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[[File:Abimélech épiant Isaac et Rébecca.jpg|thumb|270px|Abimelech spying on Isaac and Rebekah; dish with serrated edge; [[majolica]] ceramics – [[Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon]]]]
[[File:Abimélech épiant Isaac et Rébecca.jpg|thumb|270px|Abimelech spying on Isaac and Rebekah; dish with serrated edge; [[majolica]] ceramics – [[Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon]]]]


'''Abimelech''' (also spelled '''Abimelek''' or '''Avimelech'''; {{Hebrew Name 2|אֲבִימֶלֶךְ|אֲבִימָלֶךְ|ʼAvīméleḵ|ʼAvīmáleḵ|ʼAḇīmeleḵ|ʼAḇīmāleḵ|"my father is a king"/"my father reigns"}}) was the generic name given to all [[Philistine]] kings in the [[Hebrew Bible]] from the time of [[Abraham]] through [[David|King David]].<ref name="Abimelech-Five Books of Moses-Biblical Personalities">{{cite web |title=Abimelech |url=https://www.chabad.org/search/keyword_cdo/kid/9991/jewish/Abimelech.htm |website=Chabad.org |access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref> In the [[Book of Judges]], [[Abimelech (Judges)|Abimelech]], son of [[Gideon]],<ref>{{bibleverse||Judges|8:31|HE}}</ref> of the [[Tribe of Manasseh]], is proclaimed king of [[Shechem]] after the death of his father.<ref>{{bibleverse||Judges|9:1–6|HE}}</ref>
'''Abimelech''' (also spelled '''Abimelek''' or '''Avimelech'''; {{Hebrew Name 2|אֲבִימֶלֶךְ|אֲבִימָלֶךְ|ʼAvīméleḵ|ʼAvīmáleḵ|ʼAḇīmeleḵ|ʼAḇīmāleḵ|"my father is a king"/"my father reigns"}}) was the generic name given to all [[Philistine]] kings in the [[Hebrew Bible]] from the time of [[Abraham]] until that of [[David|King David]].<ref name="Abimelech-Five Books of Moses-Biblical Personalities">{{cite web |title=Abimelech |url=https://www.chabad.org/search/keyword_cdo/kid/9991/jewish/Abimelech.htm |website=Chabad.org |access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref> In particlular, Abimelech, king of [[Gerar]], features in relation to Abraham and his wife/sister [[Sarah]] in [[Genesis 20]], and to [[Isaac]] and [[Rebecca (biblical figure)|Rebekah]] in [[Genesis 26]]. In the [[Book of Judges]], [[Abimelech (Judges)|Abimelech]], son of [[Gideon]],<ref>{{bibleverse||Judges|8:31|HE}}</ref> of the [[Tribe of Manasseh]], is proclaimed king of [[Shechem]] after the death of his father.<ref>{{bibleverse||Judges|9:1–6|HE}}</ref>


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
The name or title ''Abimelech'' is formed from Canaanite words for "father" and "king," and may be interpreted in a variety of ways, including "Father-King", "My father is king," or "Father of a king."<ref name="Bluedorn2001">{{cite book|author=Wolfgang Bluedorn |title=Yahweh Versus Baalism: A Theological Reading of the Gideon-Abimelech Narrative|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jx7KrAnNOoC&pg=PA192 |date=19 December 2001|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-84127-200-9|page=192}}</ref> In the Pentateuch, it is used as a title for kings in the land of Canaan.<ref name="Bluedorn2001b">{{cite book|author=Wolfgang Bluedorn|title=Yahweh Versus Baalism: A Theological Reading of the Gideon-Abimelech Narrative|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jx7KrAnNOoC&pg=PA192|date=19 December 2001|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-84127-200-9|page=191}}</ref>
The name or title ''Abimelech'' is formed from Hebrew words for "father" and "king", and may be interpreted as "Father-King", "My father is king", or "Father of a king".<ref name="Bluedorn2001">{{cite book|author=Wolfgang Bluedorn |title=Yahweh Versus Baalism: A Theological Reading of the Gideon-Abimelech Narrative|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jx7KrAnNOoC&pg=PA192 |date=19 December 2001|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-84127-200-9|page=192}}</ref> In the Pentateuch, it is used as a title for kings in the land of Canaan.<ref name="Bluedorn2001b">{{cite book|author=Wolfgang Bluedorn|title=Yahweh Versus Baalism: A Theological Reading of the Gideon-Abimelech Narrative|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jx7KrAnNOoC&pg=PA192|date=19 December 2001|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-84127-200-9|page=191}}</ref>


