Apollo 13: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|Failed Moon landing mission in the Apollo program}}

| image_caption     = ''Odyssey''{{'}}s damaged [[Apollo command and service module#Service module (SM)|service module]], as seen from the [[Apollo Lunar Module]] ''Aquarius'', hours before reentry

| launch_mass        = 44,069 kg (CSM: 28,881 kg;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1970-029A |title=Apollo 13 Command and Service Module (CSM) |publisher=[[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive]] |access-date=January 9, 2023}}</ref> LM: 15,188 kg)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1970-029C |title=Apollo 13 Lunar Module / EASEP |publisher=[[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive]] |access-date=January 9, 2023}}</ref>

| crew_callsign         = {{Unbulleted list  |CSM: ''Odyssey''  |LM: ''Aquarius''}}

 

| launch_date        = {{start date text|April 11, 1970, 19:13:00|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1970-029A |title=Apollo 13 |publisher=[[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive]] |access-date=January 9, 2023}}</ref>  

 

| landing_date      = {{end date text|April 17, 1970, 18:07:41|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC  

   | distance        = {{convert|137|nmi|km|order=flip|sp=us}}

| crew_photo_caption = [[Jim Lovell]], [[Jack Swigert]], [[Fred Haise]]

'''Apollo 13''' (April 11{{endash}}17, 1970) was the seventh crewed mission in the [[Apollo program|Apollo space program]] and would have been the third [[Moon landing]]. The craft was launched from [[Kennedy Space Center]] on April 11, 1970, but the landing was aborted after an oxygen tank in the [[Apollo command and service module#Service module (SM)|service module]] (SM) exploded two days into the mission, disabling its electrical and [[life-support system]]. The crew, supported by backup systems on the [[Apollo Lunar Module]] (LM), instead looped around the Moon in a [[circumlunar trajectory]] and returned safely to Earth on April 17. The mission was commanded by [[Jim Lovell]], with [[Jack Swigert]] as [[Apollo command and service module#Command module (CM)|command module]] (CM) pilot and [[Fred Haise]] as [[Apollo Lunar Module|Lunar Module]] (LM) pilot. Swigert was a late replacement for [[Ken Mattingly]], who was grounded after exposure to [[rubella]].

A routine stir of an oxygen tank ignited damaged wire insulation inside it, causing an explosion that vented the contents of both of the SM's oxygen tanks to space.{{NoteTag|The event is described as an explosion in modern NASA histories and accounts by the crew.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Apollo 13 accident|author=Williams, David|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/ap13acc.html|publisher=NASA|quote=The Apollo 13 malfunction was caused by an explosion and rupture of oxygen tank no. 2 in the service module.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cortright|1975|pp=248–249}}: "I did, of course, occasionally think of the possibility that the spacecraft explosion might maroon us... Thirteen minutes after the explosion, I happened to look out of the left-hand

window, and saw the final evidence pointing toward potential catastrophe. "</ref> However, the formal accident report avoids the use of the term.{{sfn|Accident report|p=143}} NASA engineers at the time preferred "tank failure", both because it was more accurate and to avoid the negative connotations around the word "explosion".<ref>{{harvnb|Cooper|2013|page=21}}: "Later, in describing what happened, NASA engineers avoided using the word "explosion;" they preferred the more delicate and less dramatic term "tank failure," and in a sense it ''was'' the more accurate expression, inasmuch as the tank did not explode in the way a bomb does but broke open under pressure."</ref>}} Without oxygen, needed for breathing and for generating electrical power, the SM's propulsion and life support systems could not operate. The CM's systems had to be shut down to conserve its remaining resources for reentry, forcing the crew to transfer to the LM as a lifeboat. With the lunar landing canceled, mission controllers worked to bring the crew home alive.

Although the LM was designed to support two men on the lunar surface for two days, [[Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center|Mission Control]] in Houston improvised new procedures so it could support three men for four days. The crew experienced great hardship, caused by limited power, a chilly and wet cabin and a shortage of [[potable water]]. There was a critical need to adapt the CM's cartridges for the [[carbon dioxide scrubber]] system to work in the LM; the crew and mission controllers were successful in improvising a solution. The astronauts' peril briefly renewed public interest in the Apollo program; tens of millions watched the [[splashdown]] in the [[South Pacific Ocean]] on television.

An investigative review board found fault with preflight testing of the oxygen tank and [[Teflon]] being placed inside it. The board recommended changes, including minimizing the use of potentially combustible items inside the tank; this was done for [[Apollo 14]]. The story of Apollo&nbsp;13 has been dramatized several times, most notably in the 1995 film ''[[Apollo&nbsp;13 (film)|Apollo&nbsp;13]]'' based on ''[[Lost Moon]]'', the 1994 memoir co-authored by Lovell – and an episode of the 1998 miniseries ''[[From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)|From the Earth to the Moon]]''.

In 1961, U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]] challenged his nation to land an astronaut on the [[Moon]] by the end of the decade, with a safe return to Earth.<ref name = "mission overview" /> [[NASA]] worked towards this goal incrementally, sending astronauts into space during [[Project Mercury]] and [[Project Gemini]], leading up to the [[Apollo program]].{{sfn|Hacker & Grimwood|2010|p=382}} The goal was achieved with [[Apollo 11]], which landed on the Moon on July&nbsp;20, 1969. [[Neil Armstrong]] and [[Buzz Aldrin]] walked on the lunar surface while [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]] orbited the Moon in [[Command module Columbia|Command Module ''Columbia'']]. The mission returned to Earth on July&nbsp;24, 1969, fulfilling Kennedy's challenge.<ref name = "mission overview">{{cite web|title=Apollo 11 Mission Overview|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo11.html|date=December 21, 2017|access-date=February 14, 2019|publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref>

