COVID-19 pandemic: Difference between revisions

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(Created page with "{{Short description|Ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019}} <!-- Please discuss on the talk page before adding hatnotes --> {{Pp-move-indef}} {{Pp-extended|small=yes}} {{Use British English|date=June 2021}}<!-- Page notice explicitly states to use British English. Please do not change it again. Thanks. --> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}} {{Infobox pandemic | name = COVID-19 pandemic | map1 = COVID-19 Outbreak World Map Total Death...")
 
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{{Short description|Ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019}}
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{{Use British English|date=June 2021}}<!-- Page notice explicitly states to use British English. Please do not change it again. Thanks. -->
 
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{{Infobox pandemic
 
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| name            = COVID-19 pandemic
 
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| map1            = COVID-19 Outbreak World Map Total Deaths per Capita.svg{{!}}upright=1.5
 
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| legend1        = {{Center|Confirmed deaths per 100,000 population<br />as of 15 January 2022}}
 
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{{collapsed infobox section begin|div=y|{{nowrap|Cases per capita}}}}
 
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| map2            = COVID-19 Outbreak World Map per Capita.svg{{!}}upright=1.46
 
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| legend2        = {{Center|Cumulative percentage of population infected<br />as of {{wikidata|property|Q95963597|P585}}}}
 
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| image          = Covid-19_SP_-_UTI_V._Nova_Cachoeirinha.jpg<!-- PLEASE DISCUSS POTENTIAL CHANGES TO THIS PHOTO AT THE TALK PAGE BEFORE MAKING THEM. -->
 
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| image_upright  = 1.35
 
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| caption        = Medical professionals treating a COVID-19 patient in critical condition in an [[Intensive care unit|ICU]] in [[São Paulo]] in May 2020
 
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| disease        = [[COVID-19|Coronavirus disease 2019]] (COVID-19)
 
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| virus_strain    = [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|Severe acute respiratory syndrome<br />coronavirus 2]] (SARS‑CoV‑2)
 
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| location        = [[COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory|Worldwide]]
 
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| index_case      = [[Wuhan]], China<br />{{coord|30|37|11|N|114|15|28|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-42}}
 
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| date            = {{Start date|2019|11|17|df=y}} – present<br />({{time interval|2019-11-17|show=ym}})
 
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| source          = Bats,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zoumpourlis V, Goulielmaki M, Rizos E, Baliou S, Spandidos DA | title = [Comment] The COVID‑19 pandemic as a scientific and social challenge in the 21st century | journal = Molecular Medicine Reports | volume = 22 | issue = 4 | pages = 3035–3048 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 32945405 | pmc = 7453598 | doi = 10.3892/mmr.2020.11393 }}</ref> likely indirectly<ref name="who-origins-20210330" />
 
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| confirmed_cases = {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|confirmed|editlink=}}
 
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| suspected_cases =
 
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| deaths          = {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|deaths|editlink=}} (reported) <br /> 13.4–22.7 million (estimated)<ref name=":7" /><ref name="COVID-19 Projections">{{cite web | title=COVID-19 Projections|url=https://covid19.healthdata.org/|access-date=20 January 2022|website=Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation}}</ref>
 
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{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar}}
 
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<!-- Please discuss changes to the first sentence on talk, per current consensus item 17. -->The '''COVID-19 pandemic''', also known as the '''coronavirus pandemic''', is an ongoing global [[pandemic]] of [[coronavirus disease 2019]] (COVID-19) caused by [[severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2). The [[novel virus]] was first identified from an outbreak in the Chinese city of [[Wuhan]] in December 2019, and attempts to contain it there failed, allowing it to [[COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory|spread across the globe]]. The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) declared a [[Public Health Emergency of International Concern]] on 30 January 2020 and a pandemic on 11 March 2020.  As of {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|date|editlink=|ref=no}}, the pandemic had caused [[COVID-19 pandemic cases|<!--These templates are updated regularly. DO ''not'' REPLACE THEM WITH STATIC FIGURES.-->more than {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|conround|editlink=|ref=no}} cases]] and [[COVID-19 pandemic deaths|{{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|dround|editlink=|ref=no}} deaths]], making it one of the [[deadliest pandemics in history|deadliest in history]].<!--Disease and transmission-->
 
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[[COVID-19 symptoms]] range from [[Asymptomatic|undetectable]] to deadly but most commonly include fever, [[Cough#Classification|dry cough]], and fatigue. Severe illness is more likely in elderly patients and those with certain underlying medical conditions. [[Transmission of COVID-19|COVID‑19 transmits]] when people breathe in air contaminated by droplets and small [[Airborne transmission|airborne]] particles containing the virus. The risk of breathing these in is highest when people are in close proximity, but they can be inhaled over longer distances, particularly indoors. Transmission can also occur if contaminated fluids reach the eyes, nose or mouth, and, rarely, via contaminated surfaces. Infected persons are typically contagious for 10 days, and can spread the virus even if they do not develop symptoms. Mutations have [[Variants of SARS-CoV-2|produced many strains]] (variants) with varying degrees of infectivity and virulence.<ref>{{cite web|last=CDC|date=2020-02-11|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html|access-date=2022-01-06|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref><ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/faq.html ''Clinical Questions about COVID‑19: Questions and Answers'' ] US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]</ref><!--Responses-->
 
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[[COVID-19 vaccine]]s have been [[Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines|approved and widely distributed]]<!-- "Widely" needed because clinical trials began before Dec. 2020 --> in various countries since December 2020. Other recommended [[Preventive healthcare|preventive measures]] include [[Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic|social distancing]], [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|masking]], improving [[Ventilation (architecture)|ventilation]] and air filtration, and [[self-isolation|quarantining]] those who have been exposed or are symptomatic. [[Treatment and management of COVID-19|Treatments]] include [[Monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibodies]],<ref>{{cite web | author = Office of the Commissioner |date=23 November 2020|title=Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Monoclonal Antibodies for Treatment of COVID-19|url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-monoclonal-antibodies-treatment-covid-19|access-date=19 December 2021|website=FDA}}</ref> [[COVID-19 drug development|novel antiviral drugs]], and symptom control. Governmental interventions include [[Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic|travel restrictions]], [[COVID-19 lockdowns|lockdowns]], business restrictions and closures, [[Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19|workplace hazard controls]], quarantines, [[COVID-19 testing|testing]] systems, and [[Contact tracing|tracing contacts]] of the infected.<!--Impact-->
 
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The pandemic triggered severe [[Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic|social]] and [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic|economic disruption]] around the world, including [[COVID-19 recession|the largest global recession]] since the [[Great Depression]].<ref name="RFXoH">{{cite web | url=https://blogs.imf.org/2020/04/14/the-great-lockdown-worst-economic-downturn-since-the-great-depression/|title=The Great Lockdown: Worst Economic Downturn Since the Great Depression|website=IMF Blog|access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref> [[Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic|Widespread supply shortages]], including [[Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic|food shortages]], were caused by [[supply chain]] disruption and [[panic buying]]. The resultant near-global lockdowns saw an [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment|unprecedented pollution decrease]]. [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education|Educational institutions]] and public areas were partially or fully closed in many jurisdictions, and many events were cancelled or postponed. [[COVID-19 misinformation|Misinformation]] circulated through [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media|social media]] and [[Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic|mass media]], and [[Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic|political tensions]] intensified. The pandemic raised issues of [[Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic|racial and geographic discrimination]], [[health equity]], and [[Individual and group rights|the balance]] between public health imperatives and individual rights.
 
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== Etymology ==
 
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The pandemic is known by several names. It is often referred in news media as the "coronavirus pandemic",<ref>Multiple sources:
 
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* {{cite web|title=Coronavirus - The latest news on the COVID-19 outbreak|url=https://news.sky.com/topic/coronavirus-8483|access-date=20 July 2021|website=Sky News}}
 
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* {{cite web|title=Coronavirus News - BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/coronavirus|access-date=20 July 2021|website=BBC News}}
 
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* {{cite web|date=2 June 2020|title=Coronavirus (COVID-19)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronavirus-covid-19/|access-date=20 July 2021|website=nhs.uk}}</ref> despite the existence of other [[human coronaviruses]] that have caused epidemics and outbreaks (e.g. [[2002–2004 SARS outbreak|SARS]]).<ref>{{cite web | author = Coronavirus: the science explained-UKRI |title=What is coronavirus? The different types of coronaviruses|url=https://coronavirusexplained.ukri.org/en/article/cad0003/|access-date=20 July 2021|website=coronavirusexplained.ukri.org}}</ref>
 
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During [[COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei|the initial outbreak]] in [[Wuhan]], the virus and disease were commonly referred to as "coronavirus", "Wuhan coronavirus",<ref>Multiple sources:
 
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* {{cite news|title=2nd U.S. Case Of Wuhan Coronavirus Confirmed|newspaper=NPR.org|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/01/24/799208865/a-second-u-s-case-of-wuhan-coronavirus-is-confirmed|access-date=4 April 2020|publisher=NPR}}
 
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* {{cite news|author-link=Donald McNeil Jr.|name-list-style=vanc|date=2 February 2020|title=Wuhan Coronavirus Looks Increasingly Like a Pandemic, Experts Say|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/02/health/coronavirus-pandemic-china.html|access-date=4 April 2020|issn=0362-4331|vauthors=McNeil Jr DG}}
 
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* {{cite news|name-list-style=vanc|title=Wuhan coronavirus deaths spike again as outbreak shows no signs of slowing|publisher=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/05/asia/wuhan-coronavirus-update-death-toll-spike-intl-hnk/index.html|access-date=4 April 2020|vauthors=Griffiths J}}</ref> "the coronavirus outbreak" and the "Wuhan coronavirus outbreak"<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Zhu H, Wei L, Niu P|date=2 March 2020|title=The novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China|journal=Global Health Research and Policy|volume=5|issue=1|page=6|doi=10.1186/s41256-020-00135-6|pmc=7050114|pmid=32226823}}</ref> with the disease sometimes called "Wuhan pneumonia".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jiang S, Xia S, Ying T, Lu L | title = A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) causing pneumonia-associated respiratory syndrome | journal = Cellular & Molecular Immunology | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | page = 554 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32024976 | pmc = 7091741 | doi = 10.1038/s41423-020-0372-4 | title-link = doi | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, Xing F, Liu J, Yip CC, Poon RW, Tsoi HW, Lo SK, Chan KH, Poon VK, Chan WM, Ip JD, Cai JP, Cheng VC, Chen H, Hui CK, Yuen KY | display-authors = 6 | title = A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster | journal = Lancet | volume = 395 | issue = 10223 | pages = 514–523 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 31986261 | pmc = 7159286 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9 | title-link = doi | doi-access = free }}</ref> In January 2020, the WHO recommended 2019-nCoV<ref>{{cite web|date=21 January 2020|title=Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Report – 1|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200121-sitrep-1-2019-ncov.pdf|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> and 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease<ref>{{cite web|date=30 January 2020|title=Novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV) Situation Report – 10|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200130-sitrep-10-ncov.pdf|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> as interim names for the virus and disease per 2015 international guidelines against using geographical locations (e.g. Wuhan, China), animal species, or groups of people in disease and virus names in part to prevent [[social stigma]].<ref>Multiple sources:
 
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* {{cite news|title=Novel coronavirus named 'Covid-19': WHO|work=Today|location=Singapore|url=https://www.todayonline.com/world/wuhan-novel-coronavirus-named-covid-19-who|url-status=live|access-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200321085608/https://www.todayonline.com/world/wuhan-novel-coronavirus-named-covid-19-who|archive-date=21 March 2020}}
 
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* {{cite news|date=17 February 2020|title=The coronavirus spreads racism against – and among – ethnic Chinese|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/china/2020/02/17/the-coronavirus-spreads-racism-against-and-among-ethnic-chinese|url-status=live|access-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217223902/https://www.economist.com/china/2020/02/17/the-coronavirus-spreads-racism-against-and-among-ethnic-chinese|archive-date=17 February 2020}}
 
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* {{cite report|url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/163636/WHO_HSE_FOS_15.1_eng.pdf|title=World Health Organization Best Practices for the Naming of New Human Infectious Diseases|date=May 2015|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|hdl-access=free|hdl=10665/163636}}</ref> WHO finalized the official names COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 on 11 February 2020.<ref name="WHO-naming">{{cite web|title=Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228035651/https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it|archive-date=28 February 2020|access-date=13 March 2020|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> [[Tedros Adhanom]] explained: CO{{nbs}}for ''corona'', VI{{nbs}}for ''virus'', D{{nbs}}for ''disease'' and 19 for when the outbreak was first identified (31 December 2019).<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/covid-19-rapid-risk-assessment-coronavirus-disease-2019-eighth-update-8-april-2020.pdf|title=Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the EU/EEA and the UK – eighth update|publisher=ecdc|access-date=19 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314223709/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/RRA-sixth-update-Outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-disease-2019-COVID-19.pdf|archive-date=14 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> WHO additionally uses "the COVID-19 virus" and "the virus responsible for COVID-19" in public communications.<ref name="WHO-naming" />
 
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WHO names [[variants of concern]] and [[Variant of concern|variants of interest]] using [[Greek alphabet|Greek letters]]. The initial practice of naming them according to where the variants were identified (e.g. Delta began as the "Indian variant") is no longer common.<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 June 2021|title=Covid Indian variant: Where is it, how does it spread and is it more infectious?|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-57157496|access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref> A more systematic naming scheme reflects the variant's [[Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak Lineages|PANGO lineage]] (e.g., Omicron's lineage is B.1.1.529) and is used for other variants.<ref name="BBC.May.31.2021">{{cite news|date=31 May 2021|title=Covid: WHO renames UK and other variants with Greek letters|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-57308592|access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| vauthors  = Patel V |date=27 November 2021|title=How Omicron, the New Covid-19 Variant, Got Its Name|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/27/world/africa/omicron-covid-greek-alphabet.html|access-date=28 November 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128015620/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/27/world/africa/omicron-covid-greek-alphabet.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=27 November 2021|title=There are several COVID-19 variants you haven't heard of|url=https://www.newsnationnow.com/health/coronavirus/there-are-several-covid-19-variants-you-havent-heard-of/|access-date=27 November 2021|website=NewsNation Now|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127211302/https://www.newsnationnow.com/health/coronavirus/there-are-several-covid-19-variants-you-havent-heard-of/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
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== Epidemiology ==
 
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{{#invoke:Infobox|infoboxTemplate
 
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|subheader=For country-level [[Template:COVID-19 pandemic data|data]], see:
 
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|subheader2=<div style="padding:3px 0; font-size:larger;">'''[[COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory]]'''</div>
 
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|image=[[File:732-bar-chart.svg|link=COVID-19 pandemic by country|80px|732-bar-chart]]
 
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|rowstyle1=text-align:center
 
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<div style="display:inline-block;margin: 0 5px 10px">'''[[COVID-19 pandemic cases|Cases]]'''<br /><span style="font-size:1.2em;">{{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|confirmed|editlink=|ref=no}}</span></div><div style="display:inline-block;margin: 0 5px 10px">'''[[COVID-19 pandemic deaths|Deaths]]'''<br /><span style="font-size:1.2em;">{{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|deaths|editlink=|ref=no}}</span></div>
 
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<div>As of {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|date|editlink=|ref=yes}}</div>
 
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<div class="hlist nowraplinks" style="margin:5px 10px 5px;font-weight:bold;">
 
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* [[COVID-19 pandemic in Africa|Africa]]
 
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* [[COVID-19 pandemic in Asia|Asia]]
 
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* [[COVID-19 pandemic in Europe|Europe]]
 
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* [[COVID-19 pandemic in North America|North America]]
 
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* [[COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania|Oceania]]
 
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* [[COVID-19 pandemic in South America|South America]]
 
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* [[COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica|Antarctica]]</div>
 
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}}
 
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=== Background ===
 
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{{Main|Investigations into the origin of COVID-19|COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei}}
 
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SARS-CoV-2 is a newly discovered virus that is closely related to [[Bat virome#Coronaviruses|bat coronaviruses]],<ref name="LancetNowcasting" /> [[pangolin]] coronaviruses,<ref name="ia56U" /><ref name="Zhang6April2020">{{cite journal|vauthors=Zhang T, Wu Q, Zhang Z|date=April 2020|title=Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak|journal=Current Biology|volume=30|issue=7|pages=1346–1351.e2|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.022|pmc=7156161|pmid=32197085}}</ref> and [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus|SARS-CoV]].<ref name="ECDC risk assessment" /> The first known [[outbreak]] started in [[Wuhan]], Hubei, China, in November 2019. Many early cases were linked to people who had visited the [[Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market]] there,<ref name="Sun2020epidemiology">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sun J, He WT, Wang L, Lai A, Ji X, Zhai X, Li G, Suchard MA, Tian J, Zhou J, Veit M, Su S | display-authors = 6 | title = COVID-19: Epidemiology, Evolution, and Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives | journal = Trends in Molecular Medicine | volume = 26 | issue = 5 | pages = 483–495 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32359479 | pmc = 7118693 | doi = 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.02.008 | name-list-style = vanc }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=WHO Points To Wildlife Farms In Southern China As Likely Source Of Pandemic |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/03/15/977527808/who-points-to-wildlife-farms-in-southwest-china-as-likely-source-of-pandemic?t=1616302540855 |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=15 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="Maxmen2021whoReport">{{cite journal | vauthors = Maxmen A | title = WHO report into COVID pandemic origins zeroes in on animal markets, not labs | journal = Nature | volume = 592 | issue = 7853 | pages = 173–174 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33785930 | doi = 10.1038/d41586-021-00865-8 | s2cid = 232429241 | bibcode = 2021Natur.592..173M |doi-access=free}}</ref> but it is possible that human-to-human transmission began earlier.<ref name="Hu2020natureReviews" /><ref name="Graham2020immunity" />
 
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The scientific consensus is that the virus is most likely of [[zoonotic]] origin, from bats or another closely-related mammal.<ref name="Hu2020natureReviews">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, Shi ZL | title = Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 141–154 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 33024307 | pmc = 7537588 | doi = 10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7 }}</ref><ref>Multiple sources:
 
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* {{cite news |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |publisher=Scripps Research Institute |title=The COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin, scientists say – Scripps Research's analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS‑CoV‑2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-03/sri-tcc031720.php |date=17 March 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020 }}
 
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* {{cite journal | vauthors = Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF | title = The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2 | journal = Nature Medicine | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 450–452 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32284615 | pmc = 7095063 | doi = 10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9 | doi-access = free }}
 
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* {{cite journal | vauthors = Latinne A, Hu B, Olival KJ, Zhu G, Zhang L, Li H, Chmura AA, Field HE, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Epstein JH, Li B, Zhang W, Wang LF, Shi ZL, Daszak P | display-authors = 6 | title = Origin and cross-species transmission of bat coronaviruses in China | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | page = 4235 | date = August 2020 | pmid = 32843626 | pmc = 7447761 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-17687-3 | bibcode = 2020NatCo..11.4235L }}
 
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* {{cite news | vauthors = Fox M |date=7 July 2021 |title=Coronavirus almost certainly came from an animal, not a lab leak, top scientists argue |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/07/health/origins-coronavirus-letter-virologists-scn/index.html |work=CNN |location= |access-date=9 July 2021}}
 
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* {{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->  |date=19 November 2021 |title=Market in China's Wuhan likely origin of COVID-19 outbreak - study |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/market-chinas-wuhan-likely-origin-covid-19-outbreak-study-2021-11-19/ |work=Reuters |location= |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="To2021lessons">{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=To KK, Sridhar S, Chiu KH, Hung DL, Li X, Hung IF, Tam AR, Chung TW, Chan JF, Zhang AJ, Cheng VC, Yuen KY|date=March 2021|title=Lessons learned 1 year after SARS-CoV-2 emergence leading to COVID-19 pandemic|journal=Emerging Microbes & Infections|volume=10|issue=1|pages=507–535|doi=10.1080/22221751.2021.1898291|pmc=8006950|pmid=33666147}}</ref>  Despite this, the subject has generated extensive speculation about alternative origins.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hakim MS | title = SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories | journal = Reviews in Medical Virology | pages = e2222 | date = February 2021 | volume = 31 | issue = 6 | pmid = 33586302 | pmc = 7995093 | doi = 10.1002/rmv.2222 }}</ref><ref name="Graham2020immunity">{{cite journal | vauthors = Graham RL, Baric RS | title = SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence | journal = Immunity | volume = 52 | issue = 5 | pages = 734–736 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32392464 | pmc = 7207110 | doi = 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Qin A, Wang V, Hakim D |title=How Steve Bannon and a Chinese Billionaire Created a Right-Wing Coronavirus Media Sensation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/20/business/media/steve-bannon-china.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430175006/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/20/business/media/steve-bannon-china.html |archive-date=30 April 2021}}</ref> The origin controversy heightened geopolitical divisions, notably between the United States and China.<ref>Multiple sources:
 
−
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Frutos R, Gavotte L, Devaux CA | title = Understanding the origin of COVID-19 requires to change the paradigm on zoonotic emergence from the spillover to the circulation model | journal = Infection, Genetics and Evolution | page = 104812 | date = March 2021 | volume = 95 | pmid = 33744401 | pmc = 7969828 | doi = 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104812 | quote = The origin of SARS-Cov-2 is still passionately debated since it makes ground for geopolitical confrontations and conspiracy theories besides scientific ones. }}
 
−
* {{cite news | vauthors = Maxmen A |title=Divisive COVID 'lab leak' debate prompts dire warnings from researchers |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01383-3 |work=Nature |date=27 May 2021 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01383-3}}
 
−
* {{cite news | vauthors = Ni V, Borger J |title=Biden move to investigate Covid origins opens new rift in US-China relations |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/may/27/biden-china-coronavirus-origins-beijing |work=The Guardian |date=27 May 2021}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
The earliest known infected person fell ill on 1{{nbsp}}December 2019. That individual did not have a connection with the later [[Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market#Link to COVID-19|wet market]] cluster.<ref name="AutoDW-67" /><ref name="Wang24Jan2020" /> However, an earlier case may have occurred on 17 November.<ref name="November case">{{Cite news |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back |title=Coronavirus: China's first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17 |date=13 March 2020 |access-date=16 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313004217/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back |archive-date=13 March 2020 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |vauthors=Ma J |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Two-thirds of the initial case cluster were linked with the market.<ref name="Huang24Jan2020" /><ref name="Joseph24Jan2020" /><ref name="han24Jan2020" /> [[Molecular clock]] analysis suggests that the [[index case]] is likely to have been infected between mid-October and mid-November 2019.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pekar J, Worobey M, Moshiri N, Scheffler K, Wertheim JO | title = Timing the SARS-CoV-2 index case in Hubei province | journal = Science | volume = 372 | issue = 6540 | pages = 412–417 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33737402 | pmc = 8139421 | doi = 10.1126/science.abf8003 | name-list-style = vanc | bibcode = 2021Sci...372..412P }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = To KK, Sridhar S, Chiu KH, Hung DL, Li X, Hung IF, Tam AR, Chung TW, Chan JF, Zhang AJ, Cheng VC, Yuen KY | display-authors = 6 | title = Lessons learned 1 year after SARS-CoV-2 emergence leading to COVID-19 pandemic | journal = Emerging Microbes & Infections | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 507–535 | date = December 2021 | pmid = 33666147 | pmc = 8006950 | doi = 10.1080/22221751.2021.1898291 }}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
=== Cases ===
 
−
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory|COVID-19 pandemic cases}}
 
−
[[File:COVID-19 Outbreak World Map.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.6|Cumulative confirmed cases by country, as of 1 December 2021{{legend-col
 
−
|{{legend|#290000|10,000,000+}}
 
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|{{legend|#510000|1,000,000–9,999,999}}
 
−
|{{legend|#900000|100,000–999,999}}
 
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|{{legend|#c80200|10,000–99,999}}
 
−
|{{legend|#ee7070|1,000–9,999}}
 
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|{{legend|#ffc0c0|100–999}}
 
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|{{legend|#ffdfe0|1–99}}
 
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|{{legend|#e0e0e0|0}}}}]]
 
−
Official "case" counts refer to the number of people who have been [[COVID-19 testing|tested for COVID-19]] and whose test has been confirmed positive according to official protocols whether or not they experienced symptomatic disease.<ref name="1ceLG">{{cite web | url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail/laboratory-testing-for-2019-novel-coronavirus-in-suspected-human-cases-20200117 |title=Laboratory testing for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in suspected human cases |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="J0rix">{{cite web | url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/full-list-cumulative-total-tests-per-thousand |title=Total tests for COVID-19 per 1,000 people |website=Our World in Data |access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref> Many countries, early on, had official policies to not test those with only mild symptoms.<ref name="elpais640000">{{cite web | url=https://english.elpais.com/society/2020-03-23/640000-rapid-coronavirus-tests-arrive-in-spain.html |title=640,000 rapid coronavirus tests arrive in Spain | vauthors = Sevillano EG, Linde P, Vizoso S |date=23 March 2020 |website=El País |access-date=2 April 2020 }}</ref><ref name="20200313reuters">{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-response-specialre-idUSKBN20Z27P |title=Special Report: Italy and South Korea virus outbreaks reveal disparity in deaths and tactics |date=13 March 2020 |work=Reuters |access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref> Multiple studies claimed that total infections are considerably greater than reported cases.<ref name="WqXOo">{{cite web | url=http://www.imperial.ac.uk/medicine/departments/school-public-health/infectious-disease-epidemiology/mrc-global-infectious-disease-analysis/covid-19/report-13-europe-npi-impact/ |title=Report 13 – Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in 11 European countries |website=Imperial College London |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="BtFLV">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lau H, Khosrawipour V, Kocbach P, Mikolajczyk A, Ichii H, Schubert J, Bania J, Khosrawipour T | display-authors = 6 | title = Internationally lost COVID-19 cases | journal = Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi | volume = 53 | issue = 3 | pages = 454–458 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32205091 | pmc = 7102572 | doi = 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.013 }}</ref> The strongest risk factors for severe illness are obesity, [[complications of diabetes]], anxiety disorders, and the total number of conditions.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kompaniyets L, Pennington AF, Goodman AB, Rosenblum HG, Belay B, Ko JY, Chevinsky JR, Schieber LZ, Summers AD, Lavery AM, Preston LE, Danielson ML, Cui Z, Namulanda G, Yusuf H, Mac Kenzie WR, Wong KK, Baggs J, Boehmer TK, Gundlapalli AV | display-authors = 6 | title = Underlying Medical Conditions and Severe Illness Among 540,667 Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19, March 2020-March 2021 | journal = Preventing Chronic Disease | volume = 18 | pages = E66 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34197283 | pmc = 8269743 | doi = 10.5888/pcd18.210123 | publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention }}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
On 9 April 2020, [[COVID-19 Case-Cluster-Study|preliminary results]] found that in [[Gangelt]], the centre of a major infection cluster in Germany, 15 percent of a population sample tested positive for [[antibody|antibodies]].<ref name="otW1O">{{cite web | url=https://www.land.nrw/sites/default/files/asset/document/zwischenergebnis_covid19_case_study_gangelt_0.pdf |title=Vorläufiges Ergebnis und Schlussfolgerungen der COVID-19 Case-Cluster-Study (Gemeinde Gangelt) | vauthors = Streeck H |date=9 April 2020 |website=Land NRW – State of North Rhine-Westphalia |access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref> Screening for COVID-19 in pregnant women in New York City, and [[blood donor]]s in the Netherlands, found rates of positive antibody tests that indicated more infections than reported.<ref name="rCdvL">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sutton D, Fuchs K, D'Alton M, Goffman D | title = Universal Screening for SARS-CoV-2 in Women Admitted for Delivery | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 382 | issue = 22 | pages = 2163–2164 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32283004 | pmc = 7175422 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMc2009316 }}</ref><ref name="20200416reuters">{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-netherlands-study-idUSKCN21Y102 |title=Dutch study suggests 3% of population may have coronavirus antibodies |date=16 April 2020 |work=Reuters |access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref> [[Seroprevalence]]-based estimates are conservative as some studies show that persons with mild symptoms do not have detectable antibodies.<ref name="0LgFK">{{cite web | title=Interactive Serology Dashboard for Commercial Laboratory Surveys |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/commercial-labs-interactive-serology-dashboard.html |date=21 July 2020 |access-date=24 July 2020 |publisher=Centres for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
An analysis in early 2020 of cases in China by age indicated that a relatively low proportion of cases occurred in individuals under 20.<ref name="statista1095024">{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1095024/china-age-distribution-of-wuhan-coronavirus-covid-19-patients/ |title=China: age distribution of novel coronavirus patients 2020 |website=Statista |access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref> It was not clear whether this was because young people were less likely to be infected, or less likely to develop symptoms and be tested.<ref name="vox21190033">{{cite web | url=https://www.vox.com/2020/3/23/21190033/coronavirus-covid-19-deaths-by-age |title=The Covid-19 risks for different age groups, explained | vauthors = Scott D |date=23 March 2020 |website=Vox |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> A retrospective [[cohort study]] in China found that [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children|children]] and adults were just as likely to be infected.<ref name="489Q3">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bi Q, Wu Y, Mei S, Ye C, Zou X, Zhang Z, Liu X, Wei L, Truelove SA, Zhang T, Gao W, Cheng C, Tang X, Wu X, Wu Y, Sun B, Huang S, Sun Y, Zhang J, Ma T, Lessler J, Feng T | display-authors = 6 | title = Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study | journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases | volume = 20 | issue = 8 | pages = 911–919 | date = August 2020 | pmid = 32353347 | pmc = 7185944 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30287-5 }}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
Initial estimates of the [[basic reproduction number]] (R<sub>0</sub>) for COVID-19 in January were between 1.4 and 2.5,<ref name="WFNfK">{{cite web | url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/23-01-2020-statement-on-the-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov) |title=Statement on the meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus 2019 (n-CoV) on 23 January 2020 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |access-date=9 April 2020}}</ref> but a subsequent analysis claimed that it may be about 5.7 (with a 95 percent [[confidence interval]] of 3.8 to 8.9).<ref name="mmCQc">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sanche S, Lin YT, Xu C, Romero-Severson E, Hengartner N, Ke R | title = High Contagiousness and Rapid Spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 26 | issue = 7 | pages = 1470–1477 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32255761 | pmc = 7323562 | doi = 10.3201/eid2607.200282 | s2cid = 215410037 }}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
In December 2021, the number of cases continued to climb due to several factors including new COVID-19 variants. As of 28{{nbsp}}December  282,790,822 individuals worldwide had been confirmed as infected.<ref>{{cite web |title=ArcGIS Dashboards |url=https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6 |website=gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
{{clear}}
 
−
<gallery widths="230px" heights="220px">
 
−
File:Covid-19 new cases in top 5 countries and the world.png|Semi-log plot of weekly new cases of COVID-19 in the world and the current top six countries (mean with deaths)
 
−
File:Covid-19 total cases per 100 000 population from selected countries.png|Total COVID-19 cases per 100,000 people from selected countries<ref name="ECDC">{{cite web |title=COVID-19/csse_covid_19_data/csse_covid_19_time_series at master · CSSEGISandData/COVID-19 |url=https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19/tree/master/csse_covid_19_data/csse_covid_19_time_series |website=GitHub |access-date=18 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
 
−
File:COVID-19 Active Cases per 100 000 population.png|Active COVID-19 cases per 100,000 people from selected countries<ref name="ECDC"/>
 
−
File:COVID-19 Active Cases per 100 000 Population from Omicrone variant.png|Latest COVID-19 infections, mainly caused by the Omicron variant, with data since 2021-10-01
 
−
</gallery>
 
−
 
 
−
=== Deaths ===
 
−
[[File:COVID19 deceased in Hackensack NJ April 27.jpg|thumb|Deceased in a refrigerated "mobile morgue" outside a hospital in [[Hackensack, New Jersey]], U.S., in April 2020]]
 
−
[[File:Covid-19 São Paulo - Cemiterios.jpg|thumb|Gravediggers wearing protection against contamination bury the body of a man suspected of having died of COVID-19 in the cemetery of Vila Alpina, east side of [[São Paulo]], in April 2020.]]
 