Abimelech can be translated in Arabic as well into "My father is king", "My father is owner" or "Father of a king," where {{Lang|ar-latn|Abi|italic=no}} ({{Langx|ar|أبي}}) means father or my father while {{Lang|ar-latn|malek|italic=no}} ({{Langx|ar|ملك}}) means king or {{Lang|ar-latn|mālek|italic=no}} ({{Langx|ar|مالك}}) for owner.
Abimelech also means "My father is king", "My father is owner" or "Father of a king" in Arabic. {{Lang|ar-latn|Abi|italic=no}} ({{Langx|ar|أبي}}) means father or my father, while {{Lang|ar-latn|malek|italic=no}} ({{Langx|ar|ملك}}) means king or {{Lang|ar-latn|mālek|italic=no}} ({{Langx|ar|مالك}}) for owner.
 
At the time of the [[Amarna tablets]] (mid-14th century BC), there was an Egyptian governor of [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] similarly named [[Abimilki]], {{citation needed span|who is sometimes speculated to be connected with one or more of the biblical Abimelechs.|date=December 2021}}


=={{anchor|Abimelech of Gerar}} Abimelech of Gerar==
=={{anchor|Abimelech of Gerar}} Abimelech of Gerar==
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Abimelech was most prominently the name of a polytheistic<ref>{{cite book |last=Benamozegh |first=Elia |url=https://archive.org/details/israelhumanity0000bena |title=Israel and Humanity |author2=Maxwell Luria |publisher=Paulist Press International |year=1995 |isbn=978-0809135417 |page=104 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Victor P.|title=Exodus: An Exegetical Commentary|year=2012|publisher=Baker Academic|isbn=978-0801031830|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vUry0cGNR_IC&q=Abimelech&pg=PT1003}}</ref> king of [[Gerar]] who is mentioned in two of the three [[wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis]], in connection with both [[Abraham]]<ref>Genesis chap. 20</ref> and [[Isaac]].<ref>Genesis chap. 26</ref>
Abimelech was most prominently the name of a polytheistic<ref>{{cite book |last=Benamozegh |first=Elia |url=https://archive.org/details/israelhumanity0000bena |title=Israel and Humanity |author2=Maxwell Luria |publisher=Paulist Press International |year=1995 |isbn=978-0809135417 |page=104 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Victor P.|title=Exodus: An Exegetical Commentary|year=2012|publisher=Baker Academic|isbn=978-0801031830|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vUry0cGNR_IC&q=Abimelech&pg=PT1003}}</ref> king of [[Gerar]] who is mentioned in two of the three [[wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis]], in connection with both [[Abraham]] and Sarah,<ref>Genesis chapter 20</ref> and with [[Isaac]] and Rebekah.<ref>Genesis chapter 26</ref> [[Matthew Easton]] suggests that the king who met with Isaac and Rebekah was "probably" the son of the one who met with Abraham and Sarah.<ref>{{cite wikisource|title=Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Abimelech|last=Easton|first=Matthew George|at=(2)}}</ref>
 
In the Genesis 20 narrative, God (''[[Elohim]]'') appears to Abimelech in a night-time dream, revealing to him that Abraham and Sarah are a married couple,<ref>{{bibleverse|Genesis|20:3}}</ref> whereas in the Genesis 26 narrative, the king sees Isaac and Rebekah together and infers that they are married.<ref>{{bibleverse|Genesis|26:8}}</ref> Abimelech replies to God as {{Lord}},<ref>{{bibleverse|Genesis|20:3}}</ref> and Abimelech can be seen as recognising the [[Seven Laws of Noah|Noahide laws]]' ruling against [[adultery]].<ref>[[Albert Barnes (theologian)|Barnes, A.]] (1834), [https://biblehub.com/commentaries/barnes/genesis/20.htm Barnes' Notes] on Genesis 20, accessed on 26 May 2026</ref>