Houston's [[Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center|Mission Control Center]] was opened in 1965. It was in part designed by Kraft and now named for him.<ref name = "mission control history" />  In Mission Control, each flight controller, in addition to monitoring [[telemetry]] from the spacecraft, was in communication via voice loop to specialists in a Staff Support Room (or "back room"), who focused on specific spacecraft systems.<ref name = "Cass 1" />

The Saturn V rocket used to carry Apollo&nbsp;13 to the Moon was numbered SA-508, and was almost identical to those used on Apollo{{nbsp}}8 through 12.{{sfn|Apollo 13 Press Kit|1970|p=74}} Including the spacecraft, the rocket weighed in at {{convert|6501733|lb|order=flip}}.{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=284}} The [[S-IC]] first stage's engines were rated to generate {{convert|100000|lbf|N|order=flip|-4}} less total thrust than Apollo 12's, though they remained within specifications.<ref name = "journal launch" /> To keep its [[liquid hydrogen]] propellent cold, the [[S-II]] second stage's cryogenic tanks were insulated; on earlier Apollo missions this came in the form of panels that were affixed, but beginning with Apollo&nbsp;13, insulation was sprayed onto the exterior of the tanks.<ref name = "ten launch">{{cite web|work=Apollo Lunar Flight Journal|url=https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap10fj/as10-day1-pt1.html|title=Apollo 10: Day 1, part 1: Countdown, launch and climb to orbit|date=February 6, 2022|access-date=April 15, 2022}}</ref> Extra propellant was carried as a test, since future [[List of Apollo missions#Alphabetical mission types|J missions]] to the Moon would require more propellant for their heavier payloads. This made the vehicle the heaviest yet flown by NASA, and Apollo&nbsp;13 was visibly slower to clear the launch tower than earlier missions.<ref name = "journal launch">{{cite web|work=Apollo Lunar Flight Journal|url=https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap13fj/02earth_orbit_tli.html|title=Day 1: Earth orbit and translunar injection|date=February 17, 2017|access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref>

The plan was to devote the first of the two four-hour lunar surface [[extravehicular activity|extravehicular activities]] (EVAs) to setting up the [[Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package]] (ALSEP) group of scientific instruments; during the second, Lovell and Haise would investigate [[Cone (crater)|Cone crater]], near the planned landing site.{{sfn|Orloff & Harland|2006|p=363}} The two astronauts wore their spacesuits for some 20 walk-throughs of EVA procedures, including sample gathering and use of tools and other equipment. They flew in the "[[Reduced-gravity aircraft|Vomit Comet]]" in simulated microgravity or lunar gravity, including practice in donning and doffing spacesuits. To prepare for the descent to the Moon's surface, Lovell flew the [[Lunar Landing Research Vehicle|Lunar Landing Training Vehicle]] (LLTV) after receiving helicopter training.{{sfn|Apollo 13 Press Kit|1970|p=105}} Despite the crashes of one LLTV and one similar Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV) prior to Apollo 13, mission commanders considered flying them invaluable experience and so prevailed on reluctant NASA management to retain them.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jones|first=Eric M.|title=Lunar Landing Training Vehicle NASA 952|date=April 29, 2006|access-date=January 4, 2021|url=https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/LLTV-952.html|publisher=[[NASA]]|work=Apollo Lunar Surface Journal}}</ref>

Other ALSEP experiments on Apollo&nbsp;13 included a [[Heat Flow Experiment]] (HFE), which would involve drilling two holes {{convert|10|ft|order=flip}} deep.{{sfn|Apollo 13 Press Kit|1970|p=33}} This was Haise's responsibility; he was also to drill a third hole of that depth for a core sample.{{sfn|''Science News'' 1970-04-04|p=354}} A Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment (CPLEE) measured the protons and electrons of solar origin reaching the Moon.{{sfn|Apollo 13 Press Kit|1970|p=49}} The package also included a Lunar Atmosphere Detector (LAD){{sfn|Apollo 13 Press Kit|1970|p=51}} and a Dust Detector, to measure the accumulation of debris.{{sfn|Apollo 13 Press Kit|1970|p=62}} The Heat Flow Experiment and the CPLEE were flown for the first time on Apollo&nbsp;13; the other experiments had been flown before.{{sfn|''Science News'' 1970-04-04|p=354}}

For the first time, red stripes were placed on the helmet, arms and legs of the commander's [[Apollo/Skylab A7L|A7L]] spacesuit. This was done as, after Apollo 11, those reviewing the images taken had trouble distinguishing Armstrong from Aldrin, but the change was approved too late for Apollo 12.<ref name = "red stripe">{{cite web|title=Commander's stripes|website=Apollo Lunar Surface Journal|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=July 20, 2019|url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/alsj-CDRStripes.html|last=Jones|first=Eric M.|date=February 20, 2006}}</ref> New drink bags that attached inside the helmets and were to be sipped from as the astronauts walked on the Moon were demonstrated by Haise during Apollo&nbsp;13's final television broadcast before the accident.{{sfn|Turnill|2003|p=316}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/alsj-DrinkFood.html|title=Water Gun, Helmet Feedport, In-Suit Drink Bag, and Food Stick|last1=Jones|first1=Eric M.|date=March 3, 2010|website=Apollo Lunar Surface Journal|publisher=NASA|access-date=November 15, 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Apollo 13 launch (S70-34852).jpg|thumb|upright|Apollo&nbsp;13 launches from Kennedy Space Center, April 11, 1970]]

