Ball: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Round object}}
{{Short description|Round object}}
{{Other uses}}
{{for2|the event|Ball (dance event)|other uses}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-move}}
{{use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
[[File:Ball, പന്ത്.JPG|thumb|Group of balls]]
{{Multiple image
 
| image1            = Many balls.jpg
A '''ball''' is a round object (usually [[spherical]], but sometimes [[ovoid]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gpZx5wQbxvMC&q=spherical+or+ovoid+ball&pg=PA404|title=Code of Federal Regulations: 1985–1999|date=5 November 1999|publisher=U.S. General Services Administration, National Archives and Records Service, Office of the Federal Register|access-date=5 November 2017|via=Google Books|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107021013/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gpZx5wQbxvMC&pg=PA404&dq=spherical+or+ovoid+ball&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-r96o96fXAhXEDsAKHTKcAr4QuwUIKDAA|archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref> with several uses. It is used in [[ball games]], where the play of the game follows the state of the ball as it is hit, kicked or thrown by players. Balls can also be used for simpler activities, such as catch or [[juggling]]. Balls made from hard-wearing materials are used in [[engineering]] applications to provide very low [[friction]] bearings, known as [[ball bearings]]. [[Black powder|Black-powder]] weapons use stone and metal balls as [[projectile]]s.
| image2            = Ball, പന്ത്.JPG
| total_width      = 400
| footer            = Group of balls
}}
A '''ball''' is a round object (usually [[spherical]], but sometimes [[ovoid]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gpZx5wQbxvMC&q=spherical+or+ovoid+ball&pg=PA404|title=Code of Federal Regulations: 1985–1999|date=5 November 1999|publisher=U.S. General Services Administration, National Archives and Records Service, Office of the Federal Register|access-date=5 November 2017|via=Google Books|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107021013/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gpZx5wQbxvMC&pg=PA404&dq=spherical+or+ovoid+ball&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-r96o96fXAhXEDsAKHTKcAr4QuwUIKDAA|archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ball_1 noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes {{!}} Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |url=http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com:80/us/definition/english/ball_1?q=ball |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315041630/http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com:80/us/definition/english/ball_1?q=ball |archive-date=2017-03-15 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-19 |title=Definition of BALL |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ball |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> Balls can have several uses. For example they are used in [[ball games]], where the play of the game follows the state of the ball as it is hit, kicked or thrown by players. Balls can also be used for simpler activities, such as catch or [[juggling]]. Balls made from hard-wearing materials are used in [[engineering]] applications to provide very low [[friction]] bearings, known as [[ball bearings]]. [[Black powder|Black-powder]] weapons use stone and metal balls as [[projectile]]s.


Although many types of balls are today made from [[rubber]], this form was unknown outside the [[Americas]] until after the voyages of [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]]. The Spanish were the first Europeans to see the bouncing rubber balls (although solid and not inflated) which were employed most notably in the [[Mesoamerican ballgame]]. Balls used in various sports in other parts of the world prior to Columbus were made from other materials such as animal bladders or skins, stuffed with various materials.
Although many types of balls are today made from [[rubber]], this form was unknown outside the [[Americas]] until after the voyages of [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]]. The Spanish were the first Europeans to see the bouncing rubber balls (although solid and not inflated) which were employed most notably in the [[Mesoamerican ballgame]]. Balls used in various sports in other parts of the world prior to Columbus were made from other materials such as animal bladders or skins, stuffed with various materials.


As balls are one of the most familiar spherical objects to humans, the word "ball" may refer to or describe spherical or near-spherical objects.
As balls are one of the most familiar spherical objects to humans, the word "ball" may refer to or describe spherical or near-spherical objects. "Ball" is used metaphorically sometimes to denote something spherical or spheroid, e.g., [[armadillos]] and human beings curl up into a ball, or making a fist into a ball.
 
"Ball" is used metaphorically sometimes to denote something spherical or spheroid, e.g., [[armadillos]] and human beings curl up into a ball, or making a fist into a ball.


== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
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==History==
==History==
[[File:Russian balls 12-13.jpg|thumb|Russian [[leather]] balls ({{Langx|ru|мячи}}), 12th-13th century.]]
[[File:Russian balls 12-13.jpg|thumb|Russian [[leather]] balls ({{Langx|ru|мячи}}), 12th-13th century.]]