−
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic deaths|COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country}}
 
−
{{Further|List of deaths due to COVID-19}}
 
−
As of {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|date|editlink=|ref=no}}, more than {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|dround|editlink=|ref=yes}} deaths had been attributed to COVID-19. The first confirmed death was in Wuhan on 9 January 2020.<ref name="AutoDW-25" /> These numbers vary by region and over time, influenced by testing volume, healthcare system quality, treatment options, government response,<ref>Multiple sources:
 
−
* {{cite magazine|title=The Best Global Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic|url=https://time.com/5851633/best-global-responses-covid-19/|magazine=Time|access-date=18 August 2020}}
 
−
* {{cite web|name-list-style=vanc|date=11 May 2020|title=Portugal and Spain: same peninsula, very different coronavirus impact|url=https://english.elpais.com/spanish_news/2020-05-11/portugal-and-spain-same-peninsula-very-different-coronavirus-impact.html|access-date=25 May 2020|website=El País|vauthors=Barrio PL, del Javier M}}
 
−
* {{cite news|name-list-style=vanc|date=5 April 2020|title=Fewer deaths in Veneto offer clues for fight against virus|website=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/9c75d47f-49ee-4613-add1-a692b97d95d3|access-date=25 May 2020|vauthors=Johnson M}}</ref> time since the initial outbreak, and population characteristics, such as age, sex, and overall health.<ref name="worldindata">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ritchie H, Roser M|date=25 March 2020|title=What do we know about the risk of dying from COVID-19?|url=https://ourworldindata.org/covid-mortality-risk|journal=[[Our World in Data]]|access-date=28 March 2020|veditors=Chivers T}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
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Multiple measures are used to quantify mortality.<ref name="wBm2a">{{cite web|date=18 February 2019|title=Principles of Epidemiology {{!}} Lesson 3 – Section 3|url=https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson3/section3.html|access-date=28 March 2020|website=US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> Official death counts typically include people who died after testing positive. Such counts exclude deaths without a test.<ref name="20200331reuters">{{Cite news|date=31 March 2020|title=Italy's coronavirus deaths could be underestimated in data: Official|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-italy-data/italys-coronavirus-deaths-could-be-underestimated-in-data-official-idUSKBN21I250}}</ref> Conversely, deaths of people who died from underlying conditions following a positive test may be included.<ref name="stuff120443722">{{cite web | title=Coronavirus: Is Covid-19 really the cause of all the fatalities in Italy?|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/120443722/coronavirus-is-covid19-really-the-cause-of-all-the-fatalities-in-italy|access-date=16 April 2020|website=Stuff|date=20 March 2020}}</ref> Countries such as Belgium include deaths from suspected cases, including those without a test, thereby increasing counts.<ref name="npr841005901">{{cite news| vauthors = Schultz T |date=22 April 2020|title=Why Belgium's Death Rate Is So High: It Counts Lots Of Suspected COVID-19 Cases|newspaper=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/22/841005901/why-belgiums-death-rate-is-so-high-it-counts-lots-of-suspected-covid-19-cases|access-date=25 April 2020}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
Official death counts have been claimed to underreport the actual death toll, because [[Mortality displacement|excess mortality]] (the number of deaths in a period compared to a long-term average) data show an increase in deaths that is not explained by COVID-19 deaths alone.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|title=Tracking covid-19 excess deaths across countries|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/coronavirus-excess-deaths-tracker|access-date=14 September 2021}}</ref> Using such data, estimates of the true number of deaths from COVID-19 worldwide have included a range from 9.5 to 18.6 million by ''[[The Economist]]'',<ref name=":7" /> as well as over 10.3 million by the [[Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation]].<ref name="COVID-19 Projections" /> Such deaths include deaths due to healthcare capacity constraints and priorities, as well as reluctance to seek care (to avoid possible infection).<ref name="20200429reason">{{cite web | date=29 April 2020|title=What 'Excess Deaths' Do and Don't Tell Us About COVID-19|url=https://reason.com/2020/04/29/what-excess-deaths-do-and-dont-tell-us-about-covid-19/|access-date=4 May 2020|website=Reason}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
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The time between symptom onset and death ranges from{{nbsp}}6 to 41 days, typically about 14 days.<ref name="pathogenesis" /> Mortality rates increase as a function of age. People at the greatest mortality risk are the elderly and those with underlying conditions.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yanez ND, Weiss NS, Romand JA, Treggiari MM | title = COVID-19 mortality risk for older men and women | journal = BMC Public Health | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | page = 1742 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33213391 | pmc = 7675386 | doi = 10.1186/s12889-020-09826-8 }}</ref><ref name="6XONR">{{cite web | date=15 March 2021|title=People with Certain Medical Conditions|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html|access-date=19 March 2021|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref>
 
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<br>
 
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<br>
 
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<gallery mode="packed" widths="360px" heights="220">
 
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File:Covid-19 daily deaths in top 5 countries and the world.png|Semi-log plot of weekly deaths due to COVID-19 in the world and top six current countries (mean with cases)
 
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<!-- Commented out for staleness: over a month old. If it gets updated, please de-comment! File:Covid-19-total-confirmed-cases-vs-total-confirmed-deaths.svg|Case fatality rate of COVID-19 by country and confirmed cases -->
 
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<!-- Commented out for staleness: over a month old. If it gets updated, please de-comment! File:Coronavirus-cfr.svg|Ongoing case fatality rate of COVID-19 by country -->
 
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File:COVID-19 deaths per 100,000 population.png|thumb|COVID-19 deaths per 100 000 population from selected countries<ref name="ECDC"/>
 
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</gallery>
 
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==== Infection fatality ratio (IFR) ====
 
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{| class="wikitable floatright"
 
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|+ {{Nowrap|IFR estimate}} per {{Nowrap|age group}}<ref name="EJE_levinetal" />
 
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|-
 
−
! Age group !! IFR
 
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|-
 
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| 0–34 || 0.004%
 
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|-
 
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| 35–44 || 0.068%
 
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|-
 
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| 45–54 || 0.23%
 
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|-
 
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| 55–64 || 0.75%
 
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|-
 
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| 65–74 || 2.5%
 
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|-
 
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| 75–84 || 8.5%
 
−
|-
 
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| 85 + || 28.3%
 
−
|}
 
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The [[Infection fatality rate|infection fatality ratio]] (IFR) is the cumulative number of deaths attributed to the disease divided by the cumulative number of infected individuals (including asymptomatic and undiagnosed infections).<ref name="fjMw6">{{cite web | vauthors = Tate N |title=What Changing Death Rates Tell Us About COVID-19|url=https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20200901/what-changing-death-rates-tell-us-about-covid|access-date=19 September 2020|website=WebMD}}</ref><ref name="WHOest">{{cite web | date=4 August 2020|title=Estimating mortality from COVID-19|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/estimating-mortality-from-covid-19|access-date=21 September 2020|publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref><ref name="ovoEx">{{cite web | last=CDC|date=11 February 2020|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/planning-scenarios.html|access-date=19 September 2020|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> It is expressed in percentage points (not as a decimal).<ref>Multiple sources:
 
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* {{cite journal | vauthors = Mallapaty S | title = How deadly is the coronavirus? Scientists are close to an answer | journal = Nature | volume = 582 | issue = 7813 | pages = 467–468 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32546810 | doi = 10.1038/d41586-020-01738-2 | s2cid = 219726496 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2020Natur.582..467M }}
 
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* {{cite journal | vauthors = Alwan NA, Burgess RA, Ashworth S, Beale R, Bhadelia N, Bogaert D, Dowd J, Eckerle I, Goldman LR, Greenhalgh T, Gurdasani D, Hamdy A, Hanage WP, Hodcroft EB, Hyde Z, Kellam P, Kelly-Irving M, Krammer F, Lipsitch M, McNally A, McKee M, Nouri A, Pimenta D, Priesemann V, Rutter H, Silver J, Sridhar D, Swanton C, Walensky RP, Yamey G, Ziauddeen H | display-authors = 6 | title = Scientific consensus on the COVID-19 pandemic: we need to act now | journal = Lancet | volume = 396 | issue = 10260 | pages = e71–e72 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 33069277 | pmc = 7557300 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32153-X }}
 
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* {{cite journal | vauthors = Meyerowitz-Katz G, Merone L | title = A systematic review and meta-analysis of published research data on COVID-19 infection fatality rates | journal = International Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 101 | pages = 138–148 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33007452 | pmc = 7524446 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1464 }}</ref> Other studies refer to this metric as the 'infection fatality risk'.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yang W, Kandula S, Huynh M, Greene SK, Van Wye G, Li W, Chan HT, McGibbon E, Yeung A, Olson D, Fine A, Shaman J | display-authors = 6 | title = Estimating the infection-fatality risk of SARS-CoV-2 in New York City during the spring 2020 pandemic wave: a model-based analysis | journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases | volume = 21 | issue = 2 | pages = 203–212 | date = February 2021 | pmid = 33091374 | pmc = 7572090 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30769-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pastor-Barriuso R, Pérez-Gómez B, Hernán MA, Pérez-Olmeda M, Yotti R, Oteo-Iglesias J, Sanmartín JL, León-Gómez I, Fernández-García A, Fernández-Navarro P, Cruz I, Martín M, Delgado-Sanz C, Fernández de Larrea N, León Paniagua J, Muñoz-Montalvo JF, Blanco F, Larrauri A, Pollán M | display-authors = 6 | title = Infection fatality risk for SARS-CoV-2 in community dwelling population of Spain: nationwide seroepidemiological study | journal = BMJ | volume = 371 | pages = m4509 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33246972 | pmc = 7690290 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.m4509 }}</ref>
 
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In November 2020, a review article in [[Nature (journal)|''Nature'']] reported estimates of population-weighted IFRs for various countries, excluding deaths in elderly care facilities, and found a median range of 0.24% to 1.49%.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = O'Driscoll M, Ribeiro Dos Santos G, Wang L, Cummings DA, Azman AS, Paireau J, Fontanet A, Cauchemez S, Salje H | display-authors = 6 | title = Age-specific mortality and immunity patterns of SARS-CoV-2 | journal = Nature | volume = 590 | issue = 7844 | pages = 140–145 | date = February 2021 | pmid = 33137809 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-020-2918-0 | bibcode = 2021Natur.590..140O | s2cid = 226244375 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
 
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IFRs rise as a function of age (from 0.002% at age 10 and 0.01% at age 25, to 0.4% at age 55, 1.4% at age 65, 4.6% at age 75, and 15% at age 85). These rates vary by a factor of ~10,000 across the age groups.<ref name="EJE_levinetal" /> For comparison the IFR for middle-aged adults is two orders of magnitude more likely than the annualised risk of a fatal automobile accident and far more dangerous than seasonal influenza.<ref name="EJE_levinetal" />
 
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In December 2020, a systematic review and meta-analysis estimated that population-weighted IFR was 0.5% to 1% in some countries (France, Netherlands, New Zealand, and Portugal), 1% to 2% in other countries (Australia, England, Lithuania, and Spain), and about 2.5% in Italy. This study reported that most of the differences reflected corresponding differences in the population's age structure and the age-specific pattern of infections.<ref name="EJE_levinetal">{{cite journal | vauthors = Levin AT, Hanage WP, Owusu-Boaitey N, Cochran KB, Walsh SP, Meyerowitz-Katz G | title = Assessing the age specificity of infection fatality rates for COVID-19: systematic review, meta-analysis, and public policy implications | journal = European Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 35 | issue = 12 | pages = 1123–1138 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33289900 | pmc = 7721859 | doi = 10.1007/s10654-020-00698-1 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
 
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==== Case fatality ratio (CFR) ====
 
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Another metric in assessing death rate is the [[case fatality rate|case fatality ratio]] (CFR),{{efn|Some refer to 'fatality rate'; however 'fatality ratio' is more accurate as this is not per unit time.<ref name="WHOest" />|name=|group=}} which is the ratio of deaths to diagnoses. This metric can be misleading because of the delay between symptom onset and death and because testing focuses on symptomatic individuals.<ref name="Hauser 2020">{{cite journal|vauthors=Hauser A, Counotte MJ, Margossian CC, Konstantinoudis G, Low N, Althaus CL, Riou J|date=July 2020|title=Estimation of SARS-CoV-2 mortality during the early stages of an epidemic: A modeling study in Hubei, China, and six regions in Europe|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=17|issue=7|pages=e1003189|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003189|pmc=7386608|pmid=32722715}}</ref>
 
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Based on [[Johns Hopkins University]] statistics, the global CFR is {{replace|{{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|ratio|editlink=|ref=no}}|%|&nbsp;percent}} ({{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|deaths|editlink=|ref=no}} deaths for {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|confirmed|editlink=|ref=no}} cases) as of {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|date|editlink=|ref=no}}.{{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|ref=yes}} The number varies by region and has generally declined over time.<ref name="b0L7I">{{cite journal|vauthors=Lazzerini M, Putoto G|date=May 2020|title=COVID-19 in Italy: momentous decisions and many uncertainties|journal=The Lancet. Global Health|volume=8|issue=5|pages=e641–e642|doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30110-8|pmc=7104294|pmid=32199072}}</ref>
 
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== Disease ==
 
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{{Main|COVID-19}}
 
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=== Signs and symptoms ===
 
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{{Main|Symptoms of COVID-19}}
 
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[[File:Symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 4.0.svg|350px|thumb|[[Signs and symptoms|Symptoms]] of COVID-19]]
 
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Symptoms of COVID-19 are variable, ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness.<ref name="CDC2020Sym"><!-- KEEP THIS NAMED REFERENCE -->{{cite web|date=22 February 2021|title=Symptoms of Coronavirus|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304195413/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|archive-date=4 March 2021|access-date=4 March 2021|website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref><ref name="Grant et al 2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Grant MC, Geoghegan L, Arbyn M, Mohammed Z, McGuinness L, Clarke EL, Wade RG | title = The prevalence of symptoms in 24,410 adults infected by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 148 studies from 9 countries | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 15 | issue = 6 | pages = e0234765 | date = 23 June 2020 | pmid = 32574165 | pmc = 7310678 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0234765 | bibcode = 2020PLoSO..1534765G | s2cid = 220046286 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Common symptoms include [[headache]], [[Anosmia|loss of smell]] and [[Ageusia|taste]], [[Nasal Obstruction|nasal congestion]] and [[rhinorrhea|runny nose]], [[cough]], [[muscle pain]], [[sore throat]], [[fever]], [[diarrhea|diarrhoea]], and [[breathing difficulties]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=19 January 2022 |language=en-us |date=22 February 2021}}</ref> People with the same infection may have different symptoms, and their symptoms may change over time. Three common clusters of symptoms have been identified: one respiratory symptom cluster with cough, [[sputum]], shortness of breath, and fever; a musculoskeletal symptom cluster with muscle and joint pain, headache, and fatigue; a cluster of digestive symptoms with abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhoea.<ref name="ECDC"/> In people without prior ear, nose, and throat disorders, [[hypogeusia|loss of taste]] combined with [[hyposmia|loss of smell]] is associated with [[COVID-19]] and is reported in as many as 88% of cases.<ref name="Paderno_2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Paderno A, Mattavelli D, Rampinelli V, Grammatica A, Raffetti E, Tomasoni M, Gualtieri T, Taboni S, Zorzi S, Del Bon F, Lombardi D, Deganello A, Redaelli De Zinis LO, Schreiber A | display-authors = 6 | title = Olfactory and Gustatory Outcomes in COVID-19: A Prospective Evaluation in Nonhospitalized Subjects | journal = Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery | volume = 163 | issue = 6 | pages = 1144–1149 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 32600175 | pmc = 7331108 | doi = 10.1177/0194599820939538 }}</ref><ref name="Chabot_2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chabot AB, Huntwork MP | title = Turmeric as a Possible Treatment for COVID-19-Induced Anosmia and Ageusia | journal = Cureus | volume = 13 | issue = 9 | pages = e17829 | date = September 2021 | pmid = 34660038 | pmc = 8502749 | doi = 10.7759/cureus.17829 }}</ref><ref name="pmid32483687">{{cite journal | vauthors = Niazkar HR, Zibaee B, Nasimi A, Bahri N | title = The neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a review article | journal = Neurological Sciences | volume = 41 | issue = 7 | pages = 1667–1671 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32483687 | pmc = 7262683 | doi = 10.1007/s10072-020-04486-3 }}</ref>
 
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=== Transmission ===
 
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{{Main|Transmission of COVID-19}}
 
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The disease is mainly transmitted via the respiratory route when people inhale droplets and small airborne particles (that form an [[aerosol]]) that infected people exhale as they breathe, talk, cough, sneeze, or sing.<ref name="Wang_2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang CC, Prather KA, Sznitman J, Jimenez JL, Lakdawala SS, Tufekci Z, Marr LC | title = Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses | language = EN | journal = Science | volume = 373 | issue = 6558 | date = August 2021 | pmid = 34446582 | doi = 10.1126/science.abd9149 | pmc = 8721651 | bibcode = 2021Sci...373.....W | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite journal | vauthors = Greenhalgh T, Jimenez JL, Prather KA, Tufekci Z, Fisman D, Schooley R | title = Ten scientific reasons in support of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 | journal = Lancet | volume = 397 | issue = 10285 | pages = 1603–1605 | date = May 2021 | pmid = 33865497 | pmc = 8049599 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00869-2 }}</ref><ref name="AR2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bourouiba L |title=Fluid Dynamics of Respiratory Infectious Diseases |journal=Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering |date=13 July 2021 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=547–577 |doi=10.1146/annurev-bioeng-111820-025044 |pmid=34255991 |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-111820-025044 |access-date=7 September 2021|hdl=1721.1/131115 |s2cid=235823756 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal |last1=Stadnytskyi |first1=Valentyn |last2=Bax |first2=Christina E. |last3=Bax |first3=Adriaan |last4=Anfinrud |first4=Philip |title=The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in SARS-CoV-2 transmission |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=2 June 2020 |volume=117 |issue=22 |pages=11875–11877 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2006874117 |pmid=32404416 |pmc=7275719 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Infected people are more likely to transmit COVID-19 when they are physically close. However, infection can occur over longer distances, particularly indoors.<ref name="Wang_2021" /><ref name="Miller_2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Miller SL, Nazaroff WW, Jimenez JL, Boerstra A, Buonanno G, Dancer SJ, Kurnitski J, Marr LC, Morawska L, Noakes C | display-authors = 6 | title = Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by inhalation of respiratory aerosol in the Skagit Valley Chorale superspreading event | journal = Indoor Air | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 314–323 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 32979298 | pmc = 7537089 | doi = 10.1111/ina.12751 }}</ref>
 
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=== Cause ===
 
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{{Main|Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2}}
 
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[[File:Coronavirus virion structure.svg|thumb|right|Illustration of SARS-CoV-2 [[virion]]]]
 
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SARS‑CoV‑2 belongs to the broad family of viruses known as [[coronavirus]]es.<ref name="Fox2020">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fox D |title=What you need to know about the novel coronavirus |journal=Nature |date=January 2020 |pmid=33483684 |doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00209-y|s2cid=213064026 }}</ref> It is a [[Positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus|positive-sense single-stranded RNA]] (+ssRNA) virus, with a single linear RNA segment. Coronaviruses infect humans, other mammals, including livestock and companion animals, and avian species.<ref name="V’kovskik:21">{{cite journal |vauthors=V'kovski P, Kratzel A, Steiner S, Stalder H, Thiel V |title=Coronavirus biology and replication: implications for SARS-CoV-2 |journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=155–170 |date=March 2021 |pmid=33116300 |pmc=7592455 |doi=10.1038/s41579-020-00468-6}}</ref> Human coronaviruses are capable of causing illnesses ranging from the [[common cold]] to more severe diseases such as [[Middle East respiratory syndrome]] (MERS, fatality rate ~34%). SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh known coronavirus to infect people, after [[Human coronavirus 229E|229E]], [[Human coronavirus NL63|NL63]], [[Human coronavirus OC43|OC43]], [[Human coronavirus HKU1|HKU1]], [[Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus|MERS-CoV]], and the original [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus|SARS-CoV]].<ref name="NEJM-Novel">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R, Niu P, Zhan F, Ma X, Wang D, Xu W, Wu G, Gao GF, Tan W | display-authors = 6 |title=A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019 |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=382 |issue=8 |pages=727–733 |date=February 2020 |pmid=31978945 |pmc=7092803 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2001017}}</ref>
 
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=== Diagnosis ===
 
−
{{Main|COVID-19#Diagnosis}}
 
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The standard methods of testing for presence of SARS-CoV-2 are [[nucleic acid test]]s,<ref name="20200130cdc">{{cite web|date=30 January 2020|title=2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Summary|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/summary.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126210549/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/summary.html|archive-date=26 January 2020|access-date=30 January 2020|website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> which detects the presence of viral RNA fragments.<ref name="WHO_InterimGuidance">{{cite web |title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) technical guidance: Laboratory testing for 2019-nCoV in humans |work=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/laboratory-guidance |access-date=14 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315044138/https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/laboratory-guidance |archive-date=15 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> As these tests detect RNA but not infectious virus, its "ability to determine duration of infectivity of patients is limited."<ref name="2k0iS">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bullard J, Dust K, Funk D, Strong JE, Alexander D, Garnett L, Boodman C, Bello A, Hedley A, Schiffman Z, Doan K, Bastien N, Li Y, Van Caeseele PG, Poliquin G | display-authors = 6 | title = Predicting Infectious Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 From Diagnostic Samples | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 71 | issue = 10 | pages = 2663–2666 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 32442256 | pmc = 7314198 | doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa638 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The test is typically done on respiratory samples obtained by a [[nasopharyngeal swab]]; however, a nasal swab or sputum sample may also be used.<ref name="CDC2020Testing">{{cite web|date=11 February 2020|title=Interim Guidelines for Collecting, Handling, and Testing Clinical Specimens from Persons for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/guidelines-clinical-specimens.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304165907/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/lab/guidelines-clinical-specimens.html|archive-date=4 March 2020|access-date=26 March 2020|website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref><ref name="20200129cdc">{{cite web|date=29 January 2020|title=Real-Time RT-PCR Panel for Detection 2019-nCoV|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/rt-pcr-detection-instructions.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202031/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/rt-pcr-detection-instructions.html|archive-date=30 January 2020|access-date=1 February 2020|website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> The WHO has published several testing protocols for the disease.<ref>{{cite web|title=Laboratory testing for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in suspected human cases|url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail/laboratory-testing-for-2019-novel-coronavirus-in-suspected-human-cases-20200117|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317023052/https://www.who.int/publications-detail/laboratory-testing-for-2019-novel-coronavirus-in-suspected-human-cases-20200117|archive-date=17 March 2020|access-date=13 March 2020|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref>
 
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=== Prevention ===
 
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{{Further|COVID-19#Prevention|Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
 
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Preventive measures to reduce the chances of infection include getting vaccinated, staying at home, wearing a mask in public,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bagheri|first1=Gholamhossein|last2=Thiede|first2=Birte|last3=Hejazi|first3=Bardia|last4=Schlenczek|first4=Oliver|last5=Bodenschatz|first5=Eberhard|date=2021-12-07|title=An upper bound on one-to-one exposure to infectious human respiratory particles|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=118|issue=49|pages=e2110117118|doi=10.1073/pnas.2110117118|issn=0027-8424|pmid=34857639|pmc=8670465|bibcode=2021PNAS..11810117B}}</ref> avoiding crowded places, keeping distance from others, ventilating indoor spaces, managing potential exposure durations,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reallycorrect.com/ReallyCorrectWp1/covid-19-safety-information-ideas/#Viral-Load-Exposure-Factors|title=Viral Load Exposure Factors|website=ReallyCorrect.com}}</ref> washing hands with soap and water often and for at least twenty seconds, practising good respiratory hygiene, and avoiding touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands.<ref name="CDC042020">{{cite web|date=28 June 2020|title=Recommendation Regarding the Use of Cloth Face Coverings, Especially in Areas of Significant Community-Based Transmission|work=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/cloth-face-cover.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Scientific Brief: SARS-CoV-2 and Potential Airborne Transmission |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/scientific-brief-sars-cov-2.html |website=COVID-19 Published Science and Research |date=11 February 2020 |publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref>
 
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Those diagnosed with COVID-19 or who believe they may be infected are advised by the CDC to stay home except to get medical care, call ahead before visiting a healthcare provider, [[#Face masks and respiratory hygiene|wear a face mask]] before entering the healthcare provider's office and when in any room or vehicle with another person, cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue, regularly wash hands with soap and water and avoid sharing personal household items.<ref name="CDC2020IfSick">{{cite web|date=5 April 2020|title=What to Do if You Are Sick|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/if-you-are-sick/steps-when-sick.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214153016/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/steps-when-sick.html|archive-date=14 February 2020|access-date=24 April 2020|website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|vauthors=((Centers for Disease Control and Prevention))}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=10 March 2020|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Prevention & Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/prevention.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311163637/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/prevention.html|archive-date=11 March 2020|access-date=11 March 2020|work=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref>
 
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=== Vaccines ===
 
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{{Main|COVID-19 vaccine}}
 
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{{See also|History of COVID-19 vaccine development|Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines}}
 
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[[File:COVID-19 vaccination (2020).jpg|thumb|left|A doctor at [[Walter Reed National Military Medical Center]] receiving a COVID-19 vaccination in December 2020]]
 
