imported>Womtelo: Short description made shorter

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Short description made shorter

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-{{Short description|Technique for studying the historical development of languages, based on language comparison}}
+{{Short description|Scientific technique used in historical linguistics}}
 {{Other uses|Comparative (disambiguation)}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
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 In [[linguistics]], the '''comparative method''' is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with [[genetic relationship (linguistics)|common descent]] from a shared ancestor and then extrapolating backwards to infer the properties of that ancestor. The comparative method may be contrasted with the method of [[internal reconstruction]] in which the internal development of a single language is inferred by the analysis of features within that language.<ref>{{harvnb|Lehmann|1993|pp=31 ff}}.</ref> Ordinarily, both methods are used together to reconstruct prehistoric phases of languages; to fill in gaps in the historical record of a language; to discover the development of phonological, morphological and other linguistic systems and to confirm or to refute hypothesised relationships between languages.
-The comparative method emerged in the early 19th century with the birth of [[Indo-European studies]], then took a definite scientific approach with the works of the [[Neogrammarians]] in the late 19th–early 20th century.<ref name=":0" /> Key contributions were made by the Danish scholars [[Rasmus Christian Rask|Rasmus Rask]] (1787–1832) and [[Karl Verner]] (1846–1896), and the German scholar [[Jacob Grimm]] (1785–1863). The first linguist to offer reconstructed forms from a [[proto-language]] was [[August Schleicher]] (1821–1868) in his ''Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen'', originally published in 1861.<ref>{{harvnb|Lehmann|1993|p=26}}.</ref> Here is Schleicher's explanation of why he offered reconstructed forms:<ref>{{harvnb|Schleicher|1874|p=8}}.</ref>
+The comparative method emerged in the early 19th century with the birth of [[Indo-European studies]], then took a definite scientific approach with the works of the [[Neogrammarians]] in the late 19th–early 20th century.<ref name=":0" /> Key contributions were made by the Danish scholars [[Rasmus Christian Rask|Rasmus Rask]] (1787–1832) and [[Karl Verner]] (1846–1896), and the German scholar [[Jacob Grimm]] (1785–1863). The first linguist to offer reconstructed forms from a [[proto-language]] was [[August Schleicher]] (1821–1868) in his ''Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen'', originally published in 1861.<ref>{{harvnb|Lehmann|1993|p=26}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Schleicher|1874|p=8}}</ref>
 ==Definition==
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 |}
-They evidence two correspondence sets, ''k : k'' and ''k : {{IPA link|ʃ}}:
+They evidence two correspondence sets, ''k : k'' and ''k : {{IPA link|ʃ}}'':
 {| class="wikitable"
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 ====Analogy====
-[[Analogy#Linguistics|Analogy]] is the sporadic change of a feature to be like another feature in the same or a different language. It may affect a single word or be generalized to an entire class of features, such as a verb paradigm. An example is the [[Russian language|Russian]] word for ''nine''. The word, by regular sound changes from [[Proto-Slavic]], should have been {{IPA|/nʲevʲatʲ/}}, but it is in fact {{IPA|/dʲevʲatʲ/}}. It is believed that the initial ''{{IPA|nʲ-}}'' changed to ''{{IPA|dʲ-}}'' under influence of the word for "ten" in Russian, {{IPA|/dʲesʲatʲ/}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Beekes|1995|p=79}}.</ref>
+[[Analogical change|Analogy]] is the sporadic change of a feature to be like another feature in the same or a different language. It may affect a single word or be generalized to an entire class of features, such as a verb paradigm. An example is the [[Russian language|Russian]] word for ''nine''. The word, by regular sound changes from [[Proto-Slavic]], should have been {{IPA|/nʲevʲatʲ/}}, but it is in fact {{IPA|/dʲevʲatʲ/}}. It is believed that the initial ''{{IPA|nʲ-}}'' changed to ''{{IPA|dʲ-}}'' under influence of the word for "ten" in Russian, {{IPA|/dʲesʲatʲ/}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Beekes|1995|p=79}}.</ref>
