at the {{lang|fr|[[Théâtre Royal des Galeries]]|italic=no}} in Brussels. The scripts of the plays are lost.{{sfnm|1a1=Sadoul|1y=1975|1p=143|2a1=Thompson|2y=1991|2pp=132–133,142|3a1=Lofficier|3a2=Lofficier|3y=2002|3pp=148–149}}

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, two Tintin plays were produced at the [[Arts Theatre]] in the [[West End theatre|West End]] of London, adapted by Geoffrey Case for the Unicorn Theatre Company. These were ''Tintin's Great American Adventure'', based on the comic ''Tintin in America'' (1976–1977) and ''Tintin and the Black Island'', based on ''The Black Island'' (1980–81); this second play later toured.{{efn|Geoffrey Case (adapted), Tony Wredden (directed): ''Tintin's Great American Adventure'', Arts Theatre, London, 18 December 1976 to 20 February 1977, Unicorn Theatre Company. ''Tintin and the Black Island'', Arts Theatre, London, 1980–81, Unicorn Theatre Company.}}{{sfnm|1a1=Hodgson|1y=2008|2a1=RLF: Current Fellows|2y=2008|3a1=Cadambi Website: Plays & Musicals|3y=2006}}

A [[musical theater|musical]] based on ''The Seven Crystal Balls'' and ''Prisoners of the Sun'' premièred on 15 September 2001 at the {{lang|nl|Stadsschouwburg}} (City Theatre) in [[Antwerp]], Belgium. It was entitled {{lang|nl|[[Kuifje – De Zonnetempel (De Musical)]]}} ("''Tintin – Temple of the Sun (The Musical)''") and was broadcast on [[Canal+ (French TV channel)|Canal Plus]], before moving on to [[Charleroi]] in 2002 as {{lang|fr|[[Tintin – Le Temple du Soleil – Le Spectacle Musical]]}}.{{sfnm|1a1=Le Devoir 14 December|1y=2007|2a1=HLN.be 13 December|2y=2007|3a1=Wainman|3y=2006|4a1=Cadambi Website: Plays & Musicals|4y=2006}}

The [[Young Vic]] theatre company in London ran ''Hergé's Adventures of Tintin'', a musical version of ''Tintin in Tibet'', at the [[Barbican Arts Centre]] (2005–2006); the production was directed by Rufus Norris and was adapted by Norris and [[David Greig (dramatist)|David Greig]].{{sfnm|1a1=Billington|1y=2005|2a1=YoungVic.org|2y=2005|3a1=Barbican|3y=2005|4a1=Cadambi Website: Plays & Musicals|4y=2006}} The show was successfully revived at the [[Playhouse Theatre]] in the West End of London before touring (2006–2007){{sfnm|1a1=Smurthwaite|1y=2007|2a1=SoniaFriedman.com|2y=2007}} to celebrate the centenary of Hergé's birth in 2007.{{sfnm|1a1=Pollard|1y=2007|2a1=Bostock|2a2=Brennan|2y=2007|3a1=The Age 24 May|3y=2006|4a1=Junkers|4y=2007}}

=== Video games ===
Tintin began appearing in [[video game]]s when [[Atari SA|Infogrames]], a French game company, released the [[side scroller]] ''[[Tintin on the Moon]]'' in 1989.{{sfnm|1a1=MobyGames.com|1y=1989|2a1=Sinclair Infoseek|2y=1989}} The same company released a [[platform game]] titled ''[[Tintin in Tibet (video game)|Tintin in Tibet]]'' in 1995 for the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|Super NES]] and Mega Drive/Genesis.{{sfn|MobyGames.com|1995}} Another platform game from Infogrames titled ''[[Prisoners of the Sun (video game)|Prisoners of the Sun]]'' was released the following year for the Super NES, [[Microsoft Windows]], and [[Game Boy Color]].{{sfn|MobyGames.com|1996}}

In 2001, Tintin became 3D in ''[[Tintin: Destination Adventure]]'', released by Infogrames for Windows and PlayStation.{{sfn|MobyGames.com|2001}} Then in 2011, an [[action-adventure game|action-adventure]] game called ''[[The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn (video game)|The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn]]'', a tie-in to the 2011 movie, was released by [[Ubisoft]] in October.{{sfn|MobyGames.com|2011}} In 2020, a match-3 mobile game called ''Tintin Match'' was released by 5th Planet games.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tintin Match, the match-3 puzzler based on the popular series, is available now for iOS and Android |url=https://www.pocketgamer.com/articles/083998/tintin-match-the-match-3-puzzler-based-on-the-popular-series-is-available-now-for-ios-and-android/ |website=Pocketgamer |date=31 August 2020 |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215416/https://www.pocketgamer.com/articles/083998/tintin-match-the-match-3-puzzler-based-on-the-popular-series-is-available-now-for-ios-and-android/ |url-status=live }}</ref> An adventure game, titled ''[[Tintin Reporter – Cigars of the Pharaoh]]'', was released by [[Microids]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gematsu.com/2022/08/tintin-reporter-cigars-of-the-pharaoh-launches-in-2023-for-ps5-xbox-series-ps4-xbox-series-switch-and-pc|title=Tintin Reporter: Cigars of the Pharaoh launches in 2023 for PS5, Xbox Series, PS4, Xbox Series, Switch, and PC|last=Romano|first=Sal|website=Gematsu|date=August 22, 2022|access-date=August 22, 2022|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309195130/https://www.gematsu.com/2022/08/tintin-reporter-cigars-of-the-pharaoh-launches-in-2023-for-ps5-xbox-series-ps4-xbox-series-switch-and-pc|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Memorabilia and merchandise ===
[[File:Tintin Shop.jpg|thumb|upright|The Tintin Shop in [[Covent Garden]], London{{sfn|Pignal|2010}}]]

Images from the series have long been [[license]]d for use on [[merchandise]], the success of ''Tintin'' magazine helping to create a market for such items. Tintin's image has been used to sell a wide variety of products, from alarm clocks to underpants. Countless separate items related to the character have been available, with some becoming [[collectible|collector's items]] in their own right.{{sfn|Conrad|2004}}

The Hergé Foundation has maintained control of the licenses, through Moulinsart (now Tintin Imaginatio),<ref>{{cite news|title=Moulinsart changes its name and presents its future projects for 2022 and 2023|url=https://www.tintin.com/en/news/5819/moulinsart-changes-its-name-and-presents-its-future-projects-for-2022-and-2023|website=Tintin.com|date=20 May 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=7 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707133805/https://www.tintin.com/en/news/5819/moulinsart-changes-its-name-and-presents-its-future-projects-for-2022-and-2023|url-status=live}}</ref> the commercial wing of the foundation. Speaking in 2002, Peter Horemans, the then director general at Moulinsart, noted this control: "We have to be very protective of the property. We don't take lightly any potential partners and we have to be very selective&nbsp;... for him to continue to be as popular as he is, great care needs to be taken of his use".{{sfn|DITT|2002}} However, the Foundation has been criticised by scholars as "trivialising the work of Hergé by concentrating on the more lucrative merchandising" in the wake of a move in the late 1990s to charge them for using relevant images to illustrate their papers on the series.{{sfn|Bright|1999}}

Tintin [[memorabilia]] and merchandise has allowed a chain of stores based solely on the character to become viable. The first shop was launched in 1984 in [[Covent Garden]], London.{{sfn|Pignal|2010}} Tintin shops have also opened in both [[Bruges]] and Brussels in Belgium, and in [[Montpellier]], France. In 2014, a Tintin shop opened in Taguig, the Philippines, only the second of its kind in Southeast Asia. The first Tintin shop in Southeast Asia opened in Singapore in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tintin Shop Singapore|url=http://sg.asia-city.com/shopping/singapore-shop/tintin-shop-singapore|website=SGnow|publisher=Asia City Online Ltd|access-date=18 July 2017|date=22 September 2014|archive-date=14 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514005835/http://sg.asia-city.com/shopping/singapore-shop/tintin-shop-singapore|url-status=live}}</ref>
The British bookstore chain, [[Ottakar's]], founded in 1987, was named after the character of King Ottokar from the Tintin book ''King Ottokar's Sceptre'', and their shops stocked a large amount of Tintin merchandise until their takeover by [[Waterstones|Waterstone's]] in 2006.{{sfn|Irish Times 9 January|1999}}

=== Stamps and coins ===
{{Main|Tintin postage stamps|Tintin coins}}
[[File:Tintin on screen - Belgian Post.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bpost|Belgian Post]]'s series of postage stamps "Tintin on screen" issued 30 August 2011 featuring a chronological review of ''Tintin'' film adaptations made through the years.{{sfnm|1a1=Ahl|1y=2011|2a1=TintinMilou.free.fr|2y=2011}}]]
Tintin's image has been used on [[postage stamp]]s on numerous occasions.
The first ''Tintin'' postage stamp was an eight-franc stamp issued by [[Bpost|Belgian Post]] for the 50th anniversary of the publication of Tintin's first adventure on 29 September 1979, featuring Tintin and Snowy looking through a magnifying glass at several stamps.{{sfnm|1a1=PostBeeld|1y=2010|2a1=Ahl|2y=2011|3a1=TintinMilou.free.fr|3y=2011|4a1=Kenneally|4y=1991}}
In 1999, a nine-stamp block celebrating ten years of the [[Belgian Comic Strip Center]] was issued, with the center stamp a photo of Tintin's famous Moon rocket that dominates the Comic Strip Center's entry hall.{{sfnm|1a1=Ahl|1y=2011|2a1=TintinMilou.free.fr|2y=2011}}
To mark the end of the Belgian Franc and to celebrate the seventieth anniversary of the publication of ''Tintin in the Congo'', two more stamps were issued by Belgian Post on 31 December 2001: Tintin in a [[pith helmet]] and a souvenir sheet with a single stamp in the center. The stamps were jointly issued in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].{{sfnm|1a1=Ahl|1y=2011|2a1=TintinMilou.free.fr|2y=2011}}
In 2004, Belgian Post celebrated its own seventy-fifth anniversary, as well as the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of ''Explorers on the Moon'', and the thirty-fifth anniversary of the Moon landings with a souvenir sheet of five stamps based upon the ''Explorers on the Moon'' adventure.{{sfnm|1a1=White|1y=2007|2a1=Ahl|2y=2011|3a1=TintinMilou.free.fr|3y=2011}}
To celebrate the centenary of Hergé's birth in 2007,{{sfnm|1a1=Pollard|1y=2007|2a1=Bostock|2a2=Brennan|2y=2007|3a1=The Age 24 May|3y=2006|4a1=Junkers|4y=2007}} Belgian Post issued a sheet of 25 stamps depicting the album covers of all 24 ''Adventures of Tintin'' (in 24 languages) plus Hergé's portrait in the center.{{sfnm|1a1=Ahl|1y=2011|2a1=TintinMilou.free.fr|2y=2011}}
A souvenir sheet of ten stamps called "Tintin on screen", issued 30 August 2011, depicts the ''Tintin'' film and television adaptations.{{efn|"Tintin on screen" depicts both ''Tintin'' television programs and four of the five ''Tintin'' film adaptations (''Lake of Sharks'' was omitted).}}{{sfnm|1a1=Ahl|1y=2011|2a1=TintinMilou.free.fr|2y=2011}}