Some form of game with a ball is found portrayed on [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] monuments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Egypt State Information Service |title=Ancient Egyptian Sport |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/section/10/733?lang=en-us |access-date=2024-05-27}}</ref> In [[Homer]], [[Nausicaa]] was playing at ball with her maidens when [[Odysseus]] first saw her in the land of the [[Phaeacia]]ns (Od. vi. 100). And Halios and Laodamas performed before [[Alcinous]] and Odysseus with ball play, accompanied with dancing (Od. viii. 370).<ref name="eb1911"/> The most ancient balls in [[Eurasia]] have been discovered in [[Karasahr]], [[China]] and are 3000 years old. They were made of hair-filled leather.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/leather-balls-point-ancient-chinese-sport-180976102/|title=These Hair-Filled Leather Pouches Are the Oldest Balls Found in Eurasia|last=Gershon|first=Livia|date=October 21, 2020|website=www.smithsonianmag.com|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|access-date=November 2, 2020}}</ref>
Some form of game with a ball is found portrayed on [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] monuments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Egypt State Information Service |title=Ancient Egyptian Sport |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/section/10/733?lang=en-us |access-date=2024-05-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121143629/https://www.sis.gov.eg/section/10/733 | archive-date=November 21, 2023}}</ref> In [[Homer]], [[Nausicaa]] was playing at ball with her maidens when [[Odysseus]] first saw her in the land of the [[Phaeacia]]ns (Od. vi. 100). And Halios and Laodamas performed before [[Alcinous]] and Odysseus with ball play, accompanied with dancing (Od. viii. 370).<ref name="eb1911"/> The most ancient balls in [[Eurasia]] have been discovered in [[Karasahr]], [[China]] and are 3000 years old. They were made of hair-filled leather.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/leather-balls-point-ancient-chinese-sport-180976102/|title=These Hair-Filled Leather Pouches Are the Oldest Balls Found in Eurasia|last=Gershon|first=Livia|date=October 21, 2020|website=www.smithsonianmag.com|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|access-date=November 2, 2020}}</ref>


===Ancient Greeks===
===Ancient Greeks===
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===Modern ball games===
===Modern ball games===
[[File:How_to_play_basket_ball;_a_thesis_on_the_technique_of_the_game_(IA_howtoplaybasketb02mess).pdf|thumb|right|alt=An early manual for teaching basketball|An early manual for teaching basketball]]
The various modern games played with a ball or balls and subject to rules are treated under their various names, such as [[polo]], [[cricket]], [[football]], etc.<ref name="eb1911"/>
The various modern games played with a ball or balls and subject to rules are treated under their various names, such as [[polo]], [[cricket]], [[football]], etc.<ref name="eb1911"/>


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On the contrary, in certain sports ball is solid, some with uniform material (e.g. most [[hockey]] variations, [[Lacrosse ball|lacrosse]]), others with different layered materials (e.g. [[Baseball (ball)|baseball]], [[Cricket ball|cricket]]). Finally, some sports use hollow ones (e.g. [[Sepak takraw|sepaktakraw]], [[pickleball]], [[floorball]]).
On the contrary, in certain sports ball is solid, some with uniform material (e.g. most [[hockey]] variations, [[Lacrosse ball|lacrosse]]), others with different layered materials (e.g. [[Baseball (ball)|baseball]], [[Cricket ball|cricket]]). Finally, some sports use hollow ones (e.g. [[Sepak takraw|sepaktakraw]], [[pickleball]], [[floorball]]).
 
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Cross section of sport balls">
File:Cmglee tennis ball interior.jpg|Tennis
File:Golfballinsiderp.jpg|Golf
File:Baseball center comparison.jpg|Baseball
</gallery>
In outdoor sports, wet balls play differently than dry balls. In indoor sports, balls may become damp due to hand sweat. Any form of humidity or dampness will affect a ball's surface friction, which will alter a player's ability to impart spin on the ball. The action required to apply spin to a ball is governed by the physics of [[angular momentum]]. Spinning balls travelling through air (technically a [[fluid mechanics|fluid]]) will experience the [[Magnus effect]], which can produce lateral deflections in addition to the normal up-down curvature induced by a combination of [[wind resistance]] and [[gravity]].
In outdoor sports, wet balls play differently than dry balls. In indoor sports, balls may become damp due to hand sweat. Any form of humidity or dampness will affect a ball's surface friction, which will alter a player's ability to impart spin on the ball. The action required to apply spin to a ball is governed by the physics of [[angular momentum]]. Spinning balls travelling through air (technically a [[fluid mechanics|fluid]]) will experience the [[Magnus effect]], which can produce lateral deflections in addition to the normal up-down curvature induced by a combination of [[wind resistance]] and [[gravity]].
<gallery>
File:Green Rubber Band Ball.jpg|[[Rubber band ball]]
File:Black Super Ball.jpg|[[Super Ball]]
File:A cherry utility ball in a field (cropped).jpg|[[Utility ball]]
File:Sponge Ball.jpg|Sponge ball
File:Amerikansk fotboll i plast - 2025.jpg|Plastic [[american football]].
