Football player: Difference between revisions
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| caption1 = A men's association football player ([[ | | image1 = Lionel Messi, Player of FC Barcelona team.JPG | ||
| height1 = 317.2 | | caption1 = A men's association football player ([[Lionel Messi]]) | ||
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| caption2 = A [[women's association football]] player ([[ | | image2 = Alex Morgan Orlando Pride 2018.jpg | ||
| height2 = 317.2 | | caption2 = A [[women's association football]] player ([[Alex Morgan]]) | ||
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==Career== | ==Career== | ||
[[Jean-Pierre Papin]] has described football as a "universal language".<ref>{{cite news | last1 = jarassé | first1 = anne-cécile | last2 = yulia | first2 = k | others = Andrew Burgess (translator) | title = Jean-Pierre Papin: 'Football is a universal language' | url = http://www.cafebabel.co.uk/article/20539/jean-pierre-papin-football-is-a-universal-language.html | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130616012247/http://www.cafebabel.co.uk/article/20539/jean-pierre-papin-football-is-a-universal-language.html | url-status = | [[Jean-Pierre Papin]] has described football as a "universal language".<ref>{{cite news | last1 = jarassé | first1 = anne-cécile | last2 = yulia | first2 = k | others = Andrew Burgess (translator) | title = Jean-Pierre Papin: 'Football is a universal language' | url = http://www.cafebabel.co.uk/article/20539/jean-pierre-papin-football-is-a-universal-language.html | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130616012247/http://www.cafebabel.co.uk/article/20539/jean-pierre-papin-football-is-a-universal-language.html | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 16 June 2013 | work = [[cafébabel]] | date = 30 March 2007 }}</ref> Footballers across the world and at almost any level may regularly attract [[List of sports attendance figures|large crowds of spectators]], and players are the focal points of widespread social phenomena such as [[association football culture]]. | ||
Footballers usually begin as amateurs and the best players progress to become professional players. Normally they start at a youth team (any local team) and from there, based on skill and talent, scouts offer contracts. Once signed, some learn to play better football and a few advance to the senior or professional teams. | Footballers usually begin as amateurs and the best players progress to become professional players. Normally they start at a youth team (any local team) and from there, based on skill and talent, scouts offer contracts. Once signed, some learn to play better football and a few advance to the senior or professional teams. | ||
===Pay=== | ===Pay=== | ||
Pay in some top men's leagues is significantly higher than in other jobs. Players in the [[Premier League]] earn an average of $3 million per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premier League Salary - How Much Do Premier League Footballers Make? |url=https://www.888sport.com/blog/football/premier-league/premier-league-footballer-salary |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=888 Sport Online |language=en}}</ref> In the wealthiest clubs in European football leagues, men earn an average $7.19 million per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EPL footballer wages England 2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/547090/average-annual-first-team-player-salary-in-football-clubs-english-premier-league-uk/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> The best players of those clubs can earn up to $260 million per year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Birnbaum |first=Justin |title=The World's Highest-Paid Soccer Players 2023 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/justinbirnbaum/2023/10/13/the-worlds-highest-paid-soccer-players-2023/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> | Pay in some top men's leagues is significantly higher than in other jobs. Players in the [[Premier League]] earn an average of $3 million per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premier League Salary - How Much Do Premier League Footballers Make? |url=https://www.888sport.com/blog/football/premier-league/premier-league-footballer-salary |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=888 Sport Online |language=en |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119092528/https://www.888sport.com/blog/football/premier-league/premier-league-footballer-salary |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the wealthiest clubs in European football leagues, men earn an average $7.19 million per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EPL footballer wages England 2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/547090/average-annual-first-team-player-salary-in-football-clubs-english-premier-league-uk/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> The best players of those clubs can earn up to $260 million per year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Birnbaum |first=Justin |date=2023-10-13 |title=The World's Highest-Paid Soccer Players 2023 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/justinbirnbaum/2023/10/13/the-worlds-highest-paid-soccer-players-2023/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> | ||