Tintin has also been [[Commemorative coins of Belgium|commemorated by coin]] several times.
In 1995, the {{lang|fr|[[Monnaie de Paris]]}} (Paris Mint) issued a set of twelve gold [[medallion]]s, available in a limited edition of 5000.{{sfnm|1a1=Chard|1y=1995|2a1=OmniCoin|2y=2009}}
A silver medallion was minted in 2004 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Tintin book ''Explorers on the Moon'', again in a limited run, this time of 10,000. It quickly sold out.{{sfn|Tintinesque.com|2004}}
In 2004, Belgium minted a limited edition commemorative [[euro coin]] featuring Tintin and Snowy celebrating the 75th anniversary of Tintin's first adventure in January 2004.{{sfn|BBC News 8 January|2004}} Although it has a face value of €10, it is, as with other commemorative euro coins, legal tender only in the country in which it was issued—in this case, Belgium.{{sfn|BBC News 8 January|2004}}
In 2006–2012 France issued the Comic Strip Heroes commemorative coin series featuring famous [[Franco-Belgian comics]], beginning in 2006 with ''Tintin''.{{sfnm|1a1=Numista|1y=2006|2a1=Coin Database|2y=2006}}
It was a set of six different euro coins honouring Hergé: three 1½-euro silver coins featuring Tintin and the Professor, Tintin and Captain Haddock, and Tintin and Chang; a €10 (gold) featuring Tintin; and a €20 (silver) and a €50 (gold) featuring Tintin and Snowy.{{sfnm|1a1=Numista|1y=2006|2a1=Coin Database|2y=2006}} In 2007, on Hergé's centenary, Belgium issued its €20 (silver) Hergé/Tintin coin.{{sfnm|1a1=Coin Talk|1y=2007|2a1=NumisCollect|2y=2007}}

=== Parody and pastiche ===
[[File:Frame from Breaking Free.jpg|thumb|right|A frame from ''Breaking Free'', a [[revolutionary socialism|revolutionary socialist]] comic that parodies the ''Adventures of Tintin''{{sfn|Coxhead|2007}}]]

During Hergé's lifetime, [[parody|parodies]] were produced of the ''Adventures of Tintin'', with one of the earliest appearing in Belgian newspaper ''La Patrie'' after the liberation of the country from Nazi German occupation in September 1944. Entitled {{lang|fr|Tintin au pays de nazis}} ("''Tintin in the Land of the Nazis''"), the short and crudely drawn strip lampoons Hergé for working for a Nazi-run newspaper during the occupation.{{sfnm|1a1=McCarthy|1y=2006|1pp=186–187|2a1=Thompson|2y=1991|2p=168}}

Following Hergé's death, hundreds more unofficial parodies and [[pastiche]]s of the ''Adventures of Tintin'' were produced, covering a wide variety of different genres.{{sfn|Coxhead|2007}} Tom McCarthy divided such works into three specific groupings: pornographic, political, and artistic.{{sfnm|1a1=McCarthy|1y=2006|1p=186|2a1=BBC News 14 February|2y=2001}} In a number of cases, the actual name "Tintin" is replaced by something similar, like Nitnit, Timtim, or Quinquin, within these books.{{sfn|Coxhead|2007}}

McCarthy's first group, pornographic parodies, includes 1976's {{lang|fr|Tintin en Suisse}} ("Tintin in Switzerland") and Jan Bucquoy's 1992 work {{lang|fr|La Vie Sexuelle de Tintin}} ("Tintin's Sex Life"), featuring Tintin and the other characters engaged in sexual acts.{{sfnm|1a1=Coxhead|1y=2007|2a1=McCarthy|2y=2006|2p=186|3a1=Perrotte|3a2=Van Gong|3y=2006}} Another such example was ''[[Tintin in Thailand]]'', in which Tintin, Haddock, and Calculus travel to the East Asian country for a [[sex holiday]]. The book began circulating in December 1999, but in 2001, Belgian police arrested those responsible and confiscated 650 copies for copyright violation.{{sfn|BBC News 14 February|2001}}

Other parodies have been produced for political reasons: for instance, ''Tintin in Iraq'' lampoons the world politics of the early 21st century, with Hergé's character General Alcazar representing President of the United States [[George W. Bush]].{{sfn|Coxhead|2007}} Written by the pseudonymous Jack Daniels, ''[[The Adventures of Tintin: Breaking Free|Breaking Free]]'' (1989) is a [[revolutionary socialism|revolutionary socialist]] comic set in Britain during the 1980s, with Tintin and his uncle (modelled after Captain Haddock) being working class Englishmen who turn to socialism in order to oppose the capitalist policies of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] government of [[Margaret Thatcher]]. When first published in Britain, it caused an outrage in the mainstream press, with one paper issuing the headline that "Commie nutters turn Tintin into picket yob!"{{sfn|Coxhead|2007}}

Other comic creators have chosen to create artistic stories that are more like [[fan fiction]] than parody. The Swiss artist Exem created the irreverent comic adventures of Zinzin, what ''[[The Guardian]]'' calls "the most beautifully produced of the pastiches."{{sfn|Coxhead|2007}} Similarly, Canadian cartoonist [[Yves Rodier]] has produced a number of Tintin works, none of which have been authorised by the Hergé Foundation, including a 1986 "completion" of the unfinished ''Tintin and Alph-art'', which he drew in Hergé's {{lang|fr|[[ligne claire]]}} style.{{sfn|Coxhead|2007}}

The response to these parodies has been mixed in the Tintinological community. Many despise them, seeing them as an affront to Hergé's work.{{sfn|Coxhead|2007}} Nick Rodwell of the Hergé Foundation took this view, declaring that "none of these copyists count as true fans of Hergé. If they were, they would respect his wishes that no one but him draw Tintin's adventures".{{sfn|Coxhead|2007}} Where possible, the foundation has taken legal action against those known to be producing such items. Others have taken a different attitude, considering such parodies and pastiches to be tributes to Hergé, and collecting them has become a "niche specialty".{{sfn|Coxhead|2007}}

As of 1 January 2025, Tintin and other characters appearing in the 1929 comic strips have entered the [[Public domain in the United States|public domain]] in the [[United States]],<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jenkins |first1=Jennifer |last2=Boyle |first2=James |title=Public Domain Day 2025 |url=https://web.law.duke.edu/cspd/publicdomainday/2025/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231081524/https://web.law.duke.edu/cspd/publicdomainday/2025/ |archive-date=31 December 2024 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=[[Duke University School of Law]] |language=en}}</ref> but not in Hergé's native [[Belgium]], which will be in 2054. The French artist Fabrice Sapolsky has announced his plans for a 1929 Tintin reboot.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Rich |last=Johnston |date=2025-01-01 |title=Tintin, Now in Public Domain, Gets a Modern Day Reboot in The Big Lie |url=https://bleedingcool.com/comics/tintin-now-in-public-domain-gets-a-modern-day-reboot-in-the-big-lie/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=bleedingcool.com |language=en}}</ref>

However, for Alain Berenboom, lawyer for the [[Hergé Foundation]], according to the [[Berne Convention]], Tintin will enter the public domain in 2034.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lerberghe |first1=Laura Van |last2=Godin |first2=Philippe |date=2025-01-02 |title=Un album de Tintin est "tombé dans le domaine public" aux États-Unis: sera-t-il exploitable à souhait? |url=https://www.rtl.be/people/news/un-album-de-tintin-est-tombe-dans-le-domaine-public-aux-etats-unis-sera-t-il/2025-01-02/article/734053 |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=RTL Info |language=fr}}</ref>

=== Exhibitions ===
[[Image:Belgique - Louvain-la-Neuve - Centre sportif de Blocry - 52.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1|Scenes from the album ''Red Rackham's Treasure'' are being used to illustrate the concept of [[underwater diving]] in this exhibition, located in the corridors of the Blocry Sports Centre in [[Louvain-la-Neuve]].]]
[[File:Hergé and Tintin exhibition at the Centre Pompidou.png|thumb|right|''Hergé'' art exhibition at the [[Centre Georges Pompidou]] modern art museum in Paris, commemorating the centenary of Hergé's birth in 2007.{{sfnm|1a1=Le Figaro 20 December|1y=2006|2a1=Der Spiegel 20 December|2y=2006|3a1=Chiha|3y=2007|4a1=Radio Télévision Suisse 28 June|4y=2010|5a1=CentrePompidou.fr|5y=2006|6a1=Wainman|6y=2007}} ]]
After Hergé's death in 1983, his art began to be honoured at [[exhibition]]s around the world, keeping ''Tintin'' awareness at a high level.
The first major ''Tintin'' exhibition in London was ''Tintin: 60 years of Adventure'', held in 1989 at the Town Hall in Chelsea. This early exhibition displayed many of Hergé's original sketches and inks, as well as some original [[gouache]]s.{{sfnm|1a1=Owens 25 February|1y=2004|2a1=Cadambi Website: Exhibitions|2y=2006}}
In 2001, an exhibition entitled {{lang|fr|Mille Sabords!}} ("''Billions of Blistering Barnacles!''") was shown at the [[Musée national de la Marine]] in Paris.{{sfnm|1a1=BDzoom.com|1y=2001|2a1=Tintin.com 21 March|2y=2001|3a1=Sipa 3 January|3y=2001|4a1=Cadambi Website: Exhibitions|4y=2006}}
In 2002, the [[Bunkamura]] Museum of Art in Tokyo staged an exhibition of original Hergé drawings as well as of the submarine and rocket ship invented in the strips by Professor Calculus.{{sfn|Tintin.com 16 March|2002}}
The [[National Maritime Museum]] in [[Greenwich]], London, hosted the exhibition ''The Adventures of Tintin at Sea'' in 2004, focusing on Tintin's sea exploits, and in commemoration of the 75th anniversary of the publication of Tintin's first adventure.{{sfnm|1a1=BBC News 29 March|1y=2004|2a1=Kennedy|2y=2003|3a1=RMG.co.uk 13 November|3y=2003|4a1=Horeau|4y=2004|5a1=Cadambi Website: Exhibitions|5y=2006}}
2004 also saw an exhibition in the [[Halles Saint-Géry|Halles Saint-Géry/Sint-Gorikshallen]] in Brussels titled ''Tintin et la ville'' ("Tintin and the City") showcasing all cities in the world Tintin had travelled.{{sfnm|1a1=Soumous|1y=2004|2a1=Cadambi Website: Exhibitions|2y=2006}}

The Belgian Comic Strip Center in the Brussels business district added exhibits dedicated to Hergé in 2004.{{sfnm|1a1=The Independent 15 October|1y=2011|2a1=Kenneally|2y=1991}}
The [[Brussels' Comic Book Route]] in the center of Brussels added its first ''Tintin'' [[mural]] in July 2005.{{sfnm|1a1=City of Brussels Comic Book Route|2a1=de Koning Gans Website|2y=2005}}