King Abimelech of Gerar also appears in an extra-biblical tradition recounted in texts such as the ''[[Arabic Apocalypse of Peter]]'', the ''[[Cave of Treasures]]'' and the ''[[Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan]]'', as one of twelve regional kings in Abraham's time said to have built the city of [[Jerusalem]] for [[Melchizedek]].
King Abimelech of Gerar also appears in an extra-biblical tradition recounted in texts such as the ''[[Arabic Apocalypse of Peter]]'', the ''[[Cave of Treasures]]'' and the ''[[Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan]]'', as one of twelve regional kings in Abraham's time said to have built the city of [[Jerusalem]] for [[Melchizedek]].
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The [[Book of Judges]] mentions Abimelech, son of [[Biblical judges|judge]] [[Gideon]] (also known as Jerubbaal). According to the biblical narrative, Abimelech was an extremely conniving and evil person. He persuaded his mother's brothers to encourage the people of [[Shechem]] to back him in a plot to overthrow his family rule and make him sole ruler.
The [[Book of Judges]] mentions Abimelech, son of [[Biblical judges|judge]] [[Gideon]] (also known as Jerubbaal). According to the biblical narrative, Abimelech was an extremely conniving and evil person. He persuaded his mother's brothers to encourage the people of [[Shechem]] to back him in a plot to overthrow his family rule and make him sole ruler.


After slaying all but one of his seventy brothers, Abimelech was crowned king. The brother who escaped, Jotham youngest son of Jerrubaal, made a pronouncement against Abimelech and those who had crowned him.
After slaying all but one of his seventy brothers, Abimelech was crowned king. The brother who escaped, Jotham, youngest son of Jerrubaal, made a pronouncement against Abimelech and those who had crowned him. The curse was that if they had not dealt righteously with the family of Jerrubaal, then fire would come against Abimelech from the people of Shechem and fire would come out of Abimelech against the people who had backed him in this bloody coup.
The curse was that if they had not dealt righteously with the family of Jerrubaal, then fire would come against Abimelech from the people of Shechem and fire would come out of Abimelech against the people who had backed him in this bloody coup.
   
   
After Abimelech ruled for three years, the pronouncement came through. The people of Shechem set robbers to lie in wait of any goods or money headed to Abimelech and steal everything.
After Abimelech ruled for three years, the pronouncement came through. The people of Shechem set robbers to lie in wait of any goods or money headed to Abimelech and steal everything. Then Gaal son of Ebed went to Shechem and drunkenly bragged that he would remove Abimelech from the throne. Zebul, ruler of Shechem, sent word to Abimelech along with a battle strategy. Once Zebul taunted Gaal into fighting Abimelech, he shut Gaal and his brethren out of the city.
Then Gaal Son of Ebed went to Shechem and drunkenly bragged that he would remove Abimelech from the throne. Zebul, ruler of Shechem, sent word to Abimelech along with a battle strategy. Once Zebul taunted Gaal into fighting Abimelech, he shut Gaal and his brethren out of the city.


Abimelech then slew the field workers that came out of the city of Shechem the next day. When he heard that the people of Shechem had locked themselves in a strong tower, he and his men set fire to it, killing about a thousand men and women.
Abimelech then slew the field workers that came out of the city of Shechem the next day. When he heard that the people of Shechem had locked themselves in a strong tower, he and his men set fire to it, killing about a thousand men and women.


