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The Abu Nidal Organization was established by [[Abu Nidal|Sabri Khalil al-Bannah (Abu Nidal)]], known by his ''[[nom de guerre]]'' Abu Nidal, a Palestinian [[Arab nationalism|Arab nationalist]] and a former [[Ba'ath party]] member. Abu Nidal long argued that PLO membership should be open to all [[Arabs]], not just Palestinians. He also argued that Palestine must be established as an Arab state, stretching from the [[Jordan River]] in the east to the Mediterranean in the west.<ref name=":0" /> Abu Nidal established his faction within the PLO, just prior to [[Black September]] in Jordan, and following internal disagreements within the PLO. During Fatah's Third Congress in Damascus in 1971, he emerged as the leader of a leftist alliance against [[Yasser Arafat]]. After the 1973 [[Yom Kippur War]], many members of the mainstream [[Fatah]] movement argued that a political solution with Israel should be an option. Consequently, Abu Nidal split from Fatah in 1974 and formed his "rejectionist" front to carry on a [[Pan-Arabism|Pan-Arabist]] armed struggle.<ref name=":0" /> | The Abu Nidal Organization was established by [[Abu Nidal|Sabri Khalil al-Bannah (Abu Nidal)]], known by his ''[[nom de guerre]]'' Abu Nidal, a Palestinian [[Arab nationalism|Arab nationalist]] and a former [[Ba'ath party]] member. Abu Nidal long argued that PLO membership should be open to all [[Arabs]], not just Palestinians. He also argued that Palestine must be established as an Arab state, stretching from the [[Jordan River]] in the east to the Mediterranean in the west.<ref name=":0" /> Abu Nidal established his faction within the PLO, just prior to [[Black September]] in Jordan, and following internal disagreements within the PLO. During Fatah's Third Congress in Damascus in 1971, he emerged as the leader of a leftist alliance against [[Yasser Arafat]]. After the 1973 [[Yom Kippur War]], many members of the mainstream [[Fatah]] movement argued that a political solution with Israel should be an option. Consequently, Abu Nidal split from Fatah in 1974 and formed his "rejectionist" front to carry on a [[Pan-Arabism|Pan-Arabist]] armed struggle.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
Abu Nidal's first independent operation took place on September 5, 1973, when five gunmen using the name ''Al-Iqab'' ("The Punishment") seized the Saudi embassy in Paris, taking 11 hostages and threatening to blow up the building if Abu Dawud was not released from jail in Jordan, where he had been arrested in February 1973 for an attempt on [[Hussein of Jordan|King Hussein]]'s life.<ref name=Melman69>Melman 1986, p. 69.</ref> Following the incident, [[Mahmoud Abbas]] of the PLO took flight to Iraq to meet Abu Nidal. In the meeting Abbas became so angry, that he stormed out of the meeting, followed by the other PLO delegates, and from that point on, the PLO regarded Abu Nidal as a mercenary.<ref name=Seale92>Seale 1992, p. 92.</ref> | Abu Nidal's first independent operation took place on September 5, 1973, when five gunmen using the name ''Al-Iqab'' ("The Punishment") seized the Saudi embassy in Paris, taking 11 hostages and threatening to blow up the building if [[Abu Daoud|Abu Dawud]] was not released from jail in Jordan, where he had been arrested in February 1973 for an attempt on [[Hussein of Jordan|King Hussein]]'s life.<ref name=Melman69>Melman 1986, p. 69.</ref> Following the incident, [[Mahmoud Abbas]] of the PLO took flight to Iraq to meet Abu Nidal. In the meeting Abbas became so angry, that he stormed out of the meeting, followed by the other PLO delegates, and from that point on, the PLO regarded Abu Nidal as a mercenary.<ref name=Seale92>Seale 1992, p. 92.</ref> | ||
Two months later, just after the October 1973 [[Yom Kippur War]], during discussions about convening a peace conference in Geneva, the Abu Nidal Organization (ANO) hijacked a KLM airliner, using the name of the Arab Nationalist Youth Organization. The operation was intended to send a signal to Fatah not to send representatives to any peace conference. In response, Arafat officially expelled Abu Nidal from Fatah in March 1974, and the rift between the two groups, and the two men, was complete.<ref name=Melman70>Melman 1986, p. 70.</ref> In June the same year, ANO formed the [[Rejectionist Front]], a political coalition that opposed the Ten Point Program adopted by the Palestine Liberation Organization in its 12th Palestinian National Congress session.<ref>Chakhtoura, Maria, ''La guerre des graffiti'', Beyrouth, Éditions Dar an-Nahar, 2005, page 136.</ref> | Two months later, just after the October 1973 [[Yom Kippur War]], during discussions about convening a peace conference in Geneva, the Abu Nidal Organization (ANO) hijacked a KLM airliner, using the name of the Arab Nationalist Youth Organization. The operation was intended to send a signal to Fatah not to send representatives to any peace conference. In response, Arafat officially expelled Abu Nidal from Fatah in March 1974, and the rift between the two groups, and the two men, was complete.<ref name=Melman70>Melman 1986, p. 70.</ref> In June the same year, ANO formed the [[Rejectionist Front]], a political coalition that opposed the Ten Point Program adopted by the Palestine Liberation Organization in its 12th Palestinian National Congress session.<ref>Chakhtoura, Maria, ''La guerre des graffiti'', Beyrouth, Éditions Dar an-Nahar, 2005, page 136.</ref> | ||