The centenary of Hergé's birth in 2007{{sfnm|1a1=Pollard|1y=2007|2a1=Bostock|2a2=Brennan|2y=2007|3a1=The Age 24 May|3y=2006|4a1=Junkers|4y=2007}} was commemorated at the largest museum for modern art in Europe, the [[Centre Georges Pompidou]] in Paris, with ''Hergé'', an art exhibition honouring his work. The exhibition, which ran from 20 December 2006 until 19 February 2007, featured some 300 of Hergé's boards and original drawings, including all 124 original plates of ''The Blue Lotus''.{{sfnm|1a1=Le Figaro 20 December|1y=2006|2a1=Der Spiegel 20 December|2y=2006|3a1=Chiha|3y=2007|4a1=Radio Télévision Suisse 28 June|4y=2010|5a1=CentrePompidou.fr|5y=2006|6a1=Wainman|6y=2007}}
Laurent le Bon, organiser of the exhibit said: "It was important for the Centre to show the work of Hergé next to that of [[Matisse]] or [[Picasso]]".{{sfn|designboom|2006}} Michael Farr claimed: "Hergé has long been seen as a father figure in the comics world. If he's now recognised as a modern artist, that's very important".{{sfnm|1a1=Junkers|1y=2007|2a1=TwoCircles 21 May|2y=2007|3a1=Highbeam 21 May|3y=2007}}

2009 saw the opening of the Hergé Museum ({{lang|fr|[[Musée Hergé]]}}), designed in contemporary style, in the town of [[Louvain-la-Neuve]], south of Brussels.{{sfnm|1a1=The Economist 28 May|1y=2009|2a1=Contimporist 3 June|2y=2009|3a1=Tintin.com Musée Hergé|3y=2009}} Visitors follow a sequence of eight permanent exhibit rooms covering the entire range of Hergé's work, showcasing the world of Tintin and his other creations.{{sfn|Tintin.com Musée Hergé|2009}} In addition, the new museum has already seen many temporary exhibits, including ''Into Tibet With Tintin''.{{sfn|Musée Hergé May|2012}}

== Legacy ==
[[File:Musee Herge.JPG|thumb|right|The {{lang|fr|[[Musée Hergé]]}}, located in the town of {{lang|fr|[[Louvain-la-Neuve]]|italic=no}}, south of [[Brussels]], opened in June 2009, honouring the work of [[Hergé]].{{sfnm|1a1=The Economist 28 May|1y=2009|2a1=Contimporist 3 June|2y=2009}}]]

Hergé is recognised as one of the leading cartoonists of the twentieth century.{{sfn|Radio Télévision Suisse 28 June|2010}} Most notably, Hergé's {{lang|fr|[[ligne claire]]}} style has been influential to creators of other Franco-Belgian comics. Contributors to ''Tintin'' magazine have employed {{lang|fr|ligne claire}}, and later artists [[Jacques Tardi]], [[Yves Chaland]], [[Jason Little (cartoonist)|Jason Little]], [[Phil Elliott]], [[Martin Handford]], [[Geof Darrow]], Eric Heuvel, [[Garen Ewing]], [[Joost Swarte]], and others have produced works using it.{{sfn|Armitstead|Sprenger|2011}}

In the wider art world, both [[Andy Warhol]] and [[Roy Lichtenstein]] have claimed Hergé as one of their most important influences.{{sfn|Thompson|1991|p=280}} Lichtenstein made paintings based on fragments from ''Tintin'' comics, whilst Warhol used {{lang|fr|ligne claire}} and even made a series of paintings with Hergé as the subject. Warhol, who admired Tintin's "great political and satirical dimensions",{{sfn|Thompson|1991|p=280}} said, "Hergé has influenced my work in the same way as [[Walt Disney]]. For me, Hergé was more than a comic strip artist".{{sfn|BBC News10 January|1999}}

Hergé has been lauded as "creating in art a powerful graphic record of the 20th century's tortured history" through his work on Tintin,{{sfn|PBS July|2006}} whilst [[Maurice Horn]]'s ''World Encyclopedia of Comics'' declares him to have "spear-headed the post-World War II renaissance of European comic art".{{sfn|Horn|1983}} French philosopher [[Michel Serres]] noted that the twenty-three completed Tintin albums constituted a "{{lang|fr|chef-d'oeuvre}}" ("masterpiece") to which "the work of no French novelist is comparable in importance or greatness".{{sfn|Adair|1993}}

In 1966, [[Charles de Gaulle]] said: "Basically, you know, my only international rival is Tintin! We are the little ones who don't let themselves be fooled by the big ones".{{sfnm|1a1=Charles-de-Gaulle.org|1y=1958|2a1=The New York Times 5 March|2y=1983|3a1=Lofficier|3a2=Lofficier|3y=2002|3p=9}}{{efn|"{{lang|fr|Au fond, vous savez, mon seul rival international c'est Tintin! Nous sommes les petits qui ne se laissent pas avoir par les grands.}}" Spoken by Charles de Gaulle, according to his Minister for Cultural Affairs [[André Malraux]]. De Gaulle had just [[NATO#French withdrawal|banned all NATO aircraft bases from France]]; "the great ones" referred to USA and USSR. De Gaulle then added, "{{lang|fr|On ne s'en apperçoit pas, à cause de ma taille.}}" ("Only nobody notices the likeness because of my size".){{sfnm|1a1=Charles-de-Gaulle.org|1y=1958|2a1=The New York Times 5 March|2y=1983|3a1=Lofficier|3a2=Lofficier|3y=2002|3p=9}} }}

In March 2015, [[Brussels Airlines]] painted an [[Airbus A320|Airbus A320-200]] with registration OO-SNB in a special Tintin livery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.tintin.com/news/index/rub/0/id/4385/0/a-brussels-airlines-aircraft-in-tintin-colours|title=TINTIN / A Brussels Airlines aircraft in Tintin colours|date=16 March 2015|access-date=17 March 2015|archive-date=19 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319194509/http://en.tintin.com/news/index/rub/0/id/4385/0/a-brussels-airlines-aircraft-in-tintin-colours|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, a {{convert|6|m|abbr=on}} tall sculpture of the rocket featured in Tintin: Destination Moon was unveiled at [[Brussels Airport]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tintin.com/en/news/4390/after-the-sky-let-s-aim-for-the-moon |title=After the sky, let's aim for the Moon!! |language=en |website=tintin.com |date=2015-03-24 |access-date=2025-02-09}}</ref>

Tintin has become a symbol of Belgium and so was used in a variety of visual responses to the [[2016 Brussels bombings]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/brussels-attacks-how-tintin-became-a-symbol-of-solidarity-on-twitter-a3211151.html |title=Brussels attacks: how Tintin became a symbol of solidarity on Twitter |first=Susannah |last=Butter |date=24 March 2016 |newspaper=[[London Evening Standard]] |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215181440/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/brussels-attacks-how-tintin-became-a-symbol-of-solidarity-on-twitter-a3211151.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2024, the [[Royal Belgian Football Association]] unveiled a Tintin-inspired kit for the [[Belgian national football team]]. The light blue and brown kit was used for the team's away fixtures in the [[UEFA Euro 2024]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Belgium Football Association unveils new Tintin-inspired kit for summer European Championship |url=https://news.sky.com/story/belgium-football-association-unveils-new-tintin-inspired-kit-for-summer-european-championship-13094644 |work=Sky News |language=en}}</ref>

== List of titles ==
The following are the twenty-four canonical ''Tintin'' comic albums, with their English titles. Publication dates are for the original French-language versions.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ ''Tintin'' comic albums
|-
! scope="col" | Album Number
! scope="col" style="width:200px;"| Title
! scope="col" | Serialisation
! scope="col" | Album (B&W)
! scope="col" | Album (colour)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
!scope="row"|1
| ''[[Tintin in the Land of the Soviets]]'' || 1929–1930 || 1930 || 2017 || Hergé prevented this book's republication until 1973. It became available in a coloured edition in 2017.
|-
!scope="row"|2
| ''[[Tintin in the Congo]]'' ||1930–1931||1931||1946||rowspan="9"|Hergé re-published in colour and in a fixed 62-page format. Book 10 was the first to be originally published in colour.
|-
!scope="row"|3
| ''[[Tintin in America]]'' ||1931–1932||1932||1945
|-
!scope="row"|4
| ''[[Cigars of the Pharaoh]]'' ||1932–1934||1934||1955
|-
!scope="row"|5
| ''[[The Blue Lotus]]'' ||1934–1935||1936||1946
|-
!scope="row"|6
| ''[[The Broken Ear]]'' ||1935–1937||1937||1943
|-
!scope="row"|7
| ''[[The Black Island]]'' ||1937–1938||1938||1943, 1966
|-
!scope="row"|8
| ''[[King Ottokar's Sceptre]]'' ||1938–1939||1939||1947
|-
!scope="row"|9
| ''[[The Crab with the Golden Claws]]'' ||1940–1941||1941||1943
|-
!scope="row"|10
| ''[[The Shooting Star]]'' ||1941–1942|| ||1942
|-
!scope="row"|11
| ''[[The Secret of the Unicorn]]'' ||1942–1943|| ||1943 || rowspan="5" | Books 11 to 15 set a middle period for Hergé marked by war and changing collaborators.
|-
!scope="row"|12
| ''[[Red Rackham's Treasure]]'' ||1943|| ||1944
|-
!scope="row"|13
| ''[[The Seven Crystal Balls]]'' ||1943–1946|| ||1948
|-
!scope="row"|14
| ''[[Prisoners of the Sun]]'' ||1946–1948|| ||1949
|-
!scope="row"|15
| ''[[Land of Black Gold]]'' ||1939-1940{{efn|The original serialization appeared in the Belgian newspaper ''Le Vingtième Siècle'' between 25 September 1939 and 8 May 1940, when it was interrupted due to the shutdown of the newspaper by the German occupation.}}<br/>1948–1950|| ||1950, 1971
|-
!scope="row"|16
| ''[[Destination Moon (comics)|Destination Moon]]'' ||1950–1952|| ||1953 ||rowspan="8"| Books 16 to 23 (and revised editions of books 4, 7 & 15) are creations of [[Studios Hergé]].
|-
!scope="row"|17
| ''[[Explorers on the Moon]]'' ||1952–1953|| ||1954
|-
!scope="row"|18
| ''[[The Calculus Affair]]'' ||1954–1956|| ||1956
|-
!scope="row"|19
| ''[[The Red Sea Sharks]]'' ||1956–1958|| ||1958
|-
!scope="row"|20
| ''[[Tintin in Tibet]]'' ||1958–1959|| ||1960
|-
!scope="row"|21
| ''[[The Castafiore Emerald]]'' ||1961–1962|| ||1963
|-
!scope="row"|22
| ''[[Flight 714 to Sydney]]'' ||1966–1967|| ||1968
|-
!scope="row"|23
| ''[[Tintin and the Picaros]]'' ||1975–1976|| ||1976
|-
!scope="row"|24
| ''[[Tintin and Alph-Art]]'' ||1986|| ||2004 || Hergé's unfinished book, published posthumously.
|}

The following are '''double albums''' with a continuing story arc:
* ''[[Cigars of the Pharaoh]]'' (no. 4) & ''[[The Blue Lotus]]'' (no. 5)
* ''[[The Secret of the Unicorn]]'' (no. 11) & ''[[Red Rackham's Treasure]]'' (no. 12)
* ''[[The Seven Crystal Balls]]'' (no. 13) & ''[[Prisoners of the Sun]]'' (no. 14)
* ''[[Destination Moon (comics)|Destination Moon]]'' (no. 16) & ''[[Explorers on the Moon]]'' (no. 17)

Hergé attempted and then abandoned {{lang|fr|[[Le Thermozéro]]}} (1958). Outside the ''Tintin'' series, a 48-page comic album supervised (but not written) by Hergé, ''[[Tintin and the Lake of Sharks]]'', was released in 1972; it was based on the film {{lang|fr|Tintin et le lac aux requins}}.