</gallery>
== Specifications ==
== Specifications ==
{{Sticky table start}}
{{sticky header}}
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sticky-header"
{| class="wikitable sticky-header"
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!Type
!Type
!Shape
!Shape
!Circumferency
!Circumference
!Diameter
!Diameter
!Weight
!Weight
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!Material
!Material
!Image
!Image
|-
|[[Basketball (ball)|Basketball]]
|[[FIBA]]
|Filled with air, inflatable
|[[Sphere]]
|75-77 centimeters
| -
|580-620 grams
|
|1.035-1.085 meters dropped from height of 1.8 meters
|leather, artificial/composite/synthetic leather
|[[File:Basketball.png|100px]]
|-
|[[Bowling ball|Bowling]]
|[[International Bowling Federation|IBF]]
|Solid
|Sphere
|{{Convert|26.704-27.002|in|cm}}
|{{Convert|8.5-8.595|in|cm}}
|{{Convert|16|lb|g}}
| -
|
|non-metallic
|[[File:20190118B Plastic bowling ball fingertip grip.jpg|frameless|100x100px]]
|-
|[[Cycle ball]]
|[[Union Cycliste Internationale|UCI]]
|
|Sphere
| -
|17-18 centimeters
|500-600 grams
| -
|
|textile (case)
|[[File:20190530_Dresden_-_Die_Welt_der_DDR_-_082.jpg|100px]]
|-
|[[Sliotar|Gaelic games]]
|[[Gaelic Athletic Association|GAA]]
|Solid
|Sphere
| -
|{{Convert|69-72|mm|in}}
|110-116 grams
| -
|
|leather (case)
|[[File:A Hurling Sliotar.jpg|frameless|100x100px]]
|-
|[[Goalball]]
|[[International Blind Sports Federation|IBSA]]
|Hollow
|Sphere
|75.5-78.5 centimeters
|24-25 centimeters
|1200-1300 grams
|
|
|natural rubber with internal bells
|
|-
|[[Golf ball|Golf]]
|[[International Golf Federation|IGF]]
|Solid
|Sphere
| -
|{{Convert|1.68|in|cm}}
|{{Convert|1.62|oz|g}}
| -
|
|elastomeric material
|[[File:Golfball.jpg|100px]]
|-
|[[Korfball]]
|[[International Korfball Federation|IKF]]
|Filled with air, inflatable
|Sphere
|68-70.5 centimeters
| -
|445-475 grams
|
|110-130 centimeters (from 180 centimeters in height)
|
|
|-
|[[Netball]]
|[[World Netball]]
|Filled with air, inflatable
|Sphere
|{{Convert|27-28|in|cm}}
| -
|{{Convert|14-16|oz|g}}
|
|
|leather, rubber or synthetic material.
|
|-
|[[Sepak takraw|Sepaktakraw]]
|[[International Sepaktakraw Federation|ISTAF]]
|Hollow
|Sphere
|41-43 centimeters
| -
|170-180 grams
| -
|
|woven synthetic fiber
|[[File:Sepak Takraw.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|[[Shinty]]
|[[Camanachd Association]]
|Solid
|Sphere
|{{Convert|7.5-8|in|cm}}
| -
|{{Convert|2.5-3|oz|g}}
| -
|
|
*cork or rubber (core)
* worted
* leather or leather-like (case)
|
|-
|[[Tchoukball]]
|FITB
|Filled with air, inflatable
|Sphere
|58-60 centimeters
| -
|425-475 grams
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Water polo ball|Waterpolo]] and [[Canoe polo|Canoe Polo]]
|[[World Aquatics]]
|Filled with air, inflatable
|Sphere
|68-71 centimeters
| -
|400-450 grams
|{{Convert|7.5-8.5|psi}}
|
|
|[[File:NewWaterPoloBall.JPG|100px]]
|-
|-
| colspan="11" |'''[[Bat-and-ball games|Bat and ball sports]]'''
| colspan="11" |'''[[Bat-and-ball games|Bat and ball sports]]'''
|-
|-
|[[Baseball (ball)|Baseball]]
|[[Baseball (ball)|Baseball]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=OFFICIAL RULES OF BASEBALL, 2025-2026 |url=https://static.wbsc.org/uploads/federations/0/cms/documents/d3d36a7c-4a8a-1cca-adc1-d4edff1efc30.pdf}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[World Baseball Softball Confederation|WBSC]]
| rowspan="3" |[[World Baseball Softball Confederation|WBSC]]
| rowspan="2" |Solid
| rowspan="2" |Solid
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|[[File:Baseball (crop).jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Baseball (crop).jpg|100px]]
|-
|-
|[[Softball]]
|[[Softball]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official rules of Softball - Fast pitch 2026-2029
|url=https://static.wbsc.org/uploads/federations/0/cms/documents/c4423d39-179f-04ec-9054-99f919b1f85b.pdf}}</ref>
|{{Convert|11.875-12.125|in|cm}}
|{{Convert|11.875-12.125|in|cm}}
| -
| -
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|[[File:Yellow softball.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Yellow softball.jpg|100px]]
|-
|-
|[[Baseball5]]