After this, Abimelech went to Thebez and camped against it. When he went close to the tower in Thebez to set it on fire, a woman dropped an upper [[millstone]] on Abimelech's head. He did not want to be known as having been killed by a woman, so he asked his armour bearer to run him through with a sword. His place of death is cited as being Thebez.
After this, Abimelech went to Thebez and camped against it. When he went close to the tower in Thebez to set it on fire, a woman dropped an upper [[millstone]] on Abimelech's head. He did not want to be known as having been killed by a woman, so he asked his armour bearer to run him through with a sword. His place of death is cited as being Thebez.<ref>{{cite web |title=Judges 9 |url=https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/15817/jewish/Chapter-9.htm |access-date=8 February 2022 |website=Chabad.org}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |title=Judges 9 |url=https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/15817/jewish/Chapter-9.htm |access-date=8 February 2022 |website=Chabad.org}}</ref>
 
==Other biblical figures==
Apart from the king (or kings) of Gerar, the Bible also records this name for:
*The father of [[Abiathar]], and [[List of High Priests of Israel|high priest]] in the time of David.<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Chronicles|18:16|HE}}</ref> In the parallel passage,<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Samuel|8:17|HE}}</ref> the name is given as [[Ahimelech]]; most authorities consider this the more correct reading.
*The king of [[Gath (city)|Gath]] better known as [[Achish]], referred to as Abimelech or Achimelech in the title of [[Psalm 34]].<ref>{{bibleverse||Psalm|34|HE}}</ref>
*The husband of [[Naomi (biblical figure)|Naomi]], and father of [[Mahlon and Chilion]] who leaves [[Bethlehem]] and dies in the land of [[Moab]];<ref>{{bibleverse||Ruth|1:2–3|HE}}</ref> in the Hebrew, his name is given as [[Elimelech]], which is likely the correct reading.{{clarify|reason=Which versions, if any, refer to "Abimelech" in Ruth 1:2-3?|date=May 2026}}
 
==Other ancient sources==
At the time of the [[Amarna tablets]] (mid-14th century BC), there was an Egyptian governor of [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] named [[Abimilki]], a cognate to Hebrew Abimelech (both mean "My Father is King").<ref>{{cite web |last= Mandell |first= Alice |title= The Canaanite Amarna Letters, Part 4 of 8: Pharaoh and His Vassals in Canaan: The Canaanite Amarna Letters: A Window into Egypt’s Eastern Empire |website= TheTorah.com |url= https://www.thetorah.com/article/pharaoh-and-his-vassals-in-canaan |access-date= 7 December 2025}}</ref> {{citation needed span|He is sometimes speculated to be connected with one or more of the biblical Abimelechs.|date=December 2021}}


==Russian use==
==Russian use==
'''Avimelekh''' ({{langx|ru|Авимеле́х}}) is a Russian male [[given name|first name]] derived from Abimelech.<ref name="Superanskaya2">Superanskaya, p.&nbsp;32</ref> It was included into various, often handwritten, church calendars throughout the 17th–19th centuries, but was omitted from the official [[Synod]]al [[Menologium]] at the end of the 19th century.<ref name="Superanskaya2a">А. В. Суперанская (A. V. Superanskaya). "Словарь русских имён" (''Dictionary of Russian Names''). Издательство Эксмо. Москва, 2005. {{ISBN|5-699-14090-5}}, pp.&nbsp;23 and 32</ref>
'''Avimelekh''' ({{langx|ru|Авимеле́х}}) is a Russian male [[given name|first name]] derived from Abimelech.<ref name="Superanskaya2">Superanskaya, p.&nbsp;32</ref> It was included into various, often handwritten, church calendars throughout the 17th–19th centuries, but was omitted from the official [[Synod]]al [[Menologium]] at the end of the 19th century.<ref name="Superanskaya2a">А. В. Суперанская (A. V. Superanskaya). "Словарь русских имён" (''Dictionary of Russian Names''). Издательство Эксмо. Москва, 2005. {{ISBN|5-699-14090-5}}, pp.&nbsp;23 and 32</ref>