==See also==
* ''[[The Adventures of Jo, Zette and Jocko]]'', another series by Hergé
* [[List of Tintin media]]
* [[List of boats in The Adventures of Tintin|List of boats in ''The Adventures of Tintin'']]
* [[The Adventures of Tintin publication history|''The Adventures of Tintin'' publication history]]

==References==

===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist|25em}}

===Bibliography===
'''Books'''
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |title=The Metamorphoses of Tintin, or Tintin for Adults |last=Apostolidès |first=Jean-Marie |author-link=Jean-Marie Apostolidès |others=Jocelyn Hoy (translator) |year=2010 |orig-year=2006 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford |isbn=978-0-8047-6031-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GiktoScv17oC |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=10 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410225942/https://books.google.com/books?id=GiktoScv17oC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |title=Hergé: The Man Who Created Tintin |last=Assouline |first=Pierre |author-link=Pierre Assouline |others=Charles Ruas (translator) |year=2009 |orig-year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford and New York |isbn=978-0-19-539759-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YsyEMjvdYJgC |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=10 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410230002/https://books.google.com/books?id=YsyEMjvdYJgC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |title=Tintin: The Complete Companion |last=Farr |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Farr |year=2001 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |isbn=978-0-7195-5522-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DcytngEACAAJ |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=10 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410225943/https://books.google.com/books?id=DcytngEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |title=Tintin & Co. |last=Farr |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Farr |year=2007 |publisher=John Murray Publishers Ltd. |location=London |isbn=978-1-4052-3264-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=huK1ngEACAAJ |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=10 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410230008/https://books.google.com/books?id=huK1ngEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |title=The Adventures of Hergé: Creator of Tintin |last=Farr |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Farr |year=2007a |publisher=Last Gasp (first published in 2007 by John Murray Publishers Ltd.) |location=San Francisco |edition=Re-release |isbn=978-0-86719-679-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v0-VJAAACAAJ }}
* {{cite book |title=The Art of Hergé, Inventor of Tintin, Volume 1, 1907–1937 |last=Goddin |first=Philippe |author-link=Philippe Goddin |others=Michael Farr (translator) |year=2008 |publisher=Last Gasp |location=San Francisco |isbn=978-0-86719-706-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UDgsNAAACAAJ }}
* {{cite book |title=Graphic Novels: Stories to Change Your Life |last=Gravett |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Gravett |year=2005 |publisher=Aurum Press |location=London |isbn=978-1-84513-068-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MI5QAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |title=The Adventures of Tintin at Sea |last=Horeau |first=Yves |others=Michael Farr (translator) |year=2004 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton (First published 1999 by John Murray Publishers Ltd.) |location=London |isbn=978-0-7195-6119-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZvBngEACAAJ }}
* {{cite book |title=World Encyclopedia of Comics |author-link=Maurice Horn |last=Horn |first=Maurice |year=1983 |publisher=Chelsea House |location=New York City |edition=2nd Revised |isbn=978-0-87754-323-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lTJlAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |title=The Pocket Essential Tintin |last1=Lofficier |first1=Jean-Marc |last2=Lofficier |first2=Randy |author-link1=Jean-Marc Lofficier |year=2002 |publisher=Pocket Essentials |location=Harpenden, Hertfordshire |isbn=978-1-904048-17-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kburngEACAAJ |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=10 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410225951/https://books.google.com/books?id=kburngEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |title=Tintin and the Secret of Literature |last=McCarthy |first=Tom |author-link=Tom McCarthy (novelist) |year=2006 |publisher=Granta |location=London |isbn=978-1-86207-831-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-UbAQAAIAAJ |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=10 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410230022/https://books.google.com/books?id=T-UbAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |title=Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art |last=McCloud |first=Scott |author-link=Scott McCloud |year=1993 |publisher=Kitchen Sink Press |location=Princeton, Wisconsin |isbn=978-0-87816-243-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5aQNAQAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |title=Comics as Philosophy |last=McLaughlin |first=Jeff |year=2007 |publisher=University Press of Mississippi (First published December 2005) |location=Jackson, Mississippi |isbn=978-1-60473-000-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIx8ngEACAAJ }}
* {{cite book |title=Reading Bande Dessinée: Critical Approaches to French-language Comic Strip |last=Miller |first=Ann |author-link=Ann Miller (comics scholar) |year=2007 |publisher=Intellect Books |location=Bristol |isbn=978-1-84150-177-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f5KY_CdALWkC }}
* {{cite book |title=Tintin and the World of Hergé |last=Peeters |first=Benoît |author-link=Benoît Peeters |year=1989 |publisher=Methuen Children's Books |location=London |isbn=978-0-416-14882-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P97GQgAACAAJ }}
* {{cite book |title=Hergé: Son of Tintin |last=Peeters |first=Benoît |author-link=Benoît Peeters |others=Tina A. Kover (translator) |year=2012 |orig-year=2002 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore, Maryland |isbn=978-1-4214-0454-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eS5v-F04AoQC |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=10 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410230314/https://books.google.com/books?id=eS5v-F04AoQC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |title=Tintin et moi: entretiens avec Hergé |trans-title=Tintin and I: Interviews with Hergé |language=fr |last=Sadoul |first=Numa |author-link=Numa Sadoul |year=1975 |publisher=Casterman |location=Tournai |isbn=978-2-08-080052-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4knAQAAIAAJ |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=10 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410230331/https://books.google.com/books?id=O4knAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |title=Masters of the Ninth Art: Bandes Dessinées and Franco-Belgian Identity |last=Screech |first=Matthew |year=2005 |publisher=[[Liverpool University Press]] |isbn=978-0-85323-938-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvkGQnWZf1gC |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=10 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410230312/https://books.google.com/books?id=EvkGQnWZf1gC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |title=Tintin: Hergé and his Creation |last=Thompson |first=Harry |author-link=Harry Thompson |year=1991 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |location=London |isbn=978-0-340-52393-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDX5TmISfYUC |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=10 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410230332/https://books.google.com/books?id=NDX5TmISfYUC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |title=Tintin et les Secrets de Famille |last=Tisseron |first=Serge |year=1990 |publisher=Editions Aubier-Montaigne |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-7007-2168-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2r-PAAACAAJ }}
* {{cite book |title=Tintin et les Secrets d'Hergé |last=Tisseron |first=Serge |year=1993 |publisher=Editions Hors collection |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-258-03753-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y--cQgAACAAJ }}
{{refend}}