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A COVID‑19 vaccine is a [[vaccine]] intended to provide [[acquired immunity]] against [[severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS‑CoV‑2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 ([[COVID‑19]]). Prior to the [[COVID‑19 pandemic]], an established body of knowledge existed about the structure and function of [[coronavirus]]es causing diseases like [[severe acute respiratory syndrome]] (SARS) and [[Middle East respiratory syndrome]] (MERS). This knowledge accelerated the development of various [[vaccine platform]]s during early 2020.<ref name="pmid33341119">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li YD, Chi WY, Su JH, Ferrall L, Hung CF, Wu TC |date=December 2020 |title=Coronavirus vaccine development: from SARS and MERS to COVID-19 |journal=Journal of Biomedical Science |volume=27 |issue=1 |page=104 |doi=10.1186/s12929-020-00695-2 |pmc=7749790 |pmid=33341119}}</ref> The initial focus of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines was on preventing symptomatic, often severe illness.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Subbarao K |date=July 2021 |title=The success of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and challenges ahead |journal=Cell Host & Microbe |volume=29 |issue=7 |pages=1111–1123 |doi=10.1016/j.chom.2021.06.016 |pmc=8279572 |pmid=34265245}}</ref> On 10 January 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 [[DNA sequencing|genetic sequence]] data was shared through [[GISAID]], and by 19 March, the global pharmaceutical industry announced a major commitment to address COVID‑19.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2021 |title=No one is safe unless everyone is safe |work=BusinessWorld |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/no-one-is-safe-unless-everyone-is-safe/ |access-date=24 February 2021 |vauthors=Padilla TB}}</ref> The COVID‑19 vaccines are widely credited for their role in reducing the severity and death caused by COVID‑19.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/danvergano/mrna-covid-vaccine-success |title=COVID-19 Vaccines Work Way Better Than We Had Ever Expected. Scientists Are Still Figuring Out Why. |date=5 June 2021 | vauthors = Vergano D |website=[[BuzzFeed News]] |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mallapaty|first1=Smriti|last2=Callaway|first2=Ewen|last3=Kozlov|first3=Max|last4=Ledford|first4=Heidi|last5=Pickrell|first5=John|last6=Van Noorden|first6=Richard|date=16 December 2021|title=How COVID vaccines shaped 2021 in eight powerful charts|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-03686-x|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=600|issue=7890|pages=580–583|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-03686-x|pmid=34916666|bibcode=2021Natur.600..580M|s2cid=245262732}}</ref>
 
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As of late-December 2021, more than 4.49 billion people had received one or more doses<ref>{{Cite news| vauthors = Holder J |date=29 January 2021 |title=Tracking Coronavirus Vaccinations Around the World  |work=The New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/world/covid-vaccinations-tracker.html |access-date=23 December 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> (8+ billion in total) in over 197 countries. The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine was the most widely used.<ref>{{Cite news|author=The Visual and Data Journalism Team|title=Covid vaccines: How fast is progress around the world?|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-56237778|access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref>
 
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=== Treatment ===
 
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{{Main|Treatment and management of COVID-19}}
 
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For the first two years of the pandemic no specific, effective treatment or cure was available.<ref name="BMJLivingReview">{{cite journal | vauthors = Siemieniuk RA, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Zeraatkar D, Izcovich A, Kum E, Pardo-Hernandez H, Qasim A, Martinez JP, Rochwerg B, Lamontagne F, Han MA, Liu Q, Agarwal A, Agoritsas T, Chu DK, Couban R, Cusano E, Darzi A, Devji T, Fang B, Fang C, Flottorp SA, Foroutan F, Ghadimi M, Heels-Ansdell D, Honarmand K, Hou L, Hou X, Ibrahim Q, Khamis A, Lam B, Loeb M, Marcucci M, McLeod SL, Motaghi S, Murthy S, Mustafa RA, Neary JD, Rada G, Riaz IB, Sadeghirad B, Sekercioglu N, Sheng L, Sreekanta A, Switzer C, Tendal B, Thabane L, Tomlinson G, Turner T, Vandvik PO, Vernooij RW, Viteri-García A, Wang Y, Yao L, Ye Z, Guyatt GH, Brignardello-Petersen R | display-authors = 6 | title = Drug treatments for covid-19: living systematic review and network meta-analysis | journal = BMJ | volume = 370 | pages = m2980 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32732190 | pmc = 7390912 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.m2980 }}</ref><ref name="AutoDW-63">{{cite web | title=Coronavirus|url=https://www.webmd.com/lung/coronavirus|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201075444/https://www.webmd.com/lung/coronavirus|archive-date=1 February 2020|access-date=1 February 2020|work=WebMD}}</ref> In 2021, the European Medicines Agency's (EMA) Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) approved the oral antiviral [[Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)|protease inhibitor]], [[Paxlovid]] (nirmatrelvir plus [[AIDS]] drug [[ritonavir]]), to treat adult patients.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 December 2021|title=EMA CHMP advises use of Pfizer's Covid-19 oral antiviral Paxlovid|url=https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/news/ema-chmp-pfizer-paxlovid/|url-status=live|access-date=18 December 2021|website=www.pharmaceutical-technology.com}}</ref> FDA later gave it an EUA.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paxlovid LOA 12222021 {{!}} FDA|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/155049|access-date=23 December 2021|website=www.fda.gov}}</ref>
 
−
[[File:Respiradores da USP utilizados do Incor (50119127303).jpg|thumb|A critically ill patient receiving invasive ventilation in the intensive care unit of the [[Heart Institute, University of São Paulo]] in July 2020. Due to a shortage of mechanical ventilators, a [[resuscitator|bridge ventilator]] is being used to automatically actuate a [[bag valve mask]].]]
 
−
Most cases of COVID-19 are mild. In these, supportive care includes medication such as [[paracetamol]] or [[NSAID]]s to relieve symptoms (fever,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Islam MA, Kundu S, Alam SS, Hossan T, Kamal MA, Hassan R | title = Prevalence and characteristics of fever in adult and paediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 17515 patients | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 16 | issue = 4 | pages = e0249788 | date = 6 April 2021 | pmid = 33822812 | pmc = 8023501 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0249788 | s2cid = 233173405 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2021PLoSO..1649788I }}</ref> body aches, cough), adequate intake of oral fluids and rest.<ref name="AutoDW-63" /><ref>Multiple sources:
 
−
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Qin Q | title = Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control measures | journal = Journal of Medical Virology | volume = 92 | issue = 6 | pages = 568–576 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32134116 | pmc = 7228347 | doi = 10.1002/jmv.25748 | doi-access = free }}
 
−
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Martel J, Ko YF, Young JD, Ojcius DM | title = Could nasal nitric oxide help to mitigate the severity of COVID-19? | journal = Microbes and Infection | volume = 22 | issue = 4–5 | pages = 168–171 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32387333 | pmc = 7200356 | doi = 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.002 }}
 
−
* {{cite web | title=Coronavirus recovery: breathing exercises|url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus/coronavirus-recovery-breathing-exercises|access-date=30 July 2020|website=hopkinsmedicine.org|publisher=Johns Hopkins Medicine}}</ref> Good personal hygiene and a [[healthy diet]] are also recommended.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang L, Wang Y, Ye D, Liu Q | title = Review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on current evidence | journal = International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents | volume = 55 | issue = 6 | page = 105948 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32201353 | pmc = 7156162 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105948 }}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
[[Supportive care]] includes treatment to [[Symptomatic treatment|relieve symptoms]], [[Fluid replacement|fluid therapy]], [[oxygen support]] and [[prone positioning]], and medications or devices to support other affected vital organs.<ref>Multiple sources:
 
−
* {{cite journal|vauthors=Fisher D, Heymann D|date=February 2020|title=Q&A: The novel coronavirus outbreak causing COVID-19|journal=BMC Medicine|volume=18|issue=1|page=57|doi=10.1186/s12916-020-01533-w|pmc=7047369|pmid=32106852|doi-access=free}}
 
−
* {{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Liu K, Fang YY, Deng Y, Liu W, Wang MF, Ma JP, Xiao W, Wang YN, Zhong MH, Li CH, Li GC, Liu HG|date=May 2020|title=Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus cases in tertiary hospitals in Hubei Province|journal=Chinese Medical Journal|volume=133|issue=9|pages=1025–1031|doi=10.1097/CM9.0000000000000744|pmc=7147277|pmid=32044814|doi-access=free}}
 
−
* {{cite journal|vauthors=Wang T, Du Z, Zhu F, Cao Z, An Y, Gao Y, Jiang B|date=March 2020|title=Comorbidities and multi-organ injuries in the treatment of COVID-19|journal=Lancet|publisher=Elsevier BV|volume=395|issue=10228|pages=e52|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30558-4|pmc=7270177|pmid=32171074|doi-access=free}}</ref> More severe cases may need treatment in hospital. In those with low oxygen levels, use of the [[glucocorticoid]] [[dexamethasone]] is recommended, to reduce mortality.<ref>Multiple sources:
 
−
* {{cite journal | vauthors = | title = Update to living WHO guideline on drugs for covid-19 | journal = BMJ | volume = 371 | pages = m4475 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33214213 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.m4475 | s2cid = 227059995 | doi-access = free }}
 
−
* {{cite web | title=Q&A: Dexamethasone and COVID-19|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-dexamethasone-and-covid-19|access-date=11 July 2020|publisher=World Health Organization}}
 
−
* {{cite web | title=Home|url=http://covid19evidence.net.au/|access-date=11 July 2020|website=National COVID-19 Clinical Evidence Taskforce}}</ref> [[Noninvasive ventilation]] and, ultimately, admission to an [[intensive care unit]] for [[mechanical ventilation]] may be required to support breathing.<ref name="NIHGuidelines2020">{{cite web | title=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/|access-date=18 January 2021|website=nih.gov|publisher=National Institutes of Health}}</ref> [[Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]] (ECMO) has been used to address the issue of respiratory failure.<ref name="Guan Ni Hu Liang p.">{{cite journal | vauthors = Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, Liu L, Shan H, Lei CL, Hui DS, Du B, Li LJ, Zeng G, Yuen KY, Chen RC, Tang CL, Wang T, Chen PY, Xiang J, Li SY, Wang JL, Liang ZJ, Peng YX, Wei L, Liu Y, Hu YH, Peng P, Wang JM, Liu JY, Chen Z, Li G, Zheng ZJ, Qiu SQ, Luo J, Ye CJ, Zhu SY, Zhong NS | display-authors = 6 | title = Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 382 | issue = 18 | pages = 1708–1720 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32109013 | pmc = 7092819 | doi = 10.1056/nejmoa2002032 | publisher = Massachusetts Medical Society | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Henry 2020 p.">{{cite journal | vauthors = Henry BM | title = COVID-19, ECMO, and lymphopenia: a word of caution | journal = The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = e24 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32178774 | pmc = 7118650 | doi = 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30119-3 | publisher = Elsevier BV }}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
Existing drugs such as [[hydroxychloroquine]], [[lopinavir/ritonavir]], [[ivermectin]] and so-called early treatment are not recommended by US or European health authorities.<ref name="BMJLivingReview" /><ref name="Kim Read Fauci p=2149">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim PS, Read SW, Fauci AS | title = Therapy for Early COVID-19: A Critical Need | journal = JAMA | volume = 324 | issue = 21 | pages = 2149–2150 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33175121 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2020.22813 | publisher = American Medical Association (AMA) | s2cid = 226301949 | doi-access = free | author-link3 = Anthony Fauci }}</ref><ref name="NIHGuidelinesTherapeuticManagement">{{cite web | title=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/therapeutic-management|access-date=18 January 2021|website=nih.gov|publisher=National Institutes of Health}}/</ref> Two [[monoclonal antibody]]-based therapies are available for early use in high-risk cases.<ref name="NIHGuidelinesTherapeuticManagement" /> The antiviral [[remdesivir]] is available in the US, Canada, Australia, and several other countries, with varying restrictions; however, it is not recommended for use with mechanical ventilation, and is discouraged altogether by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO),<ref name="Hsu p=m4457">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hsu J | title = Covid-19: What now for remdesivir? | journal = BMJ | volume = 371 | pages = m4457 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33214186 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.m4457 | s2cid = 227060756 | doi-access = free }}</ref> due to limited evidence of its efficacy.<ref name="BMJLivingReview" />
 
−
 
 
−
=== Variants ===
 
−
{{Main|Variants of SARS-CoV-2}}
 
−
 
 
−
[[File:WHO EN 3 Working Together 03Mar2021.webm|thumb|279x279px|[[World Health Organization]] video describing how variants proliferate in unvaccinated areas]]
 
−
 
 
−
Several variants have been named by WHO and labelled as a [[variant of concern]] (VoC) or a [[variant of interest]] (VoI). They share the more infectious [[D614G mutation]]:<ref>{{cite web | title=Cases, Data, and Surveillance |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/variant-surveillance/variant-info.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=11 February 2021 |date=11 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Infographic: Mutation of SARS-CoV-2 – current variants of concern |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-infographic-mutations-current-variants-concern |website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control |date=19 April 2021 |access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 7 September 2021 | url=https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---7-september-2021|date=7 September 2021|access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref> Delta dominated and then eliminated earlier VoC from most jurisdictions. Omicron's [[immune escape]] ability may allow it to spread via [[breakthrough infection]]s, which in turn may allow it to coexist with Delta, which more often infects the unvaccinated.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 December 2021|title=A computational biologist weighs in on Omicron, the future of vaccines, and the CDC's variant forecast|url=https://www.statnews.com/2021/12/22/a-computational-biologist-weighs-in-on-omicron-the-future-of-vaccines-and-the-cdcs-variant-forecast/|access-date=22 December 2021|website=STAT}}</ref>
 
−
{| class="wikitable"
 
−
|+Variants
 
−
! Name !! Lineage !! Detected !! Countries !! Priority
 
−
|-
 
−
| [[SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant|Alpha]] || [[Lineage B.1.1.7|B.1.1.7]] ||UK|| 190 || VoC
 
−
|-
 
−
| [[SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant|Beta]] || [[Lineage B.1.351|B.1.351]] ||South Africa|| 140 || VoC
 
−
|-
 
−
| [[SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant|Delta]] || [[Lineage B.1.617.2|B.1.617.2]] ||India|| 170 ||VoC
 
−
|-
 
−
|[[SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant|Gamma]] || [[Lineage P.1|P.1]] ||Brazil|| 90 ||VoC
 
−
|-
 
−
|[[SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant|Lambda]] || [[Lineage C.37|C.37]] ||Peru|| 30 ||VoI
 
−
|-
 
−
|[[SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant|Mu]] || [[Lineage B.1.621|B.1.621]] ||Colombia|| 57 || VoI
 
−
|-
 
−
|[[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant|Omicron]] || [[Lineage B.1.1.529|B.1.1.529]] || Botswana || 77 ||VoC<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-59427770 Coronavirus: EU to block flights after Belgium new variant case] ''[[BBC]]''</ref>
 
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
=== Prognosis ===
 
−
{{Further|COVID-19#Prognosis}}
 
−
The severity of COVID-19 varies. The disease may take a mild course with few or no symptoms, resembling other common upper respiratory diseases such as the [[common cold]]. In 3–4% of cases (7.4% for those over age 65) symptoms are severe enough to cause hospitalization.<ref name="pmid33087398">{{cite journal | vauthors = Doshi P | title = Will covid-19 vaccines save lives? Current trials aren't designed to tell us | journal = BMJ | volume = 371 | pages = m4037 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 33087398 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.m4037 | s2cid = 224817161 }}</ref> Mild cases typically recover within two weeks, while those with severe or critical diseases may take three to six weeks to recover. Among those who have died, the time from symptom onset to death has ranged from two to eight weeks. Prolonged [[prothrombin]] time and elevated [[C-reactive protein]] levels on admission to the hospital are associated with severe course of COVID-19 and with a transfer to ICU.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Baranovskii DS, Klabukov ID, Krasilnikova OA, Nikogosov DA, Polekhina NV, Baranovskaia DR, Laberko LA, Maneksha S, Harry TV, Durbin RP | display-authors = 6 | title = Letter: Acid secretion by gastric mucous membrane | journal = The American Journal of Physiology | volume = 229 | issue = 6 | pages = 21–25 | date = December 1975 | pmid = 33210948<!--Despite the error message it generates, the PMID is correct and valid as of 29 November 2020.--> | pmc = 7738209 | doi = 10.1080/03007995.2020.1853510 | s2cid = 227065216 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Christensen B, Favaloro EJ, Lippi G, Van Cott EM | title = Hematology Laboratory Abnormalities in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) | journal = Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis | volume = 46 | issue = 7 | pages = 845–849 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 32877961 | pmc = 7645834 | doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1715458 }}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
== Strategies ==
 
−
{{Main|Public health mitigation of COVID-19}}
 
−
[[File:20200410 Flatten the curve, raise the line - pandemic (English).gif|thumb|upright=1.5|Goals of mitigation include delaying and reducing peak burden on healthcare (''[[flattening the curve]]'') and lessening overall cases and health impact.<ref name="Lancet2020Flatten" /><ref name="RnW59" /> Moreover, progressively greater increases in healthcare capacity (''[[raising the line]]'') such as by increasing bed count, personnel, and equipment, help to meet increased demand.<ref name="Vox_20200407">{{cite news | vauthors = Barclay E, Scott D, Animashaun A |title=The US doesn't just need to flatten the curve. It needs to "raise the line." |url=https://www.vox.com/2020/4/7/21201260/coronavirus-usa-chart-mask-shortage-ventilators-flatten-the-curve |work=Vox |date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407155950/https://www.vox.com/2020/4/7/21201260/coronavirus-usa-chart-mask-shortage-ventilators-flatten-the-curve |archive-date=7 April 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
 
−
Many countries attempted to slow or stop the spread of COVID-19 by recommending, mandating or prohibiting behaviour changes, while others relied primarily on providing information. Measures ranged from public advisories to stringent lockdowns. Outbreak control strategies are divided into elimination and mitigation. Experts differentiate between elimination strategies (commonly known as "[[zero-COVID]]")  that aim to completely stop the spread of the virus within the community,<ref name=Barcelona >Anna Llupià, Rodríguez-Giralt, Anna Fité, Lola Álamo, Laura de la Torre, Ana Redondo, Mar Callau and Caterina Guinovart (2020) ''[https://www.isglobal.org/documents/10179/7943094/26_ISGlobal+COVID19+y+COVIDCero+o+Maxima+Supresion+EN/0a4e83bb-6257-4f5d-8960-16c323b464b2 What Is a Zero-COVID Strategy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103205923/https://www.isglobal.org/documents/10179/7943094/26_ISGlobal+COVID19+y+COVIDCero+o+Maxima+Supresion+EN/0a4e83bb-6257-4f5d-8960-16c323b464b2 |date=2022-01-03 }}'', Barcelona Institute for Global Health - COVID-19 & response strategy. "''The strategy of control and maximum suppression (zero-COVID) has been implemented successfully in a number of countries. The objective of this strategy is to keep transmission of the virus as close to zero as possible and ultimately to eliminate it entirely from particular geographical areas. The strategy aims to increase the capacity to identify and trace chains of transmission and to identify and manage outbreaks, while also integrating economic, psychological, social and healthcare support to guarantee the isolation of cases and contacts. This approach is also known as “Find, Test, Trace,
 
−
Isolate and Support” (FTTIS)''"</ref>  and mitigation strategies (commonly known as "[[flattening the curve]]") that attempt to lessen the effects of the virus on society, but which still tolerate some level of transmission within the community.<ref name=Livermore >{{cite web|author=[[David Livermore (microbiologist)|David Livermore]]|url=https://www.hartgroup.org/zero-covid-an-impossible-dream/|title='Zero Covid' - an impossible dream|date=March 28, 2021|publisher=HART – Health Advisory & Recovery Team|access-date=January 2, 2022|archive-date=January 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102070601/https://www.hartgroup.org/zero-covid-an-impossible-dream/|url-status=live}}</ref> These initial strategies can be pursued sequentially or simultaneously during the [[acquired immunity|acquired immunity phase]] through natural and [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccine-induced immunity]].<ref name="Bhopal2020">{{cite journal | last1 = Bhopal | first1 = Raj S | title = To achieve "zero covid" we need to include the controlled, careful acquisition of population (herd) immunity | journal = BMJ | date = 9 September 2020 | volume = 370 | page = m3487 | eissn = 1756-1833 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.m3487 | pmid = 32907816 | s2cid = 221538577 | url = }}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
''Nature'' reported in 2021 that 90% of immunologists who responded to a survey "think that the coronavirus will become endemic".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Phillips |first1=Nicky |title=The coronavirus is here to stay — here's what that means |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00396-2 |journal=Nature |access-date=3 January 2022 |pages=382–384  |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-00396-2 |date=16 February 2021|volume=590 |issue=7846 |pmid=33594289 |bibcode=2021Natur.590..382P |s2cid=231945680 }}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
=== Containment ===
 
−
{{see| Zero-COVID}}
 
−
Containment is undertaken to stop an outbreak from spreading into the general population. Infected individuals are isolated while they are infectious. The people they have interacted with are contacted and isolated for long enough to ensure that they are either not infected or no longer contagious. Screening is the starting point for containment. Screening is done by checking for symptoms to identify infected individuals, who can then be isolated or offered treatment.<ref name="f4SpW">{{cite web|title=Fever Screening &#124; IntelliSEC &#124; Durban, Johannesburg, Cape Town|url=https://intellisec.co.za/fever-screening/|website=IntelliSEC}}</ref>  The [[Zero-COVID]] strategy involves using public health measures such as [[contact tracing]], [[COVID-19 testing|mass testing]], [[Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic|border quarantine]], [[COVID-19 lockdowns|lockdowns]] and [[Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation|mitigation software]] in order to stop [[Transmission of COVID-19|community transmission]] of COVID-19 as soon as it is detected, with the goal of getting the area back to zero detected infections and resuming normal economic and social activities.<ref name=Barcelona /><ref name="Lancet-Li-2020">{{cite journal |journal=The Lancet |title=Active case finding with case management: the key to tackling the COVID-19 pandemic |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31278-2 |date=4 June 2020 |volume=396 |issue=10243 |pages=63–70 |first1=Zhongjie |last1=Li |first2=Qiulan |last2=Chen |first3=Luzhao |last3=Feng |first4=Lance |last4=Rodewald |first5=Yinyin |last5=Xia |first6=Hailiang |last6=Yu |first7=Ruochen |last7=Zhang |first8=Zhijie |last8=An |first9=Wenwu |last9=Yin |first10=Wei |last10=Chen |first11=Ying |last11=Qin |first12=Zhibin |last12=Peng |first13=Ting |last13=Zhang |first14=Daxin |last14=Ni |first15=Jinzhao |last15=Cui |first16=Qing |last16=Wang |first17=Xiaokun |last17=Yang |first18=Muli |last18=Zhang |first19=Xiang |last19=Ren |first20=Dan |last20=Wu |first21=Xiaojin |last21=Sun |first22=Yuanqiu |last22=Li |first23=Lei |last23=Zhou |first24=Xiaopeng |last24=Qi |first25=Tie |last25=Song |first26=George F |last26=Gao |first27=Zijian |last27=Feng|pmid=32505220 |pmc=7272157 }}</ref>  Successful containment or suppression reduces Rt to less than 1.<ref name="ImpCollege16mar2020" />
 
−
 
 
−
=== Mitigation ===
 
−
{{see|Flattening the curve}}
 
−
Should containment fail, efforts focus on mitigation: measures taken to slow the spread and limit its effects on the healthcare system and society.
 
−
Successful mitigation delays and decreases the epidemic peak, known as "flattening the [[epidemic curve]]".<ref name="Lancet2020Flatten" /> This decreases the risk of overwhelming health services and provides more time for developing vaccines and treatments.<ref name="Lancet2020Flatten" />
 
−
 
 
−
Individual behaviour changed in many jurisdictions. Many people worked from home instead of at their traditional workplaces.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bureau |first1=US Census |title=Those Who Switched to Telework Have Higher Income, Education and Better Health |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/03/working-from-home-during-the-pandemic.html |website=Census.gov |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
==== Non-pharmaceutical interventions ====
 
−
[[File:OCD handwash.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Person washing hands (hygiene)]]
 
−
[[Non-pharmaceutical intervention]]s that may reduce spread include personal actions such as [[Hand washing|hand hygiene]], wearing [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|face masks]], and self-quarantine; community measures aimed at reducing interpersonal contacts such as closing workplaces and schools and cancelling large gatherings; community engagement to encourage acceptance and participation in such interventions; as well as environmental measures such as surface cleaning.<ref name="community mitigation" /> Many such measures were criticised as [[hygiene theatre]].<ref name="Hygiene theatre">{{Cite news| vauthors = Thompson D |date=27 July 2020|title=Hygiene Theater Is a Huge Waste of Time|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/07/scourge-hygiene-theater/614599/|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426193738/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/07/scourge-hygiene-theater/614599/|archive-date=26 April 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
==== Other measures ====
 
−
More drastic actions, such as quarantining entire populations and strict travel bans have been attempted in various jurisdictions.<ref name="RwmYm" /> China and Australia's lockdowns have been the most strict. New Zealand implemented the most severe travel restrictions. South Korea introduced mass screening and localised quarantines, and issued alerts on the movements of infected individuals. Singapore provided financial support, quarantined, and imposed large fines for those who broke quarantine.<ref name="shZdf" />
 
−
 
 
−
==== Contact tracing ====
 
−
{{See also|Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation|Public health mitigation of COVID-19#Information technology}}
 
−
 
 
−
[[Contact tracing]] attempts to identify recent contacts of newly infected individuals, and to screen them for infection;<ref name="web" /> the traditional approach is to request a list of contacts from infectees, and then telephone or visit the contacts.
 