 ====Gradual application====
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 * {{cite book|last=Crowley|first=Terry|author-link=Terry Crowley (linguist)|year=1992|title=An Introduction to Historical Linguistics|edition=2nd|location=Auckland|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
 * {{cite book|last=Fox|first=Anthony|year=1995|title=Linguistic Reconstruction: An Introduction to Theory and Method|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
-* {{citation|last=François|first=Alexandre|author-link=Alexandre François (linguist)|contribution=Trees, Waves and Linkages: Models of Language Diversification|editor1-last=Bowern|editor1-first=Claire|editor2-last=Evans|editor2-first=Bethwyn|title=The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics|pages=161–189|publisher=Routledge|place=London|year=2014|isbn=978-0-41552-789-7|contribution-url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00874726 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904135442/http://alex.francois.free.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2014_HHL_Trees-waves-linkages_Diversification.pdf |archive-date=2014-09-04 |url-status=live|ref=linkage}}
+* {{Citation
 * {{cite journal|last=Goddard|first=Ives|year=1974|title=An Outline of the Historical Phonology of Arapaho and Atsina|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|volume=40|issue=2|pages=102–16|doi=10.1086/465292|s2cid=144253507}}
 * {{cite book|last=Hock|author-link=Hans Henrich Hock|first=Hans Henrich|year=1991|title=Principles of Historical Linguistics|edition=2nd revised and updated|location=Berlin|publisher=Walter de Gruyter}}
 * {{cite journal|last1=Janda|first1=Richard D.|first2=Brian D.|last2=Joseph|year=1989|title=In Further Defence of a Non-Phonological Account for Sanskrit Root-Initial Aspiration Alternations|journal=Proceedings of the Fifth Eastern States Conference on Linguistics|pages=246–260|location=Columbus, Ohio|publisher=Ohio State University Department of Linguistics|url=http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/publications/1989aspiration.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906214714/http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/publications/1989aspiration.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-06 |url-status=live|ref=CITEREFJanda1989}}
-* {{citation|last1=Kalyan|first1=Siva|last2=François|first2=Alexandre|contribution=Freeing the Comparative Method from the tree model: A framework for Historical Glottometry|editor1-last=Kikusawa|editor1-first=Ritsuko|editor2-last=Reid|editor2-first=Laurie|title=Let's Talk about Trees: Genetic Relationships of Languages and Their Phylogenic Representation|series=Senri Ethnological Studies, 98|pages=59–89|publisher=National Museum of Ethnology|place=Ōsaka|year=2018|contribution-url=http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/Kalyan-Francois_2018_Freeing-Comparative-Method-from-Tree-model.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929114307/http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/Kalyan-Francois_2018_Freeing-Comparative-Method-from-Tree-model.pdf |archive-date=2022-09-29 |url-status=live|ref=kf}}.
+* {{Citation
 * {{cite book|last1=Kylstra|first1=A. D.|last2=Sirkka-Liisa|first2=Hahmo|first3=Tette|last3=Hofstra|first4=Osmo|last4=Nikkilä|year=1996|title=Lexikon der älteren germanischen Lehnwörter in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen|language=de|volume=Band II: K-O|location=Amsterdam, Atlanta|publisher=Rodopi B.V.|ref=CITEREFKylstra1996}}
 * {{cite journal|last1=Labov|first1=William|year=2007|title=Transmission and diffusion|url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/%7Elabov/Papers/TD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921235628/http://www.ling.upenn.edu/%7Elabov/Papers/TD.pdf |archive-date=2017-09-21 |url-status=live|journal=Language|volume=83|issue=2|pages=344–387|doi=10.1353/lan.2007.0082|citeseerx=10.1.1.705.7860|s2cid=6255506}}

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