'''News articles'''
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite news|last=Adair|first=Gilbert|date=10 October 1993|title=A quiff history of time|newspaper=The Sunday Times|location=London}}
* {{cite news|last1=Armitstead|first1=Claire|last2=Sprenger|first2=Richard|date=25 October 2011|title=Anybody who is constructing a comic strip would be crazy not to learn from Hergé|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/video/2011/oct/25/tintin-cartoon-john-fardell-video?CMP=twt_gu|format=video|quote=John Fardell talks about the influence of Hergé's drawing style on his own work.|access-date=14 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105256/http://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/video/2011/oct/25/tintin-cartoon-john-fardell-video?CMP=twt_gu|archive-date=24 December 2013}}
* {{cite news|last=Beckford|first=Martin|date=12 July 2007|title=Ban 'racist' Tintin book, says CRE|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=London|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1557233/Ban-racist-Tintin-book-says-CRE.html|access-date=28 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131025123/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1557233/Ban-racist-Tintin-book-says-CRE.html|archive-date=31 January 2014}}
* {{cite news|last=Billington|first=Michael|date=15 December 2005|title=Hergé's Adventures of Tintin|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2005/dec/15/theatre1|access-date=31 July 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224121755/http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2005/dec/15/theatre1|archive-date=24 December 2013}}
* {{cite news|last1=Bostock|first1=Sarah|last2=Brennan|first2=Jon|date=10 January 2007|title=Talk of the toon|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2007/jan/10/belgium.brussels.tintin|access-date=14 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220130523/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2007/jan/10/belgium.brussels.tintin|archive-date=20 December 2013}}
* {{cite news|last=Bright|first=Martin|date=3 January 1999|title=This life: That's Tintin on the far right A battle is raging for Tintin's soul. Is he a French hero or a fascist propaganda tool?|newspaper=The Observer|location=London|page=4}}
* {{cite news|last=Conrad|first=Peter|date=7 March 2004|title=He'll never act his age|newspaper=The Observer|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/mar/07/booksforchildrenandteenagers.features|access-date=22 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224112930/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/mar/07/booksforchildrenandteenagers.features|archive-date=24 December 2013}}
* {{cite news|last=Cendrowicz|first=Leo|date=4 May 2010|title=Tintin: Heroic Boy Reporter or Sinister Racist?|newspaper=Time|location=New York City|url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1986416,00.html|access-date=11 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224151216/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0%2C8599%2C1986416%2C00.html|archive-date=24 December 2013|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news|last=Clements|first=Tom|date=9 July 2006|title=Tintin and the enigma of academic obsession|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=London|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3653691/Tintin-and-the-enigma-of-academic-obsession.html|access-date=17 March 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312032519/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3653691/Tintin-and-the-enigma-of-academic-obsession.html|archive-date=12 March 2012}}
* {{cite news|last=Coxhead|first=Gabriel|date=7 May 2007|title=Tintin's new adventures|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/may/07/booksforchildrenandteenagers.features11|access-date=11 March 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224085341/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/may/07/booksforchildrenandteenagers.features11|archive-date=24 December 2013}}
* {{cite news|last=Da.|first=A.|date=3 January 2003|title=Tintin en pleine forme|trans-title=Tintin in Shape|language=fr|newspaper=Le Parisien|location=Paris|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/loisirs-et-spectacles/tintin-en-pleine-forme-03-01-2003-2003701841.php|access-date=25 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224101948/http://www.leparisien.fr/loisirs-et-spectacles/tintin-en-pleine-forme-03-01-2003-2003701841.php|archive-date=24 December 2013|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news|last=Eschner|first=Kat|date=22 May 2017|title=When the Nazis took Belgium, Tintin's Creator Drew Pro-Regime Propaganda|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/when-nazis-took-belgium-tintins-creator-drew-pro-regime-propaganda-180963321/|work=Smithsonian|access-date=15 January 2018|archive-date=15 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615011106/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/when-nazis-took-belgium-tintins-creator-drew-pro-regime-propaganda-180963321/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last=Junkers|first=Dorothee|date=22 May 2007|title=Centennial of Tintin's Hergé noted|newspaper=Taipei Times|location=Taipei|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2007/05/22/2003361993|access-date=22 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220061100/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2007/05/22/2003361993|archive-date=20 December 2013}}
* {{cite news|last=Kenneally|first=Christopher|date=29 September 1991|title=Comics Characters Beloved by Brussels|newspaper=The New York Times|location=New York City|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/29/travel/comics-characters-beloved-by-brussels.html|access-date=11 March 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108133352/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/29/travel/comics-characters-beloved-by-brussels.html|archive-date=8 January 2014}}
* {{cite news|last=Kennedy|first=Maev|author-link=Maev Kennedy|date=19 November 2003|title=Museum aims to draw crowds with cartoon boy wonder aged 75|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/nov/19/education.highereducation|access-date=22 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104232731/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/nov/19/education.highereducation|archive-date=4 November 2013}}
* {{cite news|last=Lichfield|first=John|date=27 December 2006|title=Tintin's big art adventure|newspaper=The Independent|location=London|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/tintins-big-art-adventure-429869.html|access-date=11 March 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122063254/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/tintins-big-art-adventure-429869.html|archive-date=22 January 2014}}
* {{cite news|last=Macintyre|first=Ben|author-link=Ben Macintyre|date=29 December 2006|title=Blistering barnacles! Tintin is a Pop Art idol|newspaper=[[The Times]]|location=London|url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/europe-travel/france/paris/blistering-barnacles-tintin-is-a-pop-art-idol-0tz0qj2qhsk|access-date=3 May 2013|url-access=subscription|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619214031/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/blistering-barnacles-tintin-is-a-pop-art-idol-0tz0qj2qhsk|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last=McCarthy|first=Tom|author-link=Tom McCarthy (novelist)|date=1 July 2006|title=Review: From zero to hero|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/jul/01/booksforchildrenandteenagers|access-date=22 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830060459/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/jul/01/booksforchildrenandteenagers|archive-date=30 August 2013|ref=none}}
* {{cite news|last=Mulard|first=Claudine|date=7 November 2012|title=Hollywood, porte d'entrée de Tintin pour séduire l'Amérique|trans-title=Hollywood: Tintin's Gateway to Seduce America|language=fr|newspaper=Le Monde|location=Paris|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2012/07/11/hollywood-porte-d-entree-pour-seduire-l-amerique_1732243_3246.html|access-date=4 May 2013|quote=Spielberg said he found a 'soul mate' in the person of Hergé.|archive-date=24 December 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131224162456/http://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2012/07/11/hollywood-porte-d-entree-pour-seduire-l-amerique_1732243_3246.html|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last=Perl-Rosenthal|first=Nathan|date=2 February 2010|title=In and Out of History|newspaper=The New Republic|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://newrepublic.com/book/review/and-out-history|access-date=11 March 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224100240/http://www.newrepublic.com/book/review/and-out-history|archive-date=24 December 2013}}
* {{cite news|last=Pignal|first=Stanley|date=7 May 2010|title=Fans of Tintin cry foul|newspaper=Financial Times|location=London|url=https://www.ft.com/content/15136c0c-58a8-11df-a0c9-00144feab49a|access-date=14 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224180151/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/15136c0c-58a8-11df-a0c9-00144feab49a.html|archive-date=24 December 2013}}
* {{cite news|last=Pollard|first=Lawrence|date=22 May 2007|title=Belgium honours Tintin's creator|work=BBC News|location=London|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6679217.stm|access-date=22 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071003070948/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6679217.stm|archive-date=3 October 2007}}
* {{cite news|last=Samuel|first=Henry|date=18 October 2011|title=Tintin 'racist' court case nears its conclusion after four years|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=London|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/belgium/8834175/Tintin-racist-court-case-nears-its-conclusion-after-four-years.html|access-date=6 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131052354/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/belgium/8834175/Tintin-racist-court-case-nears-its-conclusion-after-four-years.html|archive-date=31 January 2014}}
* {{cite news|last=Soumous|first=Frederic|date=1 April 2004|title=Tintin et l'exposition de la ville, Bruxelles|trans-title=Tintin and the City exhibition, Brussels|language=fr|newspaper=Le Soir|location=Brussels|url=http://archives.lesoir.be/exposition-chaque-aventure-de-tintin-ou-presque_t-20040401-Z0P7CL.html|access-date=14 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224114732/http://archives.lesoir.be/exposition-chaque-aventure-de-tintin-ou-presque_t-20040401-Z0P7CL.html|archive-date=24 December 2013}}
* {{cite news|last=Smurthwaite|first=Nick|date=13 December 2007|title=Hergé's Adventure of Tintin|newspaper=The Stage|location=London|url=https://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/herges-adventures-of-tintin-review-at-playhouse-london|access-date=14 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224122016/http://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/review.php/19225/herges-adventures-of-tintin|archive-date=24 December 2013|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last=Vrielink|first=Jogchum|date=14 May 2012|title=Effort to ban Tintin comic book fails in Belgium|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2012/may/14/effort-ban-tintin-congo-fails|access-date=22 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425172610/http://www.theguardian.com/law/2012/may/14/effort-ban-tintin-congo-fails|archive-date=25 April 2014}}
* {{cite news|last=Wagner|first=Erica|author-link=Erica Wagner|date=9 December 2006|title=Tintin at the top|newspaper=[[The Times]]|location=London|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/tintin-at-the-top-fzlvd87lxls|access-date=11 March 2011|url-access=subscription|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619213941/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/tintin-at-the-top-fzlvd87lxls|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last=Walker|first=Andrew|date=16 December 2005|title=Faces of the week|work=BBC News|location=London|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4534602.stm|access-date=18 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220115917/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4534602.stm|archive-date=20 December 2013}}
* {{cite news|title=Belgian to Ban 'Racist' ''Tintin in the Congo''|date=28 April 2010|work=BBC News|location=London|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8648031.stm|access-date=28 April 2013|ref={{SfnRef|BBC News 28 April|2010}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107030021/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8648031.stm|archive-date=7 January 2014}}
* {{cite news|title=Bid to ban 'racist' Tintin book|date=12 July 2007|work=BBC News|location=London|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6294670.stm|access-date=22 December 2012|ref={{SfnRef|BBC News 12 July|2007}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105043042/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6294670.stm|archive-date=5 November 2013}}
* {{cite news|title=Book chain moves 'racist' Tintin|date=17 July 2007|work=BBC News|location=London|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6902195.stm|access-date=22 December 2012|ref={{SfnRef|BBC News 17 July|2007}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111111/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6902195.stm|archive-date=24 December 2013}}
* {{cite news|title=Le Centre Pompidou décolle avec Tintin|trans-title=The Centre Pompidou Takes Off with Tintin|language=fr|date=20 December 2006|newspaper=Le Figaro|location=Paris|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/20061219.FIG000000129_le_centre_pompidou_decolle_avec_tintin.html|access-date=14 July 2013|ref={{SfnRef|Le Figaro 20 December|2006}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228040048/http://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/20061219.FIG000000129_le_centre_pompidou_decolle_avec_tintin.html|archive-date=28 December 2013}}
* {{cite news|title=Confused by the cult of Tintin? You're not alone|date=9 January 2009|work=BBC News|location=London|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7820247.stm|access-date=3 March 2018|ref={{SfnRef|BBC News 9 January|2009}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224130709/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7820247.stm|archive-date=24 December 2013}}
* {{cite news|title=Dalai Lama honours Tintin and Tutu|date=2 June 2006|work=BBC News|location=London|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5040198.stm|access-date=22 December 2012|ref={{SfnRef|BBC News 2 June|2006}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021140630/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5040198.stm|archive-date=21 October 2013}}
* {{cite news|title=Drawing room: The Belgian Comic Strip Center: Tintin|date=15 October 2011|newspaper=The Independent|location=London|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/tintin-2371058.html?action=gallery&ino=18|access-date=22 December 2012|ref={{SfnRef|The Independent 15 October|2011}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122083643/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/tintin-2371058.html?action=gallery&ino=18|archive-date=22 January 2014}}
* {{cite news|title=Euro coin honours Tintin and Snowy|date=8 January 2004|work=BBC News|location=London|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3379959.stm|access-date=22 December 2012|ref={{SfnRef|BBC News 8 January|2004}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215171312/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3379959.stm|archive-date=15 December 2013}}
* {{cite news|title=Great blistering barnacles|date=28 January 1999|newspaper=The Economist|location=London|url=https://www.economist.com/moreover/1999/01/28/great-blistering-barnacles|access-date=11 March 2011|ref={{SfnRef|The Economist 28 January|1999}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023044833/http://www.economist.com/node/184533|archive-date=23 October 2012}}
* {{cite news|title=The Hergé museum: Totally Tintin|date=28 May 2009|newspaper=The Economist|location=London|url=https://www.economist.com/culture/2009/05/28/totally-tintin|access-date=14 June 2013|ref={{SfnRef|The Economist 28 May|2009}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109055526/http://www.economist.com/node/13726565|archive-date=9 November 2012}}
* {{cite news|title=In pictures: Tintin exhibition|date=29 March 2004|work=BBC News|location=London|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/3572603.stm|access-date=22 June 2013|ref={{SfnRef|BBC News 29 March|2004}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106063142/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/3572603.stm|archive-date=6 January 2014}}
* {{cite news|title=Kuifje maakt opmerkelijke entree op West End|trans-title=Tintin Makes a Remarkable Entrance on West End|language=nl|date=13 December 2007|newspaper=Het Laatste Nieuws|location=Brussels|url=http://www.hln.be/hln/nl/948/Kunst-Literatuur/article/print/detail/102935/Kuifje-maakt-opmerkelijke-entree-op-West-End.dhtml|access-date=23 May 2013|ref={{SfnRef|HLN.be 13 December|2007}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110326/http://www.hln.be/hln/nl/948/Kunst-Literatuur/article/print/detail/102935/Kuifje-maakt-opmerkelijke-entree-op-West-End.dhtml|archive-date=24 December 2013}}
* {{cite news|title=Les tintinophiles fêtent les 100 ans d'Hergé|trans-title=Tintinophiles celebrating 100 years of Hergé|language=fr|date=28 June 2010|publisher=Radio Télévision Suisse|location=Geneva|url=http://www.rts.ch/info/culture/1143731-les-tintinophiles-fetent-les-100-ans-d-herge.html|access-date=22 December 2012|ref={{SfnRef|Radio Télévision Suisse 28 June|2010}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121102829/http://www.rts.ch/info/culture/1143731-les-tintinophiles-fetent-les-100-ans-d-herge.html|archive-date=21 January 2014}}
* {{cite news|title=Lewd Tintin shocks Belgium|date=14 February 2001|work=BBC News|location=London|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1170301.stm|access-date=22 December 2012|ref={{SfnRef|BBC News 14 February|2001}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220183338/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1170301.stm|archive-date=20 December 2013}}
* {{cite news|title=Obituary: Georges Remi, creator of comic figure Tintin|date=5 March 1983|newspaper=The New York Times|location=New York City|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/05/obituaries/obituary-georges-remi-creator-of-comic-figure-tintin.html|access-date=12 September 2006|ref={{SfnRef|The New York Times 5 March|1983}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108114822/http://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/05/obituaries/obituary-georges-remi-creator-of-comic-figure-tintin.html|archive-date=8 January 2014}}
* {{cite news|title=Obituary: Michael Turner: Tintin translator and publisher|date=4 August 2009|newspaper=[[The Times]]|location=London|url=https://www.thetimes.com/comment/register/article/michael-turner-tintin-translator-and-publisher-cv7kmcnnqnh|access-date=4 May 2013|url-access=subscription|ref={{SfnRef|The Times 4 August|2009}}|archive-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620001110/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/michael-turner-tintin-translator-and-publisher-cv7kmcnnqnh|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|title=Paris:"Mille Sabords!" exhibition at the Marine's Museum|date=3 January 2001|publisher=Sipa Press|location=Paris|url=http://www.sipa.com/en/feature/44000/page/1|access-date=14 June 2013|ref={{SfnRef|Sipa 3 January|2001}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108070843/http://www.sipa.com/en/feature/44000/page/1|archive-date=8 November 2014|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news|title=Telegraph obituary: Michael Turner|date=14 August 2009|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/books-obituaries/6029763/Michael-Turner.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 October 2010|ref={{SfnRef|The Daily Telegraph 14 August|2009}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131020457/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/books-obituaries/6029763/Michael-Turner.html|archive-date=31 January 2014}}{{cbignore}}
* {{cite news|title=Tintin Among The Geriatrics: Kitty Holland celebrates the 70th birthday of Belgium's favourite son, and France's beloved adoptee, Tintin|date=9 January 1999|newspaper=The Irish Times|location=Dublin|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/tintin-among-the-geriatrics-1.144416|access-date=23 December 2013|ref={{SfnRef|Irish Times 9 January|1999}}|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308101420/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/tintin-among-the-geriatrics-1.144416|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|title=Tintin and Snowy Go to the Museum: Pompidou Center Pays Homage to Hergé|date=20 December 2006|newspaper=Der Spiegel|location=Hamburg|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/tintin-and-snowy-go-to-the-museum-pompidou-center-pays-homage-to-herge-a-455736.html|access-date=14 June 2013|ref={{SfnRef|Der Spiegel 20 December|2006}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105032/http://www.spiegel.de/international/tintin-and-snowy-go-to-the-museum-pompidou-center-pays-homage-to-herge-a-455736.html|archive-date=24 December 2013}}
* {{cite news|title=Tintin creator's centenary|date=24 May 2006|newspaper=The Age|location=Melbourne|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/tintin-creators-anniversary/2006/05/24/1148150265203.html|access-date=22 December 2012|ref={{SfnRef|The Age 24 May|2006}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315060431/http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/tintin-creators-anniversary/2006/05/24/1148150265203.html|archive-date=15 March 2014}}
* {{cite news|title=Tintin fait une entrée remarquée sur le Broadway londonien|trans-title=Tintin Makes a Grand Entrance on the London Broadway|language=fr|date=14 December 2007|newspaper=Le Devoir|location=Montréal|url=https://www.ledevoir.com/culture/actualites-culturelles/168421/tintin-fait-une-entree-remarquee-sur-le-broadway-londonien|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107072616/http://www.ledevoir.com/2007/12/14/168421.html?sendurl=t|archive-date=7 January 2009|access-date=22 December 2012|ref={{SfnRef|Le Devoir 14 December|2007}}}}
* {{cite news|title=Tintin Finds His Way to America's HBO|date=16 November 1991|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|location=Baltimore, Maryland|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1991/11/16/tintin-finds-his-way-to-americas-hbo/|access-date=25 August 2010|ref={{SfnRef|Baltimore Sun 16 November|1991}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224112024/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1991-11-16/features/1991320079_1_adventures-of-tintin-tin-tin-herge|archive-date=24 December 2013}}
* {{cite news|title=Tintin 'frees' Tibet|date=22 May 2002|work=BBC News|location=London|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2002554.stm|access-date=22 December 2012|ref={{SfnRef|BBC News 22 May|2002}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111515/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2002554.stm|archive-date=24 December 2013}}
* {{cite news|title=''Tintin and I'' PBS Premiere|date=July 2006|publisher=POV/PBS|location=Arlington, Virginia|url=https://www.pbs.org/pov/films/tintinandi/|access-date=22 December 2012|ref={{SfnRef|PBS July|2006}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214040148/http://www.pbs.org/pov/tintinandi/|archive-date=14 December 2013}}
* {{cite news|title=Tintin in the Congo not racist, court rules|date=13 February 2012|work=BBC News|location=London|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-17014127|access-date=6 June 2013|ref={{SfnRef|BBC News 13 February|2012}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608025114/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-17014127|archive-date=8 June 2012}}
* {{cite news|title=Tintin on trial|date=4 February 1999|work=BBC News|location=London|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/271249.stm|access-date=22 December 2012|ref={{SfnRef|BBC News 4 February|1999}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224102022/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/271249.stm|archive-date=24 December 2013}}
* {{cite news|title=Tintin praises volunteer efforts|date=September 2002|publisher=Dyslexia International|location=Brussels|url=http://www.dyslexia-international.org/ORIG/Archives/DITT-Newsletter-No9.pdf|access-date=22 December 2012|ref={{SfnRef|DITT|2002}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224115344/http://www.dyslexia-international.org/ORIG/Archives/DITT-Newsletter-No9.pdf|archive-date=24 December 2013}}
* {{cite news|title=Tintin's 70 years of adventure|date=10 January 1999|work=BBC News|location=London|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/252066.stm|access-date=22 December 2012|ref={{SfnRef|BBC News10 January|1999}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224141149/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/252066.stm|archive-date=24 December 2013}}
* {{cite news|title=Tutu and Tintin to be honoured by Dalai Lama|date=17 May 2006|publisher=International Campaign for Tibet|location=Washington, D.C.|url=http://www.savetibet.org/news/newsitem.php?id=974|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901200317/http://www.savetibet.org/news/newsitem.php?id=974|archive-date=1 September 2006|access-date=11 March 2011|ref={{SfnRef|Int'l Campaign for Tibet 17 May|2006}}}}
{{refend}}