==Other people with this name==
==Characters in the arts==
Apart from the king (or kings) of Gerar, the Bible also records this name for:
Abimélech, [[Satrap]] of [[Gaza City|Gaza]] is a [[character baritone]] in [[Camille Saint-Saëns]]' opera ''[[Samson and Delilah (opera)|Samson and Delilah]]''.<ref>Weimar, 1877</ref>
*The father of [[Abiathar]], and [[List of High Priests of Israel|high priest]] in the time of David.<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Chronicles|18:16|HE}}</ref> In the parallel passage,<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Samuel|8:17|HE}}</ref> the name is given as [[Ahimelech]]; most authorities consider this the more correct reading.
*The king of [[Gath (city)|Gath]] better known as [[Achish]], referred to as Abimelech or Achimelech in the title of Psalm 34.<ref>{{bibleverse||Psalm|34|HE}}</ref>
*The husband of [[Naomi (biblical figure)|Naomi]], and father of [[Mahlon and Chilion]] who leaves [[Bethlehem]] and dies in the land of [[Moab]],<ref>{{bibleverse||Ruth|1:2–3|HE}}</ref> in the Hebrew, his name is given as [[Elimelek]], which is likely the correct reading.
Other literary references include:
*Abimélech, [[Satrap]] of [[Gaza City|Gaza]] is a [[character baritone]] in [[Camille Saint-Saëns]]' ''[[Samson and Delilah (opera)|Samson and Delilah]]''.<ref>Weimar, 1877</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 61: Line 63:


==References==
==References==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

Latest revision as of 06:40, 26 May 2026

For other uses, see Abimelech (disambiguation).
File:Abimélech épiant Isaac et Rébecca.jpg
Abimelech spying on Isaac and Rebekah; dish with serrated edge; majolica ceramics – Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon

Abimelech (also spelled Abimelek or Avimelech; Template:Hebrew Name 2) was the generic name given to all Philistine kings in the Hebrew Bible from the time of Abraham until that of King David.[1] In particlular, Abimelech, king of Gerar, features in relation to Abraham and his wife/sister Sarah in Genesis 20, and to Isaac and Rebekah in Genesis 26. In the Book of Judges, Abimelech, son of Gideon,[2] of the Tribe of Manasseh, is proclaimed king of Shechem after the death of his father.[3]

Etymology

The name or title Abimelech is formed from Hebrew words for "father" and "king", and may be interpreted as "Father-King", "My father is king", or "Father of a king".[4] In the Pentateuch, it is used as a title for kings in the land of Canaan.[5]

Abimelech also means "My father is king", "My father is owner" or "Father of a king" in Arabic. Abi (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) means father or my father, while malek (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) means king or mālek (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) for owner.

Abimelech of Gerar

Further information: Abraham § Abimelech
Two pictures by Wenceslaus Hollar
Abraham
Abimelech rebuking Abraham
Isaac
Isaac and Abimelech

Abimelech was most prominently the name of a polytheistic[6][7] king of Gerar who is mentioned in two of the three wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis, in connection with both Abraham and Sarah,[8] and with Isaac and Rebekah.[9] Matthew Easton suggests that the king who met with Isaac and Rebekah was "probably" the son of the one who met with Abraham and Sarah.[10]

In the Genesis 20 narrative, God (Elohim) appears to Abimelech in a night-time dream, revealing to him that Abraham and Sarah are a married couple,[11] whereas in the Genesis 26 narrative, the king sees Isaac and Rebekah together and infers that they are married.[12] Abimelech replies to God as LORD,[13] and Abimelech can be seen as recognising the Noahide laws' ruling against adultery.[14]

King Abimelech of Gerar also appears in an extra-biblical tradition recounted in texts such as the Arabic Apocalypse of Peter, the Cave of Treasures and the Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan, as one of twelve regional kings in Abraham's time said to have built the city of Jerusalem for Melchizedek.

Abimelech son of Jerubbaal/Gideon

Main article: Abimelech (Judges)

The Book of Judges mentions Abimelech, son of judge Gideon (also known as Jerubbaal). According to the biblical narrative, Abimelech was an extremely conniving and evil person. He persuaded his mother's brothers to encourage the people of Shechem to back him in a plot to overthrow his family rule and make him sole ruler.