|[[Baseball5]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official WBSC Baseball5 Rulebook |url=https://staging.cms.baseball.com.au/app/uploads/2019/10/Baseball5_Rulebook_20191.pdf}}</ref>
|Filled with air, non inflatable
|Filled with air, non inflatable
|20.84 centimeters
|20.84 centimeters
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|-
|-
|[[British baseball|Pêl-Fas]]
|[[British baseball|Pêl-Fas]]
|[[International Baseball Board|IBB]]
|[[International Baseball Board|IBB]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laws of the game |url=http://englishbaseball.weebly.com/laws-of-the-game.html |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=ENGLISH BASEBALL ASSOCIATION}}</ref>
|Solid
|Solid
|Sphere
|Sphere
Line 279: Line 130:
|-
|-
|[[Pesäpallo]]
|[[Pesäpallo]]
|Finnish Pesäpallo Association
|Finnish Pesäpallo Association<ref>{{Cite web |title=PELISÄÄNNÖT, PESÄPALLON PERUSTEOS |url=https://www.datocms-assets.com/115766/1731452016-pesapallon-pelisaannot-2025.pdf}}</ref>
|Solid
|Solid
|Sphere
|Sphere
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|
|
|
|
|
|[[File:Pesäpallo ball.JPG|frameless|100x100px]]
|-
|-
|[[Cricket ball|Cricket]]
|[[Cricket ball|Cricket]]
|[[International Cricket Council|ICC]]
|[[International Cricket Council|ICC]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICC MEN'S TEST MATCH PLAYING CONDITIONS |url=https://images.icc-cricket.com/image/upload/prd/lm8owaz03i86m1eneb7m.pdf?_gl=1*1gu8gb9*_gcl_au*MTMxMzk2OTA0MS4xNzUxMzA0MjMz}}</ref>
|Solid
|Solid
|Sphere
|Sphere
Line 303: Line 154:
|-
|-
|[[Oină]]
|[[Oină]]
|Romanian Oină Federation
|Romanian Oină Federation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regulamente – FEDERATIA ROMANA DE OINA |url=https://froina.ro/regulament/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |language=ro-RO}}</ref>
|Solid
|Solid
|Sphere
|Sphere
Line 316: Line 167:
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Schlagball]]
|[[Schlagball]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regeln – Aktuell |url=http://www.schlagball.org/regeln-aktuell/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Modern rules of Schlagball - Protoball |url=https://protoball.org/Modern_rules_of_Schlagball |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=protoball.org}}</ref>
|
|
|Filled with air, inflatable
|Filled with air, non inflatable
|Sphere
|Sphere
|19-21 centimeters
|19-21 centimeters
Line 329: Line 180:
|-
|-
|[[Stoolball]]
|[[Stoolball]]
|Stoolball England
|Stoolball England<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules of stoolball – Stoolball England |url=https://www.stoolball.org.uk/rules/rules-of-stoolball/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430160335/https://www.stoolball.org.uk/rules/rules-of-stoolball/ |archive-date=2025-04-30 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=www.stoolball.org.uk}}</ref>
|Solid
|Solid
|Sphere
|Sphere
Line 343: Line 194:
|-
|-
|[[Boccia]]
|[[Boccia]]
|[[Boccia International Sports Federation|BISFed]]
|[[Boccia International Sports Federation|BISFed]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Boccia International Boccia Rules 2025 - 2028 – v.1.1 |url=https://www.worldboccia.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/World-Boccia-Rules-2025-2028-v1.1-.pdf}}</ref>
|Solid
|Solid
|Sphere
|Sphere
|26.2-27.8&nbsp;cm
|26.2-27.8&nbsp;cm
| -
| -
|263-287 grames
|263-287 grams
| -
| -
|
|
Line 354: Line 205:
|[[File:Boccia at the 2024 Summer Paralympics - September 8.jpg|frameless|100x100px]]
|[[File:Boccia at the 2024 Summer Paralympics - September 8.jpg|frameless|100x100px]]
|-
|-
|[[Bocce volo]] (bowl)
|[[Bocce volo]] (bowl)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Règlement Technique International Édition 2024 |url=http://www.fiboules.org/project/resources/apps/rti-2024-fra.pdf}}</ref>
| rowspan="6" |[[World Pétanque and Bowls Federation|WPBF]]
| rowspan="6" |[[World Pétanque and Bowls Federation|WPBF]]
| rowspan="6" |Solid
| rowspan="6" |Solid
Line 366: Line 217:
|[[File:Boule ferrée.jpg|frameless|101x101px]]
|[[File:Boule ferrée.jpg|frameless|101x101px]]
|-
|-
|Bocce volo (jack)