−
 
 
−
Another approach is to collect location data from mobile devices to identify those who have come in significant contact with infectees, which prompted privacy concerns.<ref name="IngramWard20200407">{{cite web|date=7 April 2020|title=Behind the global efforts to make a privacy-first coronavirus tracking app|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/behind-global-efforts-make-privacy-first-coronavirus-tracking-app-n1177871|access-date=10 April 2020|publisher=NBC News|vauthors=Ingram D, Ward J}}</ref> On 10 April 2020, Google and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] announced an initiative for privacy-preserving contact tracing.<ref name="0DF25">{{cite web | url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/04/10/apple-and-google-are-launching-a-joint-covid-19-tracing-tool/ |title=Apple and Google are launching a joint COVID-19 tracing tool for iOS and Android |website=TechCrunch |access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="20200410apple">{{cite web | url=https://www.apple.com/covid19/contacttracing/ |title=Privacy-Preserving Contact Tracing |date=10 April 2020 |website=Apple }}</ref> In Europe and in the US, [[Palantir Technologies]] initially provided COVID-19 tracking services.<ref name="0k3hR">{{cite news |title=Palantir provides COVID-19 tracking software to CDC and NHS, pitches European health agencies |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/01/palantir-coronavirus-cdc-nhs-gotham-foundry/ |access-date=22 April 2020 |work=TechCrunch}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
=== Health care ===
 
−
{{Further|Flattening the curve|list of countries by hospital beds|Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
 
−
[[File:Covid-19 SP - Santo Andre's hospital at peak of pandemic.jpg|A temporary hospital for COVID-19 patients in Brazil in March 2021|thumb]]
 
−
 
 
−
WHO described increasing capacity and adapting healthcare as a fundamental mitigation.<ref name="WHOEuropeResponse">{{cite web | url=http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov-technical-guidance/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-outbreak-technical-guidance-europe/hospital-readiness-checklist-for-covid-19 |title=Hospital readiness checklist for COVID-19 |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref> The ECDC and WHO's European regional office issued guidelines for hospitals and [[primary health care|primary healthcare services]] for shifting resources at multiple levels, including focusing laboratory services towards testing, cancelling elective procedures, separating and isolating patients, and increasing [[Intensive care unit|intensive care]] capabilities by training personnel and increasing [[ventilator]]s and beds.<ref name="WHOEuropeResponse" /><ref name="ECDCresponse">{{Cite report |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/checklist-hospitals-preparing-reception-and-care-coronavirus-2019-covid-19 |title=Checklist for hospitals preparing for the reception and care of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) patients |date=26 February 2020 |publisher=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control |access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref> The pandemic drove widespread adoption of [[telehealth]].<ref>Multiple sources:
 
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* {{cite journal | vauthors = Smith AC, Thomas E, Snoswell CL, Haydon H, Mehrotra A, Clemensen J, Caffery LJ | title = Telehealth for global emergencies: Implications for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) | journal = Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare | volume = 26 | issue = 5 | pages = 309–313 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32196391 | pmc = 7140977 | doi = 10.1177/1357633x20916567 }}
 
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* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ohannessian R, Duong TA, Odone A | title = Global Telemedicine Implementation and Integration Within Health Systems to Fight the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Call to Action | journal = JMIR Public Health and Surveillance | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = e18810 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32238336 | pmc = 7124951 | doi = 10.2196/18810 }}
 
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* {{cite journal | vauthors = Keshvardoost S, Bahaadinbeigy K, Fatehi F | title = Role of Telehealth in the Management of COVID-19: Lessons Learned from Previous SARS, MERS, and Ebola Outbreaks | journal = Telemedicine Journal and E-Health | volume = 26 | issue = 7 | pages = 850–852 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32329659 | doi = 10.1089/tmj.2020.0105 | s2cid = 216111135 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
 
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==== Improvised manufacturing ====
 
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Due to capacity [[supply chain]]s limitations, some manufacturers began [[3D printing]] material such as nasal swabs and ventilator parts.<ref name="technologyreview615420">{{cite news | vauthors = Temple J |title=How 3D printing could save lives in the coronavirus outbreak |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/615420/3d-printing-coronavirus-covid-19-medical-supplies-devices/ |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=MIT Technology Review}}</ref><ref name="aCPem">{{cite news | vauthors = Tibken S |title=3D printing may help supply more essential coronavirus medical gear |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/3d-printing-may-help-supply-more-essential-coronavirus-medical-gear/ |access-date=5 April 2020 |publisher=CNET}}</ref> In one example, an Italian startup received legal threats due to alleged [[patent infringement]] after reverse-engineering and printing one hundred requested ventilator valves overnight.<ref>Multiple sources:
 
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* {{cite news |title=[Updating] Italian hospital saves Covid-19 patients lives by 3D printing valves for reanimation devices |url=https://www.3dprintingmedia.network/covid-19-3d-printed-valve-for-reanimation-device/ |access-date=20 March 2020 |work=3D Printing Media Network |date=14 March 2020}}
 
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* {{cite news | vauthors = Peters J |title=Volunteers produce 3D-printed valves for life-saving coronavirus treatments |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/17/21184308/coronavirus-italy-medical-3d-print-valves-treatments |access-date=20 March 2020 |work=The Verge |date=17 March 2020}}
 
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* {{cite web | url=https://globalnews.ca/news/6695286/coronavirus-italy-3d-print-valves/ |title=Engineers 3D-print patented valves for free to save coronavirus patients in Italy |website=Global News}}</ref> On 23 April 2020, [[NASA]] reported building, in 37 days, a ventilator which is undergoing further testing.<ref name="NASA-20200423">{{cite news | vauthors = Good A, Greicius T |title=NASA Develops COVID-19 Prototype Ventilator in 37 Days |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-develops-covid-19-prototype-ventilator-in-37-days |date=23 April 2020 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="SPC-20200424">{{cite news | vauthors = Wall M |title=NASA engineers build new COVID-19 ventilator in 37 days |url=https://www.space.com/nasa-covid-19-ventilator-passes-test.html |date=24 April 2020 |work=[[Space.com]] |access-date=24 April 2020 }}</ref> Individuals and groups of [[Maker culture|makers]] created and shared [[open source]] designs, and manufacturing devices using locally sourced materials, sewing, and 3D printing. Millions of [[face shield]]s, protective gowns, and masks were made. Other ad hoc medical supplies included shoe covers, surgical caps, [[powered air-purifying respirator]]s, and [[hand sanitizer]]. Novel devices were created such as [[ear saver]]s, [[non-invasive ventilation]] helmets, and ventilator splitters.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Cavalcanti G, Cocciole C, Cole C, Forgues A, Jaqua V, Jones-Davis D, Merlo S |title=Design, Make, Protect: A report on the Open Source Maker and Manufacturer Response to the COVID-19 PPE Crisis |date=2021 |publisher=Open Source Medical Supplies & Nation of Makers |pages=18–22 |url=https://opensourcemedicalsupplies.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Design-Make-Protect_21.01.27.pdf |access-date=17 June 2021}}</ref>
 
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−
{{Main|Open Source Medical Supplies}}
 
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=== Herd immunity ===
 
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In July 2021, several experts expressed concern that achieving [[herd immunity]] may not be possible because Delta can transmit among vaccinated individuals.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|vauthors=Dyer O|date=August 2021|title=Covid-19: Delta infections threaten herd immunity vaccine strategy|journal=BMJ|volume=374|pages=n1933|doi=10.1136/bmj.n1933|pmid=34340962|s2cid=236778544}}</ref> CDC published data showing that vaccinated people could transmit Delta, something officials believed was less likely with other variants. Consequently, WHO and CDC encouraged vaccinated people to continue with non-pharmaceutical interventions such as masking, social distancing, and quarantining if exposed.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|date=13 August 2021|title=5 Things To Know About the Delta Variant|work=Yale Medicine News|url=https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/5-things-to-know-delta-variant-covid|access-date=18 August 2021|vauthors=Katella K}}</ref>
 
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== History ==
 
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{{Main|Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic}}
 
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{{see|Pandemic prevention|Pandemic predictions and preparations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
 
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−
=== 2019 ===
 
−
{{Main|Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019}}
 
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{{Image frame
 
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|content={{Interactive COVID-19 maps/Per capita confirmed cases}}
 
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|caption=Interactive timeline map of confirmed cases per million people<br />(drag circle to adjust; may not work on mobile devices)
 
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|link=Template:Interactive COVID-19 maps
 
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|mode=scrollable
 
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}}
 
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The [[outbreak]] was discovered in Wuhan in November 2019. It is possible that human-to-human transmission was happening before the discovery.<ref name="Hu2020natureReviews" /><ref name="Graham2020immunity" /> Based on a retrospective analysis starting from December 2019, the number of cases in Hubei gradually increased, reaching 60 by 20 December and at least 266 by 31 December.<ref name="original_report" />
 
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A [[pneumonia]] cluster was observed on 26 December and treated by Doctor [[Zhang Jixian]]. She informed the Wuhan Jianghan CDC on 27 December.<ref name="D54YB">{{cite web|last1=Lu|first1=Zikang (路子康)|script-title=zh:最早上报疫情的她，怎样发现这种不一样的肺炎|url=https://news.china.com/zw/news/13000776/20200209/37780703.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302165302/https://news.china.com/zw/news/13000776/20200209/37780703.html|archive-date=2 March 2020|access-date=11 February 2020|location=Beijing|language=zh-cn|script-website=zh:中国网新闻}}</ref> Vision Medicals reported the discovery of a [[novel coronavirus]] to the [[Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention|China CDC]] (CCDC) on 28 December.<ref name="AP OR">{{cite news| url=https://apnews.com/article/3c061794970661042b18d5aeaaed9fae|title=China delayed releasing coronavirus info, frustrating WHO|date=2 June 2020|work=Associated Press|access-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025163939/https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-health-ap-top-news-virus-outbreak-public-health-3c061794970661042b18d5aeaaed9fae |archive-date=25 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="caixintrace">{{Cite news |last1=Gao |first1=Yu (高昱) |script-title=zh:独家 {{!}} 新冠病毒基因测序溯源：警报是何时拉响的|trans-title=Exclusive {{!}} Tracing the New Coronavirus gene sequencing: when did the alarm sound|work=[[Caixin]]|date=26 February 2020|language=zh|url=http://china.caixin.com/2020-02-26/101520972.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227094018/http://china.caixin.com/2020-02-26/101520972.html|archive-date=27 February 2020|access-date=1 March 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
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−
On 30 December, a test report from CapitalBio Medlab addressed to Wuhan Central Hospital reported an erroneous positive result for [[SARS]], causing doctors there to alert authorities. Eight of those doctors, including [[Li Wenliang]] (who was also punished on 3{{nbsp}}January),<ref name="siStf" /> were later admonished by the police for spreading false rumours; and [[Ai Fen]] was reprimanded.<ref name="20200311theguardian">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/11/coronavirus-wuhan-doctor-ai-fen-speaks-out-against-authorities |title=Coronavirus: Wuhan doctor speaks out against authorities | vauthors = Kuo L |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 March 2020 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> That evening, Wuhan Municipal Health Commission (WMHC) issued a notice about "the treatment of pneumonia of unknown cause".<ref name="promedmail6864153">{{cite web | title=Undiagnosed pneumonia – China (HU): RFI |url=https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=6864153 |website=ProMED Mail |publisher=ProMED |access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref> The next day, WMHC made the announcement public, confirming 27 cases<ref name="AutoDW-69" /><ref name="PYMIR">{{cite news |url=https://news.163.com/19/1231/10/F1NGTJNJ00019K82.html |script-title=zh:武汉现不明原因肺炎 官方确认属实：已经做好隔离 |date=31 December 2019 |access-date=31 March 2020 |work=[[Xinhua News]] |via=[[163.com]]}}</ref><ref name="AutoDW-68" />—enough to trigger an investigation.<ref name="bbc50984025" />
 
−
 
 
−
On 31 December, the WHO office in China was informed of cases of the pneumonia cases<ref name="WHO report">{{cite web | title=Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) SITUATION REPORT – 1 |url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200121-sitrep-1-2019-ncov.pdf |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=7 June 2021 |date=20 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="AutoDW-69" /> and immediately launched an investigation.<ref name="bbc50984025" />
 
−
 
 
−
Official Chinese sources claimed that the early cases were mostly linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, which also sold live animals.<ref name="characteristicsZH" /> However, in May 2020, CCDC director [[George F. Gao|George Gao]] indicated the market was not the origin (animal samples had tested negative).<ref name="ALmAQ">{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-rules-out-animal-market-and-lab-as-coronavirus-origin-11590517508 |title=China Rules Out Animal Market and Lab as Coronavirus Origin | vauthors = Areddy JT |date=26 May 2020 |access-date=29 May 2020 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref>
 
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−
=== 2020 ===
 
−
{{Hatnote|Timelines of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 by month: [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020|January]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020|February]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020|March]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020|April]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020|May]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020|June]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020|July]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020|August]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020|September]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020|October]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020|November]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020|December]]}}
 
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[[File:2020-3-20 黄冈送别山东援鄂医疗队 黄梅戏大剧院.jpg|thumb|upright|Chinese medics in the city of [[Huanggang]], Hubei on 20 March 2020]]
 
−
On 11 January, WHO was notified by the Chinese National Health Commission that the outbreak was associated with exposures in the market, and that China had identified a new type of coronavirus, which it isolated on 7 January.<ref name="WHO report" />
 
−
 
 
−
Initially, the number of cases doubled approximately every seven and a half days.<ref name="Qun29Jan2020" /> In early and mid-January, the virus spread to other [[Provinces of China|Chinese provinces]], helped by the [[Chunyun|Chinese New Year migration]]. Wuhan was a transport hub and major rail interchange.<ref name="WHO report 28 February 2020" /> On 10 January, the virus' genome was shared through [[GISAID]].<ref>{{Cite news| vauthors = Padilla T |date=24 February 2021|title=No one is safe unless everyone is safe|work=BusinessWorld|url=https://www.bworldonline.com/no-one-is-safe-unless-everyone-is-safe/|access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref> A retrospective study published in March found that 6,174 people had reported symptoms by 20 January.<ref name="Epidemiology17Feb2020" /> A 24 January report indicated human transmission, recommended [[personal protective equipment]] for health workers, and advocated testing, given the outbreak's "pandemic potential".<ref name="Huang24Jan2020" /><ref name="Horton 18 March" /> On 31 January the first published modelling study warned of inevitable "independent self-sustaining outbreaks in major cities globally" and called for "large-scale public health interventions."<ref name="pmid32014114">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wu JT, Leung K, Leung GM | title = Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study | journal = Lancet | volume = 395 | issue = 10225 | pages = 689–697 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 32014114 | pmc = 7159271 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30260-9 }}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
On 30 January, 7,818 infections had been confirmed, leading WHO to declare the outbreak a [[Public Health Emergency of International Concern]] (PHEIC).<ref name="WHO_PHEICSR">{{cite web | date=30 January 2020|title=Novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV): Situation Report – 10|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200130-sitrep-10-ncov.pdf|access-date=14 October 2020|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref><ref name="WHO_PHEIC_decl2" /> On 11 March, WHO elevated it to a pandemic.<ref name="WHO_pandemicSR">{{cite web | date=11 March 2020|title=Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Situation Report – 51|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200311-sitrep-51-covid-19.pdf|access-date=14 October 2020|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref><ref name="WHOpandemic" />
 
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−
By 31 January, Italy had its first confirmed infections, in two tourists from China.<ref name="Corriere_20Jan" /> On 19 March, Italy overtook China as the country with the most reported deaths.<ref name="sky11960412">{{cite web | title=Coronavirus: Number of COVID-19 deaths in Italy surpasses China as total reaches 3,405 |url=https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-number-of-covid-19-deaths-in-italy-surpasses-china-as-total-reaches-3-405-11960412 |publisher=Sky News |access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref> By 26 March, the United States had overtaken China and Italy as the country with the highest number of confirmed infections.<ref name="NYT-20200326" /> Genomic analysis indicated that the majority of [[COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)|New York]]'s confirmed infections came from Europe, rather than directly from Asia.<ref name="20200408nytimes">{{cite news |title=Studies Show N.Y. Outbreak Originated in Europe |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/08/us/coronavirus-live-updates.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 April 2020}}</ref> Testing of prior samples revealed a person who was infected in France on 27 December 2019<ref name="France-retest">{{cite news |title=After retesting samples, French hospital discovers COVID-19 case from December |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-france-idUSKBN22G20L | vauthors = Irish J |date=4 May 2020 | veditors = Lough R, Graff P |work=Reuters |access-date=4 May 2020 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref name="Deslandes 2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Deslandes A, Berti V, Tandjaoui-Lambotte Y, Alloui C, Carbonnelle E, Zahar JR, Brichler S, Cohen Y | display-authors = 6 | title = SARS-CoV-2 was already spreading in France in late December 2019 | journal = International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents | volume = 55 | issue = 6 | page = 106006 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32371096 | pmc = 7196402 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106006 }}</ref> and a person in the United States who died from the disease on 6{{nbsp}}February.<ref name="PBS-2wks">{{cite web | title=2 died with coronavirus weeks before 1st U.S. virus death |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/2-died-with-coronavirus-weeks-before-1st-u-s-virus-death |date=22 April 2020 |website=PBS NewsHour |access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref>
 
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[[File:COVID-19 patient wearing scuba mask in absence of available artificial lung ventilation. Chernivtsi, Ukraine.jpg|left|thumb|A patient in Ukraine in May 2020 wears a [[Diving mask|scuba mask]] in the absence of [[artificial ventilation]].]]
 
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In April Russia sent a cargo plane with medical aid to the United States.<ref name="20200401themoscowtimes">{{cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Where Has Russia Sent Coronavirus Aid Around the World?|work=[[The Moscow Times]]|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/04/01/where-has-russia-sent-coronavirus-aid-around-the-world-a69825}}</ref>
 
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In October, WHO reported that one in ten people around the world may have been infected, or 780&nbsp;million people, while only 35&nbsp;million infections had been confirmed.<ref name="bbc_oneinten">{{Cite news|date=5 October 2020|title=One in 10 worldwide may have had Covid – WHO|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-54422023|access-date=14 October 2020}}</ref>
 
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On 9 November, [[Pfizer]] released trial results for a candidate vaccine, showing a 90% effectiveness against infection.<ref name="FEv4C">{{Cite news| vauthors = Boseley S, Olterman P |date=9 November 2020|title=Covid-19 vaccine candidate is 90% effective, says Pfizer|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/09/covid-19-vaccine-candidate-effective-pfizer-biontech|access-date=9 November 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> That day, [[Novavax]] entered an [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] Fast Track application for their vaccine.<ref name="NPZ5P">{{Cite news| vauthors = Linnane C |title=Novavax wins FDA fast track designation for COVID-19 vaccine candidate|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/novavax-wins-fda-fast-track-designation-for-covid-19-vaccine-candidate-2020-11-09|access-date=9 November 2020|website=MarketWatch}}</ref>
 
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On 14 December, [[Public Health England]] reported that a variant had been discovered in the UK's southeast, predominantly in [[Kent]]. The variant, later named [[Variant of Concern 202012/01|Alpha]], showed changes to the [[coronavirus spike protein|spike protein]] that could be more infectious. As of 13 December, 1,108 infections had been confirmed.<ref>{{cite web | title=PHE investigating a novel strain of COVID-19|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/phe-investigating-a-novel-strain-of-covid-19|website=GOV.UK|date=14 December 2020|access-date=15 December 2020 }}</ref>
 
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[[File:2020 12 27 mas vacunados en la residencia mixta 1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Vaccinations at a [[retirement home]] in [[Gijón]], Spain, in December 2020|alt=Elderly woman rolls up sleeve as two nurses administer a vaccine.]]
 
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On 4 February 2020, [[US Secretary of Health and Human Services]] [[Alex Azar]] waived liability for vaccine manufacturers.<ref name="mXTUz">{{cite web|name-list-style=vanc|date=4 February 2020|title=Notice of Declaration under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act for medical countermeasures against COVID-19|url=https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/legal/prepact/Pages/COVID19.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425015411/https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/legal/prepact/Pages/COVID19.aspx|archive-date=25 April 2020|access-date=22 April 2020|vauthors=Azar A}}</ref>
 
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=== 2021 ===
 
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{{Hatnote|Timelines of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021 by month: [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021|January]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021|February]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021|March]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021|April]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021|May]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021|June]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021|July]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021|August]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021|September]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021|October]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021|November]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021|December]]}}
 
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On 2 January, the [[SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant|Alpha]] variant, first discovered in the UK, had been identified in 33 countries.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Hauck G |title=More contagious COVID-19 strain identified in 3 states and 33 countries: What to know |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2021/01/02/new-covid-strain-b-117-explained/4112125001/ |website=USA Today |access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref>
 
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−
On 6 January, the [[Lineage P.1|Gamma variant]] was first identified in Japanese travellers returning from Brazil.<ref>{{cite web | title=Genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus: preliminary findings |url=https://virological.org/t/genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-manaus-preliminary-findings/586 |website=Virological |access-date=6 May 2021 |date=12 January 2021}}</ref>
 
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On 29 January, it was reported that the Novavax vaccine was 49% effective against the [[SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant|Beta]] variant in a clinical trial in South Africa.<ref>{{cite news |  vauthors = Nedelman M |title=South Carolina detects first US cases of coronavirus strain first seen in South Africa |date=28 January 2021 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/28/health/south-carolina-variant-south-africa/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Johnson CY |title=Novavax vaccine protects against coronavirus in variant hot spots but proved less effective against strain in South Africa |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/01/28/covid-vaccine-variant-south-africa/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref> The CoronaVac vaccine was reported to be 50.4% effective in a Brazil clinical trial.<ref>{{cite journal |title=COVID variants test immunity, NIH chief and China's mixed vaccine data |journal=Nature |page=497 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-00186-w |date=27 January 2021|volume=589 |issue=7843 |bibcode=2021Natur.589..497. |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 
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On 12 March, several countries stopped using the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine due to blood clotting problems, specifically [[cerebral venous sinus thrombosis]] (CVST).<ref>{{cite web | title=AstraZeneca defends COVID vaccine as handful of nations pause use over fear of blood clots |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/astrazeneca-defends-covid-vaccine-as-handful-of-nations-pause-use-over-fear-of-blood-clots/ |publisher=CBS News |access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref> On 20 March, the WHO and European Medicines Agency found no link to [[thrombus]], leading several countries to resume the vaccine.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 March 2021|title=WHO renews backing for AstraZeneca's COVID-19 jab as European countries resume vaccinations|work=[[SBS News]]|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/who-renews-backing-for-astrazeneca-s-covid-19-jab-as-european-countries-resume-vaccinations|access-date=21 March 2021}}</ref>
 
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In March WHO reported that an animal host was the most likely origin, without ruling out other possibilities.<ref name="who-origins-20210330">{{cite web|date=30 March 2021|title=WHO-convened global study of origins of SARS-CoV-2: China Part|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-convened-global-study-of-origins-of-sars-cov-2-china-part|access-date=31 March 2021|publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref><ref name="Maxmen2021whoReport" />
 
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The [[SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant|Delta variant]] was first identified in India. In mid-April, the variant was first detected in the UK and two months later it had metastasized into a third wave there, forcing the government to delay reopening that was originally scheduled for June.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Callaway E | title = Delta coronavirus variant: scientists brace for impact | journal = Nature | volume = 595 | issue = 7865 | pages = 17–18 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34158664 | doi = 10.1038/d41586-021-01696-3 | bibcode = 2021Natur.595...17C | s2cid = 235609029 }}</ref>
 
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On 10 November, Germany advised against the Moderna vaccine for people under 30.<ref>{{cite web|title=Germany Advises Against Moderna Covid Vaccine For People Under 30|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/germany-advises-against-moderna-covid-vaccine-for-people-under-30-2605574|access-date=23 December 2021|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
 
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On 24 November, the [[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant|Omicron variant]] was detected in South Africa; a few days later the World Health Organization declared it a VoC (variant of concern).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fink |first1=Jenni |title=Omicron variant that may resist vaccines found in all U.S. states |url=https://www.newsweek.com/omicron-variant-that-may-resist-vaccines-found-all-us-states-1656826 |website=Newsweek |access-date=25 December 2021  |date=22 December 2021}}</ref> The new variant is more infectious than the Delta variant.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karim |first1=Salim S Abdool |last2=Karim |first2=Quarraisha Abdool |title=Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant: a new chapter in the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=Lancet |date=2021 |volume=398 |issue=10317 |pages=2126–2128 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02758-6 |pmid=34871545 |pmc=8640673 |issn=0140-6736}}</ref>
 
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===2022===
 
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{{Hatnote|Timelines of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022 by month: [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022|January]]}}
 
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On 1 January, Europe passed 100 million cases amidst a surge in the Omicron variant.<ref>{{cite web |title=Europe Tops 100 Million Coronavirus Cases in Pandemic |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/omicron-coronavirus-variant-sweeps-across-the-globe/6377972.html |website=VOA |access-date=2 January 2022 }}</ref>
 
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On 14 January, the World Health Organization recommended two new treatments, Baricitinib, and Sotrovimab (although conditionally).<ref>{{cite web |title=World Health Organization recommends 2 new COVID treatments |url=https://news.yahoo.com/world-health-organization-recommends-2-024202907.html |website=news.yahoo.com |access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref>
 
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== National responses ==
 
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    **** Please get a consensus at the talk before adding a section for any new country here. ****
 
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{{Main|COVID-19 lockdowns|COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory|National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
 
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<!-- This map has been commented out because of concerns raised about its inaccuracy (see "Map of world lockdowns is inaccurate" at talk). Please do not bring it back until they have been addressed.
 
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[[File:COVID-19 Outbreak lockdowns.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Map of national and subnational lockdowns as of 27 May 2020 ([[Template:COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns|table]]; [[National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic#In other countries|more details]]){{Dubious|date=June 2020}}
 
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{{Block indent|{{legend|#003380|National lockdown}}{{legend|#80b3ff|Subnational lockdown}}{{legend|silver|No lockdown}}|left=2}}]] -->
 
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National reactions ranged from strict lockdowns to public education.<ref name="IVdfl" /> WHO recommended that curfews and lockdowns should be short-term measures to reorganise, regroup, rebalance resources, and protect the health care system.<ref name="58tIM">{{cite news |  url =https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-10-12/world-health-organization-coronavirus-lockdown-advice/12753688 | title =WHO doctor says lockdowns should not be main coronavirus defence | vauthors = Doyle M | date =11 October 2020 | newspaper =ABC News | access-date =25 October 2020}}</ref>
 
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As of 26 March 2020, 1.7&nbsp;billion people worldwide were under some form of lockdown.<ref name="theguardian500000">{{cite news | vauthors = Jones S, Kassam A |title=Spain defends response to coronavirus as global cases exceed 500,000 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/26/spanish-coronavirus-deaths-slow-as-world-nears-500000-cases |access-date=29 March 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=26 March 2020}}</ref> This increased to 3.9&nbsp;billion people by the first week of April—more than half the [[World population|world's population]].<ref name="20200403euronews">{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: Half of humanity now on lockdown as 90 countries call for confinement |url=https://www.euronews.com/2020/04/02/coronavirus-in-europe-spain-s-death-toll-hits-10-000-after-record-950-new-deaths-in-24-hou |work=[[Euronews]] |date=3 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="20200328businessinsider">{{cite news |title=A third of the global population is on coronavirus lockdown – here's our constantly updated list of countries and restrictions |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/countries-on-lockdown-coronavirus-italy-2020-3 |work=Business Insider |date=28 March 2020}}</ref>
 
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=== Asia ===
 
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{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in Asia}}
 
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As of the end of 2021, Asia's peak had come at the same time and at the same level as the world as a whole, in May 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=COVID-19 Data Explorer|url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/coronavirus-data-explorer?zoomToSelection=true&time=2020-04-11..latest&facet=none&pickerSort=asc&pickerMetric=location&Metric=Confirmed+cases&Interval=7-day+rolling+average&Relative+to+Population=true&Align+outbreaks=false&country=USA~South+America~Asia~Europe~Africa~OWID_WRL|url-status=live|access-date=9 December 2021|website=Our World in Data}}</ref> However, cumulatively they had experienced only half the world average.<ref>{{cite web|title=COVID-19 Data Explorer|url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/coronavirus-data-explorer?zoomToSelection=true&time=2020-04-11..latest&facet=none&pickerSort=asc&pickerMetric=location&Metric=Confirmed+cases&Interval=Cumulative&Relative+to+Population=true&Align+outbreaks=false&country=USA~South+America~Asia~Europe~Africa~OWID_WRL|url-status=live|access-date=9 December 2021|website=Our World in Data}}</ref>
 
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[[File:塔子湖体育中心改造的方舱医院 07.jpg|thumb|A [[Fangcang Hospital|temporary hospital]] constructed in [[Wuhan]] in February 2020]]
 
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China opted for containment, inflicting strict lockdowns to eliminate spread.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Burki T | title = China's successful control of COVID-19 | journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases | volume = 20 | issue = 11 | pages = 1240–1241 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33038941 | pmc = 7544475 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30800-8 }}</ref><ref>Multiple sources:
 
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* {{Cite magazine| vauthors = Hessler P |title=How China Controlled the Coronavirus|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/08/17/how-china-controlled-the-coronavirus|access-date=4 January 2021|magazine=The New Yorker}}
 
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* {{cite web | title=China's response shows how bold decision-making can contain coronavirus|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/chinas-response-shows-how-bold-decision-making-can-contain-coronavirus/|access-date=4 January 2021|website=World Economic Forum}}
 
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* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kupferschmidt K, Cohen J |date=2 March 2020|title=China's aggressive measures have slowed the coronavirus. They may not work in other countries|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/china-s-aggressive-measures-have-slowed-coronavirus-they-may-not-work-other-countries|journal=Science|doi=10.1126/science.abb5426|s2cid=216508232|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>
 
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The vaccines distributed in China included the [[Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine|BIBP]], [[Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine|WIBP]], and [[CoronaVac]].<ref>{{cite web |vauthors=Pike LL |title=In China, nearly 1 million people have reportedly already gotten a coronavirus vaccine |url=https://www.vox.com/2020/11/25/21612338/does-china-have-a-covid-19-vaccine-1-million-sinopharm-sinovac |website=Vox |access-date=26 November 2020 |date=25 November 2020}}</ref> It was reported on 11 December 2021 that China had vaccinated 1.162 billion of its citizens, or 82.5% of the total population of the country against COVID-19.<ref>{{cite web |title=China vaccinates over 80% of its people against COVID-19 |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/china-vaccinates-over-80-its-people-against-covid-19-2021-12-11/ |website=Reuters |access-date=11 December 2021  |date=11 December 2021}}</ref> Multiple sources cast doubt upon the accuracy of China's death tolls, with some suggesting intentional data suppression.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=30 May 2021|title=Covid-19 deaths in Wuhan seem far higher than the official count|url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/05/30/covid-19-deaths-in-wuhan-seem-far-higher-than-the-official-count|magazine=[[The Economist]]|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Thomas L |date=8 June 2020|title=Cremation numbers reveal possible suppression of true COVID-19 data in China|url=https://www.news-medical.net/news/20200608/Cremation-numbers-reveal-possible-suppression-of-true-COVID-19-data-in-China.aspx|website=www.news-medical.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=1 April 2020|title=How accurate are China's virus numbers?|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/how-accurate-are-chinas-virus-numbers|website=[[PBS NewsHour]]}}</ref>
 
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The first case in India was reported on 30 January 2020. India ordered a nationwide lockdown starting 24 March 2020,<ref name="mrGsK">{{Cite news| vauthors = Gettleman J, Schultz K |date=24 March 2020|title=Modi Orders 3-Week Total Lockdown for All 1.3 Billion Indians|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/24/world/asia/india-coronavirus-lockdown.html|access-date=2 August 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> with a phased unlock beginning 1 June 2020. Six cities accounted for around half of reported cases—[[COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra|Mumbai]], [[COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi|Delhi]], [[COVID-19 pandemic in Gujarat|Ahmedabad]], [[COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu|Chennai]], [[COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra|Pune]] and [[COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal|Kolkata]].<ref name="sHMHJ">{{cite web | title=Infections over 1 lakh, five cities with half the cases: India's coronavirus story so far|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/05/19/infections-coronavirus-1-lakh-five-cities-with-half-the-cases.html|access-date=20 May 2020|website=The Week}}</ref> A second wave hit India in April 2021, straining healthcare services.<ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Yeung J, Sud V |title=India's second Covid wave hits like a 'tsunami' as hospitals buckle under weight|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/21/india/india-covid-hospital-shortage-intl-hnk/index.html|access-date=26 April 2021|publisher=CNN}}</ref> On 21 October 2021, it was reported that the country had surpassed 1 billion vaccinations.<ref>{{cite web |title=India Has Hit The 100-crore Vaccination Mark |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/india-has-hit-the-100-crore-vaccination-mark-7607041.html |website=Moneycontrol |access-date=28 December 2021 }}</ref>
 
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[[File:Disinfection of Tehran subway wagons against coronavirus 2020-02-26 09.jpg|thumb|left|Disinfection of [[Tehran Metro]] trains against COVID-19 transmission. Similar measures have also been taken in other countries.<ref name="2kQpo">{{cite web | url=https://www.tvn-2.com/nacionales/Coronavirus-en-Panama-Metro-limpieza_0_5531446820.html |title=Realizan jornada de limpieza en vagones del Metro de Panamá |date=12 March 2020 |publisher=Tvn-2.com |access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref>]]
 