After slaying all but one of his seventy brothers, Abimelech was crowned king. The brother who escaped, Jotham, youngest son of Jerrubaal, made a pronouncement against Abimelech and those who had crowned him. The curse was that if they had not dealt righteously with the family of Jerrubaal, then fire would come against Abimelech from the people of Shechem and fire would come out of Abimelech against the people who had backed him in this bloody coup.

After Abimelech ruled for three years, the pronouncement came through. The people of Shechem set robbers to lie in wait of any goods or money headed to Abimelech and steal everything. Then Gaal son of Ebed went to Shechem and drunkenly bragged that he would remove Abimelech from the throne. Zebul, ruler of Shechem, sent word to Abimelech along with a battle strategy. Once Zebul taunted Gaal into fighting Abimelech, he shut Gaal and his brethren out of the city.

Abimelech then slew the field workers that came out of the city of Shechem the next day. When he heard that the people of Shechem had locked themselves in a strong tower, he and his men set fire to it, killing about a thousand men and women.

After this, Abimelech went to Thebez and camped against it. When he went close to the tower in Thebez to set it on fire, a woman dropped an upper millstone on Abimelech's head. He did not want to be known as having been killed by a woman, so he asked his armour bearer to run him through with a sword. His place of death is cited as being Thebez.[15]

Other biblical figures

Apart from the king (or kings) of Gerar, the Bible also records this name for:

Other ancient sources

At the time of the Amarna tablets (mid-14th century BC), there was an Egyptian governor of Tyre named Abimilki, a cognate to Hebrew Abimelech (both mean "My Father is King").[20] He is sometimes speculated to be connected with one or more of the biblical Abimelechs.[citation needed]

Russian use

Avimelekh (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) is a Russian male first name derived from Abimelech.[21] It was included into various, often handwritten, church calendars throughout the 17th–19th centuries, but was omitted from the official Synodal Menologium at the end of the 19th century.[22]

Characters in the arts

Abimélech, Satrap of Gaza is a character baritone in Camille Saint-Saëns' opera Samson and Delilah.[23]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Abimelech". Chabad.org. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  2. ↑ Judges 8:31
  3. ↑ Judges 9:1–6
  4. ↑ Wolfgang Bluedorn (19 December 2001). Yahweh Versus Baalism: A Theological Reading of the Gideon-Abimelech Narrative. A&C Black. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-84127-200-9.
  5. ↑ Wolfgang Bluedorn (19 December 2001). Yahweh Versus Baalism: A Theological Reading of the Gideon-Abimelech Narrative. A&C Black. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-84127-200-9.
  6. ↑ Benamozegh, Elia; Maxwell Luria (1995). Israel and Humanity. Paulist Press International. p. 104. ISBN 978-0809135417.
  7. ↑ Hamilton, Victor P. (2012). Exodus: An Exegetical Commentary. Baker Academic. ISBN 978-0801031830.
  8. ↑ Genesis chapter 20
  9. ↑ Genesis chapter 26
  10. ↑ Easton, Matthew George. Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Abimelech . (2) – via Wikisource.
  11. ↑ Genesis 20:3
  12. ↑ Genesis 26:8
  13. ↑ Genesis 20:3
  14. ↑ Barnes, A. (1834), Barnes' Notes on Genesis 20, accessed on 26 May 2026
  15. ↑ "Judges 9". Chabad.org. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  16. ↑ 1 Chronicles 18:16
  17. ↑ 2 Samuel 8:17
  18. ↑ Psalm 34
  19. ↑ Ruth 1:2–3
  20. ↑ Mandell, Alice. "The Canaanite Amarna Letters, Part 4 of 8: Pharaoh and His Vassals in Canaan: The Canaanite Amarna Letters: A Window into Egypt's Eastern Empire". TheTorah.com. Retrieved 7 December 2025.
  21. ↑ Superanskaya, p. 32
  22. ↑ А. В. Суперанская (A. V. Superanskaya). "Словарь русских имён" (Dictionary of Russian Names). Издательство Эксмо. Москва, 2005. ISBN 5-699-14090-5, pp. 23 and 32
  23. ↑ Weimar, 1877

Public Domain This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). "Abimelech". Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.

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