However, only a fraction of men's professional football players are paid at this level. Wages may be somewhat more moderate in other divisions and leagues. For example, the average annual salary for footballers in [[Major League Soccer]] (MLS) is $530,262 as of May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last= | However, only a fraction of men's professional football players are paid at this level. Wages may be somewhat more moderate in other divisions and leagues. For example, the average annual salary for footballers in [[Major League Soccer]] (MLS) is $530,262 as of May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tenorio |first=Paul |last2=Bogert |first2=Tom |last3=Rueter |first3=Jeff |date=2023-05-16 |title=MLS releases annual list of player salaries |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4522808/2023/05/16/mls-player-salary-averages/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=The Athletic |language=en}}</ref> | ||
Average salaries in women's leagues are far lower. For example, players in the [[National Women's Soccer League]] (NWSL), which started in 2012, earn an average of $54,000 per year as of May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-22 |title=How much players make on USWNT: Salaries for top NWSL players with World Cup prize money | Average salaries in women's leagues are far lower. For example, players in the [[National Women's Soccer League]] (NWSL), which started in 2012, earn an average of $54,000 per year as of May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-22 |title=How much players make on USWNT: Salaries for top NWSL players with World Cup prize money |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/soccer/news/uswnt-salaries-nwsl-world-cup-prize-money/wceqlodytbkmb8mw6ewudaxu |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Sporting News |language=en-us}}</ref> For the first time in 2022, the NWSL guaranteed players a living wage. The minimum salary in 2023 is $36,400 to ensure players do not need second or third jobs to survive.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Much Do NWSL Players Really Make? An In-Depth Look At NWSL Salaries |url=https://the18.com/en/soccer-news/nwsl-salaries-2022-how-much-womens-soccer-players-make |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=The18}}</ref> | ||
===Post-retirement=== | ===Post-retirement=== | ||
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===Association football specialties (positions)=== | ===Association football specialties (positions)=== | ||
{{Main article|Association football positions|Association football formations|Association football tactics and skills}} | {{Main article|Association football positions|Association football formations|Association football tactics and skills}} | ||
In association football, there are four traditional types of specialties (positions): goalkeepers (goalies), defenders (full-backs), midfielders (half-backs), and forwards (attackers). Special purpose positions include such performers as sweepers, stoppers, second forwards (under-attackers), wingers, insiders, etc. | In association football, there are four traditional types of specialties (positions): goalkeepers (goalies), defenders (full-backs), midfielders (half-backs), and forwards (attackers). Special purpose positions include such performers as sweepers, stoppers, second forwards (under-attackers), wingers, insiders, etc. | ||
* '''[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeepers]]''': good reflexes, communication with defence, one-on-one ability, command of the [[penalty area]] and aerial intelligence.<ref>{{cite news | * '''[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeepers]]''': good reflexes, communication with defence, one-on-one ability, command of the [[penalty area]] and aerial intelligence.<ref>{{cite news | ||
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===American football=== | ===American football=== | ||
{{Main article|American football positions}} | {{Main article|American football positions}} | ||
The American football teams' positions are categorized by a form of play where each of them has its spectrum of positions. Those are offensive, defensive, and special teams. | The American football teams' positions are categorized by a form of play where each of them has its spectrum of positions. Those are offensive, defensive, and special teams. | ||
===Australian football=== | ===Australian football=== | ||
{{Main article|Australian football tactics and skills}} | {{Main article|Australian football tactics and skills}} | ||
==Health issues== | ==Health issues== | ||
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Although levels of depression and pain in retired football players are on par with the societal average,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schwenk | first1 = T.L. | last2 = Gorenflo | first2 = D.W. | last3 = Dopp | first3 = R.R. | last4 = Hipple | first4 = E. | title = Depression and pain in retired professional football players | journal = Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 599–605 | pmid = 17414796 | date = April 2007 | url = http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/555786 | doi=10.1249/mss.0b013e31802fa679| doi-access = free }}</ref> some players suffer from post-retirement chronic injuries. Head injuries are a particular concern. | Although levels of depression and pain in retired football players are on par with the societal average,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schwenk | first1 = T.L. | last2 = Gorenflo | first2 = D.W. | last3 = Dopp | first3 = R.R. | last4 = Hipple | first4 = E. | title = Depression and pain in retired professional football players | journal = Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 599–605 | pmid = 17414796 | date = April 2007 | url = http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/555786 | doi=10.1249/mss.0b013e31802fa679| doi-access = free }}</ref> some players suffer from post-retirement chronic injuries. Head injuries are a particular concern. | ||