'''Journal articles'''
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last=Corn |first=Howard |date=December 1989 |title=Tintin comic |journal=Eagle Times |volume=2 |issue=4 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Farr |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Farr |date=March 2004 |title=Thundering Typhoons |journal=History Today |volume=54 |issue=3 |page=62 |url=http://www.historytoday.com/michael-farr/thundering-typhoons |access-date=17 May 2013 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224102336/http://www.historytoday.com/michael-farr/thundering-typhoons |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last=Mills |first=T.F. |date=November 1983 |title=America Discovers Tintin |journal=The Comics Journal |volume=1 |issue=86 |pages=60–68 |url=http://www.tcj.com/the-comics-journal-no-86-november-1983/ |access-date=17 May 2013 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224103920/http://www.tcj.com/the-comics-journal-no-86-november-1983/ |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Pain |first=Stephanie |date=April 2004 |title=Welcome to the moon, Mr Armstrong |journal=New Scientist |volume=182 |issue=2441 |pages=48–49 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18224415-800-welcome-to-the-moon-mr-armstrong/ |access-date=4 May 2013 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=13 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413005302/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18224415-800-welcome-to-the-moon-mr-armstrong/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last=Rösch |first=Felix |date=October 2014 |title='Hooray! Hooray! the End of the World has been Postponed!' Politics of Peace in the Adventures of Tintin? |journal=Politics |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=225–236 |doi=10.1111/1467-9256.12024 |s2cid=143345168 |url=https://pure.coventry.ac.uk/ws/files/3979724/Politics%20of%20peace.pdf |access-date=5 July 2022 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712162357/https://pure.coventry.ac.uk/ws/files/3979724/Politics%20of%20peace.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sadoul |first1=Numa |author-link1=Numa Sadoul |last2=Didier |first2=Michel |date=February 2003 |title=The Hergé Interview: Extracts from ''Entretiens avec Hergé'' |journal=The Comics Journal |volume=1 |issue=250 |pages=180–205 |url=http://www.tcj.com/the-comics-journal-250-february-2003/ |access-date=17 May 2013 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410175339/http://www.tcj.com/the-comics-journal-250-february-2003/ |archive-date=10 April 2014 }} English translation: 2003, copyediting: Kim Thompson.
* {{cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Kim |author-link=Kim Thompson |date=February 2003 |title=Hergé: His Life and Work |journal=The Comics Journal |volume=1 |issue=250 |pages=176–179 |url=http://www.tcj.com/the-comics-journal-250-february-2003/ |access-date=17 May 2013 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410175339/http://www.tcj.com/the-comics-journal-250-february-2003/ |archive-date=10 April 2014 }}
{{refend}}

