imported>CodeTalker: Reverted 1 edit by RealGibby (talk): Not a reliable source

2026-05-07T05:23:40Z

Reverted 1 edit by RealGibby (talk): Not a reliable source

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:23, 7 May 2026
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	\| name = Compact disc-recordable		\| name = Compact disc-recordable
	\| logo = CD-R logo.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert		\| logo = CD-R logo.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
	\| image = OD Compact ~~disc~~.~~svg~~		\| image = Compact Disc.png
	\| caption =		\| caption =
	\| type = [[Optical disc]]		\| type = [[Optical disc]]
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	==History==		==History==
	[[File:CD-R.jpg\|left\|thumb\|Assorted CD-Rs]]		[[File:CD-R.jpg\|left\|thumb\|Assorted CD-Rs]]
	Originally named CD [[Write once read many\|Write-Once (WO)]], the CD-R specification was first published in 1988<ref>{{Cite web \|title=CD-R \|url=https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/cs201/projects/1997-98/optical-media/cd-r2.html#:~:text=In%201988,%20Taiyo%20Yuden%20invented,which%20are%20called%20CD-Rs. \|access-date=2025-06-11 \|website=cs.stanford.edu}}</ref> by [[Philips]] and [[Sony]] in the [[Rainbow Books\|Orange Book]], which consists of several parts that provide details of the CD-WO, CD-MO (Magneto-Optic), and later CD-RW (Re Writable). The latest editions have abandoned the use of the term ''CD-WO'' in favor of ''CD-R'', while ''[[CD-MO]]'' was rarely used. Written CD-Rs and CD-RWs are, in the aspect of low-level encoding and data format, fully compatible with the audio CD (''Red Book'' [[CD-DA]]) and data CD (''Yellow Book'' [[CD-ROM]]) standards. The Yellow Book standard for CD-ROM only specifies a high-level data format and refers to the Red Book for all physical format and low-level code details, such as track pitch, linear bit density, and bitstream encoding. This means they use [[Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation]], [[Cross-Interleaved Reed-Solomon Coding\|CIRC]] error correction, and, for [[CD-ROM]], the third error correction layer defined in the Yellow Book. Properly written CD-R discs on blanks of less than 80 minutes in length are fully compatible with the audio CD and CD-ROM standards in all details including physical specifications. 80-minute CD-R discs marginally violate the Red Book physical format specifications, and longer discs are non-compliant. CD-RW discs have lower reflectivity than CD-R or pressed (non-writable) CDs and for this reason cannot meet the Red Book standard. Some hardware compatible with Red Book CDs may have difficulty reading CD-Rs and, because of their lower reflectivity, especially CD-RWs.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Wempen\|first=Faithe\|date=17 April 2001\|title=All about CD-R and CD-RW\|url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/all-about-cd-r-and-cd-rw/\|url-status=live\|access-date=27 November 2021\|website=[[TechRepublic]]\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803103137/http://www.techrepublic.com:80/article/all-about-cd-r-and-cd-rw/ \|archive-date=2013-08-03 }}</ref> To the extent that CD hardware can read extended-length discs or CD-RW discs, it is because that hardware has capability beyond the minimum required by the Red Book and Yellow Book standards (the hardware is more capable than it needs to be to bear the Compact Disc logo).{{Citation needed\|date=November 2021}}		Originally named CD [[Write once read many\|Write-Once (WO)]], the CD-R specification was first published in 1988<ref>{{Cite web \|title=CD-R \|url=https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/cs201/projects/1997-98/optical-media/cd-r2.html#:~:text=In%201988,%20Taiyo%20Yuden%20invented,which%20are%20called%20CD-Rs. \|access-date=2025-06-11 \|website=cs.stanford.edu}}</ref> by [[Philips]] and [[Sony]] in the [[Rainbow Books\|Orange Book]], which consists of several parts that provide details of the CD-WO, CD-MO (Magneto-Optic), and later CD-RW (Re Writable). The latest editions have abandoned the use of the term ''CD-WO'' in favor of ''CD-R'', while ''[[CD-MO]]'' was rarely used. Written CD-Rs and CD-RWs are, in the aspect of low-level encoding and data format, fully compatible with the audio CD (''Red Book'' [[CD-DA]]) and data CD (''Yellow Book'' [[CD-ROM]]) standards. The Yellow Book standard for CD-ROM only specifies a high-level data format and refers to the Red Book for all physical format and low-level code details, such as track pitch, linear bit density, and bitstream encoding. This means they use [[Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation]], [[Cross-Interleaved Reed-Solomon Coding\|CIRC]] error correction, and, for [[CD-ROM]], the third error correction layer defined in the Yellow Book.