The mission was launched at the planned time, 2:13:00&nbsp;pm [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] (19:13:00&nbsp;UTC) on April 11. An anomaly occurred when the second-stage, center (inboard) engine shut down about two minutes early.<ref name="lver">{{cite book |author= |url=https://archive.org/details/nasa_techdoc_19900066486 |title=Saturn 5 Launch Vehicle Flight Evaluation Report: AS-508 Apollo 13 Mission |date=June 20, 1970 |publisher=[[NASA]] |publication-place=[[Marshall Space Flight Center|George C. Marshall Space Flight Center]], Huntsville, Alabama |id=MPR-SAT-FE-70-2 |access-date=May 30, 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|Benson & Faherty|1979|pp=494–499}} This was caused by severe [[pogo oscillation]]s. Starting with Apollo 10, the vehicle's guidance system was designed to shut the engine down in response to chamber pressure excursions.{{sfn|Larsen|2008|p=5-13}} Pogo oscillations had occurred on [[Titan (rocket family)|Titan rockets]] (used during the [[Project Gemini|Gemini program]]) and on previous Apollo missions,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fenwick |first=Jim |date=Spring 1992 |title=Pogo |url=http://www.engineeringatboeing.com/articles/pogo.htm |journal=Threshold |publisher=[[Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne]] |access-date=July 3, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213010936/http://www.engineeringatboeing.com/articles/pogo.htm |archive-date=December 13, 2007 }}</ref>{{sfn|Larsen|2008|pp=5-7–5-12}} but on Apollo&nbsp;13 they were amplified by an interaction with turbopump [[cavitation]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dotson |first=Kirk |date=Winter 2003–2004 |title=Mitigating Pogo on Liquid-Fueled Rockets |journal=Crosslink |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=26–29 |location=El Segundo, California|publisher=[[The Aerospace Corporation]] |access-date=July 3, 2013 |url=http://aerospace.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/crosslink/V5N1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://aerospace.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/crosslink/V5N1.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=launch>{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap13fj/01launch_ascent.html |title=Launch and Reaching Earth Orbit |year=2016 |editor-last=Woods |editor-first=W. David |editor-last2=Turhanov|editor-first2=Alexandr|editor-last3=Waugh|editor-first3=Lennox J. |work=Apollo 13 Flight Journal |publisher=NASA |access-date=August 5, 2019}}</ref> A fix to prevent pogo was ready for the mission, but schedule pressure did not permit the hardware's integration into the Apollo&nbsp;13 vehicle.{{sfn|Larsen|2008|p=5-13}}<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.universetoday.com/62672/13-things-that-saved-apollo-13-part-5-unexplained-shutdown-of-the-saturn-v-center-engine/|last=Atkinson|first=Nancy|title=13 things that saved Apollo 13, Part 5: Unexplained shutdown of the Saturn V center engine|date=April 14, 2010|journal=[[Universe Today]]|access-date=September 16, 2019}}</ref> A post-flight investigation revealed the engine was one cycle away from catastrophic failure.{{sfn|Larsen|2008|p=5-13}} The four outboard engines and the [[S-IVB]] third stage burned longer to compensate, and the vehicle achieved very close to the planned circular {{convert|190|km|mi nmi|sp=us}} [[parking orbit]], followed by a translunar injection (TLI) about two hours later, setting the mission on course for the Moon.<ref name="lver" />{{sfn|Benson & Faherty|1979|pp=494–499}}

After TLI, Swigert performed the separation and transposition maneuvers before docking the CSM ''Odyssey'' to the LM ''Aquarius'', and the spacecraft pulled away from the third stage.<ref name = "journal extraction">{{cite web|work=Apollo Lunar Flight Journal|url=https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap13fj/03tde.html|title=Day 1: Transposition, Docking and Extraction|date=February 17, 2017|access-date=August 12, 2019|last1=Woods|first1=W. David |last2=Kemppanen |first2=Johannes|last3=Turhanov|first3=Alexander|last4=Waugh |first4=Lennox J.}}</ref> Ground controllers then sent the third stage on a course to impact the Moon in range of the Apollo 12 seismometer, which it did just over three days into the mission.{{sfn|Orloff & Harland|2006|p=367}}

The crew settled in for the three-day trip to Fra Mauro. At 30:40:50 into the mission, with the TV camera running, the crew performed a burn to place Apollo&nbsp;13 on a hybrid trajectory. The departure from a [[free-return trajectory]] meant that if no further burns were performed, Apollo&nbsp;13 would miss Earth on its return trajectory, rather than intercept it, as with a free return.<ref name = "journal midcourse">{{cite web|work=Apollo Lunar Flight Journal|url=https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap13fj/05day2-mcc2-tv.html|title=Day 2: Midcourse correction 2 on TV|date=February 17, 2017|access-date=August 7, 2019}}</ref> A free return trajectory could only reach sites near the lunar equator; a hybrid trajectory, which could be started at any point after TLI, allowed sites with higher latitudes, such as Fra Mauro, to be reached.<ref name = "journal hybrid">{{cite web|work=Apollo Lunar Flight Journal|url=https://history.nasa.gov/afj/launchwindow/lw1.html|title=Apollo lunar landing launch window: The controlling factors and constraints|year=2009|access-date=December 2, 2019|author=Robin Wheeler}}</ref> Communications were enlivened when Swigert realized that in the last-minute rush, he had omitted to file his [[Form 1040|federal income tax return]] (due April 15), and amid laughter from mission controllers, asked how he could get an extension. He was found to be entitled to a 60-day extension for being out of the country at the deadline.{{sfn|NASA 1970|p=8}}