'''Websites'''
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web |last=Ahl |first=David H. |date=28 August 2011 |title=Hergé ~ Tintin Philately: Stamps, Souvenir Sheets and Covers |website=SwapMeetDave [a personal website] |url=http://www.swapmeetdave.com/Herge/Philately/ |access-date=22 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803195344/http://www.swapmeetdave.com/Herge/Philately/ |archive-date=3 August 2013 }}
* {{cite web |last=Cadambi |first=Abra |year=2006 |title=Hergé & Tintin—A Guide: Tintin Live! |website=Hergé & Tintin – A Guide to all things Hergé [a personal website] |url=http://jewm.webs.com/playsandmusicals.htm |access-date=28 April 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|Cadambi Website: Plays & Musicals|2006}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224093029/http://jewm.webs.com/playsandmusicals.htm |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |last=Cadambi |first=Abra |year=2006 |title=Hergé & Tintin—A Guide: Tintin on Show! |website=Hergé & Tintin – A Guide to all things Hergé [a personal website] |url=http://jewm.webs.com/exhibitions.htm |access-date=28 April 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|Cadambi Website: Exhibitions|2006}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222172604/http://jewm.webs.com/exhibitions.htm |archive-date=22 December 2011 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |last=Chiha |first=Sofiane |date=2 January 2007 |title=Célébrations sur toute la planète pour le créateur de Tintin |trans-title=Celebrations Across the Globe for the Creator of Tintin |language=fr |website=L'Humanité |url=https://www.humanite.fr/node/84714 |access-date=22 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224115052/http://www.humanite.fr/node/84714 |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |last=Christensen |first=Claus |date=November 2003 |title=Boy Scout with Strange Dreams—"Tintin et moi" |publisher=Danish Film Institute |url=http://www.dfi.dk/~/media/Sektioner/Nyheder/Tidskriftet%20FILM/PDF-versioner/FILM32.ashx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513183503/http://www.dfi.dk/tidsskriftetfilm/32/boyscout.htm |archive-date=13 May 2006 |access-date=9 September 2006 }}
* {{cite web |last=Ewing |first=Garen |year=1995 |title=In Defence of Hergé |url=http://www.tintinologist.org/articles/defence.html |website=Tintinologist.org / Vicious magazine |access-date=15 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105326/http://www.tintinologist.org/articles/defence.html |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |last=Gravett |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Gravett |date=20 April 2008 |title=Hergé & The Clear Line: Part 1 |publisher=PaulGravett.com |url=http://www.paulgravett.com/index.php/articles/article/herge_the_clear_line |access-date=22 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826101929/http://www.paulgravett.com/index.php/articles/article/herge_the_clear_line/ |archive-date=26 August 2013 }}
* {{cite web |last=Hodgson |first=Leda |date=17 April 2008 |title=Leda Hodgson |website=Theatre Maketa |url=http://www.theatremaketa.co.uk/leda.htm |access-date=3 October 2008 |quote=Tintin and the Black Island adapted by Geoffrey Case from Hergé. Unicorn Theatre Company 1980. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526163534/http://www.theatremaketa.co.uk/leda.htm |archive-date=26 May 2013 }}
* {{cite web |last=de Koning Gans |first=Wim |date=28 January 2005 |title=Comic Strip Murals in Brussels |website=PBase.com—Wim de Koning Gans [a personal website] |url=http://www.pbase.com/wdkg/comics |access-date=14 June 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|de Koning Gans Website|2005}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224100456/http://www.pbase.com/wdkg/comics |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |last=Lorenzi |first=Anthony |date=28 August 2011 |title=Tintin in stamps |website=TintinMilou.free.fr [a personal website] |url=http://www.tintinmilou.free.fr/stamp.htm |access-date=22 June 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|TintinMilou.free.fr|2011}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605012417/http://www.tintinmilou.free.fr/stamp.htm |archive-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |last=Mills |first=T.F. |date=1 February 1996 |title=The Adventures of Tintin: A History of the Anglo-American Editions |website=Le site d'Hergé |url=http://www.regiments.org/special/essays/tbibeng.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060710195223/http://www.regiments.org/special/essays/tbibeng.htm |archive-date=10 July 2006 |access-date=14 September 2006 }}
* {{cite web |last=Moura |first=Carlos Gustavo |year=1999 |title=Hergé et la ligne claire |trans-title=Hergé and the Clear Line |language=fr |website=Hergé: l'homme et l'oeuvre |url=http://tintim.chez.com/ligneclaire/ligne_1.htm |access-date=22 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723075750/http://tintim.chez.com/ligneclaire/ligne_1.htm |archive-date=23 July 2012 }}
* {{cite web |last=Owens |first=Chris |date=25 February 2004 |title=Tintin: 60 Years of Adventure |publisher=Tintinologist.org |url=http://www.tintinologist.org/articles/60yrs.html |access-date=14 June 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|Owens 25 February|2004}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215191529/http://www.tintinologist.org/articles/60yrs.html |archive-date=15 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |last=Owens |first=Chris |date=10 July 2004 |title=Interview with Michael Turner and Leslie Lonsdale-Cooper |publisher=Tintinologist.org |url=http://www.tintinologist.org/articles/mt-llc-interview.html |access-date=15 September 2006 |ref={{SfnRef|Owens 10 July|2004}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409005238/http://www.tintinologist.org/articles/mt-llc-interview.html |archive-date=9 April 2014 }}
* {{cite web |last=Owens |first=Chris |date=1 October 2004 |title=Tintin crosses the Atlantic: The Golden Press affair |publisher=Tintinologist.org |url=http://www.tintinologist.org/articles/goldenpress.html |access-date=5 January 2007 |ref={{SfnRef|Owens 1 October|2004}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409005623/http://www.tintinologist.org/articles/goldenpress.html |archive-date=9 April 2014 }}
* {{cite web |last1=Perrotte |first1=Patrick |last2=Van Gong |first2=Luc |year=2006 |title=Tintin en Suisse |trans-title=Tintin in Switzerland |language=fr |website=Tintin est Vivant! |url=http://www.naufrageur.com/a-suisse.html |access-date=11 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804044119/http://www.naufrageur.com/a-suisse.html |archive-date=4 August 2013 }}
* {{cite web |last=Wainman |first=Richard |date=15 January 2006 |title=Tintin Audio Releases |publisher=Tintinologist.org |quote=Tintin: Le Temple du Soleil. Tabas&Co 5005, 2002. (Charleroi cast) |url=http://www.tintinologist.org/guides/merchandise/audio.html |access-date=4 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224094502/http://www.tintinologist.org/guides/merchandise/audio.html |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |last=Wainman |first=Richard |date=5 January 2007 |title=Hergé at the Centre Pompidou |publisher=Tintinologist.org |url=http://www.tintinologist.org/articles/pompidou2007.html |access-date=14 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224084501/http://www.tintinologist.org/articles/pompidou2007.html |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |last=White |first=Ethan |date=12 June 2007 |title=Tintin and the world of stamps |publisher=Tintinologist.org |url=http://www.tintinologist.org/articles/tintin-and-the-world-of-stamps.html |access-date=31 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409005405/http://www.tintinologist.org/articles/tintin-and-the-world-of-stamps.html |archive-date=9 April 2014 }}
* {{cite web |last=Yusuf |first=Bulent |date=14 November 2005 |title=Alphabetti Fumetti: H is for Hergé |website=Ninth Art |url=http://ninthart.org/display.php?article=1123 |access-date=22 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531101448/http://ninthart.org/display.php?article=1123 |archive-date=31 May 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=10 euro Tintin |year=2006 |website=Coin Database |url=http://www.coin-database.com/coins/10-euro-tintin-france-2006.html |access-date=22 June 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|Coin Database|2006}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224122524/http://www.coin-database.com/coins/10-euro-tintin-france-2006.html |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=The Adventures of Tintin at Sea—a major new exhibition at the National Maritime Museum |date=13 November 2003 |website=Royal Museums Greenwich |url=http://www.rmg.co.uk/about/press/the-adventures-of-tintin-at-sea |access-date=22 December 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|RMG.co.uk 13 November|2003}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224094502/http://www.rmg.co.uk/about/press/the-adventures-of-tintin-at-sea |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=The Adventures of Tintin: The Game (2011) |year=2011 |publisher=MobyGames.com |url=http://www.mobygames.com/game/adventures-of-tintin-the-game |access-date=24 February 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|MobyGames.com|2011}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224180555/http://www.mobygames.com/game/adventures-of-tintin-the-game |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=Belgium—2007–20 euro—Tintin 100yr Hergé |date=June 2007 |website=NumisCollect |url=http://www.numiscollect.eu/index.php?task=product&p_id=5841&prev_id=&c_id=90 |access-date=22 June 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|NumisCollect|2007}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224092822/http://www.numiscollect.eu/index.php?task=product&p_id=5841&prev_id=&c_id=90 |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=The catalogue for the Hergé Museum has arrived! |date=18 May 2009 |publisher=Tintin.com |url=http://en.tintin.com/news/index/rub/7/id/424/0/the-catalogue-for-the-herge-museum-has-arrived |access-date=22 June 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|Tintin.com Musée Hergé|2009}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224115215/http://en.tintin.com/news/index/rub/7/id/424/0/the-catalogue-for-the-herge-museum-has-arrived |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=Comic lovers remember Hergé, creator of Tintin and Snowy |date=21 May 2007 |website=TwoCircles.net (which reprinted the story without attribution) |url=http://twocircles.net/2007may21/comic-lovers-remember-herge-creator-tintin-and-snowy.html |access-date=22 June 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|TwoCircles 21 May|2007}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111421/http://twocircles.net/2007may21/comic-lovers-remember-herge-creator-tintin-and-snowy.html |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=Comic lovers remember Hergé, creator of Tintin and Snowy |date=21 May 2007 |website=Highbeam Research (which reprinted the story with attribution to Hindustan Times, New Delhi, India) |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1274670371.html |access-date=22 June 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|Highbeam 21 May|2007}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610171021/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1274670371.html |archive-date=10 June 2014 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=Comic book route in Brussels |website=City of Brussels |url=http://www.brussels.be/artdet.cfm/5316 |access-date=14 June 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|City of Brussels Comic Book Route}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110915/http://www.brussels.be/artdet.cfm/5316 |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=De Gaulle seen by himself |date=September 1958 |website=Foundation Charles-de-Gaulle.org |url=http://www.charles-de-gaulle.org/pages/stock-html/en/the-man/home/quotations/de-gaulle-seen-by-himself.php |access-date=14 June 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|Charles-de-Gaulle.org|1958}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204104441/http://www.charles-de-gaulle.org/pages/stock-html/en/the-man/home/quotations/de-gaulle-seen-by-himself.php |archive-date=4 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=An Exhibition in Tokyo |date=16 March 2002 |publisher=Tintin.com |url=http://en.tintin.com/news/index/rub/9/id/701/0/an-exhibition-in-tokyo |access-date=14 June 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|Tintin.com 16 March|2002}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224102254/http://en.tintin.com/news/index/rub/9/id/701/0/an-exhibition-in-tokyo |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=Explorers on the Moon Coin Set |date=8 July 2004 |publisher=Tintinesque.com |url=http://tintinesque.com/archives/000022.html |access-date=22 June 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|Tintinesque.com|2004}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826122743/http://tintinesque.com/archives/000022.html |archive-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=The Great Wave |year=2006 |website=The Tintin Trivia Quiz |url=http://tintin.eugraph.com/tqsect/feature/wave.html |access-date=15 September 2006 |ref={{SfnRef|The Great Wave|2006}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306033913/http://tintin.eugraph.com/tqsect/feature/wave.html |archive-date=6 March 2012 }}
* {{cite web |title=Hergé at the Centre Pompidou |language=fr |date=20 December 2006 |website=CentrePompidou.fr |url=http://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/ressource.action?param.id=FR_R-b41f6d688020f7977f1e51dbd31615a¶m.idSource=FR_E-688199408eee13ae21a651685fbf68 |access-date=22 June 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|CentrePompidou.fr|2006}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6PXNJp4HM?url=http://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/ressource.action?param.id=FR_R-b41f6d688020f7977f1e51dbd31615a%C2%B6m.idSource%3DFR_E-688199408eee13ae21a651685fbf68 |archive-date=13 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=Hergè exhibition at the Pompidou Centre, Paris |date=20 December 2006 |website=designboom |url=http://www.designboom.com/history/herge.html |access-date=22 June 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|designboom|2006}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114171810/http://www.designboom.com/history/herge.html |archive-date=14 November 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=Hergé's Adventures of Tintin at the Barbican Theatre |date=1 December 2005 |publisher=Barbican.org.uk |url=http://www.barbican.org.uk/theatre/event-detail.asp?ID=3408 |access-date=10 December 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|Barbican|2005}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213204836/http://www.barbican.org.uk/theatre/event-detail.asp?ID=3408 |archive-date=13 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=Hergé's Adventures of Tintin [Musical] |date=November 2007 |publisher=SoniaFriedman.com |url=http://soniafriedman.com/productions/herges_adventures_of_tintin |access-date=14 July 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|SoniaFriedman.com|2007}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225035939/http://www.soniafriedman.com/productions/herges_adventures_of_tintin |archive-date=25 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=Hergé—Hachette Book Group |year=2013 |website=Hachette Book Group |url=http://www.hachettebookgroup.com/authors/herge-kids/ |access-date=14 June 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|Hachette Book Group|2013}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708072436/http://www.hachettebookgroup.com/authors/herge-kids/ |archive-date=8 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=The Hergé Museum by Christian de Portzamparc |date=3 June 2009 |website=Contemporist |url=http://www.contemporist.com/2009/06/03/the-herge-museum-by-christian-de-portzamparc/ |access-date=14 June 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|Contimporist 3 June|2009}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213010052/http://www.contemporist.com/2009/06/03/the-herge-museum-by-christian-de-portzamparc/ |archive-date=13 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=How to tell a Thompson from a Thomson |year=2006 |website=The Tintin Trivia Quiz |url=http://tintin.eugraph.com/tqsect/feature/tvst/ |access-date=9 September 2006 |ref={{SfnRef|How to tell a Thompson from a Thomson|2006}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021221248/http://tintin.eugraph.com/tqsect/feature/tvst/ |archive-date=21 October 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=Mille sabords! |trans-title=Billions of Blistering Barnacles! |language=fr |date=21 March 2001 |publisher=Tintin.com |url=http://en.tintin.com/news/index/rub/9/id/697/0/mille-sabords |access-date=14 June 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|Tintin.com 21 March|2001}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107175602/http://en.tintin.com/news/index/rub/9/id/697/0/mille-sabords |archive-date=7 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=Musée Hergé Temporary exhibition: Into Tibet with Tintin |date=May 2012 |website=Musée Hergé |url=http://www.museeherge.com/en/news/index/id/7/0/temporary-exhibition-into-tibet-with-tintin |access-date=28 April 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|Musée Hergé May|2012}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212200820/http://www.museeherge.com/en/news/index/id/7/0/temporary-exhibition-into-tibet-with-tintin |archive-date=12 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=Moulinsart |year=2010 |publisher=Tintin.com |url=http://us.tintin.com/moulinsart/ |access-date=14 June 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|Tintin.com Moulinsart|2010}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430150837/http://us.tintin.com/moulinsart/ |archive-date=30 April 2014 }}
* {{cite web |title=New 20 euro coin from Belgium |date=13 June 2007 |website=Coin Talk |url=http://www.cointalk.com/threads/new-20-euro-coin-from-belgium.25976/#post241800 |access-date=22 June 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|Coin Talk|2007}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225064737/http://www.cointalk.com/threads/new-20-euro-coin-from-belgium.25976/ |archive-date=25 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=The Royal Literary Fund—Geoffrey Case |year=2008 |publisher=RLF.org |url=http://www.rlf.org.uk/fellowshipscheme/profile.cfm?fellow=203&menu=2 |access-date=28 April 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|RLF: Current Fellows|2008}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524200919/http://www.rlf.org.uk/fellowshipscheme/profile.cfm?fellow=203&menu=2 |archive-date=24 May 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=Rufus Norris to direct World Premiere of ''Tintin'' |date=November 2005 |publisher=YoungVic.org |url=http://www.youngvic.org/press-releases |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109085215/http://www.youngvic.org/press-releases |archive-date=9 November 2006 |access-date=9 September 2006 |ref={{SfnRef|YoungVic.org|2005}} }}
* {{cite web |title=Search for a coin – Tintin |year=2006 |publisher=Numista |url=http://en.numista.com/catalogue/index.php?r=tintin |access-date=22 June 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|Numista|2006}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224103807/http://en.numista.com/catalogue/index.php?r=tintin |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=The Twelve Adventures of Tintin Gold Medallion Set |year=1995 |website=Chard (UK coin and bullion) |url=http://24carat.co.uk/tintingoldmedallionset.html |access-date=22 June 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|Chard|1995}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224114501/http://24carat.co.uk/tintingoldmedallionset.html |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=Tintin—Egmont Group |year=2013 |website=Egmont Group |url=http://www.egmont.co.uk/Character.asp?charid=24 |access-date=14 June 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|Egmont Group|2013}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327100811/http://www.egmont.co.uk/character.asp?charid=24 |archive-date=27 March 2014 }}
* {{cite web |title=Tintin |website=A personal website (Netherlands) |year=2006 |url=http://homepages.cwi.nl/~dik/english/TINTIN.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207084737/http://homepages.cwi.nl/~dik/english/TINTIN.html |archive-date=7 December 2006 |access-date=5 January 2007 |ref={{SfnRef|A personal website (Netherlands)|2006}} }}
* {{cite web |title=Tintin in Tibet (1995) |year=1995 |publisher=MobyGames.com |url=http://www.mobygames.com/game/tintin-in-tibet |access-date=30 September 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|MobyGames.com|1995}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415082719/http://www.mobygames.com/game/tintin-in-tibet |archive-date=15 April 2014 }}
* {{cite web |title=Tintin: Prisoners of the Sun (1996) |year=1996 |publisher=MobyGames.com |url=http://www.mobygames.com/game/adventures-of-tintin-prisoners-of-the-sun |access-date=24 February 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|MobyGames.com|1996}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329092703/http://www.mobygames.com/game/adventures-of-tintin-prisoners-of-the-sun |archive-date=29 March 2014 }}
* {{cite web |title=Tintin: Destination Adventure (2001) |year=2001 |publisher=MobyGames.com |url=http://www.mobygames.com/game/tintin-destination-adventure |access-date=30 September 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|MobyGames.com|2001}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004224409/http://www.mobygames.com/game/tintin-destination-adventure |archive-date=4 October 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=Tintin in America: One of a set of 12 gold medals featuring the most famous Belgian |date=20 April 2009 |publisher=OmniCoin.com |url=http://www.omnicoin.com/coin/962610 |access-date=22 June 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|OmniCoin|2009}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224084933/http://www.omnicoin.com/coin/962610 |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=Tintin on the Moon (1989) |year=1989 |publisher=MobyGames.com |url=http://www.mobygames.com/game/tintin-on-the-moon |access-date=24 February 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|MobyGames.com|1989}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224103609/http://www.mobygames.com/game/tintin-on-the-moon |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=Tintin on the Moon |year=1989 |website=Sinclair Infoseek |url=http://www.worldofspectrum.org/infoseekid.cgi?id=0005291 |access-date=24 February 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|Sinclair Infoseek|1989}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110909/http://www.worldofspectrum.org/infoseekid.cgi?id=0005291 |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=Visitez l'Expo 'Tintin au Musee de la Marine' 48 H Avant son Ouverture! |trans-title=Visit the Museum Expo 'Tintin in the Navy' 48 H Before Opening! |language=fr |date=19 March 2001 |publisher=BDzoom.com |url=http://bdzoom.com/2136/actualites/mille-sabords/ |access-date=14 June 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|BDzoom.com|2001}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224113421/http://bdzoom.com/2136/actualites/mille-sabords/ |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=Youth philately, Tintin 1v |year=2010 |website=PostBeeld.com (Netherlands) |url=http://www.postbeeld.com/en/stamps/view/sbe1996-youth-philately-tintin-1v/ |access-date=22 June 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|PostBeeld|2010}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224094335/http://www.postbeeld.com/en/stamps/view/sbe1996-youth-philately-tintin-1v/ |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
'''Books'''
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbC7PwAACAAJ |title=The Art of Hergé, Inventor of Tintin, Volume 2, 1937–1949 |last=Goddin |first=Philippe |publisher=Last Gasp |others=Michael Farr (translator) |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-86719-724-2 |location=San Francisco |author-link=Philippe Goddin }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dk4CaAEACAAJ |title=The Art of Hergé, Inventor of Tintin, Volume 3: 1950–1983 |last=Goddin |first=Philippe |publisher=Last Gasp |others=Michael Farr (translator) |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-86719-763-1 |location=San Francisco |author-link=Philippe Goddin |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=10 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410230401/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dk4CaAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lf8WYAAACAAJ |title=Hergé: The Genius of Tintin: A Biography |last=Taylor |first=Raphaël |date=8 November 2012 |publisher=Icon Books |isbn=978-1-84831-275-3 |location=London }}