===Life expectancy=== | === Life expectancy === | ||
Studies have long shown former American football [[NFL]] players have a longer life expectancy than the general public or males with a similar age and race distribution, but a higher rate of cardiovascular issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baron |first1=Sherry |last2=Rinsky |first2=Robert |title=Health hazard evaluation report: HETA-88-085, National Football League players mortality study. |journal=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health |date=1994-01-10 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/20022075.html |access-date=10 July 2022}}</ref> A study comparing the deaths of former [[Major League Baseball]] players found baseball players lived longer still, perhaps suggesting a [[Healthy user bias|"healthy worker" bias]] where NFL athletes lived less long than they would otherwise have, despite their longer than average life expectancy.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Meredith |first1=Wadman |title=Former football pros die at a faster rate than baseball veterans |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/former-football-pros-die-faster-rate-baseball-veterans-and-reasons-are-surprising |publisher=Science|access-date=10 July 2022}}</ref> | Studies have long shown former American football [[NFL]] players have a longer life expectancy than the general public or males with a similar age and race distribution, but a higher rate of cardiovascular issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baron |first1=Sherry |last2=Rinsky |first2=Robert |title=Health hazard evaluation report: HETA-88-085, National Football League players mortality study. |journal=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health |date=1994-01-10 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/20022075.html |access-date=10 July 2022}}</ref> A study comparing the deaths of former [[Major League Baseball]] players found baseball players lived longer still, perhaps suggesting a [[Healthy user bias|"healthy worker" bias]] where NFL athletes lived less long than they would otherwise have, despite their longer than average life expectancy.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Meredith |first1=Wadman |title=Former football pros die at a faster rate than baseball veterans |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/former-football-pros-die-faster-rate-baseball-veterans-and-reasons-are-surprising |publisher=Science|access-date=10 July 2022}}</ref> A 2009 review of the evidence in [[the American Journal of Medicine]] concluded the existing evidence "did not suggest an increased mortality" but does "suggest increased cardiovascular risk..., particularly the heavier linemen."<ref>{{cite journal |title=Early Cardiovascular Mortality in Professional Football Players: Fact or Fiction? |journal=American Journal of Medicine |date=1 September 2009 |volume=122 |issue=9 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.03.027 |url=https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(09)00441-0/fulltext |access-date=10 July 2022|last1=Selden |first1=Michael A. |last2=Helzberg |first2=John H. |last3=Waeckerle |first3=Joseph F. |pages=811–814 |pmid=19699372 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> | ||
In [[association football]], a 2011 German study found that German national team players lived 1.9 years less than the general male population.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kuss | first1 = Oliver | last2 = Kluttig | first2 = Alexander | last3 = Greiser | first3 = Karin H. | title = Longevity of soccer players: an investigation of all German internationals from 1908 to 2006 | journal = Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports | volume = 21 | issue = 6 | pages = e260–e265 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01269.x | pmid = 21435018 | date = December 2011 | s2cid = 30783906 }} [http://www.oliverkuss.de/science/publications/Kuss_Longevity_of_Soccer_Players_An_Investigation_of_all_German_Internationals_from_1908-2006.pdf Pdf.]</ref> | In [[association football]], a 2011 German study found that German national team players lived 1.9 years less than the general male population.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kuss | first1 = Oliver | last2 = Kluttig | first2 = Alexander | last3 = Greiser | first3 = Karin H. | title = Longevity of soccer players: an investigation of all German internationals from 1908 to 2006 | journal = Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports | volume = 21 | issue = 6 | pages = e260–e265 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01269.x | pmid = 21435018 | date = December 2011 | s2cid = 30783906 }} [http://www.oliverkuss.de/science/publications/Kuss_Longevity_of_Soccer_Players_An_Investigation_of_all_German_Internationals_from_1908-2006.pdf Pdf.]</ref> | ||