Entry into the LM to test its systems had been scheduled for 58:00:00; when the crew awoke on the third day of the mission, they were informed it had been moved up three hours and was later moved up again by another hour. A television broadcast was scheduled for 55:00:00; Lovell, acting as emcee, showed the audience the interiors of ''Odyssey'' and ''Aquarius''.<ref name=storm>{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap13fj/07day3-before-the-storm.html |title=Day 3: Before the storm |year=2016 |editor-last=Woods |editor-first=W. David |editor-last2=Turhanov|editor-first2=Alexandr|editor-last3=Waugh|editor-first3=Lennox J. |work=Apollo 13 Flight Journal |publisher=NASA |access-date=August 27, 2019}}</ref> The audience was limited since none of the television networks were carrying the broadcast,{{sfn|Houston, Heflin & Aaron|2015|p=206}} forcing Marilyn Lovell (Jim Lovell's wife) to go to the VIP room at Mission Control if she wanted to watch her husband and his crewmates.{{sfn|Chaikin|1995|pp=285–287}}

{{clear}}

About six and a half minutes after the TV broadcast{{snd}}approaching 56:00:00{{snd}}Apollo&nbsp;13 was about {{convert|180000|nmi|mi km}} from Earth.<ref name = "journal Houston">{{cite web|work=Apollo Lunar Flight Journal|url=https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap13fj/08day3-problem.html|title=Day 3: 'Houston, we've had a problem'|date=May 30, 2017|access-date=August 18, 2019|last1=Woods|first1=W. David|last2=Kemppanen|first2=Johannes|last3=Turhanov|first3=Alexander|last4=Waugh|first4=Lennox J.}}</ref> Haise was completing the shutdown of the LM after testing its systems while Lovell stowed the TV camera. [[Jack Lousma]], the [[Flight controller#CAPCOM|CAPCOM]], sent minor instructions to Swigert, including changing the [[orientation (geometry)|attitude]] of the craft to facilitate photography of [[Comet Bennett]].<ref name = "journal Houston" />{{sfn|Chaikin|1995|p=292}}

The change would get Apollo&nbsp;13 back to Earth in about four days' time{{snd}}though with splashdown in the [[Indian Ocean]], where NASA had few recovery forces. Jerry Bostick and other [[Flight controller#FDO|Flight Dynamics Officers]] (FIDOs) were anxious both to shorten the travel time and to move splashdown to the [[Pacific Ocean]], where the main recovery forces were located. One option would shave 36 hours off the return time, but required jettisoning the SM; this would expose the CM's heat shield to space during the return journey, something for which it had not been designed. The FIDOs also proposed other solutions. After a meeting involving NASA officials and engineers, the senior individual present, [[Johnson Space Center|Manned Spaceflight Center]] director [[Robert R. Gilruth]], decided on a burn using the DPS, that would save 12&nbsp;hours and land Apollo&nbsp;13 in the Pacific. This "PC+2" burn would take place two hours after [[pericynthion]], the closest approach to the Moon.<ref name = "Cass 2" />  At pericynthion, Apollo&nbsp;13 set the record (per the ''Guinness Book of World Records''), which still stands, for the furthest distance from Earth by a crewed spacecraft: {{convert|400171|km|mi nmi|sp=us}} from Earth at 7:21&nbsp;pm EST, April 14 (00:21:00&nbsp;UTC April 15).{{sfn|Glenday|2010|p=13}}{{NoteTag|The record was set because the Moon was nearly at [[Apsis|its furthest from Earth]] during the mission. Apollo&nbsp;13's unique free return trajectory caused it to go approximately {{convert|100|km|-1|sp=us}} further from the [[Far side (Moon)|lunar far side]] than other Apollo lunar missions, but this was a minor contribution to the record.{{sfn|Adamo|2009|p=37}} A reconstruction of the trajectory by astrodynamicist Daniel Adamo in 2009 records the furthest distance as {{convert|400046|km|sp=us}} at 7:34&nbsp;pm&nbsp;EST (00:34:13&nbsp;UTC). Apollo 10 holds the record for second-furthest at a distance of {{convert|399806|km|sp=us}}.{{sfn|Adamo|2009|p=41}}}}

While preparing for the burn, the crew was told that the S-IVB had impacted the Moon as planned, leading Lovell to quip, "Well, at least something worked on this flight."<ref name = "journal leaving" />{{sfn|Cooper|2013|pp=84–86}} Kranz's White team of mission controllers, who had spent most of their time supporting other teams and developing the procedures urgently needed to get the astronauts home, took their consoles for the PC+2 procedure.{{sfn|Houston, Heflin & Aaron|2015|pp=221–222}} Normally, the accuracy of such a burn could be assured by checking the alignment Lovell had transferred to the LM's computer against the position of one of the stars astronauts used for navigation, but the light glinting off the many pieces of debris accompanying the spacecraft made that impractical. The astronauts accordingly used the one star available whose position could not be obscured{{snd}}the Sun. Houston also informed them that the Moon would be centered in the commander's window of the LM as they made the burn, which was almost perfect{{snd}}less than 0.3 meters (1 foot) per second off.<ref name = "journal leaving" /> The burn, at 79:27:38.95, lasted four minutes and 23&nbsp;seconds.{{sfn|Orloff & Harland|2006|p=391}} The crew then shut down most LM systems to conserve consumables.<ref name = "journal leaving">{{cite web|work=Apollo Lunar Flight Journal|url=https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap13fj/13day4-leaving-moon.html|title=Day 4: Leaving the Moon|date=February 17, 2017|access-date=September 7, 2019}}</ref>