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Major attacks included the [[Rome and Vienna Airport Attacks]] in December 1985, the [[Neve Shalom synagogue]] in [[Istanbul]] and the [[Pan Am Flight 73]] hijacking in [[Karachi]] in September 1986, and the ''[[City of Poros (ship)|City of Poros]]'' day-excursion ship attack in Greece in July 1988.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Suro |first1=Roberto |date=1988-02-13 |title=Palestinian Gets 30 Years for Rome Airport Attack |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/13/world/palestinian-gets-30-years-for-rome-airport-attack.html |access-date=2023-12-01 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2023-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101131800/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/13/world/palestinian-gets-30-years-for-rome-airport-attack.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | Major attacks included the [[Rome and Vienna Airport Attacks]] in December 1985, the [[Neve Shalom synagogue]] in [[Istanbul]] and the [[Pan Am Flight 73]] hijacking in [[Karachi]] in September 1986, and the ''[[City of Poros (ship)|City of Poros]]'' day-excursion ship attack in Greece in July 1988.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Suro |first1=Roberto |date=1988-02-13 |title=Palestinian Gets 30 Years for Rome Airport Attack |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/13/world/palestinian-gets-30-years-for-rome-airport-attack.html |access-date=2023-12-01 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2023-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101131800/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/13/world/palestinian-gets-30-years-for-rome-airport-attack.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
The ANO has been especially noted for its uncompromising stance on negotiation with Israel, treating anything less than all-out military struggle against Israel as treachery. This led the group to perform numerous attacks against the PLO, which had made clear it accepted a negotiated solution to the conflict. Fatah-RC is believed to have assassinated PLO deputy chief [[Abu Iyad]] and PLO security chief Abul Hul in [[Tunis]] in January 1991.<ref name="FM">{{Cite book |last1=Quandt |first1=William B. |title=Scripting Middle East Leaders: The Impact of Leadership Perceptions on U.S. and UK Foreign Policy |last2=Freedman |first2=Sir Lawrence |last3=Michaels |first3=Jeffrey |date=2012-12-20 |publisher=[[A & C Black]] |isbn=978-1-4411-8572-3 |pages=101–116 |language=en |chapter=7. 'Skewed perceptions: Yasir Arafat in the eyes of American officials,1969–2004,' |author-link1=William B. Quandt |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5x5z3CRTPFgC&pg=RA1-PT78}}</ref> It assassinated a [[Jordan]]ian diplomat in [[Lebanon]] in January 1994 and has been linked to the killing of the PLO representative there. Noted PLO moderate [[Issam Sartawi]] was killed by the Fatah-RC in 1983. In October 1974, the group also made a failed assassination attempt on the present Palestinian [[President of the Palestinian National Authority|president]] and PLO chairman, [[Mahmoud Abbas]]. These attacks, and numerous others, led to the PLO issuing a death sentence ''in absentia'' against Abu Nidal. In the early 1990s, it made an attempt to gain control of a refugee camp in | The ANO has been especially noted for its uncompromising stance on negotiation with Israel, treating anything less than all-out military struggle against Israel as treachery. This led the group to perform numerous attacks against the PLO, which had made clear it accepted a negotiated solution to the conflict. Fatah-RC is believed to have assassinated PLO deputy chief [[Abu Iyad]] and PLO security chief Abul Hul in [[Tunis]] in January 1991.<ref name="FM">{{Cite book |last1=Quandt |first1=William B. |title=Scripting Middle East Leaders: The Impact of Leadership Perceptions on U.S. and UK Foreign Policy |last2=Freedman |first2=Sir Lawrence |last3=Michaels |first3=Jeffrey |date=2012-12-20 |publisher=[[A & C Black]] |isbn=978-1-4411-8572-3 |pages=101–116 |language=en |chapter=7. 'Skewed perceptions: Yasir Arafat in the eyes of American officials,1969–2004,' |author-link1=William B. Quandt |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5x5z3CRTPFgC&pg=RA1-PT78}}</ref> It assassinated a [[Jordan]]ian diplomat in [[Lebanon]] in January 1994 and has been linked to the killing of the PLO representative there. Noted PLO moderate [[Issam Sartawi]] was killed by the Fatah-RC in 1983. In October 1974, the group also made a failed assassination attempt on the present Palestinian [[President of the Palestinian National Authority|president]] and PLO chairman, [[Mahmoud Abbas]]. These attacks, and numerous others, led to the PLO issuing a death sentence ''in absentia'' against Abu Nidal. In the early 1990s, it made an attempt to gain control of a refugee camp in Lebanon, but this was thwarted by PLO organizations.<ref name="Abu Nidal – Telegraph">{{cite news |last=Archer |first=Graeme |title=Abu Nidal |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/08/20/db2001.xml |url-status=dead |access-date=May 8, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020921212428/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/08/20/db2001.xml |archive-date=September 21, 2002}}</ref> | ||
==Internal executions and torture== | ==Internal executions and torture== | ||
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*[[Olivia Frank]] | *[[Olivia Frank]] | ||
*[[List of military units named after people]] | *[[List of military units named after people]] | ||
*[[15 May Organization]] | |||
*[[Black September Organization]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
*[ | *[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2203099.stm Abu Nidal: Ruthless maverick] | ||
{{Fatah}} | {{Fatah}} | ||
{{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||