|Bocce volo (jack)<ref name=":0" />
|3.5-3.7 centimeters
|3.5-3.7 centimeters
|23-27 grams
|23-27 grams
Line 373: Line 224:
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Pétanque|Petanque]] (boule)
|[[Pétanque|Petanque]] (boule)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=OFFICIAL RULES FOR THE SPORT OF PÉTANQUE |url=https://fipjp.org/images/2021/reglements/Official_Rules_Petanque-En.pdf}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | -
| rowspan="2" | -
|7.05-8 centimeters
|7.05-8 centimeters
Line 382: Line 233:
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Boule.kugel.jpg|frameless|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Boule.kugel.jpg|frameless|100x100px]]
|-
|-
|Petanque (jack)
|Petanque (jack)<ref name=":2" />
|2.9-3.1 centimeters
|2.9-3.1 centimeters
|10-18 grams
|10-18 grams
Line 388: Line 239:
|wood or synthetic
|wood or synthetic
|-
|-
|[[Raffa (boules)|Raffa]] (bowl)
|[[Raffa (boules)|Raffa]] (bowl)<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=TECHNICAL RULES OF THE GAME |url=https://cbi-prv.org/multimedia/TechnicalRules16062024.pdf}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | -
| rowspan="2" | -
|10.55-10.75 centimeters
|10.55-10.75 centimeters
Line 397: Line 248:
|
|
|-
|-
|Raffa (pallino)
|Raffa (pallino)<ref name=":3" />
|3.9-4.1 centimeters
|3.9-4.1 centimeters
|83-97 grams
|83-97 grams
Line 405: Line 256:
| colspan="11" |'''[[Billiard ball|Cue sports]]'''
| colspan="11" |'''[[Billiard ball|Cue sports]]'''
|-
|-
|[[Carom billiards|Carom]]
|[[Carom billiards|Carom]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=WORLD RULES OF CAROM BILLIARD |url=https://files.umb-carom.org/Public/Rules/CAROM%20BILLIARD%20RULES.pdf}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[World Confederation of Billiards Sports|WCBS]]
| rowspan="3" |[[World Confederation of Billiards Sports|WCBS]]
| rowspan="3" |Solid
| rowspan="3" |Solid
Line 418: Line 269:
|[[File:Carom billiards balls.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Carom billiards balls.jpg|100px]]
|-
|-
|[[Pool (cue sports)|Pool]]
|[[Pool (cue sports)|Pool]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=RECOMMENDED EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS |url=https://wpapool.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/RECOMMENDED-EQUIPMENT-SPECIFICATIONS.pdf}}</ref>
| -
| -
|{{Convert|2.25-2.3|in|cm}}
|{{Convert|2.25-2.3|in|cm}}
Line 427: Line 278:
|[[File:Billiards 10 balls.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Billiards 10 balls.jpg|100px]]
|-
|-
|[[Snooker]]
|[[Snooker]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=OFFICIAL RULES OF THE GAMES OF SNOOKER AND ENGLISH BILLIARDS |url=https://wpbsa.com/wp-content/uploads/2198_WPBSA-Rulebook-2024-25.pdf}}</ref>
| -
| -
|5.2-5.3 centimeters
|5.2-5.3 centimeters
Line 439: Line 290:
|-
|-
|[[Ball (gridiron football)|American]]
|[[Ball (gridiron football)|American]]
|[[International Federation of American Football|IFAF]]
|[[International Federation of American Football|IFAF]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=FOOTBALL RULES AND INTERPRETATIONS 2023 EDITION |url=https://americanfootball.sport/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/ifafrules.pdf}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Filled with air, inflatable
| rowspan="2" |Inflatable
| rowspan="2" |[[Lemon (geometry)|Lemon]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weisstein |first=Eric W. |title=Lemon Surface |url=https://mathworld.wolfram.com/LemonSurface.html |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=mathworld.wolfram.com |language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Lemon (geometry)|Lemon]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weisstein |first=Eric W. |title=Lemon Surface |url=https://mathworld.wolfram.com/LemonSurface.html |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=mathworld.wolfram.com |language=en}}</ref>
|{{Convert|28-28.5|in|cm}} (longitudinal) ×
|{{Convert|28-28.5|in|cm}} (longitudinal) ×
Line 452: Line 303:
|-
|-
|Canadian
|Canadian
|[[Football Canada]]