The CSM's electricity came from fuel cells that produced water as a byproduct, but the LM was powered by [[Silver-oxide battery|silver-zinc batteries]] which did not, so both electrical power and water (needed for equipment cooling as well as drinking) would be critical. LM power consumption was reduced to the lowest level possible;{{sfn|Mission Operations Report 1970|pp=III‑17, III-33, III-40}} Swigert was able to fill some drinking bags with water from the CM's water tap,<ref name = "journal leaving" /> but even assuming rationing of personal consumption, Haise initially calculated they would run out of water for cooling about five hours before reentry. This seemed acceptable because the systems of Apollo 11's LM, once jettisoned in lunar orbit, had continued to operate for seven to eight hours even with the water cut off. In the end, Apollo&nbsp;13 returned to Earth with {{convert|28.2|lb|order=flip}} of water remaining.{{sfn|Cortright|1975|pp=254–257}} The crew's ration was 0.2&nbsp;liters (6.8&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz) of water per person per day; the three astronauts lost a total of {{convert|31|lb|order=flip}} among them, and Haise developed a [[urinary tract infection]].<ref name = "mission summary">{{cite web|last=Jones|first=Eric M.|date=January 4, 2006|url=https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a13/a13.summary.html|title=The frustrations of Fra Mauro: Part I|work=Apollo Lunar Surface Journal|access-date=September 7, 2019}}</ref>{{sfn|Cortright|1975|pp=262–263}} This infection was probably caused by the reduced water intake, but microgravity and effects of cosmic radiation might have impaired his immune system's reaction to the pathogen.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kennedy |first1=A.R. |date=2014 |title=Biological effects of space radiation and development of effective countermeasures |journal=Life Sciences in Space Research |volume= 1|issue=1 |pages=10–43 |doi=10.1016/j.lssr.2014.02.004|pmid=25258703 |pmc=4170231 |bibcode=2014LSSR....1...10K }}</ref>

 

Inside the darkened spacecraft, the temperature dropped as low as {{convert|38|F|order=flip}}.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mars|first=Kelli|date=2020-04-16|title=50 Years Ago: Apollo 13 Crew Returns Safely to Earth|url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/50-years-ago-apollo-13-crew-returns-safely-to-earth|access-date=2021-05-20|website=NASA}}</ref> Lovell considered having the crew don their spacesuits, but decided this would be too hot. Instead, Lovell and Haise wore their lunar EVA boots and Swigert put on an extra coverall. All three astronauts were cold, especially Swigert, who had got his feet wet while filling the water bags and had no lunar overshoes (since he had not been scheduled to walk on the Moon). As they had been told not to discharge their urine to space to avoid disturbing the trajectory, they had to store it in bags. Water condensed on the walls, though any condensation that may have been behind equipment panels{{sfn|Cortright|1975|pp=257–263}} caused no problems, partly because of the extensive electrical insulation improvements instituted after the [[Apollo 1]] fire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/main/A13_panel.html|title=Generation Constellation Learns about Apollo 13|last=Siceloff|first=Steven|date=September 20, 2007|work=[[Constellation program|Constellation Program]]|publisher=NASA|access-date=September 7, 2019}}</ref> Despite all this, the crew voiced few complaints.<ref name = "Cass 3">{{cite web|last=Cass|first=Stephen|title=Houston, we have a solution, part 3|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/apollo-13-we-have-a-solution-part-3|date=April 1, 2005|website=IEEE|access-date=September 8, 2019}}</ref>

Flight controller [[John Aaron]], along with Mattingly and several engineers and designers, devised a procedure for powering up the command module from full shutdown{{snd}}something never intended to be done in flight, much less under Apollo&nbsp;13's severe power and time constraints.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Leopold|first=George|date=March 17, 2009|title=Power engineer: Video interview with Apollo astronaut Ken Mattingly|journal=[[EE Times]]|publisher=UMB Tech|url=https://www.eetimes.com/power-engineer-video-interview-with-apollo-astronaut-ken-mattingly/|access-date=August 14, 2010}}</ref> The astronauts implemented the procedure without apparent difficulty: Kranz later credited all three astronauts having been test pilots, accustomed to having to work in critical situations with their lives on the line, for their survival.<ref name = "Cass 3" />

Recognizing that the cold conditions combined with insufficient rest would hinder the time-critical startup of the command module prior to reentry, at 133 hours into flight Mission Control gave Lovell the okay to fully power up the LM to raise the cabin temperature, which included restarting the LM's guidance computer.  Having the LM's computer running enabled Lovell to perform a navigational sighting and calibrate the LM's Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU).  With the lunar module's computer aware of its location and orientation, the command module's computer was later calibrated in a reverse of the normal procedures used to set up the LM, shaving steps from the restart process and increasing the accuracy of the [[Apollo PGNCS|PGNCS]]-controlled reentry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.history.nasa.gov/afj/ap13fj/25day6-thelastcoursecorrection.html|title=Apollo Flight Journal: Day 6 Part 4|publisher=NASA|access-date=May 17, 2021|archive-date=January 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118020508/https://www.history.nasa.gov/afj/ap13fj/25day6-thelastcoursecorrection.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Despite the accuracy of the transearth injection, the spacecraft slowly drifted off course, necessitating a correction. As the LM's guidance system had been shut down following the PC+2 burn, the crew was told to use [[solar terminator|the line between night and day]] on the Earth to guide them, a technique used on NASA's Earth-orbit missions but never on the way back from the Moon.<ref name = "Cass 3" /> This DPS burn, at 105:18:42 for 14&nbsp;seconds, brought the projected entry flight path angle back within safe limits. Nevertheless, yet another burn was needed at 137:40:13, using the LM's [[reaction control system]] (RCS) thrusters, for 21.5&nbsp;seconds. The SM was jettisoned less than half an hour later, allowing the crew to see the damage for the first time, and photograph it. They reported that an entire panel was missing from the SM's exterior, the fuel cells above the oxygen tank shelf were tilted, that the high-gain antenna was damaged, and there was a considerable amount of debris elsewhere.{{sfn|Orloff & Harland|2006|pp=370–371}} Haise could see possible damage to the SM's engine bell, validating Kranz's decision not to use the SPS.<ref name = "Cass 3" /> The crew then moved out of the LM back into the CM and reactivated its life support systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1970-029C |title=Apollo 13 Lunar Module / EASEP |publisher=[[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive]] |access-date=July 9, 2024}}</ref>  