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===Muscles=== | ===Muscles=== | ||
A 2012 study of association football injuries found that 19% of all injuries were muscle injuries, of which 54% affected the thigh muscles.<ref>{{Cite | A 2012 study of association football injuries found that 19% of all injuries were muscle injuries, of which 54% affected the thigh muscles.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-15630-4_111|title=Thigh Muscle Injuries in Professional Football Players: A Seven Year Follow-Up of the UEFA Injury Study|journal=Sports Injuries Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation |pages=871–875|year=2012|last1=Ekstrand|first1=Jan|isbn=978-3-642-15629-8}}</ref> | ||
===Sleep and psychological functioning=== | ===Sleep and psychological functioning=== | ||
In a 2009 study, association football was found to be associated with favourable sleep patterns and psychological functioning in adolescent male football players.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Brand | first1 = Serge | last2 = Beck | first2 = Johannes | last3 = Gerber | first3 = Markus | last4 = Hatzinger | first4 = Martin | last5 = Holsboer-Trachsler | first5 = Edith | title = 'Football is good for your sleep': favorable sleep patterns and psychological functioning of adolescent male intense football players compared to controls | journal = [[Journal of Health Psychology]] | volume = 14 | issue = 8 | pages = 1144–1155 | pmid = 19858334 | doi = 10.1177/1359105309342602 | date = November 2009 | s2cid = 10312855 }}</ref> | In a 2009 study, association football was found to be associated with favourable sleep patterns and psychological functioning in adolescent male football players.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Brand | first1 = Serge | last2 = Beck | first2 = Johannes | last3 = Gerber | first3 = Markus | last4 = Hatzinger | first4 = Martin | last5 = Holsboer-Trachsler | first5 = Edith | title = 'Football is good for your sleep': favorable sleep patterns and psychological functioning of adolescent male intense football players compared to controls | journal = [[Journal of Health Psychology]] | volume = 14 | issue = 8 | pages = 1144–1155 | pmid = 19858334 | doi = 10.1177/1359105309342602 | date = November 2009 | s2cid = 10312855 }}</ref> | ||
The rate of suicide among NFL | The rate of suicide among former NFL players has been found to be 59% lower than in the general population.<ref name=Epstein>{{cite magazine | last = Epstein | first = David | title = Dead wrong: two studies refute reports in the media about former NFL players' life expectancy | url = https://www.si.com/vault/2012/05/21/106194121/dead-wrong | magazine = [[Sports Illustrated]] | publisher = [[Time Inc.]] | date = 21 May 2012 }}</ref> | ||
===FIFA response=== | ===FIFA response=== | ||
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=== Italy === | === Italy === | ||
Until the 2000s a very limited number of formal studies has been published on mortality from all causes in soccer players, despite the high interest of the public to the matter. | Until the 2000s a very limited number of formal studies has been published on mortality from all causes in soccer players, despite the high interest of the public to the matter. | ||
An extended study held in Italy between 1975 and 2003 on a total of 5.389 players, aged 14–35 years, highlighted that, while the mortality for [[cancer]] and [[cardiovascular disease]]s among the football players cohort was significantly lower than the general Italian population, the "mortality rates for [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] and [[car accident]]s were significantly higher than expected, and for ALS the risk is 18 times than expected."<ref>{{cite | An extended study held in Italy between 1975 and 2003 on a total of 5.389 players, aged 14–35 years, highlighted that, while the mortality for [[cancer]] and [[cardiovascular disease]]s among the football players cohort was significantly lower than the general Italian population, the "mortality rates for [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] and [[car accident]]s were significantly higher than expected, and for ALS the risk is 18 times than expected."<ref>{{cite journal | first = Emanuela | last= Taioli | url = https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/17/6/600/475352?searchresult=1 | title = All causes mortality in male professional soccer player | journal = [[European Journal of Public Health]] | volume = 17 | issue = 6 | date = December 2007 | pages = 600–604 | doi = 10.1093/eurpub/ckm035 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]| pmid= 17434875 }}</ref> | ||
==Lists of players== | ==Lists of players== | ||
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[[Category:Terminology used in multiple sports]] | [[Category:Terminology used in multiple sports]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Sportspeople by sport|Player]] | ||
[[Category:Football|Player]] | [[Category:Football|Player]] | ||
[[Category:Gaelic footballers]] | [[Category:Gaelic footballers]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Australian rules footballers|+]] | ||
[[Category:Association football occupations|Player]] | [[Category:Association football occupations|Player]] | ||