	CD-R ~~recording systems available~~ in ~~1990 were similar to~~ the ~~washing machine~~-~~sized Meridian~~ CD ~~Publisher~~, ~~based on~~ the ~~two~~-~~piece rack mount [[Yamaha Corporation\|Yamaha]] PDS audio recorder costing $35~~,~~000~~,{{~~citation needed~~\|date=~~February 2022}} not including the required external [[Error correction code~~\|~~ECC]] circuitry for data encoding,~~ [[~~SCSI~~]] ~~hard drive subsystem~~, and ~~[[MS-DOS]] control computer~~.		Properly written CD-R discs on blanks of less than 80 minutes in length are fully compatible with the audio CD and CD-ROM standards in all details, including physical specifications. 80-minute CD-R discs marginally violate the Red Book physical format specifications, and longer discs are non-compliant. CD-RW discs have lower reflectivity than CD-R or pressed (non-writable) CDs, and for this reason cannot meet the Red Book standard. Some hardware compatible with Red Book CDs may have difficulty reading CD-Rs and, because of their lower reflectivity, especially CD-RWs.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Wempen\|first=Faithe\|date=17 April 2001\|title=All about CD-R and CD-RW\|url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/all-about-cd-r-and-cd-rw/\|url-status=live\|access-date=27 November 2021\|website=[[TechRepublic]]\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803103137/http://www.techrepublic.com:80/article/all-about-cd-r-and-cd-rw/ \|archive-date=2013-08-03 }}</ref> To the extent that CD hardware can read extended-length discs or CD-RW discs, it is because that hardware has capability beyond the minimum required by the Red Book and Yellow Book standards (the hardware is more capable than it needs to be to bear the Compact Disc logo).

	~~On July 3, 1991, the first~~ recording ~~of a concert directly~~ to CD ~~was made using a~~ [[Yamaha ~~YPDR 601]]. The concert was performed by [[Claudio Baglioni~~]] ~~at the Stadio Flaminio in Rome~~, ~~Italy. At that time~~, ~~it was generally anticipated that recordable CDs would have~~ a ~~lifetime of no more than 10 years~~. ~~However, as of July 2020 the CD from this live recording still plays back with no uncorrectable errors~~.~~{{citation needed~~\|date=~~July 2020~~}}		CD-R recording systems available in 1990 were similar to the washing machine-sized Meridian CD Publisher, based on the two-piece rack mount [[Yamaha Corporation\|Yamaha]] PDS audio recorder costing $35,000,<ref>{{cite web \|title=What Is a CD-R (Compact Disc Recordable) and How Does It Work \|website=MiniTool \|url=https://www.minitool.com/lib/cd-r.html
			\|access-date=9 October 2025 \|quote=The CD-R recording system available in 1990 is similar to the washing machine-sized Meridian CD Publisher, which is based on a two-piece rack-mounted Yamaha PDS recorder and costs $35,000.}}</ref> not including the required external [[Error correction code\|ECC]] circuitry for data encoding, [[SCSI]] hard drive subsystem, and [[MS-DOS]] control computer.

	In the same year, the first company to successfully & professionally duplicate CD-R media was CDRM Recordable Media. With quality technical media being limited from [[Taiyo Yuden]], Early CD-R Media used Phthalocyanine dye for duplication, which has a light aqua color. By 1992, the cost of typical recorders was down to $10,000–12,000, and in September 1995, [[Hewlett-Packard]] introduced its model 4020i manufactured by Philips, which, at $995, was the first recorder to cost less than $1000.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030202233907/http://www.roxio.com/en/support/cdr/historycdr.html Roxio history of CD-R] from Roxio Newsletter 17 January 2000. Retrieved 19 September 2009</ref> As of the 2010s, devices capable of writing to CD-Rs and other types of writable CDs could be found under $20.		On July 3, 1991, the first recording of a concert directly to CD was made using a Yamaha YPDR 601. The concert was performed by [[Claudio Baglioni]] at the Stadio Flaminio in Rome, Italy.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Yamaha YPDR601 — Professional disc recorder \|website=Yamaha Black Boxes \|url=https://yamahablackboxes.com/collection/yamaha-ypdr601-disc-recorder/
			\|access-date=9 October 2025 \|quote=The YPDR system allows the recording of discs which may be replayed on standard CD players.}}</ref>

			In the same year, the first company to successfully & professionally duplicate CD-R media was CDRM Recordable Media. With quality technical media being limited from [[Taiyo Yuden]], Early CD-R Media used Phthalocyanine dye for duplication, which has a light aqua color. By 1992, the cost of typical recorders was down to $10,000–12,000, and in September 1995, [[Hewlett-Packard]] introduced its model 4020i manufactured by Philips, which, at $995, was the first recorder to cost less than $1000.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030202233907/http://www.roxio.com/en/support/cdr/historycdr.html Roxio history of CD-R] from Roxio Newsletter 17 January 2000. Retrieved 19 September 2009</ref> As of the 2010s, devices capable of writing to CD-Rs and other types of writable CDs could be found for under $20.