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Iran reported its first confirmed cases on 19 February 2020 in [[Qom]].<ref name="wHBRB" /><ref name="4yrqM" /> Early measures included the cancellation of concerts and other cultural events,<ref name="Xm5nq" /> Friday prayers,<ref name="Urdn6" /> and education shutdowns.<ref name="2YX6a" /> Iran became a centre of the pandemic in February 2020.<ref name="HHOnl" /><ref name="New Yorker" /> More than ten countries had traced their outbreaks to Iran by 28 February, indicating a more severe outbreak than the 388 reported cases.<ref name="New Yorker" /><ref name="D2Xpc" /> The [[Islamic Consultative Assembly|Iranian Parliament]] closed, after 23 of its 290 members tested positive on 3{{nbsp}}March 2020.<ref name="fXv2K" /> At least twelve sitting or former Iranian politicians and government officials had died by 17 March 2020.<ref name="oxtUC" /> By August 2021, the pandemic's fifth wave peaked, with more than 400 deaths in 1 day.<ref>{{cite web|date=5 August 2021|title=Iranian Hospitals Overflow As Number Of Reported COVID-19 Cases Passes 4 Million|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-covid-4-million/31393785.html|access-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805130006/https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-covid-4-million/31393785.html|archive-date=5 August 2021}}</ref>
 
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COVID-19 was confirmed in South Korea on 20 January 2020. Military bases were quarantined after tests showed three infected soldiers.<ref name="b82186" /> South Korea introduced what was then considered the world's largest and best-organised screening programme, isolating infected people, and tracing and quarantining contacts.<ref name="science20200317" /> Screening methods included mandatory self-reporting by new international arrivals through mobile application,<ref name="nbcnews1167376">{{cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/how-south-korea-flattened-its-coronavirus-curve-n1167376 |title=This is how South Korea flattened its coronavirus curve | vauthors = Moon G |publisher=NBC News |access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref> combined with [[drive-through]] testing,<ref name="CvyZS" /> and increasing testing capability to 20,000 people/day.<ref name="fdhQW" /> Despite some early criticisms,<ref name="imx38" /> South Korea's programme was considered a success in controlling the outbreak without quarantining entire cities.<ref name="science20200317" /><ref name="Wypis" /><ref name="joins23778577">{{cite web | script-title=ko:'K방역 극찬' 빌 게이츠, KT 손잡고 제2 코로나 막을 연구에 60억 투자 |url=https://news.joins.com/article/23778577 |date=17 May 2020 |script-website=ko:중앙일보 |language=ko |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref>
 
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=== Europe ===
 
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{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in Europe}}
 
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[[File:Persons died due to coronavirus COVID-19 per capita in Europe.svg|upright=1.35|thumb|left|Deaths per 100,000 residents]]
 
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The global COVID-19 pandemic arrived in [[Europe]] with its first confirmed case in [[Bordeaux]], [[COVID-19 pandemic in France|France]], on 24 January 2020, and subsequently spread widely across the continent. By 17 March 2020, every country in Europe had confirmed a case,<ref>{{cite tweet|user=MeGovernment|number=1239992049350447104|title=Two COVID-19 cases confirmed in Montenegro|date=17 March 2020|accessdate=17 March 2020}}</ref> and all have reported at least one death, with the exception of [[COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City|Vatican City]]. [[COVID-19 pandemic in Italy|Italy]] was the first European nation to experience a major outbreak in early 2020, becoming the first country worldwide to introduce a national [[COVID-19 lockdowns in Italy|lockdown]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Saglietto A, D'Ascenzo F, Zoccai GB, De Ferrari GM | title = COVID-19 in Europe: the Italian lesson | language = English | journal = Lancet | volume = 395 | issue = 10230 | pages = 1110–1111 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32220279 | pmc = 7118630 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30690-5 }}</ref> By 13 March 2020, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) declared Europe the epicentre of the pandemic<ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Nebehay S |date=13 March 2020|title=Europe is epicenter of coronavirus pandemic: WHO|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-who/europe-is-epicenter-of-coronavirus-pandemic-who-idUSKBN2102Q0|work=Reuters|access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=13 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: Europe now epicentre of the pandemic, says WHO|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51876784|publisher=BBC|access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref> and it remained so until the WHO announced it has been overtaken by [[COVID-19 pandemic in South America|South America]] on 22 May.<ref>{{cite news| vauthors = Feuer W |date=22 May 2020|title=South America is a 'new epicenter' of the coronavirus pandemic, WHO says|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/22/south-america-is-a-new-epicenter-of-the-coronavirus-pandemic-who-says.html}}</ref> By 18 March 2020, more than 250&nbsp;million people were in [[Stay-at-home order|lockdown]] in Europe.<ref>{{cite news| vauthors = Henley J |date=18 March 2020|title=More than 250m in lockdown in EU as Belgium and Germany adopt measures|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/18/coronavirus-lockdown-eu-belgium-germany-adopt-measures|url-status=live|access-date=4 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401085742/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/18/coronavirus-lockdown-eu-belgium-germany-adopt-measures|archive-date=1 April 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Despite [[deployment of COVID-19 vaccines]], Europe became the pandemic's epicentre once again in late 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=COVID-19's epicentre again: Europe faces fresh reckoning|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/12/covid-19s-epicentre-again-europe-faces-fresh-reckoning|access-date=19 November 2021|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=With Covid cases rising, Europe is back at the epicenter of the pandemic |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/who-says-europe-back-epicenter-covid-pandemic-despite-vaccines-n1283263 |website=NBC News |access-date=15 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
 
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The Italian outbreak began on 31 January 2020, when two Chinese tourists tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in Rome.<ref name="Corriere_20Jan" /> Cases began to rise sharply, which prompted the government to suspend flights to and from China and declare a state of emergency.<ref name="thelocal-flight" /> On 22 February 2020, the Council of Ministers announced a new decree-law to contain the outbreak, including quarantining more than 50,000 people in northern Italy.<ref name="AutoDW-201" /> On 4 March the Italian government ordered schools and universities closed as Italy reached a hundred deaths. Sport was suspended completely for at least one month.<ref name="Kv4Ld" /><!-- We should summarise restrictions generally for Europe as a continent, not for various individual countries. At a high level, restrictions can be categorised into broadly similar groups. --> On 11 March Conte stopped nearly all commercial activity except supermarkets and pharmacies.<ref name="SWDJe" /><ref name="1B1Ui" /> On 19 March Italy overtook China as the country with the most COVID-19-related deaths.<ref name="To26Y" /><ref name="ClzT6" /> On 19 April the first wave ebbed, as 7-day deaths declined to 433.<ref name="thehill493586">{{cite web | vauthors = Coleman J |title=Italy sees fewest coronavirus deaths in a week |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/europe/493586-italy-sees-fewest-coronavirus-deaths-in-a-week |website=The Hill |access-date=20 April 2020 |date=19 April 2020 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> On 13 October, the Italian government again issued restrictive rules to contain the second wave.<ref name="KhaW7">{{cite news |title=Conte firma il dpcm: stop a movida e gite, niente didattica a distanza |url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/politica/2020/10/12/coronavirus-conte-dpcm-nuove-misure-anti-covid-stretta_f39a3a5d-1412-48eb-9e73-c2c0009fd90b.html |access-date=13 October 2020 |agency=ansa.it |date=13 October 2020}}</ref> On 10 November Italy surpassed 1&nbsp;million confirmed infections.<ref name="8XEwk">{{cite web | title=Italy passes 1 million Covid-19 cases, France overtakes Russia |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/3109462/coronavirus-italy-passes-1-million-cases-joining-10-worst-hit |website=South China Morning Post |access-date=13 November 2020 |date=12 November 2020}}</ref> On 23 November, it was reported that the second wave of the virus had led some hospitals to stop accepting patients.<ref>{{cite web | title=Coronavirus: Clinics in Naples, Italy, on the brink of collapse | date=23 November 2020 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-clinics-in-naples-italy-on-the-brink-of-collapse/a-55703503 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref>
 
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The virus was first confirmed to have spread to [[Spain]] on 31 January 2020, when a German tourist tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in [[La Gomera]], Canary Islands.<ref name="SanidadConfirmaEnLaGomera">{{cite news|title=Sanidad confirma en La Gomera el primer caso de coronavirus en España|url=https://elpais.com/sociedad/2020/01/31/actualidad/1580509404_469734.html|website=[[El Pais]]|access-date=31 January 2020|date=31 January 2020|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131225909/https://elpais.com/sociedad/2020/01/31/actualidad/1580509404_469734.html|archive-date=31 January 2020|url-status=live | vauthors = Linde P }}</ref> Post-hoc genetic analysis has shown that at least 15 strains of the virus had been imported, and [[community transmission]] began by mid-February.<ref name="genetic analysis">{{cite news | vauthors = Ansede M |title=El análisis genético sugiere que el coronavirus ya circulaba por España a mediados de febrero |url=https://elpais.com/ciencia/2020-04-22/el-analisis-genetico-sugiere-que-el-coronavirus-ya-circulaba-por-espana-a-mediados-de-febrero.html |access-date=23 April 2020 |work=El País |date=22 April 2020 |language=es}}</ref> On 29 March, it was announced that, beginning the following day, all non-essential workers were ordered to remain at home for the next 14 days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-nz/news/world/spain-poised-to-tighten-coronavirus-lockdown-after-record-daily-toll/ar-BB11S9Gj|title=Spain poised to tighten coronavirus lockdown after record daily toll|publisher=MSN|access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> The number of cases increased again in July in a number of cities including [[Barcelona]], [[Zaragoza]] and [[Madrid]], which led to reimposition of some restrictions but no national lockdown.<ref name=bbc25july>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-53539015 |title=Coronavirus: Spain drives fears of European 'second wave' |date=25 July 2020 |publisher=BBC }}</ref><ref name="elpais6aug">{{cite news |url=https://english.elpais.com/spanish_news/2020-08-06/spains-basque-region-admits-to-second-wave-of-covid-19.html |title=Spain's Basque region admits to second wave of Covid-19 |work=El País |date=6 August 2020 }}</ref><ref name="telegraph aug16">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/08/14/spain-shuts-nightlife-amid-fears-major-second-wave-coronavirus/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/08/14/spain-shuts-nightlife-amid-fears-major-second-wave-coronavirus/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Spain shuts down nightlife amid fears of major second wave of coronavirus| vauthors = Badcock J |date=14 August 2020 |work=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/coronavirus/news/spain-wont-declare-another-national-state-of-alarm-allows-regions-to-lockdown-if-necessary/ |title=Spain won't declare another national state of alarm, allows regions to lockdown if necessary |date=26 August 2020 |work=Euroactiv }}</ref> By September 2021, Spain was one of the countries with the highest percentage of its population vaccinated (76% fully vaccinated and 79% with the first dose),<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Ritchie H, Mathieu E, Rodés-Guirao L, Appel C, Giattino C, Ortiz-Ospina E, Hasell J, Macdonald B, Beltekian D, Roser M | display-authors = 6 |date=5 March 2020|title=Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)|url=https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations|journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> while also being one of the countries more in favour of vaccines against COVID-19 (nearly 94% of its population were already vaccinated or wanted to be).<ref>{{cite web|title=·CIS·Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas·Avance de resultados del estudio 3330 Barómetro de julio 2021|url=http://www.cis.es/cis/opencms/ES/NoticiasNovedades/InfoCIS/2021/Documentacion_3330.html|access-date=2 October 2021|website=www.cis.es}}</ref> However, as of January 21, 2022, this figure had only increased to 80.6%. Nevertheless, Spain leads Europe for per-capita full-vaccination rates. Italy is ranked 2nd at 75%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ritchie|first=Hannah|last2=Mathieu|first2=Edouard|last3=Rodés-Guirao|first3=Lucas|last4=Appel|first4=Cameron|last5=Giattino|first5=Charlie|last6=Ortiz-Ospina|first6=Esteban|last7=Hasell|first7=Joe|last8=Macdonald|first8=Bobbie|last9=Beltekian|first9=Diana|last10=Roser|first10=Max|date=2020-03-05|title=Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)|url=https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations|journal=Our World in Data}}</ref><!-- We should summarise vaccination status for Europe as a continent, not for dozens of individual countries. -->
 
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[[File:Wee Annie, Kempock Street, face mask.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|The "Wee Annie" statue in [[Gourock, Scotland|Gourock]], Scotland, was given a face mask during the pandemic.]]
 
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Sweden differed from most other European countries in that it mostly remained open.<ref name="NYT20200515">{{cite news | vauthors = Leatherby L |title=Sweden Stayed Open. A Deadly Month Shows the Risks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/05/15/world/europe/sweden-coronavirus-deaths.html |access-date=18 May 2020 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Per the Swedish Constitution, the [[Public Health Agency of Sweden]] has autonomy that prevents political interference and the agency favoured remaining open. The Swedish strategy focused on longer-term measures, based on the assumption that after lockdown the virus would resume spreading, with the same result.<ref name="7ys2k">{{cite web | vauthors = Milne R |date=8 May 2020|title=Architect of Sweden's no-lockdown strategy insists it will pay off|url=https://www.ft.com/content/a2b4c18c-a5e8-4edc-8047-ade4a82a548d|access-date=16 August 2020|website=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref><ref name="I06mN">{{cite web | title=Sverige diskuterar inte exitstrategier: "Vår strategi är hållbar, vi kan ligga kvar med den en väldigt lång tid"|url=https://svenska.yle.fi/artikel/2020/04/22/sverige-diskuterar-inte-exitstrategier-var-strategi-ar-hallbar-vi-kan-ligga-kvar|access-date=16 August 2020|website=svenska.yle.fi|language=sv-FI}}</ref> By the end of June, Sweden no longer had [[excess mortality]].<ref name="HEUrz">{{cite web | title=Inte längre någon överdödlighet i Sverige|url=https://www.dagensmedicin.se/artiklar/2020/06/25/inte-langre-nagon-overdodlighet-i-sverige/|access-date=16 August 2020|website=Dagens Medicin|language=sv}}</ref>
 
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[[Devolution in the United Kingdom]] meant that each of its four [[Countries of the United Kingdom|countries]] developed its own response. [[England]]'s restrictions were shorter-lived than the others.<ref name="8VnMf">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/britain/2020/06/06/devolution-has-become-less-dysfunctional-during-the-pandemic |title=Ignore the squabbling Devolution has become less dysfunctional during the pandemic |newspaper=The Economist |date=6 June 2020 |access-date=22 July 2020}}</ref> The [[Government of the United Kingdom|UK government]] started enforcing social distancing and quarantine measures on 18 March 2020.<ref name="PkWGD" /><ref name="Pkx25" /> On 16 March, Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]] advised against non-essential travel and social contact, praising [[Remote work|work from home]] and avoiding venues such as pubs, restaurants, and theatres.<ref name="5Q93q" /><ref name="hYdUy" /> On 20 March, the government ordered all leisure establishments to close,<ref name="dmBNt" /> and promised to prevent unemployment.<ref name="mV2p3" /> On 23 March, Johnson banned gatherings and restricted non-essential travel and outdoor activity. Unlike previous measures, these restrictions were enforceable by police through fines and dispersal of gatherings. Most non-essential businesses were ordered to close.<ref name="bbc-pm-2403" /> On 24 April 2020, it was reported that a promising vaccine trial had begun in England; the government pledged more than £50&nbsp;million towards research.<ref name="vKeXC">{{cite web | title=Large-scale human trial of potential COVID-19 vaccine kicks off at Oxford |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronavirus-vaccine-covid-19-human-clinical-trial-oxford-england/ |publisher=CBS News |access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref> On 16 April 2020, it was reported that the UK would have first access to the Oxford vaccine, due to a prior contract; should the trial be successful, some 30&nbsp;million doses would be available.<ref name="Lbt4o">{{cite web | title=Coronavirus updates: Texas reports single highest daily rate increase of infections |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/coronavirus-updates-texas-reports-single-highest-daily-rate-increase-of-infections/ar-BB14cpOY?ocid=spartan-dhp-feeds |publisher=MSN |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> On 2 December 2020, the UK became the first developed country to approve the Pfizer vaccine; 800,000 doses were immediately available for use.<ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Mueller B |title=U.K. Approves Pfizer Coronavirus Vaccine, a First in the West |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/02/world/europe/pfizer-coronavirus-vaccine-approved-uk.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2 December 2020 |date=2 December 2020}}</ref>
 
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=== North America ===
 
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{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in North America}}
 
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The virus arrived in the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|United States]] on 13 January 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Second Travel-related Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Detected in United States |url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2020/p0124-second-travel-coronavirus.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |date=18 February 2020}}</ref> Cases were reported in all North American countries after [[COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Kitts and Nevis|Saint Kitts and Nevis]] confirmed a case on 25 March, and in all North American territories after [[COVID-19 pandemic in Bonaire|Bonaire]] confirmed a case on 16 April.<ref name="FirstBonaire_local">{{cite web| url=https://www.infobonaire.com/update-on-coronavirus-covid-19-by-bonaires-lt-governor/| title=Update on Coronavirus (COVID-19) by Bonaire's Lt. Governor InfoBonaire | website=The Bonaire Information Site| date=16 April 2020 |access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref>
 
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[[File:USNS Comfort New York City 2020.jpg|thumb|The hospital ship [[USNS Comfort (T-AH-20)|USNS ''Comfort'']] arrives in [[Manhattan]] on 30 March 2020.]]
 
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{{COVID-19 data/Text|US|cases}} confirmed cases have been reported in the United States with {{COVID-19 data/Text|US|deaths}} deaths, the most of any country, and [[COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country|the nineteenth-highest]] per capita worldwide.<ref name="JH Mortality">{{cite web|url= https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/data/mortality|title=Mortality Analyses|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]]|access-date=17 December 2020}}</ref> COVID-19 is the [[List of disasters in the United States by death toll|deadliest pandemic in U.S. history]];<ref>{{cite web|date=21 September 2021|title=COVID-19 surpasses 1918 flu as deadliest pandemic in U.S. history|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/covid-19-is-now-the-deadliest-pandemic-in-us-history|access-date=2 October 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref> it was the third-leading cause of death in the U.S. in 2020, behind heart disease and cancer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/us-coronavirus-deaths-top-3-million-e2bc856b6ec45563b84ee2e87ae8d5e7|title=US deaths in 2020 top 3 million, by far most ever counted| vauthors = Stobbe M |date=21 December 2020|access-date=22 December 2020|work=Associated Press }}</ref> From 2019 to 2020, U.S. life expectancy dropped by 3{{nbsp}}years for Hispanic Americans, 2.9{{nbsp}}years for African Americans, and 1.2{{nbsp}}years for white Americans.<ref name=Bosman>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/21/us/american-life-expectancy-report.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/21/us/american-life-expectancy-report.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited|title=U.S. Life Expectancy Plunged in 2020, Especially for Black and Hispanic Americans| vauthors = Bosman J, Kasakove S, Victor D |date=21 July 2021|access-date=21 July 2021|work=[[The New York Times]]|name-list-style=vanc}}{{cbignore}}</ref> These effects have persisted as U.S. deaths due to COVID-19 in 2021 exceeded those in 2020.<ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Shapiro E, Pereira I, Deliso M |date=6 October 2021|title=COVID-19 live updates: More Americans died of COVID this year than all of 2020|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/live-updates/covid-delta-surge/?id=80391228|access-date=6 October 2021|website=ABC News }}</ref> In the United States, COVID-19 vaccines became available in December 2020, under emergency use, beginning the [[COVID-19 vaccination in the United States|national vaccination program]], with the first vaccine officially approved by the [[Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration (FDA)]] on 23 August 2021.<ref>{{cite press release | title=FDA Approves First COVID-19 Vaccine | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=23 August 2021 | url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-covid-19-vaccine | access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref><!-- TODO: add sentence on Canada -->
 
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In March 2020, as cases of community transmission were confirmed [[COVID-19 pandemic in Canada|across Canada]], all of its provinces and territories declared states of emergency. Provinces and territories have, to varying degrees, implemented school and daycare closures, prohibitions on gatherings, closures of non-essential businesses and restrictions on entry. Canada severely restricted its border access, barring travellers from all countries with some exceptions.<ref>{{cite web| vauthors = McQuigge M |date=25 March 2020|title=The Quarantine Act explained, as isolation becomes mandatory for some|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/the-quarantine-act-explained-as-isolation-becomes-mandatory-for-some-1.4868457|access-date=4 April 2021|publisher=CTV News}}</ref> Cases surged across Canada, notably in the provinces of [[COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia|British Columbia]], [[COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta|Alberta]], [[COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec|Quebec]] and [[COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario|Ontario]], with the  formation of the [[Atlantic Bubble]], a [[Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic|travel-restricted]] area of the country (formed of the four [[Atlantic Canada|Atlantic provinces]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vocm.com/2020/12/23/covid-cases-in-atlantic-bubble-remain-low-as-cases-grow-across-canada/|title=COVID Cases in Atlantic Bubble Remain Low as Cases Grow Across Canada|first=Jolene|last=Grimes}}</ref>  Vaccine passports were adopted in all provinces and two of the territories.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/covid-nl-sept-7-2021-1.6166699 |title=Vaccine passports coming, Furey says, as N.L. reports 5 new cases |publisher=CBC News |date=September 7, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/03/world/canada/vaccine-passports-protests.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903220325/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/03/world/canada/vaccine-passports-protests.html |archive-date=2021-09-03 |url-access=limited|title=Vaccine Passports Roll Out, and So Do Unruly Anti-Vaccine Protests|first=Ian|last=Austen|date=September 3, 2021|work=The New York Times}}</ref>
 
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=== South America ===
 
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{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in South America}}
 
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[[File:(2020.04.17) Higienização entrada estação da CPTM (49784811813).jpg|thumb|Disinfection of public area in [[Itapevi]], Brazil in April 2020]]
 
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The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached South America on 26 February 2020 when Brazil confirmed a case in [[São Paulo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.as-coa.org/articles/where-coronavirus-latin-america |title=Where Is the Coronavirus in Latin America? | vauthors = orwitz L, Nagovitch P, Sonneland HK, Zissis C |website=AS/COA|access-date=22 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322095058/https://www.as-coa.org/articles/where-coronavirus-latin-america|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> By 3 April, all countries and territories in South America had recorded at least one case.<ref name="Stuff/Fairfax">{{cite web |url= https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/120818001/uncollected-bodies-lie-for-days-in-the-streets-of-ecuador-the-emerging-epicenter-of-the-coronavirus-in-latin-america |title=Uncollected bodies lie for days in the streets of Ecuador the emerging epicentre of the coronavirus in Latin America |publisher= Stuff/Fairfax |date=4 April 2020}}</ref> On 13 May 2020, it was reported that Latin America and the [[Caribbean]] had reported over 400,000 cases of COVID-19 infection with 23,091 deaths. On 22 May 2020, citing the rapid increase of [[COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil|infections in Brazil]], the [[World Health Organization]] WHO declared South America the epicentre of the pandemic.<ref>{{cite news |title=WHO declares that South America is the new coronavirus epicenter |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/05/22/coronavirus-update-us/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |accessdate=23 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Ward A |title=How South America became a coronavirus epicenter |url=https://www.vox.com/2020/5/26/21270376/south-america-covid-19-coronavirus-brazil-peru-chile |website=Vox |date=26 May 2020 |accessdate=28 May 2020}}</ref> As of 16 July 2021, South America had recorded 34,359,631 confirmed cases and 1,047,229 deaths from COVID-19. Due to a shortage of testing and medical facilities, it is believed that the outbreak is far larger than the official numbers show.<ref>{{cite web |title=How Brazil went from carnival floats to mass graves. Photos show what it's like in the world's latest coronavirus hotspot. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-show-brazil-emerging-as-new-global-coronavirus-hotspot-2020-5#in-early-april-brazilian-health-officials-confirmed-that-covid- |website=Business Insider |accessdate=28 May 2020}}</ref>
 
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The virus was confirmed to have spread to [[Brazil]] on 25 February 2020,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saude.gov.br/noticias/agencia-saude/46435-brasil-confirma-primeiro-caso-de-novo-coronavirus|title=Brasil confirma primeiro caso da doença|date=26 February 2020|publisher=[[Ministry of Health (Brazil)]] |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306155723/https://www.saude.gov.br/noticias/agencia-saude/46435-brasil-confirma-primeiro-caso-de-novo-coronavirus|archive-date=6 March 2020|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref> when a man from [[São Paulo]] who had traveled to [[Italy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/ciencia-e-saude/noticia/2020/02/26/ministerio-da-saude-fala-sobre-caso-possivel-paciente-com-coronavirus.ghtml|title=Ministério da Saúde confirma primeiro caso de coronavírus no Brasil |date=February 26, 2020|publisher=G1 |url-status=live|access-date=August 11, 2021}}</ref> tested positive for the virus. The disease had spread to every [[Federative units of Brazil|federative unit of Brazil]] by 21 March. On 19 June 2020, the country reported its one millionth case and nearly 49,000 reported deaths.<ref>{{cite news|last=Charner|first=Flora|date=19 June 2020|title=Brazil tops 1 million Covid-19 cases. It may pass the US next, becoming the worst-hit country on the planet|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/19/americas/brazil-one-million-coronavirus-jair-bolsonaro-cases-intl/index.html|access-date=19 June 2020|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Painel Coronavírus|url=https://covid.saude.gov.br/|access-date=12 June 2020|website=}}</ref> One estimate of [[Under-reporting#Disease|under-reporting]] was 22.62% of total reported COVID-19 mortality in 2020.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kupek |first1=E |title=How many more? Under-reporting of the COVID-19 deaths in Brazil in 2020. |journal=Tropical Medicine & International Health : TM & IH |date=18 May 2021 |volume=26 |issue=9 |pages=1019–1028 |doi=10.1111/tmi.13628 |pmid=34008266 |pmc=8242696}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=NK |title=Epidemiologic surveillance for controlling Covid-19 pandemic: types, challenges and implications. |journal=Journal of Infection and Public Health |date=November 2020 |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=1630–1638 |doi=10.1016/j.jiph.2020.07.019 |pmid=32855090 |pmc=7441991}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Santos |first1=Alcione Miranda Dos |last2=Souza |first2=Bruno Feres de |display-authors= etal |title=Excess deaths from all causes and by COVID-19 in Brazil in 2020 |journal=Rev Saude Publica |volume=55 |page=71 |date=2021 |pmid=34730751 |pmc=8522736 |doi=10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055004137}}</ref>  As of {{COVID-19 data/Date|format=d F Y}}, Brazil, with {{COVID-19 data/Text|BR|cases}} confirmed cases and {{COVID-19 data/Text|BR|deaths}} deaths, has the third-highest number of confirmed cases and second-highest death toll from COVID-19 in the world, behind only [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|those of the United States]] and [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|of India]].
 
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=== Africa ===
 
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{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in Africa}}
 
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[[File:Air Forces Africa delivers medical supplies to Ghana (49829156488).jpg|thumb|left|[[United States Air Force|US Air Force]] personnel unload a [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17]] aircraft carrying approximately {{convert|4000|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}} of medical supplies in [[Niamey]], [[Niger]] in April 2020.]]
 