The last problem to be solved was how to separate the lunar module a safe distance away from the command module just before reentry. The normal procedure, in lunar orbit, was to release the LM and then use the service module's RCS to pull the CSM away, but by this point, the SM had already been released. [[Grumman]], manufacturer of the LM, assigned a team of [[University of Toronto]] engineers, led by senior scientist [[Bernard Etkin]], to solve the problem of how much air pressure to use to push the modules apart. The astronauts applied the solution, which was successful.<ref name="G&M">{{cite news|title=Bernard Etkin helped avert Apollo 13 tragedy|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/science/bernard-etkin-helped-avert-apollo-13-tragedy/article19735265/#dashboard/follows/|access-date=September 7, 2019|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> The LM reentered Earth's atmosphere and was destroyed, the remaining pieces falling in the deep ocean.<ref name="LM-ALSEP" /><ref name=impact>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo_impact.html|title=Impact Sites of Apollo LM Ascent and SIVB Stages|website=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|access-date=August 27, 2019}}</ref> Apollo&nbsp;13's final midcourse correction had addressed the concerns of the Atomic Energy Commission, which wanted the cask containing the plutonium oxide intended for the SNAP-27 RTG to land in a safe place. The impact point was over the [[Tonga Trench]] in the Pacific, one of its deepest points, and the cask sank {{convert|10|km|mi nmi|sp=us|0}} to the bottom. Later helicopter surveys found no radioactive leakage.<ref name = "Cass 3" />

An estimated 40{{nbsp}}million Americans watched Apollo{{nbsp}}13's splashdown, carried live on all three networks, with another 30{{nbsp}}million watching some portion of the 6½ hour telecast. Even more outside the U.S. watched. [[Jack Gould]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' stated that Apollo{{nbsp}}13, "which came so close to tragic disaster, in all probability united the world in mutual concern more fully than another successful landing on the Moon would have".<ref>{{cite news|last=Gould|first=Jack|author-link=Jack Gould|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/04/18/archives/tv-millions-of-viewers-end-vigil-for-apollo-13-unusual-color.html|date=April 18, 1970|page=59|title=TV: Millions of viewers end vigil for Apollo 13|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

On February 5, 1971, [[Apollo&nbsp;14]]'s LM, ''Antares'', landed on the Moon with astronauts [[Alan Shepard]] and [[Edgar Mitchell]] aboard, near Fra Mauro, the site Apollo&nbsp;13 had been intended to explore.<ref>{{cite web|website=[[Universities Space Research Association|USRA]]|publisher=Lunar and Planetary Institute|title=Apollo 14 mission|url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_14/|access-date=September 15, 2019}}</ref> Haise served as CAPCOM during the descent to the Moon,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/a14.landing.html|title=Landing at Far Mauro |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Eric M. |work=Apollo 14 Lunar Surface Journal |publisher=NASA |access-date=November 24, 2019|date=January 12, 2016}}</ref> and during the second EVA, during which Shepard and Mitchell explored near Cone crater.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/a14.tocone.html|title=Climbing Cone Ridge – where are we? |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Eric M. |work=Apollo 14 Lunar Surface Journal |publisher=NASA |access-date=November 24, 2019|date=September 29, 2017}}</ref>

None of the Apollo&nbsp;13 astronauts flew in space again. Lovell retired from NASA and the Navy in 1973, entering the private sector.<ref name="nasabio">{{cite web |url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/lovell-ja.html |title=Astronaut Bio: James A. Lovell |access-date=December 16, 2016|publisher=NASA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112213829/https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/lovell-ja.html|archive-date=January 12, 2017}}</ref> Swigert was to have flown on the 1975 [[Apollo–Soyuz|Apollo–Soyuz Test Project]] (the first joint mission with the Soviet Union) but was removed as part of the fallout from the [[Apollo 15 postal covers incident]]. He took a leave of absence from NASA in 1973 and left the agency to enter politics, being elected to the House of Representatives in 1982, but died of cancer before he could be sworn in.<ref>{{cite web|title=For Jack Swigert, on his 83rd birthday|last=Carney|first=Emily|url=https://www.americaspace.com/2014/08/29/for-jack-swigert-on-his-83rd-birthday/|publisher=AmericaSpace|date=August 29, 2014|access-date=November 24, 2019}}</ref> Haise was slated to have been the commander of the canceled [[Apollo 19]] mission, and flew the [[Space Shuttle]] [[Approach and Landing Tests]] before retiring from NASA in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Elizabeth|last1=Howell|last2=Hickok|first2=Kimberly|title=Astronaut Fred Haise: Apollo 13 Crewmember |url=http://www.space.com/20318-fred-haise-apollo-13-biography.html |website=Space.com|publisher=Future US |date=April 10, 2020 |access-date = April 11, 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Apollo13 CommandModule Kansas.JPG|thumb|The Apollo&nbsp;13 command module ''Odyssey'' on display at the [[Cosmosphere]] in Hutchinson, Kansas]]

The CM was disassembled for testing and parts remained in storage for years; some were used for a trainer for the [[Skylab Rescue|Skylab Rescue Mission]]. That trainer was subsequently displayed at the [[Kentucky Science Center]]. Max Ary of the [[Cosmosphere]] made it a project to restore ''Odyssey''; it is on display there, in [[Hutchinson, Kansas]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35462879/the_manhattan_mercury/|title=Apollo 13 Capsule Headed for Kansas|agency=Associated Press|date=December 29, 1996|page=A2|via=Newspapers.com|location=Manhattan, Kansas|newspaper=The Manhattan Mercury}}</ref>