'''Journal articles'''
* {{cite book|last=Gabilliet|first=Jean-Paul|chapter=A Disappointing Crossing: The North American Reception of Asterix and Tintin|editor1=Daniel Stein|editor2=Shane Denson|editor3=Christina Meyer|title=Transnational Perspectives on Graphic Narratives: Comics at the Crossroads|publisher=[[A&C Black]]|date=2013-03-28|isbn=<!--old: 1441185232-->9781441185235}} - This is Chapter #16, in Part III: Translations, Transformations, Migrations

'''News Articles'''
* {{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3382633.stm|title=Boy reporter still a global hero|last=Dowling|first=Stephen|date=9 January 2004|work=[[BBC News]]|location=London|access-date=22 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110142757/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3382633.stm|archive-date=10 November 2013}}
* {{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/223861.stm|title=Crazy for Tintin|last=Jessel|first=Stephen|date=29 November 1998|work=BBC News|location=London|author-link=Stephen Jessel|access-date=22 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224103424/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/223861.stm|archive-date=24 December 2013}}
* {{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4284356.stm|title=Tintin ventures into India's rural markets|last=Pandey|first=Geeta|date=28 September 2005|work=BBC News|location=London|access-date=22 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224133259/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4284356.stm|archive-date=24 December 2013}}
* {{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1346606.stm|title=Tintin conquers China|date=23 May 2001|work=BBC News|location=London|access-date=22 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224103325/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1346606.stm|archive-date=24 December 2013}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|The Adventures of Tintin.ogg|date=2006-02-20}}
{{sister project links|d=Q744536|s=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|n=no|wikt=tintin#French|q=The Adventures of Tintin (film)}}
* {{Official website|https://www.tintin.com/}}
* [https://www.tintinologist.org/ Tintinologist.org], the oldest and largest English-language Tintin fan site
* [https://levingtiemesiecle.es.tl/ENGLISH.htm The History of the Newspaper ''Le Vingtième Siècle''], the newspaper where Tintin first appeared

{{Tintin and Hergé|state=expanded}}
{{Comics by Hergé}}
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{{Portal bar|Belgium|Comics|Children's literature}}
{{Authority control (arts)}}

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