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The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have spread to Africa on 14 February 2020, with the first confirmed case announced in [[COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt|Egypt]].<ref name="bbc_51509248">{{cite news |title=Beijing orders 14-day quarantine for all returnees |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51509248 |access-date=24 March 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214210032/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51509248 |archive-date=14 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt announces first Coronavirus infection |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/81641/Egypt-announces-first-Coronavirus-infection |access-date=24 March 2020 |work=[[Egypt Today]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215092410/https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/81641/Egypt-announces-first-Coronavirus-infection |archive-date=15 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The first confirmed case in [[sub-Saharan Africa]] was announced in [[COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria|Nigeria]] at the end of February 2020.<ref name="bbc_51671834">{{cite news |title=Nigeria confirms first coronavirus case |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51671834 |access-date=24 March 2020 |work=BBC News |date=28 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302181240/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51671834 |archive-date=2 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Within three months, the virus had spread throughout the continent, as [[Lesotho]], the last African sovereign state to have remained free of the virus, reported a case on 13 May 2020.<ref name=reuters_idUSKBN22P1R4>{{Cite news|date=13 May 2020|title=Remote Lesotho becomes last country in Africa to record COVID-19 case|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lesotho-idUSKBN22P1R4|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514053312/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lesotho-idUSKBN22P1R4|archive-date=14 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="latimes.com">{{cite web|title=Coronavirus live updates: Lesotho becomes last African nation to report a coronavirus case|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/liveblog/coronavirus-live-updates-wednesday-may-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513141447/https://www.latimes.com/california/liveblog/coronavirus-live-updates-wednesday-may-13|archive-date=13 May 2020|access-date=13 May 2020|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> By 26 May, it appeared that most African countries were experiencing community transmission, although testing capacity was limited.<ref name=theguardian_20200526_africa>{{cite web| vauthors = Akinwotu E |date=26 May 2020|title=Experts sound alarm over lack of Covid-19 test kits in Africa|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/may/26/africa-concerned-over-lack-of-coronavirus-testing-kits|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529155322/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/may/26/africa-concerned-over-lack-of-coronavirus-testing-kits|archive-date=29 May 2020|access-date=29 May 2020|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Most of the identified imported cases arrived from Europe and the United States rather than from China where the virus originated.<ref name="Africa Braces">{{cite news |last1=Maclean |first1=Ruth | name-list-style = vanc |title=Africa Braces for Coronavirus, but Slowly |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/world/africa/coronavirus-africa-burkina-faso.html |access-date=25 March 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325014602/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/world/africa/coronavirus-africa-burkina-faso.html |archive-date=25 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Many preventive measures [[National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa|have been implemented]] by different countries in Africa including travel restrictions, flight cancellations, and event cancellations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Here are the African countries with confirmed coronavirus cases |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html |access-date=24 March 2020 |work=[[CNN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322032350/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html |archive-date=22 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
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In early June 2021, Africa faced a third wave of COVID infections with cases rising in 14 countries.<ref name=theguardian_20210607_third>{{cite web|date=7 June 2021|title=Third wave sweeps across Africa as Covid vaccine imports dry up|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/07/third-wave-sweeps-across-africa-as-covid-vaccine-imports-dry-up|access-date=9 June 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> By 4 July the continent recorded more than 251,000 new COVID cases, a 20% increase from the prior week and a 12% increase from the January peak. More than sixteen African countries, including Malawi and Senegal, recorded an uptick in new cases.<ref name="Mendez">{{cite web | vauthors = Mendez R |date=8 July 2021 |title=Africa suffers worst surge in Covid cases as delta variant spurs third wave of pandemic |url= https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/08/delta-variant-africa-suffers-worst-surge-in-covid-cases-officials-brace-for-third-wave.html |access-date=9 July 2021|website=CNBC}}</ref> The World Health Organization labelled it Africa's 'Worst Pandemic Week Ever'.<ref>{{Cite news| vauthors = Dahir AL |date=8 July 2021|title=Africa marks its 'worst pandemic week' yet, with cases surging and vaccine scarce, the W.H.O. says.|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/08/world/africa-coronavirus-cases-who.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/08/world/africa-coronavirus-cases-who.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited|access-date=9 July 2021|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
 
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=== Oceania ===
 
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{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania}}
 
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The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached [[Oceania]] on 25 January 2020 with the first confirmed case reported in [[Melbourne]], [[COVID-19 pandemic in Australia|Australia]].<ref name="AustraliaCase1">{{cite web |url=https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-greg-hunt-mp/media/first-confirmed-case-of-novel-coronavirus-in-australia|title=First confirmed case of novel coronavirus in Australia|date=25 January 2020|website=Australian Government Department of Health |access-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215171557/https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-greg-hunt-mp/media/first-confirmed-case-of-novel-coronavirus-in-australia|archive-date=15 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> It has since spread elsewhere in the region,<ref name="WHO Dashboard">{{cite web|url=https://covid19.who.int/|title=WHO COVID-19 Dashboard|date=24 April 2020|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=16 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416183953/https://covid19.who.int/|url-status=live}}</ref> although many small Pacific [[island country|island nations]] have thus far avoided the outbreak by closing their international borders. Two Oceania sovereign states ([[Nauru]] and [[Tuvalu]]) and one dependency ([[COVID-19 pandemic in the Cook Islands|Cook Islands]]) have yet to report an active case. [[COVID-19 pandemic in Australia|Australia]] and [[COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand|New Zealand]] were praised for their handling of the pandemic in comparison to other Western nations, with New Zealand and each state in Australia wiping out all community transmission of the virus several times even after re-introduction into the community.<ref name="reuters-oz-10days">{{cite news | vauthors = Pandey S |title=Australia records 10th day of no local COVID-19 cases |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-australia/update-1-australia-set-for-10th-day-of-no-local-covid-19-cases-idUSL1N2K201P |access-date=28 June 2021 |work=Reuters |date=27 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="bloomberg-oz-tassie-price">{{cite news | vauthors = Scott J  |title= Australia's Island State Pays High Price for Virus Victory |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-24/the-high-price-of-beating-the-virus-on-one-pristine-island |access-date=28 June 2021 |work=www.bloomberg.com |date=24 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Cave D |title=One Case, Total Lockdown: Australia's Lessons for a Pandemic World |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/01/world/australia/perth-lockdown.html |access-date=15 April 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331200902/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/01/world/australia/perth-lockdown.html |archive-date=31 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
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As a result of the high transmissibility of the Delta variant however, by August 2021, the Australian states of [[New South Wales]] and [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] had conceded defeat in their eradication efforts.<ref>{{Cite news| vauthors = Briggs C |date=1 September 2021|title=Another state has given up on COVID zero. It shows Delta is a formidable foe|work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-02/victoria-and-nsw-abandon-covid-zero-analysis/100426124|access-date=29 October 2021}}</ref> In early October 2021, New Zealand also abandoned its elimination strategy.<ref name="The Guardian NZ abandons elimination">{{cite news | vauthors = Corlett E |title=New Zealand Covid elimination strategy to be phased out, Ardern says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/04/new-zealand-covid-strategy-in-transition-ardern-says-as-auckland-awaits-lockdown-decision |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004002428/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/04/new-zealand-covid-strategy-in-transition-ardern-says-as-auckland-awaits-lockdown-decision |archive-date=4 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NZH NZ abandons elimination">{{cite news | vauthors = Coughlan T |title=Covid 19 Delta outbreak: Jacinda Ardern promises easing of some restrictions under transition plan |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/covid-19-delta-outbreak-jacinda-ardern-promises-easing-of-some-restrictions-under-transition-plan/3HOBMEANSDIAHDTFO7FKIJQUPI/ |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004115424/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/covid-19-delta-outbreak-jacinda-ardern-promises-easing-of-some-restrictions-under-transition-plan/3HOBMEANSDIAHDTFO7FKIJQUPI/ |archive-date=4 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
=== Antarctica ===
 
−
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica}}
 
−
Due to its remoteness and sparse population, [[Antarctica]] was the last [[continent]] to have confirmed cases of COVID-19 and was one of the last regions of the world affected directly by the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite news| vauthors = Taylor A, Pitrelli S |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/03/24/one-continent-remains-untouched-by-coronavirus-antarctica/|title=One continent remains untouched by the coronavirus: Antarctica|date=24 March 2020|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401225655/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/03/24/one-continent-remains-untouched-by-coronavirus-antarctica/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = Torres E |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/life-antarctica-continent-case-coronavirus/story?id=69716325|title=What life is like on Antarctica, the only continent without a case of coronavirus|date=20 March 2020|work=ABC News|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401135314/https://abcnews.go.com/International/life-antarctica-continent-case-coronavirus/story?id=69716325|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Agence France-Presse|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/australasia/article/3077724/pacific-islands-antarctic-bases-coronavirus-free-living-some|title=Pacific islands, Antarctic bases: coronavirus-free living in some of Earth's most isolated places|date=31 March 2020|work=South China Morning Post|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403015046/https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/australasia/article/3077724/pacific-islands-antarctic-bases-coronavirus-free-living-some|url-status=live}}</ref> The first cases were reported in December 2020, almost a year after the first cases of COVID-19 were detected in China. At least 36 people are confirmed to have been infected.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 December 2020|title=Reportan brote de coronavirus en base chilena en la Antártida|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/agencias/2020/12/21/reportan-brote-de-coronavirus-en-base-chilena-en-la-antartida/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223065428/https://www.infobae.com/america/agencias/2020/12/21/reportan-brote-de-coronavirus-en-base-chilena-en-la-antartida/|archive-date=23 December 2020|access-date=21 December 2020|website=infobae|language=es-ES}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
== Responses ==
 
−
{{Further|Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic|International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
 
−
[[File:China COVID19 test kit PH donation 8.jpg|thumb|Donated medical supplies received in the Philippines|alt=Workers unloading boxes of medical supplies at Villamor Air Base]]
 
−
The pandemic shook the world's economy, with especially severe economic damage in the United States, Europe, and Latin America.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imf.org/en/About/FAQ/imf-response-to-covid-19|title=The IMF's Response to COVID-19|author=IMF}}</ref> A consensus report by American intelligence agencies in April 2021 concluded, "Efforts to contain and manage the virus have reinforced nationalist trends globally, as some states turned inward to protect their citizens and sometimes cast blame on marginalized groups." COVID-19 inflamed partisanship and polarisation around the world as bitter arguments exploded over how to respond. International trade was disrupted amid the formation of no-entry enclaves.<ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Barnes JE | title=U.S. Intelligence Report Warns of Global Consequences of Social Fragmentation | website=[[The New York Times]] | date=8 April 2021 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/08/us/politics/intelligence-global-trends-report-pandemic.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/08/us/politics/intelligence-global-trends-report-pandemic.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited | access-date=8 May 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
=== Travel restrictions ===
 
−
{{Main|Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
 
−
 
 
−
The pandemic led many countries and regions to impose quarantines, entry bans, or other restrictions, either for citizens, recent travellers to affected areas,<ref name="20200326nytimes">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/coronavirus-travel-restrictions.html |title=Coronavirus Travel Restrictions, Across the Globe |date=26 March 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> or for all travellers.<ref name="Kh5YZ">{{cite web | url=https://www.smartraveller.gov.au/COVID-19-australian-travellers |title=Coronavirus (COVID-19) – information for Australian travellers |date=9 April 2020 |publisher=Australian Government}}</ref> Travel collapsed worldwide, damaging the travel sector. The effectiveness of travel restrictions was questioned as the virus spread across the world.<ref name="20200224nationalgeographic">{{cite news | vauthors = Nsikan A |title=Coronavirus spikes outside China show travel bans aren't working |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/02/why-travel-restrictions-are-not-stopping-coronavirus-covid-19/ |access-date=2 April 2020 |work=National Geographic |date=24 February 2020}}</ref> One study found that travel restrictions only modestly affected the initial spread, unless combined with other [[infection prevention and control]] measures.<ref name="DJYtB">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chinazzi M, Davis JT, Ajelli M, Gioannini C, Litvinova M, Merler S, Pastore Y, Piontti A, Mu K, Rossi L, Sun K, Viboud C, Xiong X, Yu H, Halloran ME, Longini IM, Vespignani A | display-authors = 6 | title = The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak | journal = Science | volume = 368 | issue = 6489 | pages = 395–400 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32144116 | pmc = 7164386 | doi = 10.1126/science.aba9757 | author-link15 = Ira M. Longini, Jr. | author-link16 = Alessandro Vespignani | bibcode = 2020Sci...368..395C }}</ref> Researchers concluded that "travel restrictions are most useful in the early and late phase of an epidemic" and "restrictions of travel from Wuhan unfortunately came too late".<ref name="283GD">{{cite news |title=COVID-19: Study shows that travel restrictions are most useful in the early and late phase of an epidemic |url=https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/news/covid-19-travel-restrictions-study/ |work=Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford |date=25 March 2020}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
The [[European Union]] rejected the idea of suspending the [[Schengen Agreement|Schengen free travel zone]].<ref name="dw52497811">{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-eu-rules-out-schengen-border-closures-amid-italy-outbreak/a-52497811 |title=Coronavirus: EU rules out Schengen border closures amid Italy outbreak |date=24 February 2020 |publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref><ref name="20200313euractiv">{{cite news |title=Commission chief warns against unilateral virus travel bans |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/commission-chief-warns-against-unilateral-virus-travel-bans/ |work=[[EURACTIV]] |date=13 March 2020}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
=== Repatriation of foreign citizens ===
 
−
{{Main|Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
 
−
[[File:Ukraine evacuates Ukrainian and foreign citizens from Wuhan 16.jpg|thumb|Ukraine evacuates Ukrainian and foreign citizens from [[Wuhan]], China.]]
 
−
 
 
−
Several countries repatriated their citizens and diplomatic staff from Wuhan and surroundings, primarily through [[Air charter|charter flights]]. Canada, the United States, Japan, India,<ref name="FLdHv">{{cite web | title=Coronavirus in India: Latest Map and Case Count |url=https://www.covid19india.org/ |access-date=11 June 2020 |website=covid19india.org}}</ref> Sri Lanka, Australia, France, Argentina, Germany, and Thailand were among the first to do so.<ref name="AutoDW-169" /> Brazil and New Zealand evacuated their own nationals and others.<ref name="AutoDW-171" /><ref name="6l9jG" /> On 14 March, South Africa repatriated 112 South Africans who tested negative, while four who showed symptoms were left behind.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web | url=https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/repatriated-citizens-be-reunited-families |title=Repatriated citizens to be reunited with families |website=SANews.gov.zanews24.com |date=29 March 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref> Pakistan declined to evacuate its citizens.<ref name="20200131dialoguepakistan" />
 
−
 
 
−
On 15 February, the US announced it would evacuate Americans aboard the [[Diamond Princess outbreak|Diamond Princess]] [[cruise ship]],<ref name="AutoDW-174" /> and on 21 February, Canada evacuated 129 Canadians from the ship.<ref name="AutoDW-175" /> In early March, the Indian government began repatriating its citizens from Iran.<ref name="czjOG" /><ref name="indiatimes74647353">{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/4th-batch-of-53-indians-evacuated-from-iran-s-jaishankar/articleshow/74647353.cms |title=4th batch of 53 Indians evacuated from Iran: S Jaishankar |date=16 March 2020 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref> On 20 March, the United States began to withdraw some troops from Iraq.<ref name="USWithdraw">{{cite web | url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/488618-us-led-coalition-in-iraq-drawing-down-over-coronavirus-concerns |title=US-led coalition in Iraq drawing down over coronavirus concerns |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=20 March 2020 | vauthors = Kheel R |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
=== United Nations ===
 
−
{{Main|United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
 
−
In June 2020, the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] launched the UN Comprehensive Response to COVID-19.<ref name="Krm4a">{{cite web | date=25 June 2020|title=UN tallies action so far to fight COVID-19, and roadmap out of the pandemic|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/06/1067132|access-date=4 August 2020|website=UN News}}</ref> The [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNSC) was criticised for its slow response, especially regarding the UN's [[global ceasefire]], which aimed to open up humanitarian access to conflict zones.<ref name=":22">{{cite web | date=9 April 2020|title=Global Ceasefire Call Deserves UN Security Council's Full Support|url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/global/global-ceasefire-call-deserves-un-security-councils-full-support|access-date=1 August 2020|website=Crisis Group}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
==== WHO ====
 
−
{{Main|World Health Organization's response to the COVID-19 pandemic|l1 = World Health Organization's response to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
 
−
[[File:13981214000744637189356214810969 نشست مدیران شهری با نمایندگان سازمان بهداشت جهانی.jpg|thumb|[[World Health Organization]] representatives holding joint meeting with [[Tehran]] city administrators in March 2020]]
 
−
The WHO spearheaded initiatives such as the [[COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund]] to raise money for the pandemic response, the [[UN COVID-19 Supply Chain Task Force]], and the [[solidarity trial]] for investigating potential treatment options for the disease. The [[COVAX]] program, co-led by the WHO, [[GAVI|Gavi]], and the [[Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations]] (CEPI), aimed to accelerate the development, manufacture, and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines, and to guarantee fair and equitable access across the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=COVAX|url=https://www.who.int/initiatives/act-accelerator/covax|access-date=9 December 2021|website=www.who.int}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
=== Protests against governmental measures ===
 
−
{{Main|Protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
 
−
In several countries, protests rose against restrictions such as lockdowns. A February 2021 study found that protests against restrictions were likely to directly increase spread.<ref>{{cite web | date=9 February 2021|title=German anti-lockdown protests led to more coronavirus cases, study finds|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/anti-corona-restrictions-protests-responsible-for-coronavirus-outbreak-study-shows/|access-date=17 February 2021|website=Politico}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
== Impact ==
 
−
{{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic}}
 
−
{{Further|Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic}}
 
−
 
 
−
=== Economics ===
 
−
{{Main|Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic}}
 
−
{{See also|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation|l1=Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology|l2=on science and technology|Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic|l3=on financial markets|2020 stock market crash|COVID-19 recession}}
 
−
[[File:Stock-indices-2020crash+recovery.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|A [[stock index]] chart shows the [[2020 stock market crash]].]]
 
−
 
 
−
The pandemic and responses to it damaged the global economy. On 27 February, worries about the outbreak crushed US stock indexes, which posted their sharpest falls since 2008.<ref name="U7teI" />
 
−
 
 
−
Tourism collapsed due to travel restrictions, closing of public places including travel attractions, and advice of governments against travel. Airlines cancelled flights, while British regional airline [[Flybe]] collapsed.<ref name="z2VrM" /> The cruise line industry was hard hit,<ref name="smh20200227">{{Cite news | vauthors = Turner B |url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/most-significant-crisis-in-the-history-of-travel-where-to-now-for-tourism-20200227-p5450j.html |title='Most significant crisis in the history of travel': where to now for tourism? |date=4 April 2020 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref> and train stations and ferry ports closed.<ref name="wnn7L" /> International mail stopped or was delayed.<ref name="wsj1158868721">{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/another-coronavirus-business-problem-skyrocketing-cost-of-air-cargo-11588687216 |title=You've Got Mail ... Finally: The Pandemic Is Jamming Up the World's Post |access-date=15 May 2020 |date=5 May 2020 | vauthors = Cherney M, Craymer L |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
The retail sector faced reductions in store hours or closures.<ref name="4QUSL" /> Retailers in Europe and Latin America faced traffic declines of 40 per cent. North America and Middle East retailers saw a 50–60 per cent drop.<ref name="20200402aislelabs">{{citation |url=https://www.aislelabs.com/blog/2020/04/02/how-retailers-globally-are-responding-to-coronavirus-updated-frequently/ |title=How Retailers Globally are Responding to Coronavirus by Aislelabs |newspaper=Aislelabs |date=2 April 2020|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref> Shopping centres faced a 33–43 per cent drop in foot traffic in March compared to February. Mall operators around the world coped by increasing sanitation, installing thermal scanners to check the temperature of shoppers, and cancelling events.<ref name="J6Y6Z" />
 
−
 
 
−
Hundreds of millions of jobs were lost.<ref name="aljazeera2004271718">{{cite news |title=Half the world's workers face losing their jobs, says ILO |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/world-workers-face-losing-jobs-ilo-200427171840169.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=29 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="20200506csmonitor">{{cite news |title=No jobs, so what future? Half the world's workforce on the edge |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/2020/0506/No-jobs-so-what-future-Half-the-world-s-workforce-on-the-edge |work=The Monitor |date=6 May 2020}}</ref> including more than 40&nbsp;million Americans.<ref name="20200528WaPo">{{cite news |title=Americans have filed more than 40 million jobless claims in past 10 weeks, as another 2.1 million filed for benefits last week | vauthors = Romm T |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/05/28/unemployment-claims-coronavirus/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=28 May 2020}}</ref> According to a report by [[Yelp]], about 60% of US businesses that closed will stay shut permanently.<ref name="vLHxV">{{cite news |title=Yelp data shows 60% of business closures due to the coronavirus pandemic are now permanent |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/16/yelp-data-shows-60percent-of-business-closures-due-to-the-coronavirus-pandemic-are-now-permanent.html |publisher=CNBC |date=16 September 2020}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
The [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) reported that the income generated in the first nine months of 2020 from work across the world dropped by 10.7 per cent, or $3.5&nbsp;trillion.<ref name="rd8bm">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-ilo/pandemic-slashes-worldwide-income-from-work-by-a-tenth-ilo-idUSKCN26E1SM|title=Pandemic slashes worldwide income from work by a tenth: ILO|access-date=23 September 2020|work=Reuters|date=23 September 2020| vauthors = Nebehay S }}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
==== Supply shortages ====
 
−
{{Main|Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
 
−
[[File:Ntuc super store, Singapore (49505410793).jpg|thumb|left|COVID-19 fears have led to panic buying of essentials across the world, including [[toilet paper]], dried and [[instant noodles]], bread, rice, vegetables, disinfectant, and [[rubbing alcohol]] (picture taken in February 2020).]]
 
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−
The outbreak was blamed for [[panic buying]], emptying groceries of essentials such as food, toilet paper, and bottled water. Panic buying stemmed from perceived threat, perceived scarcity, fear of the unknown, coping behaviour and social psychological factors (e.g. [[social influence]] and trust).<ref name="cSvA4">{{cite journal|vauthors=Yuen KF, Wang X, Ma F, Li KX|date=May 2020|title=The Psychological Causes of Panic Buying Following a Health Crisis|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=17|issue=10|page=3513|doi=10.3390/ijerph17103513|pmc=7277661|pmid=32443427|doi-access=free|s2cid=218856048}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
[[Shortage|Supply shortages]] were due to disruption to factory and logistic operations;<ref name="XvcU9" /> shortages were worsened by [[supply chain]] disruptions from factory and port shutdowns, and labour shortages.
 
−
 
 
−
Shortages continued as managers underestimated the speed of economic recovery after the initial economic crash. The technology industry, in particular, warned of delays from underestimates of semiconductor demand for vehicles and other products.<ref name="AutoDW-263" />
 
−
 
 
−
According to WHO's Adhanom, demand for [[personal protective equipment]] (PPE) rose one hundredfold, pushing prices up twentyfold.<ref name="AutoDW-275" /><ref name="AutoDW-276" /> PPE stocks were exhausted everywhere.<ref name="Mycfo" />
 
−
 
 
−
In September 2021, the [[World Bank]] reported that food prices remain generally stable and the supply outlook remains positive. However, the poorest countries witnessed a sharp increase in food prices, reaching the highest level since the pandemic began. The Agricultural Commodity Price Index stabilized in the third quarter but remained 17% higher than in January 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Food Security and COVID-19|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture/brief/food-security-and-covid-19|access-date=23 December 2021|website=World Bank}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
By contrast, petroleum products were in surplus at the beginning of the pandemic, as demand for gasoline and other products collapsed due to reduced commuting and other trips.<ref name="BBC, US oil prices, 21 April 2020">[https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52350082 US oil prices turn negative as demand dries up], BBC, 21 April 2020.</ref> The [[2021 global energy crisis]] was driven by a global surge in demand as the world economy recovered. Energy demand was particularly strong in Asia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Energy crunch: How high will oil prices climb? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/9/27/energy-crunch-how-high-will-oil-prices-climb |work=Al-Jazeera |date=27 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Covid is at the center of world's energy crunch, but a cascade of problems is fueling it |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/covid-center-world-energy-crunch-cascade-problems-fuel-rcna2688 |work=NBC News |date=8 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Energy Crisis 2021: How Bad Is It, And How Long Will It Last? |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/covid-center-world-energy-crunch-cascade-problems-fuel-rcna2688 |work=Forbes |date=19 October 2021}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
=== Culture ===
 
−
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture}}
 
−
[[File:Religious service live-streaming during the 2020 coronavirus pandemic.jpg|alt=A man wearing purple vestments and standing at an altar uses a mobile phone camera to record himself. Empty pews are visible in the background.|thumb|An American Catholic military chaplain prepares for a live-streamed [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] in an empty chapel at [[Offutt Air Force Base]] in March 2020.]]
 
−
 
 
−
The performing arts and [[cultural heritage sector]]s have been profoundly affected by the pandemic, impacting organisations' operations as well as individuals—both employed and independent—globally. By March 2020, across the world and to varying degrees, museums, libraries, performance venues, and other cultural institutions had been indefinitely closed with their exhibitions, events and performances cancelled or postponed.<ref name="v5Qlx">{{cite web | url=http://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/here-are-the-museums-that-have-closed-due-to-coronavirus |title=Here are the museums that have closed (so far) due to coronavirus |website=theartnewspaper.com |date=14 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> Some services continued through digital platforms,<ref name="ZljIY">{{cite web | url=http://mcn.edu/a-guide-to-virtual-museum-resources/ |title=The Ultimate Guide to Virtual Museum Resources |date=15 March 2020 |website=MCN |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="Burke2020" /><ref name="SxIEK" /> such as live streaming concerts<ref name="SZ5Mc" /> or web-based arts festivals.<ref name="mYlLn" />
 
−
 
 
−
=== Politics ===
 
−
{{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics}}
 
−
{{See also|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations}}
 
−
[[File:2020 coronavirus task force.jpg|alt=Meeting of the Italian government task force to face the coronavirus outbreak, 23 February 2020|thumb|An [[Conte II Cabinet|Italian government]] task force meets to discuss COVID-19 in February 2020.]]
 
−
 
 
−
The pandemic affected political systems, causing suspensions of legislative activities,<ref name="20200313nationalpost">{{cite news | url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadian-parliament-suspended-until-april-due-to-coronavirus-crisis |title=Federal government announces aggressive measures to battle COVID-19 as parliament suspended until April | vauthors = Tumilty R |date=13 March 2020 |newspaper=Nationalpost |access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref> isolations or deaths of politicians,<ref name="20200318foreignpolicy">{{cite web | url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/18/coronavirus-corridors-power-which-world-leaders-have-covid-19/ |title=Coronavirus in the Corridors of Power | vauthors = Mackinnon A, Palder D | date=18 March 2020 |website=Foreign Policy |access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref> and rescheduled elections.<ref name="20200427nytimes">{{Cite news | vauthors = Corasaniti N, Saul S |url= https://www.nytimes.com/article/2020-campaign-primary-calendar-coronavirus.html |title=15 States Have Postponed Primaries During the Pandemic. One Has Canceled. |date=27 April 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=30 April 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
Although they developed broad support among epidemiologists, NPIs (non-pharmaceutical interventions) were controversial in many countries. Intellectual opposition came primarily from  other fields, along with heterodox epidemiologists.<ref name="74OHE">''The Economist'', 4 April 2020, page 14.</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
On 23 March 2020, United Nations Secretary-General [[António Guterres|António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres]] appealed for a global ceasefire;<ref name="tFb4N">{{cite web | date=23 March 2020|title=Transcript of the Secretary-General's virtual press encounter on the appeal for global ceasefire|url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/press-encounter/2020-03-23/transcript-of-the-secretary-generals-virtual-press-encounter-the-appeal-for-global-ceasefire|access-date=1 August 2020|website=United Nations Secretary-General}}</ref><ref name="lzoeV">{{cite web | date=23 March 2020|title=COVID-19: UN chief calls for global ceasefire to focus on 'the true fight of our lives'|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/03/1059972|access-date=1 August 2020|website=UN News}}</ref> 172 UN member states and observers signed a non-binding supporting statement in June,<ref name="AGhvz">{{cite web | date=24 June 2020|title=170 signatories endorse UN ceasefire appeal during COVID crisis|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/06/1066982|access-date=1 August 2020|website=UN News}}</ref> and the [[UN Security Council]] passed a [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 2532|resolution]] supporting it in July.<ref name="9rN79">{{cite web | title=S/RES/2532(2020) – E – S/RES/2532(2020)|url=https://undocs.org/en/S/RES/2532(2020)|access-date=1 August 2020|website=undocs.org}}</ref><ref name="nJTuX">{{cite web | date=1 July 2020|title=Stalled Security Council resolution adopted, backing UN's global humanitarian ceasefire call|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/07/1067552|access-date=1 August 2020|website=UN News}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
==== China ====
 
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{{See|China–United States relations#COVID-19}}
 
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Multiple provincial-level administrators of the [[Communist Party of China]] were dismissed over their handling of quarantine measures. Some commentators claimed this move was intended to protect CCP [[General Secretary of the Communist Party|general secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]].<ref name="vLpPa" /> The [[US intelligence community]] claimed that China intentionally under-reported its COVID-19 caseload.<ref name="20200402nytimes">{{cite news |title=C.I.A. Hunts for Authentic Virus Totals in China, Dismissing Government Tallies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/us/politics/cia-coronavirus-china.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2 April 2020}}</ref> The Chinese government maintained that it acted swiftly and transparently.<ref name="hMc3w">{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-07/china-denies-cover-up-rejects-politicization-of-coronavirus?sref=nAHOTXiV |title=China Denies Cover-Up, Rejects 'Politicization' of Coronavirus |access-date=7 June 2020 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=7 June 2020 }}</ref><ref name="NF0y6">{{cite news | url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-06/07/c_139120863.htm |title=China CDC informs U.S. of COVID-19 on Jan. 4: white paper |access-date=7 June 2020 |agency=Xinhua News Agency}}</ref> Journalists and activists in China who reported on the pandemic were detained by authorities,<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 September 2020|title=Chen Qiushi: Chinese journalist missing since February 'under state supervision'|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-54277439|access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=23 April 2020|title=Li Zehua: Journalist who 'disappeared' after Wuhan chase reappears|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-52392762|access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref> including [[Zhang Zhan]], who was arrested and tortured.<ref>{{cite web | title=Covid-19 journalist tortured for exposing truth|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/urgent-actions/covid-19-journalist-tortured-exposing-truth|access-date=16 February 2021|website=amnesty.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=28 December 2020|title=Zhang Zhan: China jails citizen journalist for Wuhan reports|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-55463241|access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | date=10 December 2020|title=Citizen journalist detained over Wuhan reporting 'restrained and fed by tube'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/10/citizen-journalist-detained-over-wuhan-reporting-restrained-and-fed-by-tube|access-date=16 February 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref>
 