|[[Football Canada]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Canadian Amateur Rule Book for Tackle Football 2025-2026 |url=https://footballcanada.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/2025-Tackle-Rulebook-English.pdf}}</ref>
|{{Convert|27.75-28.5|in|cm}} (longitudinal)
|{{Convert|27.75-28.5|in|cm}} (longitudinal)
{{Convert|20.75-21.375|in|cm}} (transversal)
{{Convert|20.75-21.375|in|cm}} (transversal)
Line 461: Line 312:
|[[File:Canadian football.png|frameless|100x100px]]
|[[File:Canadian football.png|frameless|100x100px]]
|-
|-
|[[Ball (association football)|Soccer]]
|[[Ball (association football)|Soccer]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laws of the Game 25/26 |url=https://downloads.theifab.com/downloads/laws-of-the-game-2025-26-double-pages?l=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[FIFA]]
| rowspan="3" |[[FIFA]]
| rowspan="3" |Filled with air, inflatable
| rowspan="3" |Inflatable
| rowspan="3" |Sphere
| rowspan="3" |Sphere
|{{Convert|27-28|in|cm}}
|{{Convert|27-28|in|cm}}
Line 473: Line 324:
|[[File:Football Pallo valmiina-cropped.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Football Pallo valmiina-cropped.jpg|100px]]
|-
|-
|[[Beach soccer]]
|[[Beach soccer]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beach Soccer Laws of the Game 2024-25 |url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/1bc7152f961f99b6/original/Beach-Soccer-Laws-of-the-Game-2024-2025.pdf}}</ref>
|68-70 centimeters
|68-70 centimeters
| -
| -
Line 482: Line 333:
|[[File:Beach soccer ball.jpeg|100px]]
|[[File:Beach soccer ball.jpeg|100px]]
|-
|-
|[[Futsal]]
|[[Futsal]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Futsal LAWS OF THE GAME 2025-26 |url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/20d52e6779b53321/original/FUTSAL-Laws-of-the-Game-2025-2026.pdf}}</ref>
|62-64 centimeters
|62-64 centimeters
| -
| -
Line 488: Line 339:
|50-65 centimeters on the first rebound when dropped from a height of 2 meters
|50-65 centimeters on the first rebound when dropped from a height of 2 meters
| -
| -
|
|[[File:Pallone futsal Agla.jpg|frameless|100x100px]]
|-
|-
|[[Australian rules football|Australian rules]]
|[[Australian rules football|Australian rules]]
|[[AFL Commission]]
|[[AFL Commission]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2025/03/21/19a8bff6-8f49-45b9-b686-83a64db02fe0/LEGAL_2025_150532_Laws-of-the-Game_Booklet_Digital_FA.pdf|title=Laws of Australian Football 2025}}</ref>
|Filled with air, inflatable
|Inflatable
|[[Spheroid|Prolate spheroid]]
|[[Spheroid|Prolate spheroid]]
|72 – 73&nbsp;cm (elliptic) ×
|72 – 73&nbsp;cm (elliptic) ×
Line 504: Line 355:
|-
|-
|[[Gaelic ball|Gaelic]] and [[International rules football|International rules]]
|[[Gaelic ball|Gaelic]] and [[International rules football|International rules]]
|GAA
|GAA<ref>{{Cite web |title=OFFICIAL GUIDE - PART 2 |url=https://www.gaa.ie/api/images/image/upload/t_q-best/prd/ux74p4f8n5ywzz3rb3fi.pdf}}</ref>
|Filled with air, inflatable
|Inflatable
|Sphere
|Sphere
|68-70 centimeters
|68-70 centimeters
Line 516: Line 367:
|-
|-
|[[Rugby ball|Rugby]] league
|[[Rugby ball|Rugby]] league
|[[International Rugby League|IRL]]
|[[International Rugby League|IRL]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.internationalrugbyleague.com/uploads/docs/International_Rugby_League_Laws_of_the_Game.pdf|title=2026 International Laws of the Game}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Filled with air, inflatable
| rowspan="2" |Inflatable
| rowspan="2" |Prolate spheroid
| rowspan="2" |Prolate spheroid
|
|
Line 528: Line 379:
|-
|-
|[[Rugby ball|Rugby]] union
|[[Rugby ball|Rugby]] union
|[[World Rugby]]
|[[World Rugby]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://passport.world.rugby/media/jxrnmptk/2026en-laws-of-the-game-compressed.pdf|title=Laws of the game Rugby Union 2026}}</ref>
|74 - 77 centimeters (elliptic) ×
|74 - 77 centimeters (elliptic) ×
58 - 62 centimeters (circular)
58 - 62 centimeters (circular)
Line 541: Line 392:
|-
|-
|[[Handball|Indoor]] (with resine)
|[[Handball|Indoor]] (with resine)
| rowspan="3" |[[International Handball Federation|IHF]]