	The dye materials developed by [[Taiyo Yuden]] made it possible for CD-R discs to be compatible with Audio CD and CD-ROM discs.		The dye materials developed by [[Taiyo Yuden]] made it possible for CD-R discs to be compatible with Audio CD and CD-ROM discs.
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	{{Unreferenced section\|date=March 2009}}		{{Unreferenced section\|date=March 2009}}
	{{original research \|date=October 2021}}		{{original research \|date=October 2021}}
	A standard CD-R is a {{convert\|1.2\|mm\|in\|abbr=on}} thick disc made of [[polycarbonate]] about 120 mm (5") in diameter. The 120 mm (5") disc has a storage capacity of 74 minutes of audio or 650 [[~~Megabyte~~]]s (MBs) of data. CD-R/RWs are available with capacities of 80 minutes of audio or 737,280,000 bytes (703.125 MiB), which they achieve by molding the disc at the tightest allowable tolerances specified in the [[Orange Book (CD standard)\|Orange Book]] CD-R/CD-RW standards. The engineering margin that was reserved for manufacturing tolerance has been used for data capacity instead, leaving no tolerance for manufacturing; for these discs to be truly compliant with the Orange Book standard, the manufacturing process must be perfect.{{citation needed\|date=March 2012}}		A standard CD-R is a {{convert\|1.2\|mm\|in\|abbr=on}} thick disc made of [[polycarbonate]] about 120 mm (5") in diameter. The 120 mm (5") disc has a storage capacity of 74 minutes of audio or 650 [[megabyte]]s (MBs) of data. CD-R/RWs are available with capacities of 80 minutes of audio or 737,280,000 bytes (703.125 MiB), which they achieve by molding the disc at the tightest allowable tolerances specified in the [[Orange Book (CD standard)\|Orange Book]] CD-R/CD-RW standards. The engineering margin that was reserved for manufacturing tolerance has been used for data capacity instead, leaving no tolerance for manufacturing; for these discs to be truly compliant with the Orange Book standard, the manufacturing process must be perfect.{{citation needed\|date=March 2012}}

	Despite the foregoing, most CD-Rs on the market have an 80-minute capacity. There are also 90 minute/790 MB and 99 minute/870 MB discs, although they are less common and depart from the Orange Book standard. Due to the limitations of the data structures in the ATIP, 90 and 99-minute blanks will identify as 80-minute ones. As the ATIP is part of the Orange Book standard, its design does not support some nonstandard disc configurations. In order to use the additional capacity, these discs have to be burned using [[Overburn#Overburning\|overburn]] options in the CD recording software. Overburning itself is so named because it is outside the written standards, but, due to market demand, it has nonetheless become a de facto standard function in most CD writing drives and software for them.		Despite the foregoing, most CD-Rs on the market have an 80-minute capacity. There are also 90 minute/790 MB and 99 minute/870 MB discs, although they are less common and depart from the Orange Book standard. Due to the limitations of the data structures in the ATIP, 90 and 99-minute blanks will identify as 80-minute ones. As the ATIP is part of the Orange Book standard, its design does not support some nonstandard disc configurations. In order to use the additional capacity, these discs have to be burned using [[Overburn#Overburning\|overburn]] options in the CD recording software. Overburning itself is so named because it is outside the written standards, but, due to market demand, it has nonetheless become a de facto standard function in most CD writing drives and software for them.
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	==See also==		==See also==
	* [[Absolute Time In Pregroove]]		* [[Absolute Time in Pregroove]]
	* [[Blu-ray Disc]]		* [[Blu-ray Disc]]
	* [[CD recorder]]		* [[CD recorder]]

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v2.05b - Bot T19 CW#25 - Fix errors for CW project (Heading hierarchy)

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CD-R - Revision history

imported>CodeTalker: Reverted 1 edit by RealGibby (talk): Not a reliable source

imported>WikiCleanerBot: v2.05b - Bot T19 CW#25 - Fix errors for CW project (Heading hierarchy)