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==== Italy ====
 
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In early March, the Italian government criticised the EU's lack of solidarity with Italy.<ref name="Y27Kh" /><ref name="91jge" /><ref name="politico-corona">{{cite news |title=China is winning the coronavirus propaganda war |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/coronavirus-china-winning-propaganda-war/ |work=Politico |date=18 March 2020}}</ref> On 22 March, after a phone call with Italian Prime Minister [[Giuseppe Conte]], Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] ordered the [[Russian Armed Forces|Russian army]] to send military medics, disinfection vehicles, and other medical equipment to Italy.<ref name="reuters219081">{{cite news |title=Russian army to send coronavirus help to Italy after Putin phone call |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-russia-italy/russian-army-to-send-coronavirus-help-to-italy-after-putin-phone-call-idUSKBN219081 |work=Reuters |date=22 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="20200328insideover">{{cite news | vauthors = Vivaldelli R |title=Quelle polemiche infondate sugli aiuti russi all'Italia |url=https://it.insideover.com/politica/quelle-polemiche-infondate-sugli-aiuti-russi-allitalia.html |work=[[Il Giornale]] |date=28 March 2020}}</ref>  In early April, [[Norway]] and EU states like [[Romania]] and [[Austria]] started to offer help by sending medical personnel and disinfectant,<ref name="eumedicalteams">{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: EU Medical Teams deployed to Italy |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_20_613 |publisher=Europa (web portal) |date=1 July 2020}}</ref> and [[Ursula von der Leyen]] offered an official apology to the country.<ref name="euapology">{{cite news |title=EU offers 'heartfelt apology' to Italy over coronavirus response |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/16/eu-offers-heartfelt-apology-italy-coronavirus-response-herd-immunity |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
 
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==== United States ====
 
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[[File:Open Ohio Rally IMG 0910 (49799974031).jpg|thumb|Several hundred anti-lockdown protesters rallied at the [[Ohio Statehouse]] on 20 April 2020.<ref name="Columbus Dispatch">{{cite news |vauthors=Rouan R |title=Protesters at Statehouse demand state reopen as DeWine announces schools to remain closed |url=https://www.dispatch.com/news/20200420/protesters-at-statehouse-demand-state-reopen-as-dewine-announces-schools-to-remain-closed |access-date=3 May 2020 |work=[[The Columbus Dispatch]] |date=20 April 2020 |archive-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425004821/https://www.dispatch.com/news/20200420/protesters-at-statehouse-demand-state-reopen-as-dewine-announces-schools-to-remain-closed |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]
 
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The outbreak prompted calls for the United States to adopt social policies common in other wealthy countries, including [[universal health care]], [[universal child care]], [[paid sick leave]], and higher levels of funding for public health.<ref name="NYT Calls">{{cite news | vauthors = Miller CC |title=Could the Pandemic Wind Up Fixing What's Broken About Work in America? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/10/upshot/coronavirus-future-work-america.html |access-date=3 May 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=10 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="Hill5">{{cite news | vauthors = Swanson I |title=Five ways the coronavirus could change American politics |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/495761-five-ways-the-coronavirus-could-change-american-politics |access-date=3 May 2020 |work=The Hill |date=2 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="Ddn2P">{{cite web | url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/03/13/opinion/americas-botched-response-coronavirus-is-problem-bigger-than-donald-trump/ |title=America's botched response to the coronavirus is a problem bigger than Donald Trump |website=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref> Some political analysts claimed that the pandemic contributed to President [[Donald Trump|Donald Trump's]] [[2020 United States presidential election|2020]] defeat.<ref name="TrumpChances">{{Cite news | vauthors = Haberman M, Martin M, Jonathan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/us/politics/trump-vs-biden.html |title=Trump's Re-election Chances Suddenly Look Shakier |date=12 March 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=15 March 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="AtlanticChances">{{cite news | vauthors = Lowrey A |title=The Economy Is Collapsing. So Are Trump's Reelection Chances. |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/most-important-number-trumps-re-election-chances/609376/ |access-date=3 May 2020 |work=The Atlantic |date=3 April 2020}}</ref> Beginning in mid-April 2020, protestors objected to government-imposed business closures and restricted personal movement and association.<ref name="5YqAF">"Coronavirus: Anti-Lockdown Protests Grow Across US". BBC News. 17 April 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200417172715/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52330531 Archived] from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.</ref> Simultaneously, [[essential worker]]s protested in the form of a brief [[2020 United States essential workers general strike|general strike]].<ref name="c114M">{{cite web | vauthors = Russ H |title=Instacart, Amazon workers strike as labor unrest grows during coronavirus crisis |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-instacart-idUSKBN21H3AV |work=Reuters |access-date=24 July 2020 |date=30 March 2020}}</ref>
 
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==== Other countries ====
 
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The number of journalists imprisoned or detained increased worldwide, with some related to the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=15 December 2020|title=Record number of journalists imprisoned in 2020 – report|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-global-rights-journalists-idUKKBN28P0DO|access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=14 December 2020|title=Press freedom: Journalists end up in jail for reporting on coronavirus crisis|url=https://www.dw.com/en/press-freedom-journalists-end-up-in-jail-for-reporting-on-coronavirus-crisis/a-55929247|access-date=16 February 2021|publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref>
 
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The planned [[NATO]] "[[List of NATO exercises|Defender 2020]]" military exercise in Germany, Poland, and the Baltic states, the largest NATO war exercise since the end of the [[Cold War]], was held on a reduced scale.<ref name="20200320spectator">{{cite news |title=How coronavirus derailed the largest Nato exercise in 25 years |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/how-coronavirus-derailed-the-largest-nato-exercise-in-25-years |work=The Spectator |date=20 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="20200319reuters">{{cite news | vauthors = Emmott R |title=NATO scales down exercises due to coronavirus |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-nato/nato-scales-down-exercises-due-to-coronavirus-idUSKBN21627V |access-date=21 October 2020 |work=Reuters |date=19 March 2020}}</ref>
 
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The Iranian government was heavily affected by the virus, which infected some two dozen parliament members and political figures.<ref name="D2Xpc" /><ref name="nmEQ5" /> Iran President [[Hassan Rouhani]] wrote a public letter to world leaders asking for help on 14 March 2020, due to a lack of access to international markets.<ref name="u2rRX" /> [[Saudi Arabia]], which launched a [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen|military intervention in Yemen]] in March 2015, declared a ceasefire.<ref name="20200409foreignpolicy">{{cite news | vauthors = Haverty D, Gramer R, Detsch J |title=Coronavirus Pandemic Forces a Cease-Fire in Yemen |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/09/coronavirus-pandemic-forces-cease-fire-yemen-humanitarian-crisis-saudi-arabia-houthis/ |access-date=21 October 2020 |work=Foreign Policy |date=9 April 2020}}</ref>
 
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[[Japan–South Korea relations|Diplomatic relations between Japan and South Korea]] worsened.<ref name="z8lBE" /> South Korea criticised Japan's "ambiguous and passive quarantine efforts" after Japan announced travellers from South Korea must quarantine for two weeks.<ref name="HnqN4" /> South Korean society was initially polarised on President [[Moon Jae-in]]'s response to the crisis; many Koreans signed petitions calling for Moon's [[impeachment]] or praising his response.<ref name="imx38" />
 
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Some countries passed emergency legislation. Some commentators expressed concern that it could allow governments to strengthen their grip on power.<ref name="20200331theguardian">{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/31/coronavirus-is-a-chance-for-authoritarian-leaders-to-tighten-their-grip |title=Authoritarian leaders may use Covid-19 crisis to tighten their grip |website=The Guardian |date=31 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="20200330nytimes">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/world/europe/coronavirus-governments-power.html |title=For Autocrats, and Others, Coronavirus Is a Chance to Grab Even More Power |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=30 March 2020}}</ref> In the Philippines, lawmakers granted President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] temporary emergency powers.<ref name="abcnews-censorship">{{cite news |title=Some leaders use pandemic to sharpen tools against critics |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/coronavirus-crisis-excuses-curbs-free-speech-70177977 |work=ABC News |date=16 April 2020}}</ref> In Hungary, the parliament voted to allow prime minister [[Viktor Orbán]] to rule by decree indefinitely, suspend parliament and elections, and punish those deemed to have spread false information.<ref name="20200330cnn">{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/30/europe/hungary-viktor-orban-powers-vote-intl/index.html |title=Hungarian parliament votes to let Viktor Orban rule by decree in wake of coronavirus pandemic |publisher=CNN |date=30 March 2020}}</ref> In countries such as [[Egypt]],<ref name="dw53009293">{{cite news |title=Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists |url=https://www.dw.com/en/reporting-on-the-coronavirus-egypt-muzzles-critical-journalists/a-53009293 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=3 April 2020}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref name="20200401foreignpolicy">{{cite news |title=Coronavirus Has Started a Censorship Pandemic |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/01/coronavirus-censorship-pandemic-disinformation-fake-news-speech-freedom/ |work=The Foreign Policy |date=1 April 2020}}</ref> and [[Thailand]],<ref name="abcnews-censorship" /> opposition activists and government critics were [[Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic#Efforts to combat misinformation|arrested]] for allegedly spreading [[fake news]].<ref name="20200410straitstimes">{{cite news |title=Asia cracks down on coronavirus 'fake news' |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/coronavirus-asia-cracks-down-on-virus-fake-news |work=The Straits Times |date=10 April 2020}}</ref>
 
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In India, journalists criticising the government's response were arrested or issued warnings by police and authorities.<ref>{{cite web | date=4 October 2020|title=As COVID-19 spreads, India tries to control the narrative by targeting journalists|url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-10-04/india-targets-journalists-who-report-on-covid-19|access-date=16 February 2021|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
 
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=== Food systems ===
 
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The pandemic disrupted food systems worldwide,<ref name=":9b">{{cite web | title=Q&A: COVID-19 pandemic – impact on food and agriculture|url=http://www.fao.org/2019-ncov/q-and-a/impact-on-food-and-agriculture/en/|access-date=16 October 2020|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> hitting at a time when hunger/undernourishment was rising (an estimated 690&nbsp;million people lacked food security in 2019).<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |title=The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020 |url=http://www.fao.org/publications/sofi/2020/en/|access-date=16 October 2020|year=2020|doi=10.4060/CA9692EN|isbn=978-92-5-132901-6 | author = FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO|s2cid=239729231}}</ref> Food access&nbsp;fell – driven by falling incomes, lost remittances, and disruptions to food production. In some cases, food prices rose.<ref name=":9b" /><ref name=":10" />
 
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The pandemic and its accompanying lockdowns and travel restrictions slowed movement of food aid. Per the World Health Organization 811 million individuals  were undernourished in 2020, "likely related to the fallout of COVID-19".<ref>{{cite web |title=UN report: Pandemic year marked by spike in world hunger |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/12-07-2021-un-report-pandemic-year-marked-by-spike-in-world-hunger |website=www.who.int |access-date=14 December 2021 }}</ref>
 
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=== Education ===
 
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{{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education|Impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on female education}}
 
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[[File:امتحانات نهایی در شرایط کرونا 3470479.jpg|thumb|Students take end-of-year exams in [[Tabriz]], Iran, during the pandemic.]]The pandemic impacted educational systems in many countries. Many governments temporarily closed educational institutions, often replaced by [[online education]]. Other countries, such as Sweden, kept their schools open. As of September 2020, approximately 1.077&nbsp;billion [[Learning|learners]] were affected due to school closures. School closures impacted students, teachers, and families with far-reaching economic and societal consequences. They shed light on social and economic issues, including [[student debt]], [[digital learning]], food insecurity, and [[homelessness]], as well as access to [[Child care|childcare]], health care, housing, internet, and [[Disability rights movement|disability services]]. The impact was more severe for disadvantaged children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://comunicacion.senado.gob.mx/index.php/informacion/boletines/50929-covid-afecta-salud-educacion-y-entorno-familiar-de-ninas-y-ninos-senala-estudio-del-ibd.html|title=COVID afecta salud, educación y entorno familiar de niñas y niños, señala estudio del IBD|work=Senado de la República|date=1 May 2021|access-date=25 July 2021|language=es}}</ref>
 
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The Higher Education Policy Institute reported that around 63% of students claimed worsened mental health as a result of the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 March 2021|title=Covid: Many students say their mental health is worse due to pandemic|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-56570061|access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref>
 
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=== Health ===
 
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{{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues|Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic}}
 
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The pandemic impacted global health for many other conditions. Hospital visits fell. Visits for [[heart attack]] symptoms declined by 38%, in the US and 40% in Spain.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Garcia S, Albaghdadi MS, Meraj PM, Schmidt C, Garberich R, Jaffer FA, Dixon S, Rade JJ, Tannenbaum M, Chambers J, Huang PP, Henry TD | display-authors = 6 | title = Reduction in ST-Segment Elevation Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Activations in the United States During COVID-19 Pandemic | journal = Journal of the American College of Cardiology | volume = 75 | issue = 22 | pages = 2871–2872 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32283124 | pmc = 7151384 | doi = 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.011 }}</ref> The head of cardiology at the [[University of Arizona]] said, "My worry is some of these people are dying at home because they're too scared to go to the hospital."<ref name="Stat News, with serious heart symptoms away, April 23">[https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/23/coronavirus-phobia-keeping-heart-patients-away-from-er/ 'Where are all our patients?': Covid phobia is keeping people with serious heart symptoms away from ERs], ''Stat News'', Usha Lee McFarling, 23 April 2020.</ref> People with [[stroke]]s and [[appendicitis]] were less likely to seek treatment.<ref name="Stat News, with serious heart symptoms away, April 23"/> [[Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic|Medical supply shortages]] impacted many people.<ref name="Atlantic Shortages">{{cite news | vauthors = Faust JS |title=Medication Shortages Are the Next Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/medication-shortages-are-next-crisis/610798/ |access-date=17 May 2020 |work=The Atlantic |date=28 April 2020}}</ref>
 
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The pandemic impacted [[mental health]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/managing-stress-anxiety.html|last=CDC|date=11 February 2020|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="Stix_2021">{{cite web| vauthors = Stix G |title=Pandemic Year 1 Saw a Dramatic Global Rise in Anxiety and Depression|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/pandemic-year-1-saw-a-dramatic-global-rise-in-anxiety-and-depression/|access-date=10 October 2021|website=Scientific American}}</ref> increasing [[anxiety]], [[Depression (mood)|depression]], and [[post-traumatic stress disorder]], affecting healthcare workers, patients and quarantined individuals.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Luo Y, Chua CR, Xiong Z, Ho RC, Ho CS | title = A Systematic Review of the Impact of Viral Respiratory Epidemics on Mental Health: An Implication on the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic | journal = Frontiers in Psychiatry | volume = 11 | page = 565098 | date = 23 November 2020 | pmid = 33329106 | pmc = 7719673 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.565098 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Santomauro_2021">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Santomauro DF, Herrera AM, Shadid J, Zheng P, Ashbaugh C, Pigott DM, Abbafati C, Adolph C, Amlag JO, Aravkin AY, Bang-Jensen BL | display-authors = 6 |date=8 October 2021|title=Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=The Lancet | volume = 398 | issue = 10312 | pages = 1700–1712 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02143-7 | pmid = 34634250 | pmc = 8500697 | s2cid = 238478261 }}</ref>
 
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=== Environment ===
 
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{{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment}}
 
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[[File:Pollutant Drops in wuhan china due to virus.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Images from the [[NASA Earth Observatory]] show a stark drop in pollution in [[Wuhan]], when comparing [[Nitrogen dioxide|NO<sub>2</sub>]] levels in early 2019 (top) and early 2020 (bottom).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146362/airborne-nitrogen-dioxide-plummets-over-china |title=Earth Observatory |date=28 February 2020 |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402162640/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146362/airborne-nitrogen-dioxide-plummets-over-china |archive-date=2 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
 
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The pandemic and the reaction to it positively affected the [[Natural environment|environment]] and [[climate]] as a result of reduced human activity. During the "[[anthropause]]", fossil fuel use decreased, resource consumption declined, and waste disposal improved, generating less pollution.<ref name=":9">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rume T, Islam SM | title = Environmental effects of COVID-19 pandemic and potential strategies of sustainability | journal = Heliyon | volume = 6 | issue = 9 | pages = e04965 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32964165 | pmc = 7498239 | doi = 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04965 }}</ref> [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic#Transportation|Planned air travel]] and vehicle transportation declined. In China, [[COVID-19 lockdown in Hubei|lockdowns]] and other measures resulted in a 26% decrease in coal consumption, and a 50% reduction in nitrogen oxides emissions.<ref name=":9" /> [[Earth system science|Earth systems]] scientist Marshall Burke estimated that two months of pollution reduction likely saved the lives of 77,000 Chinese residents.<ref name="Forbes-McMahon">{{cite web| vauthors = McMahon J |title=Study: Coronavirus Lockdown Likely Saved 77,000 Lives In China Just By Reducing Pollution|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2020/03/16/coronavirus-lockdown-may-have-saved-77000-lives-in-china-just-from-pollution-reduction/|access-date=3 November 2021|website=Forbes}}</ref>
 
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=== Discrimination and prejudice ===
 
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{{Main|Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
 
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Heightened prejudice, xenophobia, and racism [[Sinophobe|toward people of Chinese and East Asian descent]] were documented around the world.<ref name="AutoDW-251" /><ref name="zogcf" /><ref name="8BY2Y" /> Reports from February 2020 (when most confirmed cases were confined to China) cited racist sentiments about Chinese people 'deserving' the virus.<ref name="bangkokpost1854094">{{cite news | vauthors = Wangkiat P |title=Virus-induced racism does no one any good |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1854094/virus-induced-racism-does-no-one-any-good |date=10 February 2020 |work=Bangkok Post}}</ref><ref name="psychologytoday202002">{{cite news | vauthors = Bartholomew R |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/its-catching/202002/the-coronavirus-and-the-search-scapegoats |title=The Coronavirus and the Search for Scapegoats |date=6 February 2020 |work=Psychology Today}}</ref><ref name="20200201telegraph">{{cite news | vauthors = Smith N |title=Anti-Chinese racism spikes as virus spreads globally |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/02/01/anti-chinese-racism-spikes-virus-spreads-globally/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/02/01/anti-chinese-racism-spikes-virus-spreads-globally/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-status=live |date=1 February 2020 |work=The Daily Telegraph |url-access=subscription |quote='Some Muslims were claiming the disease was "divine retribution" for China's oppression of the Uighur minority. The problem lay in confusing the Chinese population with the actions of an authoritarian government known for its lack of transparency,' he said.}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Chinese people and other Asian peoples in the United Kingdom and United States reported increasing levels of abuse and assaults.<ref name="NYT Racism">{{cite news | vauthors = Tavernise S, Oppel Jr RA |title=Spit On, Yelled At, Attacked: Chinese-Americans Fear for Their Safety |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/us/chinese-coronavirus-racist-attacks.html |access-date=23 March 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=23 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="05O7n" /><ref name="NYT_April_Racism">{{cite news | vauthors = La Gorce T |title=Chinese-Americans, Facing Abuse, Unite to Aid Hospitals in Coronavirus Battle |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/05/nyregion/coronavirus-chinese-americans-supplies.html |access-date=29 April 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 April 2020}}</ref> Former US President Trump was criticised for referring to SARS-CoV-2 as the "Chinese Virus" and "Kung Flu", which others condemned as racist and xenophobic.<ref name="trumpnyt">{{cite news | vauthors = Rogers K, Jakes L, Swanson A |title=Trump Defends Using 'Chinese Virus' Label, Ignoring Growing Criticism |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/18/us/politics/china-virus.html |access-date=20 March 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320001747/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/18/us/politics/china-virus.html |archive-date=20 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="20200320BI">{{cite web | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-using-racism-against-china-to-distract-from-coronavirus-failures-2020-3 |title=Republicans are using racism against China to try to distract from Trump's disastrous coronavirus response |work=Business Insider |date=20 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="MNCw4">{{cite web | vauthors = Lee BY |title=Trump Once Again Calls Covid-19 Coronavirus The 'Kung Flu' |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucelee/2020/06/24/trump-once-again-calls-covid-19-coronavirus-the-kung-flu/ |access-date=9 July 2020 |website=Forbes}}</ref>
 
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Age-based discrimination against older adults increased. This was attributed to their perceived vulnerability and subsequent physical and social isolation measures, which, coupled with their reduced social activity, increased dependency on others. Similarly, limited digital literacy left the elderly more vulnerable to isolation, depression, and loneliness.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Silva MF, Silva DS, Bacurau AG, Francisco PM, Assumpção D, Neri AL, Borim FS | title = Ageism against older adults in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: an integrative review | journal = Revista de Saude Publica | volume = 55 | page = 4 | year = 2021 | pmid = 33886953 | pmc = 8023321 | doi = 10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055003082 }}</ref>
 
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=== Lifestyle changes ===
 
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The pandemic triggered massive changes in behaviour, from increased Internet commerce to cultural changes in the job market. Online retailers in the US posted US$791.70&nbsp;billion in sales in 2020, an increase of 32.4% from 598.02&nbsp;billion dollars from the year before.<ref name="DDCV1ECMR">{{cite web | title=Data dive: How COVID-19 impacted ecommerce in 2020|url=https://www.digitalcommerce360.com/article/coronavirus-impact-online-retail/|access-date=27 March 2021 |website=Digital Commerce 360}}</ref> Home delivery orders increased, while indoor restaurant dining shut down due to lockdown orders or low sales.<ref name="Fo18zrty783">{{cite web | title=More Consumers Are Turning to Food Delivery Apps amid Indoor Dining Restrictions|url=https://www.emarketer.com/content/more-consumers-turning-food-delivery-apps-amid-indoor-dining-restrictions|access-date=28 March 2021 |website=eMarketer.com}}</ref><ref name="Fo18zrty784">{{cite web | title=NYC Indoor Dining To Shut Down Monday, Cuomo Announces|url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2020/12/11/cuomo--indoor-dining-to-be-suspended-starting-monday/|access-date=28 March 2021 |website=Spectrum News NY1}}</ref> Hackers, cybercriminals, and scammers took advantage of the changes to launch new attacks.<ref name="Fo18zrty787">{{cite web | title=The future of hacking: COVID-19 shifting the way hackers work and who they target|url=https://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/93086-the-future-of-hacking-covid-19-shifting-the-way-hackers-work-and-who-they-target|access-date=28 March 2021 |website=SECURITY magazine}}</ref> Education in some countries temporarily shifted from physical attendance to video conferencing.<ref name="Fo18zrty790">{{cite web | title=The COVID-19 pandemic has changed education forever. This is how|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/coronavirus-education-global-covid19-online-digital-learning/|access-date=28 March 2021 |website=World Economic Forum}}</ref> Massive layoffs shrank the airline, travel, hospitality, and other industries.<ref name="Fo18zrty6966">{{cite news | title=Pandemic Threatens Long-Term Job Security After Hospitality Industry Layoffs|newspaper=NPR.org|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/29/917756656/pandemic-threatens-long-term-job-security-after-hospitality-industry-layoffs|access-date=28 March 2021 |publisher=NPR}}</ref><ref name="Fo18zrty9999">{{cite web | title=Travel industry layoffs begin as Congress fails to come up with new relief package|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/2020/09/30/covid-19-travel-industry-layoffs-could-start-congress-fails-act/5868989002/|access-date=28 March 2021 |website=USA Today}}</ref>
 
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== Information dissemination ==
 
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{{Further|Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism}}
 
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Research is indexed and searchable in the [[NIH]] COVID-19 Portfolio.<ref name="Zygy7">{{cite web | title=NIH COVID-19 Portfolio |url=https://icite.od.nih.gov/covid19/search/ |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref> Some newspaper agencies removed their online [[paywall]]s for some or all of their pandemic-related articles and posts,<ref name="Paywalls">{{cite news | vauthors = Jerde S |date=12 March 2020 |title=Major Publishers Take Down Paywalls for Coronavirus Coverage |url=https://www.adweek.com/digital/major-publishers-take-down-paywalls-for-coronavirus-coverage/ |access-date=25 March 2020 |work=Adweek}}</ref> Some scientific publishers made pandemic-related papers available with [[open access]].<ref name="AutoDW-255" /><ref name="Aristovnik et al. 2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Aristovnik A, Ravšelj D, Umek L|title = A Bibliometric Analysis of COVID-19 across Science and Social Science Research Landscape| journal = Sustainability | volume = 12 | issue = 21 | page = 9132 | date = November 2020 | doi=10.3390/su12219132| doi-access = free}}</ref> The share of papers published on [[preprint]] servers prior to peer review increased dramatically.<ref name="AutoDW-256" />
 
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{{anchor|Disinformation}}
 
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=== Misinformation ===
 
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{{Main|COVID-19 misinformation}}
 
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[[Misinformation]] and [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] about the pandemic were widespread. They travelled through [[Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic|mass media]], [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media#Misinformation|social media]], and text messaging.<ref name="FTTextMsg">{{cite web| vauthors = Murphy H, Di Stefano M, Manson K |url=https://www.ft.com/content/34b6df5a-ea4a-471f-8ac9-606580480049|title=Huge text message campaigns spread coronavirus fake news|date=20 March 2020|work=Financial Times}}</ref> WHO declared an "infodemic" of incorrect information.<ref name="Lowy">{{Cite news| vauthors = Kassam N |date=25 March 2020|title=Disinformation and coronavirus|work=The Interpreter|publisher=Lowy Institute|url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/disinformation-and-coronavirus }}</ref> Cognitive biases, such as jumping to conclusions and [[confirmation bias]], were linked to conspiracy beliefs.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kuhn SA, Lieb R, Freeman D, Andreou C, Zander-Schellenberg T | title = Coronavirus conspiracy beliefs in the German-speaking general population: endorsement rates and links to reasoning biases and paranoia | journal = Psychological Medicine | pages = 1–15 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 33722315 | pmc = 8027560 | doi = 10.1017/S0033291721001124 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
 
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== See also ==
 
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* [[Emerging infectious disease]]
 
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* [[Globalization and disease]]
 
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* [[List of epidemics]]
 
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* [[Coronavirus diseases]]
 
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== Notes ==
 
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<references group="lower-alpha"/><!-- Please don't use {{reflist|group="lower-alpha"}} as it makes numeric labels; use lower-alpha labels to match the labels in Template:COVID-19 pandemic data. -->
 
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== References ==
 
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{{reflist|refs=
 
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<ref name="characteristicsZH">{{cite journal | vauthors =  | title = [The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China] | language = zh | journal = Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi = Zhonghua Liuxingbingxue Zazhi | volume = 41 | issue = 2 | pages = 145–151 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 32064853 | doi = 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2020.02.003 | s2cid = 211133882 }}</ref>
 
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<ref name="Huang24Jan2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z, Yu T, Xia J, Wei Y, Wu W, Xie X, Yin W, Li H, Liu M, Xiao Y, Gao H, Guo L, Xie J, Wang G, Jiang R, Gao Z, Jin Q, Wang J, Cao B | display-authors = 6 | title = Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China | journal = Lancet | volume = 395 | issue = 10223 | pages = 497–506 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 31986264 | pmc = 7159299 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
 
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<ref name="Wang24Jan2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF | title = A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern | journal = Lancet | volume = 395 | issue = 10223 | pages = 470–473 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 31986257 | pmc = 7135038 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
 
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<ref name="Qun29Jan2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, Ren R, Leung KS, Lau EH, Wong JY, Xing X, Xiang N, Wu Y, Li C, Chen Q, Li D, Liu T, Zhao J, Liu M, Tu W, Chen C, Jin L, Yang R, Wang Q, Zhou S, Wang R, Liu H, Luo Y, Liu Y, Shao G, Li H, Tao Z, Yang Y, Deng Z, Liu B, Ma Z, Zhang Y, Shi G, Lam TT, Wu JT, Gao GF, Cowling BJ, Yang B, Leung GM, Feng Z | display-authors = 6 | title = Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 382 | issue = 13 | pages = 1199–1207 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 31995857 | pmc = 7121484 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
 
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<ref name="Epidemiology17Feb2020">{{Cite journal |author=The Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team |date=17 February 2020 |title=The Epidemiological Characteristics of an Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) – China, 2020 |url=http://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/id/e53946e2-c6c4-41e9-9a9b-fea8db1a8f51 |journal=China CDC Weekly |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=113–122 |doi=10.46234/ccdcw2020.032 |pmid=34594836 |pmc=8392929 |access-date=18 March 2020|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="AutoDW-25">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/world/asia/china-coronavirus.html |title=Coronavirus Death Toll Climbs in China, and a Lockdown Widens |date=23 January 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=10 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206091324/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/world/asia/china-coronavirus.html |archive-date=6 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
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<!-- <ref name="NYT2020PhilDeath">{{Cite news | vauthors = Ramzy A, May T |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/02/world/asia/philippines-coronavirus-china.html |title=Philippines Reports First Coronavirus Death Outside China |date=2 February 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203204845/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/02/world/asia/philippines-coronavirus-china.html |archive-date=3 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> -->
 