| rowspan="3" |[[International Handball Federation|IHF]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=XIII. Technical Regulations a) Ball Regulations Edition: 21 December 2025|url=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/2026-02/13A%20-%20Ball%20Regulations_E.pdf}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |Filled with air, inflatable
| rowspan="3" |Inflatable
| rowspan="3" |Sphere
| rowspan="3" |Sphere
|58-60 centimeters
|58-60 centimeters
Line 559: Line 410:
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Beach handball|Beach]]
|[[Beach handball|Beach]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IX. Rules of the Game b) Beach Handball |url=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/2022-02/09B%20-%20Rules%20of%20the%20Game_Beach%20Handball_E.pdf}}</ref>
|54-56 centimeters
|54-56 centimeters
| -
| -
Line 566: Line 417:
|
|
|rubber
|rubber
|
|[[File:Beach handball at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls Consolation Round – ASA-HKG 113.jpg|frameless|100x100px]]
|-
|-
| colspan="11" |'''[[Hockey]]'''
| colspan="11" |'''[[Hockey]]'''
|-
|[[Ball hockey]]
|[[International Street and Ball Hockey Federation|ISBHF]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=INTERNATIONAL STREET & BALL HOCKEY FEDERATION, RULEBOOK 2025 VERSION |url=https://www.isbhf.com/data/redactor/ISBHF%20Rulebook%202025.pdf}}</ref>
|
|Sphere
| -
|6.6-7 centimeters
|60-77 grams
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Bandy ball|Bandy]] and [[Rink bandy]]
|[[Bandy ball|Bandy]] and [[Rink bandy]]
|[[Federation of International Bandy|FIB]]
|[[Federation of International Bandy|FIB]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=BANDY PLAYING RULES |url=https://worldbandy.com/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2024/12/FIB-OFFICIAL-RULE-BOOK-2023-2024.pdf}}</ref>
|Solid
|Solid
|Sphere
|Sphere
Line 582: Line 445:
|[[File:Bandy ball (Orange).JPG|100px]]
|[[File:Bandy ball (Orange).JPG|100px]]
|-
|-
|[[Field hockey|Field]] and [[Indoor hockey|indoor]]
|[[Field hockey|Field]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules of Hockey, Effective from 1 January 2022 |url=https://www.fih.hockey/static-assets/pdf/fih-rules-of-hockey-June23-update.pdf}}</ref> and [[Indoor hockey|indoor]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules of Indoor Hockey, Effective from 1 December 2023 |url=https://www.fih.hockey/static-assets/pdf/fih-rules-of-indoor-hockey-2023.pdf}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[International Hockey Federation|FIH]]
| rowspan="2" |[[International Hockey Federation|FIH]]
|Solid
|Solid
Line 594: Line 457:
|[[File:Balle de hockey sur gazon.jpg|frameless|100x100px]]
|[[File:Balle de hockey sur gazon.jpg|frameless|100x100px]]
|-
|-
|Beach
|Beach<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules of Beach Hockey, Effective from 1 June 2024 |url=https://www.fih.hockey/static-assets/pdf/beach-hockey-rules-2024.pdf}}</ref>
|
|
|45 centimeters
|45 centimeters
Line 605: Line 468:
|-
|-
|[[Floorball]]
|[[Floorball]]
|[[International Floorball Federation|IFF]]
|[[International Floorball Federation|IFF]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=MATERIAL REGULATIONS |url=https://archive.floorball.sport/cloudfront/2024/06/Material-Regulations-SPCR011_2024_Final.pdf}}</ref>
|Hollow
|Hollow
|Sphere
|Sphere
Line 617: Line 480:
|-
|-
|[[Roller hockey (quad)|Roller]]
|[[Roller hockey (quad)|Roller]]
|[[World Skate]]
|[[World Skate]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Worldskate - Skateboarding & Roller Sports - Regulations - Regulation |url=https://www.worldskate.org/rink-hockey/about/regulations.html |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=www.worldskate.org}}</ref>
|Solid
|Solid
|Sphere
|Sphere
Line 630: Line 493:
| colspan="11" |'''[[Lacrosse]]'''
| colspan="11" |'''[[Lacrosse]]'''
|-
|-
|[[Lacrosse ball|Field]] and [[Box lacrosse|Box]]