Apollo&nbsp;13 was called a "successful failure" by Lovell.{{sfn|Cortright|1975|pp=247–249}} [[Mike Massimino]], a [[Space Shuttle]] astronaut, stated that Apollo 13 "showed teamwork, camaraderie and what NASA was really made of".<ref name = "Yahoo 50th">{{cite news|publisher = [[Yahoo! News]]|url=https://news.yahoo.com/houston-ve-had-problem-remembering-050652323.html|access-date=April 11, 2020|date=April 9, 2020|title='Houston, we've had a problem': Remembering Apollo 13 at 50|last=Dunn|first=Marcia|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> The response to the accident has been repeatedly called "NASA's finest hour";<ref name="Walt Disney's Honorary Oscars">{{cite web|first=Kim|last=Shiflett|url=https://www.nasa.gov/content/members-of-apollo-13-team-reflect-on-nasas-finest-hour|title=Members of Apollo 13 Team Reflect on 'NASA's Finest Hour'|date=April 17, 2015|access-date=June 16, 2018|publisher=[[NASA]]|archive-date=September 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924162717/https://www.nasa.gov/content/members-of-apollo-13-team-reflect-on-nasas-finest-hour/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|editor-last1=Foerman |editor-first1=Paul |editor-last2=Thompson |editor-first2=Lacy|date=April 2010|title=Apollo 13 – NASA's 'successful failure'|journal=Lagniappe|volume=5|issue=4|pages=5–7|location=Hancock County, Mississippi|publisher=[[John C. Stennis Space Center]]|access-date=July 4, 2013|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/stennis/pdf/445767main_April_10_Lagniappe.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/stennis/pdf/445767main_April_10_Lagniappe.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cgpublishing.com/Rpdf/Apollo%20EECOM%20Boeing%20News%201(FL)1.pdf|title=NASA's Finest Hour: Sy Liebergot recalls the race to save Apollo 13|last=Seil|first=Bill|date=July 5, 2005|work=Boeing News Now|publisher=[[Boeing|Boeing Company]] |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409192033/http://www.cgpublishing.com/Rpdf/Apollo%20EECOM%20Boeing%20News%201(FL)1.pdf|archive-date=April 9, 2012}}</ref>{{sfn|Chaikin|1995|p=335}} it is still viewed that way.<ref name = "Yahoo 50th" /> Author [[Colin Burgess (author)|Colin Burgess]] wrote, "the life-or-death flight of Apollo&nbsp;13 dramatically evinced the colossal risks inherent in manned spaceflight. Then, with the crew safely back on Earth, public apathy set in once again."{{sfn|Burgess|2019|p=23}}

William R. Compton, in his book about the Apollo Program, said of Apollo&nbsp;13, "Only a heroic effort of real-time improvisation by mission operations teams saved the crew."{{sfn|Compton|1989|pp=196–199}} Rick Houston and [[Milt Heflin]], in their history of Mission Control, stated, "Apollo&nbsp;13 proved mission control could bring those space voyagers back home again when their lives were on the line."{{sfn|Houston, Heflin & Aaron|2015|p=199}} Former NASA chief historian [[Roger D. Launius]] wrote, "More than any other incident in the history of spaceflight, recovery from this accident solidified the world's belief in NASA's capabilities".{{sfn|Launius|2019|p=187}} Nevertheless, the accident convinced some officials, such as Manned Spaceflight Center director Gilruth, that if NASA kept sending astronauts on Apollo missions, some would inevitably be killed, and they called for as quick an end as possible to the program.{{sfn|Launius|2019|p=187}} Nixon's advisers recommended canceling the remaining lunar missions, saying that a disaster in space would cost him political capital.{{sfn|Chaikin|1995|p=336}} Budget cuts made such a decision easier, and during the pause after Apollo&nbsp;13, two missions were canceled, meaning that the program ended with [[Apollo 17]] in December 1972.{{sfn|Launius|2019|p=187}}{{sfn|Burgess|2019|pp=22–27}}

[[File:Universal Studios Hollywood 2012 58.jpg|thumb|alt=see caption|Command module replica used during ''[[Apollo&nbsp;13 (film)|Apollo&nbsp;13]]'' filming]]

The next year, in 1995, a film adaptation of the book, ''[[Apollo&nbsp;13 (film)|Apollo&nbsp;13]]'', was released, directed by [[Ron Howard]] and starring [[Tom Hanks]] as Lovell, [[Bill Paxton]] as Haise, [[Kevin Bacon]] as Swigert, [[Gary Sinise]] as Mattingly, [[Ed Harris]] as Kranz, and [[Kathleen Quinlan]] as Marilyn Lovell. James Lovell, Kranz, and other principals have stated that this film depicted the events of the mission with reasonable accuracy, given that some [[artistic license|dramatic license]] was taken. For example, the film changes the tense of Lovell's famous follow-up to Swigert's original words from, "Houston, we've had a problem" to "[[Houston, we have a problem]]".<ref name = "journal Houston" /><ref name = "nasaMembers" /> The film also invented the phrase "[[Failure is not an option]]", uttered by Harris as Kranz in the film; the phrase became so closely associated with Kranz that he used it for the title of his 2000 autobiography.<ref name="nasaMembers">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/members-of-apollo-13-team-reflect-on-nasas-finest-hour|title=Members of Apollo 13 Team Reflect on 'NASA's Finest Hour'|last=Granath|first=Bob|date=April 17, 2015|website=NASA|access-date=July 1, 2019|archive-date=July 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713193613/https://www.nasa.gov/content/members-of-apollo-13-team-reflect-on-nasas-finest-hour/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film won two of the nine Academy Awards it was nominated for, Best Film Editing and Best Sound.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35088898/the_heraldpalladium/|title=The Winners|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The Herald-Palladium|location=Saint Joseph, Michigan|date=March 26, 1996|page=4B|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35088927/st_louis_postdispatch/|title='Braveheart', 'Apollo 13' Lead Oscar Nominees|newspaper=St. Louis Post Dispatch|location=St. Louis, Missouri|date=February 14, 1996|page=4A|via=Newspapers.com|last1=Barnes|first1=Harper}}</ref>