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<ref name="ECDC risk assessment">{{cite web | url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/SARS-CoV-2-risk-assessment-14-feb-2020.pdf |title=Outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2): increased transmission beyond China – fourth update |publisher=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control |date=14 February 2020 |access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="Joseph24Jan2020">{{Cite news | vauthors = Joseph A |url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/01/24/coronavirus-infections-no-symptoms-lancet-studies/ |title=New coronavirus can cause infections with no symptoms and sicken otherwise healthy people, studies show |date=24 January 2020 |work=[[Stat (website)|Stat]] |access-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124204338/https://www.statnews.com/2020/01/24/coronavirus-infections-no-symptoms-lancet-studies/ |archive-date=24 January 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="han24Jan2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, Xing F, Liu J, Yip CC, Poon RW, Tsoi HW, Lo SK, Chan KH, Poon VK, Chan WM, Ip JD, Cai JP, Cheng VC, Chen H, Hui CK, Yuen KY | display-authors = 6 | title = A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster | journal = Lancet | volume = 395 | issue = 10223 | pages = 514–523 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 31986261 | pmc = 7159286 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
 
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<ref name="WHO_PHEIC_decl2">{{cite web | url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov) |title=Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) |date=30 January 2020 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131005904/https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov) |archive-date=31 January 2020 |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="AutoDW-68">{{cite web | url=http://wjw.wuhan.gov.cn/front/web/showDetail/2019123108989 |script-title=zh:武汉市卫健委关于当前我市肺炎疫情的情况通报 |date=31 December 2019 |work=WJW.Wuhan.gov.cn |publisher=Wuhan Municipal Health Commission |access-date=8 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109215413/http://wjw.wuhan.gov.cn/front/web/showDetail/2019123108989 |archive-date=9 January 2020 |url-status=dead |language=zh |title=<!--ACTUAL ARTICLE TITLE BELONGS HERE! original text: Archived copy-->}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="AutoDW-69">{{cite web | url=https://www.who.int/westernpacific/emergencies/novel-coronavirus |title=Novel Coronavirus |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122103944/https://www.who.int/westernpacific/emergencies/novel-coronavirus |archive-date=22 January 2020 |url-status=live}}<br />{{cite web | title=COVID-19 timeline in the Western Pacific |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |date=18 May 2020 |url=https://www.who.int/westernpacific/news/detail/18-05-2020-covid-19-timeline-in-the-western-pacific |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523183143/https://www.who.int/westernpacific/news/detail/18-05-2020-covid-19-timeline-in-the-western-pacific |archive-date=23 May 2020 |access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="AutoDW-169">{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/countries-evaluate-evacuation-of-citizens-amid-wuhan-coronavirus-panic/ |title=Countries Evaluate Evacuation of Citizens Amid Wuhan Coronavirus Panic |agency=[[Associated Press]] |via=[[The Diplomat]] |access-date=31 January 2020}}
 
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* {{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-india-citizens-china-wuhan-air-india-second-flight-1642434-2020-02-01/ |title=Coronavirus: Second plane carrying 323 Indians from Wuhan to reach Delhi today | work=[[India Today]] |access-date=2 February 2020}}
 
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* {{cite web | url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2020/01/27/belgie-haalt-15-landgenoten-terug-uit-hubei-na-uitbraak-coronav/ |title=België haalt landgenoten terug uit Chinese provincie Hubei na uitbraak coronavirus |date=27 January 2020 |work=VRT Nws |publisher=[[Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie]]}}
 
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* {{cite web | url=https://jakartaglobe.id/news/lastminute-preparations-underway-to-evacuate-indonesian-citizens-from-coronavirusravaged-wuhan |title=Last-Minute Preparations Underway to Evacuate Indonesian Citizens From Coronavirus-Ravaged Wuhan | vauthors = Nathalia T |date=30 January 2020 |work=[[Jakarta Globe]]}}
 
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* {{cite news |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1844104/c130-aircraft-on-standby-for-wuhan-evacuation |title=C130 aircraft on standby for Wuhan evacuation |date=26 January 2020 |newspaper=[[Bangkok Post]] |access-date=26 January 2020}}
 
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* {{Cite news | vauthors = Jiang S, Stracqualursi V |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/25/politics/coronavirus-us-evacuate-americans-china/index.html |title=US arranging charter flight to evacuate American diplomats and citizens out of China amid coronavirus outbreak, official says |date=25 January 2020 |access-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126100201/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/25/politics/coronavirus-us-evacuate-americans-china/index.html |archive-date=26 January 2020 |publisher=[[CNN.com|CNN]]}}
 
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* {{Cite news |url=http://tempo.com.ph/2020/01/29/ph-sending-special-flights-to-get-pinoys-from-wuhan-hubei-in-china/ |title=PH sending special flights to get Pinoys from Wuhan, Hubei in China |date=29 January 2020 |work=Tempo: News in a Flash |location=Manila, Philippines |access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="20200131dialoguepakistan">{{cite web | title=Pakistan cancels flights to China as fears of coronavirus spread |url=https://www.dialoguepakistan.com/pakistan-cancels-flights-to-china-as-fears-of-coronavirus-spread/ |website=Dialogue Pakistan |access-date=5 April 2020 |date=31 January 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="AutoDW-171">{{cite web | url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2020/02/07/avioes-decolam-de-wuhan-na-china-com-40-passageiros-repatriados-ao-brasil-e-a-polonia.ghtml |title=Aviões decolam de Wuhan, na China, com 40 passageiros repatriados ao Brasil e à Polônia |date=7 February 2020 |work=[[G1 (website)|G1]] |language=pt |access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="AutoDW-174">{{Cite news | vauthors = Wang V, Rich M, Bradsher K |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/15/world/asia/japan-cruise-ship-coronavirus.html |title=Shifting Ground in Coronavirus Fight: U.S. Will Evacuate Americans From Cruise Ship |date=15 February 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=15 February 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="AutoDW-175">{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/diamond-princess-coronavirus-trenton-cornwall-1.5470386 |title=Cruise ship passengers begin 14-day quarantine in Cornwall, Ont. |publisher=[[CBC News]] |date=21 February 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="AutoDW-201">{{cite news |url=https://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2020/02/21/news/coronavirus_codogno_castiglione_d_adda_contagiati_misure_sicurezza-249154447/ |title=Coronavirus, in dieci comuni lombardi: 50 mila persone costrette a restare in casa. Quarantena all'ospedale milanese di Baggio |date=21 February 2020 |work=[[La Repubblica]] |language=it |access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="AutoDW-251">{{cite web | url=https://www.vox.com/2020/2/7/21126758/coronavirus-xenophobia-racism-china-asians |title=The coronavirus exposes the history of racism and "cleanliness" | vauthors = Burton N |date=7 February 2020 |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207211942/https://www.vox.com/2020/2/7/21126758/coronavirus-xenophobia-racism-china-asians |archive-date=7 February 2020 |access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="AutoDW-255">{{cite press release |url=https://wellcome.ac.uk/press-release/sharing-research-data-and-findings-relevant-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-outbreak |title=Sharing research data and findings relevant to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak |work=wellcome.ac.uk |date=31 January 2020 |access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="AutoDW-256">{{Cite news |url=https://www.wired.com/story/coronavirus-research-preprint-servers/ |title=Coronavirus Research Is Moving at Top Speed – With a Catch |magazine=Wired | vauthors = Rogers A |date=31 January 2020 |access-date=13 February 2020 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="AutoDW-275">{{cite news | url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/reuters/2020/02/07/mundo-enfrenta-escassez-de-equipamentos-de-protecao-contra-coronavirus-diz-oms.htm |title=Procura por máscaras aumenta 100 vezes e prejudica luta contra o coronavírus | vauthors = Nebehay S |agency=Reuters Brasil |language=pt-BR |date=7 February 2020 |access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="AutoDW-276">{{Cite news | vauthors = Boseley S |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/07/who-warns-global-shortage-face-masks-protective-suits-coronavirus |title=WHO warns of global shortage of face masks and protective suits |date=7 February 2020 |work=The Guardian |access-date=12 February 2020 }}</ref>
 
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<ref name="original_report">{{cite news |title=China's first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17 |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back | vauthors = Ma J |work=South China Morning Post |date=13 March 2020 |archive-date=13 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313004217/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="WHOpandemic">{{cite web | url=https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020 |title=WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 |date=11 March 2020 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |access-date=11 March 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="pathogenesis">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN | title = The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak | journal = Journal of Autoimmunity | volume = 109 | page = 102433 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32113704 | pmc = 7127067 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433 }}</ref>
 
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<ref name="bbc50984025">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50984025 |title=Mystery pneumonia virus probed in China |date=3 January 2020 |access-date=29 January 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105051949/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50984025 |archive-date=5 January 2020 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="LancetNowcasting">{{cite journal | vauthors = Perlman S | title = Another Decade, Another Coronavirus | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 382 | issue = 8 | pages = 760–762 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 31978944 | pmc = 7121143 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMe2001126 }}</ref>
 
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<ref name="web">{{cite web | url=https://publichealthmatters.blog.gov.uk/2020/02/13/expert-interview-what-is-contact-tracing/ |title=Expert interview: What is contact tracing? |work=Blog: Public Health Matters |publisher=[[Public Health England]], Government of the United Kingdom |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="Lancet2020Flatten">{{cite journal | vauthors = Anderson RM, Heesterbeek H, Klinkenberg D, Hollingsworth TD | title = How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic? | journal = Lancet | volume = 395 | issue = 10228 | pages = 931–934 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 32164834 | pmc = 7158572 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5 | quote = A key issue for epidemiologists is helping policy makers decide the main objectives of mitigation—e.g. minimising morbidity and associated mortality, avoiding an epidemic peak that overwhelms health-care services, keeping the effects on the economy within manageable levels, and flattening the epidemic curve to wait for vaccine development and manufacture on scale and antiviral drug therapies. }}</ref>
 
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<ref name="community mitigation">{{cite journal |url=https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/45220 |title=Community Mitigation Guidelines to Prevent Pandemic Influenza – United States, 2017 |journal=Recommendations and Reports |volume=66 |issue=1 |date=12 April 2017}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="ImpCollege16mar2020">{{cite news |title=Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand |date=16 March 2020 |work=[[Imperial College]] COVID-19 Response Team |url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/sph/ide/gida-fellowships/Imperial-College-COVID19-NPI-modelling-16-03-2020.pdf}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="WHO report 28 February 2020">{{cite web | url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf |title=Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) |date=24 February 2020 |access-date=8 March 2020 |author=WHO–China Joint Mission |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="AutoDW-67">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Cohen J |date=January 2020 |title=Wuhan seafood market may not be source of novel virus spreading globally |url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/01/wuhan-seafood-market-may-not-be-source-novel-virus-spreading-globally |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |doi=10.1126/science.abb0611|s2cid=214574620 }}</ref>
 
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<ref name="New Yorker">{{cite magazine | url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/how-iran-became-a-new-epicenter-of-the-coronavirus-outbreak |title=How Iran Became A New Epicenter of the Coronavirus Outbreak | vauthors = Wright R |date=24 February 2020 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]]}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="Corriere_20Jan">{{cite web | url=https://www.corriere.it/cronache/20_gennaio_30/coronavirus-italia-corona-9d6dc436-4343-11ea-bdc8-faf1f56f19b7.shtml |title=Coronavirus: Primi due casi in Italia |date=31 January 2020 |trans-title=Coronavirus: First two cases in Italy |work=Corriere della sera |language=it |access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="thelocal-flight">{{cite web | url=https://www.thelocal.it/20200131/italy-suspends-all-china-flights-after-coronavirus-cases-confirmed-in-rome/ |title=Italy suspends all China flights as coronavirus cases confirmed in Rome |date=31 January 2020 |work=TheLocal.it |access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="bbc-pm-2403">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-52012432 |title=Coronavirus: Strict new curbs on life in UK announced by PM |date=24 March 2020 |access-date=24 March 2020 |work=BBC News}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="Burke2020">{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/14/world/churches-mosques-temples-coronavirus-spread/index.html |title=What churches, mosques and temples are doing to fight the spread of coronavirus | vauthors = Burke D |date=14 March 2020 |publisher=CNN |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="Urdn6">{{cite news | vauthors = Gambrell J |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/saudi-arabia-halts-travel-to-islams-holiest-site-over-virus%2f2020%2f02%2f26%2fc86ec712-5918-11ea-8efd-0f904bdd8057_story.html |title=Iran news agencies report Friday prayers canceled in Tehran |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="b82186">{{Cite news |url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20200229004000315 |title=42 Shincheonji followers came to S. Korea from virus-hit Wuhan over 8 months: gov't |date=29 February 2020 |work=[[Yonhap News Agency]]}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="science20200317">{{cite journal |journal=Science |url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/coronavirus-cases-have-dropped-sharply-south-korea-whats-secret-its-success |title=Coronavirus cases have dropped sharply in South Korea. What's the secret to its success? | vauthors = Normile D |s2cid=216427938 |date=17 March 2020 |doi=10.1126/science.abb7566}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="CvyZS">{{cite news | title=South Korea's Drive-Through Testing For Coronavirus Is Fast – And Free |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/13/815441078/south-koreas-drive-through-testing-for-coronavirus-is-fast-and-free |newspaper=NPR |date=13 March 2020 |access-date=16 March 2020| vauthors = Kuhn A }}</ref>
 
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<ref name="siStf">{{cite news |title='Hero who told the truth': Chinese rage over coronavirus death of whistleblower doctor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/feb/07/coronavirus-chinese-rage-death-whistleblower-doctor-li-wenliang |work=The Guardian |date=7 February 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="wHBRB">{{cite web | title=Coronavirus Arrives in Iran: Two People Test Positive in Qom |url=http://irangov.ir/detail/334964 |work=IranGov.ir |publisher=Government of Iran |date=19 February 2020 |access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="Kv4Ld">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/51808683 |title=Coronavirus: All sport in Italy suspended because of outbreak |work=[[BBC Sport]] |date=9 March 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="ClzT6">{{cite web | url=http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/media-comunicazione/comunicati-stampa/dettaglio/-/asset_publisher/default/content/coronavirus-sono-33-190-i-positivi |title=Coronavirus: sono 33.190 i positivi – Comunicato Stampa |website=Dipartimento della Protezione Civile}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="PkWGD">{{cite web | url=https://fortune.com/2020/03/14/coronavirus-uk-cases-herd-immunity-covid-19/ |title=The U.K. is aiming for deliberate 'herd immunity' |website=Fortune |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="mV2p3">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51982005 |website=[[BBC News Online]] |title=Coronavirus: Government to pay up to 80% of workers' wages |access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="czjOG">{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/coronavirus-india-sending-iaf-aircraft-to-evacuate-its-nationals-from-iran-11583759889544.html |title=Coronavirus: India sending IAF aircraft to evacuate its nationals from Iran | vauthors = Roche E |date=9 March 2020 |work=LiveMint.com |access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="vLpPa">{{cite web | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/analysis-china-hubei-officials-sacked-xi-jinping-protected-2020-2 |title=China sacked a brace of top officials in Hubei province, likely in a move to protect Xi Jinping from people's anger over the coronavirus outbreak | vauthors = Bostock B |work=Business Insider |access-date=26 February 2020 |date=13 February 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="Y27Kh">{{cite news |title=Italy criticises EU for being slow to help over coronavirus epidemic |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/11/italy-criticises-eu-being-slow-help-coronavirus-epidemic |work=The Guardian |date=11 March 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="91jge">{{cite news |title=The EU Is Abandoning Italy in Its Hour of Need |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/14/coronavirus-eu-abandoning-italy-china-aid/ |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="nmEQ5">{{cite web | url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2020/03/will-irans-regime-survive-coronavirus/ |title=Will Iran's Regime Survive Coronavirus? |date=12 March 2020 |work=[[National Review]] |access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="u2rRX">{{cite news |title=U.S. sanctions 'severely hamper' Iran coronavirus fight, Rouhani says |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-iran/us-sanctions-severely-hamper-iran-coronavirus-fight-rouhani-idUSKBN2110HL |work=Reuters |date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="z8lBE">{{cite news |title=Japan and Korea Won't Let A Pandemic Stop Them Fighting |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/12/japan-and-korea-wont-let-a-pandemic-stop-them-fighting/ |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |date=12 March 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="HnqN4">{{cite news | vauthors = Farrer J, McCurry M |title=Coronavirus quarantine plans ignite row between South Korea and Japan |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/06/coronavirus-quarantine-plans-ignite-row-between-south-korea-and-japan |access-date=21 October 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=6 March 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="XvcU9">{{cite web | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/02/28/coronavirus-2020-preparation-more-supply-shortages-expected/4903322002/ |title=Coronavirus fears empty store shelves of toilet paper, bottled water, masks as shoppers stock up | vauthors = Tyko K |date=29 February 2020 |work=[[USA Today]]}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="U7teI">{{cite news | vauthors = Oh S |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/stocks-record-worst-week-since-financial-crisis-as-coronavirus-concerns-heat-up-2020-02-28 |title=Stocks record worst week since financial crisis as coronavirus concerns heat up |date=28 February 2020 |work=[[Market Watch]] |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="z2VrM">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51746564 |title=Collapsed Flybe: 'Do not travel to the airport' |date=5 March 2020 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="4QUSL">{{citation |url=https://nrf.com/resources/retail-safety-and-security-tools/coronavirus-resources-retailers |title=Coronavirus Resources for Retailers |author=National Retail Federation |date=21 March 2020|access-date=23 March 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="J6Y6Z">{{citation |url=https://www.aislelabs.com/blog/2020/03/23/how-shopping-centres-responding-coronavirus/ |title=How Shopping Centres Globally are Responding to Coronavirus by Aislelabs |author=Aislelabs |newspaper=Aislelabs |date=23 March 2020|access-date=23 March 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="SxIEK">{{cite web | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/major-events-cancelled-or-postponed-due-to-the-coronavirus-2020 |title=Over 20,000 people have signed a petition to cancel SXSW over coronavirus worries. Here's a list of all the major event cancellations due to the outbreak so far. | vauthors = Hadden J |date=2 March 2020 |work=Business Insider |access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="SZ5Mc">{{cite news | vauthors = Fadroski KS |url=https://www.dailybreeze.com/2020/03/15/coronavirus-canceled-their-concerts-so-artists-like-yungblud-are-looking-to-live-stream-shows-to-fans/ |title=Coronavirus canceled their concerts, so artists like Yungblud are looking to live stream shows to fans |work=[[Daily Breeze]] |date=15 March 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="mYlLn">{{cite web | vauthors = Brenner WA |url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/arts/2020-03-15/the-social-distancing-festival-is-live-online/ |title=The Social Distancing Festival Is Live Online |work=[[The Austin Chronicle]] |date=15 March 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="zogcf">{{cite news |title=Fears of new virus trigger anti-China sentiment worldwide |url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/world/2020/02/683_282767.html |work=The Korea Times |date=2 February 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="8BY2Y">{{cite news |title=Coronavirus fuels anti-Chinese discrimination in Africa |url=https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-fuels-anti-chinese-discrimination-in-africa/av-52428454 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=19 February 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="05O7n">{{cite web | title=London Racially Motivated Assault due to Coronavirus |url=https://www.itv.com/news/london/2020-03-04/hunt-for-racist-coronavirus-attackers-police-release-cctv-after-oxford-street-assault/ |work=[[ITV News]] |date=4 March 2020 |access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="NYT-20200326">{{cite news | vauthors = McNeil Jr DG |author-link=Donald McNeil Jr. |title=The U.S. Now Leads the World in Confirmed Coronavirus Cases |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/26/health/usa-coronavirus-cases.html |date=26 March 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=27 March 2020 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="Horton 18 March">{{cite web | vauthors = Horton R |author-link=Richard Horton (editor) |title=Scientists have been sounding the alarm on coronavirus for months. Why did Britain fail to act? |website=The Guardian |date=18 March 2020 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/18/coronavirus-uk-expert-advice-wrong |access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref>
 
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}}
 
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== Further reading ==
 
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{{refbegin|30em}}
 
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* {{cite journal | vauthors =  | title = Progress report on the coronavirus pandemic | journal = Nature | volume = 584 | issue = 7821 | page = 325 | date = August 2020 | pmid = 32814893 | doi = 10.1038/d41586-020-02414-1 | doi-access = free }}
 
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* {{cite journal | vauthors = Tay MZ, Poh CM, Rénia L, MacAry PA, Ng LF | title = The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention | journal = Nature Reviews. Immunology | volume = 20 | issue = 6 | pages = 363–374 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32346093 | pmc = 7187672 | doi = 10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8 | doi-access = free }}
 
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* {{cite report | title=COVID-19 infection prevention and control measures for primary care, including general practitioner practices, dental clinics and pharmacy settings: first update | website=[[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]] (ECDC) | url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-infection-prevention-and-control-primary-care | date=October 2020 }}
 
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* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bar-On YM, Flamholz A, Phillips R, Milo R | title = SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) by the numbers | journal = eLife | volume = 9 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32228860 | pmc = 7224694 | doi = 10.7554/eLife.57309 | ref = none | name-list-style = vanc | arxiv = 2003.12886 | bibcode = 2020arXiv200312886B }}
 
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* {{cite journal | vauthors = Brüssow H | title = The Novel Coronavirus - A Snapshot of Current Knowledge | journal = Microbial Biotechnology | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 607–612 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32144890 | pmc = 7111068 | doi = 10.1111/1751-7915.13557 | ref = none | name-list-style = vanc }}
 
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* {{cite book | vauthors = Cascella M, Rajnik M, Aleem A, Dulebohn S, Di Napoli R |chapter=Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus |title=StatPearls |date=2020 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing | chapter-url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/ }}
 
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* {{cite journal | vauthors = Funk CD, Laferrière C, Ardakani A | title = A Snapshot of the Global Race for Vaccines Targeting SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 Pandemic | journal = Frontiers in Pharmacology | volume = 11 | page = 937 | year = 2020 | pmid = 32636754 | pmc = 7317023 | doi = 10.3389/fphar.2020.00937 | doi-access = free }}
 
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* {{cite journal | title=Development and Licensure of Vaccines to Prevent COVID-19 | url=https://www.fda.gov/media/139638/download | format=PDF | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=June 2020 }}
 
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* {{cite journal | title = COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections Reported to CDC - United States, January 1-April 30, 2021 | journal = MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume = 70 | issue = 21 | pages = 792–793 | date = May 2021 | pmid = 34043615 | pmc = 8158893 | doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm7021e3 | vauthors = Birhane M, Bressler S, Chang G, Clark T, Dorough L, Fischer M, Watkins LF, Goldstein JM, Kugeler K, Langley G, Lecy K, Martin K, Medalla F, Mitruka K, Nolen L, Sadigh K, Spratling R, Thompson G, Trujillo A | display-authors = 6 }}
 
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* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bieksiene K, Zaveckiene J, Malakauskas K, Vaguliene N, Zemaitis M, Miliauskas S | title = Post COVID-19 Organizing Pneumonia: The Right Time to Interfere | journal = Medicina | volume = 57 | issue = 3 | page = 283 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 33803690 | pmc = 8003092 | doi = 10.3390/medicina57030283 | doi-access = free }}
 
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* {{cite journal | vauthors = Chen Q, Allot A, Lu Z | title = LitCovid: an open database of COVID-19 literature | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 49 | issue = D1 | pages = D1534–D1540 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 33166392 | pmc = 7778958 | doi = 10.1093/nar/gkaa952 }}
 
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* {{cite journal | vauthors = Aghagoli G, Gallo Marin B, Katchur NJ, Chaves-Sell F, Asaad WF, Murphy SA | title = Neurological Involvement in COVID-19 and Potential Mechanisms: A Review | journal = Neurocritical Care | volume = 34 | issue = 3 | pages = 1062–1071 | date = June 2021 | pmid = 32661794 | pmc = 7358290 | doi = 10.1007/s12028-020-01049-4 }}
 
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{{refend}}
 
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== External links ==
 
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{{Scholia}}
 
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=== Health agencies ===
 
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<!-- PLEASE LIST IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER BY COUNTRY NAME -->
 
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* [https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 COVID-19] ([https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses Questions & Answers], [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbpi6ZahtOH5PLTT1yfXxcxDsNM40N1uG instructional videos]; [https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/myth-busters Facts/MythBusters]) by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO)
 
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* [https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19.html COVID-19] by the [[Government of Canada]]
 
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* [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/novel-coronavirus-china COVID-19] ([http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/novel-coronavirus-china/questions-answers Q&A]) by the [[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]]
 
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* [https://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19 COVID-19] ([http://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19/faqs Q&A]) by the [[Ministry of Health]], Singapore
 
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* [https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html COVID-19] ([https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html Q&A]) by the US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)
 
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* [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/emres/2019_ncov_default.html COVID-19 Information for the Workplace] by the US [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] (NIOSH)
 
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=== Directories ===
 
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* [https://curlie.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Respiratory_Disorders/COVID-19/ COVID-19 Directory on Curlie]
 
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* [https://openmd.com/directory/covid-19 COVID-19 Resource Directory on OpenMD]
 
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=== Data and graphs ===
 
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* [https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/ Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) situation reports] and [https://covid19.who.int/ map] by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO)
 
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* [https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/ COVID-19 Resource Center], [https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html map], and [https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19 historical data] by [[Johns Hopkins University]]
 
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* [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/data COVID-19 data sets] published by the [[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]] (ECDC)
 
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* [https://covid.observer COVID-19 Observer] based on [[Johns Hopkins University]] data
 
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* [https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus COVID-19 Statistics and Research] published by [[Our World in Data]]
 
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* [https://www.statnews.com/feature/coronavirus/covid-19-tracker/ COVID-19 Tracker] from [[Stat (website)|Stat News]]
 
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* [https://covid19.healthdata.org/global COVID-19 Projections] for many countries published by [[Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation]]
 
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* [https://covid19comparisongraphs.webador.co.uk/ Spreadsheets: Country comparisons]
 
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* [https://gabgoh.github.io/COVID/index.html Epidemic Calculator]
 
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* [https://unwfp.maps.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/42b8837bb25049b9b1f69a9555d55808 World Travel Restrictions] based on [[World Food Programme]] (WFP) data
 
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=== Medical journals ===
 
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<!-- PLEASE LIST IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER -->
 
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* [https://www.nejm.org/coronavirus Coronavirus (COVID-19)] by ''[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]''
 
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* [https://www.bmj.com/coronavirus Coronavirus (COVID-19) Hub] by [[BMJ (company)|BMJ Publishing Group]]
 
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* [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/pages/coronavirus-alert Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)] by ''[[JAMA (journal)|JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association]]''
 
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* [https://novel-coronavirus.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ COVID-19: Novel Coronavirus Outbreak] by [[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley Publishing]]
 
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* [https://collections.plos.org/covid-19 COVID-19 pandemic (2019–20) Collection] by [[Public Library of Science]] (PLOS)
 
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* [https://icite.od.nih.gov/covid19/search/ COVID-19 Portfolio], a curated collection of publications and preprints by [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH)
 
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* [https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/campaigns/coronavirus COVID-19 Research Highlights] by [[Springer Nature]]
 
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* [https://www.thelancet.com/coronavirus COVID-19 Resource Centre] by ''[[The Lancet]]''
 
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* [https://www.elsevier.com/connect/coronavirus-information-center Novel Coronavirus Information Center] by [[Elsevier]]
 
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{{COVID-19 pandemic|short=yes}}
 
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{{subject bar|b = y|b-search = COVID-19|commons = y|commons-search = Category:COVID-19 pandemic|d = y|n = y|n-search = COVID-19|q = y|q-search = COVID-19 pandemic|s = y|s-search = COVID-19|species = y|species-search = COVID-19|v = y|v-search = COVID-19|voy = y|voy-search = COVID-19 pandemic|wikt = y|wikt-search = COVID-19|portal1=COVID-19|portal2=Current events|portal3=Viruses|portal4=World}}
 
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[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic| ]]
 
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[[Category:2010s disease outbreaks]]
 
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[[Category:2020s disease outbreaks]]
 
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[[Category:2020s economic history]]
 
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[[Category:21st-century epidemics]]
 
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[[Category:21st-century health disasters]]
 
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[[Category:21st century in health]]
 
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[[Category:2019 disasters]]
 
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[[Category:2019 disasters in China]]
 
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[[Category:2019 health disasters]]
 
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[[Category:2019 in international relations]]
 
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[[Category:2020 disasters]]
 
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[[Category:2020 health disasters]]
 
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[[Category:2020 in international relations]]
 
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[[Category:2021 disasters]]
 
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[[Category:2021 health disasters]]
 
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[[Category:2021 in international relations]]
 
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[[Category:2022 disasters]]
 
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[[Category:2022 health disasters]]
 
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[[Category:2022 in international relations]]
 
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[[Category:December 2019 events in China]]
 
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[[Category:January 2020 events in China]]
 
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[[Category:February 2020 events in China]]
 
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[[Category:March 2020 events in China]]
 
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[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
 
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[[Category:Atypical pneumonias]]
 
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[[Category:Health disasters in China]]
 
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[[Category:History of Wuhan]]
 
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[[Category:Occupational safety and health]]
 
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[[Category:Pandemics]]
 
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[[Category:Public Health Emergency of International Concern]]
 

Latest revision as of 21:06, 24 February 2022

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