In 2020, the [[BBC World Service]] began airing ''13 Minutes to the Moon'', radio programs which draw on NASA audio from the mission, as well as archival and recent interviews with participants. Episodes began airing for Season 2 starting on March 8, 2020, with episode 1, "Time bomb: Apollo 13", explaining the launch and the explosion. Episode 2 details Mission Control's denial and disbelief of the accident, with other episodes covering other aspects of the mission. The seventh and final episode was delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. In "Delay to Episode 7", the BBC explained that the presenter of the series, medical doctor [[Kevin Fong]], had been called into service.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w13xttx2/episodes/downloads 13 minutes to the moon, season 2, BBC podcast] accessed April 14, 2020</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p083wp70 |title=13 Minutes to the moon|date=March 11, 2020 |publisher=BBC|access-date=December 28, 2022}}</ref>

In advance of the 50th anniversary of the mission in 2020, an [[Apollo in Real Time]] site for the mission went online, allowing viewers to follow along as the mission unfolds, view photographs and video, and listen to audio of conversations between Houston and the astronauts as well as between mission controllers.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Relive the drama of Apollo 13 in real time, as it happened|date=April 8, 2020|access-date=April 16, 2020|last=Reichhardt|first=Tony|url=https://www.airspacemag.com/daily-planet/relive-drama-apollo-13-real-time-it-happened-180974625/|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|journal=Air and Space Magazine}}</ref> Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, NASA did not hold any in-person events during April 2020 for the flight's 50th anniversary, but premiered a new documentary, ''Apollo 13: Home Safe'' on April 10, 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=Celebrate Apollo 13 at 50 with NASA's 'Home Safe' documentary (and much more!)|last=Howell|first=Elizabeth|url=https://www.space.com/apollo-13-50th-anniversary-webcast-digital-celebrations.html|date=April 10, 2020|access-date=April 16, 2020|publisher=space.com}}</ref> A number of events were rescheduled for later in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=Houston, we've had a delay: Apollo 13 50th celebrations rescheduled|last=Pearlman|first=Robert Z.|url=https://www.space.com/apollo13-50th-celebrations-rescheduled.html|date=April 9, 2020|access-date=April 16, 2020|publisher=space.com}}</ref>

* {{cite book|title=Apollo 13 Press Kit|publisher=NASA|location=Washington, D.C.|year=1970|url=https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a13/A13_PressKit.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a13/A13_PressKit.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|id=70-50K|ref={{sfnRef|Apollo 13 Press Kit|1970}}}}

* {{cite book |last1=Brooks |first1=Courtney G. |last2=Grimwood |first2=James M. |last3=Swenson |first3=Loyd S. Jr. |title=Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4205.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4205.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|series=NASA History Series |date=1979 |publisher=Scientific and Technical Information Branch, NASA |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-486-46756-6 |oclc=4664449 |lccn=79001042 |id=NASA SP-4205 |ref={{sfnRef|Brooks, Grimwood, & Swenson|1979}}}}

* {{cite book|last=Cortright|first=Edgar M.|author-link=Edgar M. Cortright|title=Report of Apollo 13 Review Board|publisher=[[NASA]]|date=June 15, 1970|url=https://history.nasa.gov/ap13cortright.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415005711/https://history.nasa.gov/ap13cortright.pdf |archive-date=2023-04-15 |url-status=live|ref={{sfnRef|Accident report}}}}

** {{cite book|title=Report of Apollo 13 Review Board, appendix F–H|url=https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap13fj/pdf/a13-review-report-app-f-g-h-19700078913.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap13fj/pdf/a13-review-report-app-f-g-h-19700078913.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|ref={{sfnRef|Accident report, appendix F–H}}}}

* {{cite book|url=https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a13/A13_MissionOpReport.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a13/A13_MissionOpReport.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|author=Flight Control Division|location=Houston, Texas|title=Mission Operations Report|date=April 1970|publisher=NASA Manned Spacecraft Center|ref={{sfnRef|Mission Operations Report 1970}}}}

* {{cite book |last1=Hacker |first1=Barton C. |last2=Grimwood |first2=James M. |title=On the Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini |url=http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4203.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4203.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=April 8, 2018 |series=NASA History Series |year=2010 |orig-year=1977 |publisher=NASA History Division, Office of Policy and Plans |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0-16-067157-9 |id=NASA SP-4203 |oclc=945144787 |ref={{sfnRef|Hacker & Grimwood|2010}}}}

*{{cite book|last1=Morgan|first1=Clay|year=2001|publisher=[[NASA]]|location=Houston, Texas|title=Shuttle–Mir|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4225.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4225.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|id=SP-4225}}

* {{cite book|last=Orloff|first=Richard W.|title=Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference|series=NASA History Series|year=2000|publisher=NASA History Division, Office of Policy and Plans|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-16-050631-4|oclc=829406439|lccn=00061677|id=NASA SP-2000-4029|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}

* [https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a13/a13trans.html All NASA mission transcripts]

* [https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a13/AS13_TEC.PDF "Apollo 13 Technical Air-to-Ground Voice Transcription"] (PDF) NASA, April 1970

[[Category:Apollo program missions]]

[[Category:Crewed missions to the Moon]]