|[[Lacrosse ball|Field]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025-2027, Men's Field Lacrosse, Official Playing Rules, January 2025 – Version 1.0 |url=https://worldlacrosse.sport/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/WL_Mens-Rules_25-27_FINAL.pdf}}</ref> and [[Box lacrosse|Box]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=2026-2028 Box lacrosse official playing rules January 2026 Version 1.0 |url=https://worldlacrosse.sport/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/WL-26-28-Box-Rule-Book_Feb26.pdf}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[World Lacrosse]]
| rowspan="3" |[[World Lacrosse]]
| rowspan="3" |Solid
| rowspan="3" |Solid
Line 642: Line 505:
|[[File:Brine lax ball.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Brine lax ball.jpg|100px]]
|-
|-
|[[Lacrosse sixes|Sixes]]
|[[Lacrosse sixes|Sixes]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=2026-2028 Sixes lacrosse official playing rules January 2026 Version 1.0 |url=https://worldlacrosse.sport/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/WL-26-28-Sixes-Rule-Book_Feb26.pdf}}</ref>
|19.7-20.3 centimeters
|19.7-20.3 centimeters
| -
| -
Line 651: Line 514:
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Women's lacrosse|Women]]
|[[Women's lacrosse|Women]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025-2026 WOMEN'S FIELD LACROSSE OFFICIAL PLAYING RULES, VERSION 1.1 // JANUARY 2025 |url=https://worldlacrosse.sport/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/2025_2026-WF-Rulebook_FINALv1.1-1.pdf}}</ref>
|20-20.3 centimeters
|20-20.3 centimeters
| -
| -
Line 659: Line 522:
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Intercrosse]]
|[[Intercrosse]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tips & Tricks - Rules |url=https://intercrosse.net/pils/tipsntricks/rules/rulebook_eng.htm |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=intercrosse.net}}</ref>
|
|
|
|
Line 673: Line 536:
| colspan="11" |'''Polo'''
| colspan="11" |'''Polo'''
|-
|-
|[[Polo]]
|[[Polo]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Storm |title=Blue Book |url=https://hpa-polo.co.uk/blue-book/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=HPA Polo UK |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-30 |title=2026 USPA Rulebook |url=https://issuu.com/uspoloassociation/docs/2026_uspa_rulebook |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=Issuu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AAP Reglas de Juego |url=https://www.aapolo.com/bundles/web/files/AAP%20-%20Reglas%20de%20juego%20y%20codigo%20de%20faltas-2025.pdf}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Federation of International Polo|FIP]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Federation of International Polo|FIP]]
|Solid
|Solid
Line 679: Line 542:
| -
| -
|{{Convert|3-3.5|in|cm}}
|{{Convert|3-3.5|in|cm}}
|{{Convert|4.25-4.75|oz|g}}
|{{Convert|3.5-4.75|oz|g}}
| -
| -
|
|
|
|
|
|[[File:Poloball.JPG|frameless|100x100px]]
|-
|-
|Snow
|Arena<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Storm |title=Green Book |url=https://hpa-polo.co.uk/green-book/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=HPA Polo UK |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ARENA RULES |url=https://d3uxdg7queknzi.cloudfront.net/assets/pdf/2025-2026-Arena-Rules.pdf}}</ref>
|
|
|{{Convert|15|in|cm}}
|{{Convert|12.5-16.5|in|cm}}
| -
| -
|{{Convert|6|oz|g}}
|130-182 grams
|
|
|
|
|from {{Convert|9|ft}} on concrete at {{Convert|70|F}}, {{Convert|54-64|in|cm}} rebound
|
|
|[[File:Polobaelle für Sand und Schnee.jpg|frameless|100x100px]]
|-
|-
| colspan="11" |'''Racquet sports'''
| colspan="11" |'''Racquet sports'''
|-
|-
|[[Pickleball]]
|[[Pickleball]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-24 |title=WPF Rule Book - World Pickleball Federation |url=https://www.worldpickleballfederation.org/wpf-rule-book/ |access-date=2025-08-27 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rulebook |url=https://theipf.org/rulebook.html |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=theipf.org}}</ref>
|[[Pickleball#Governing body|Multiple]]
|[[Pickleball#Governing body|Multiple]]
|Hollow
|Hollow
Line 710: Line 573:
|-
|-
|[[Squash (sport)|Squash]]
|[[Squash (sport)|Squash]]
|[[World Squash Federation|WSF]]
|[[World Squash Federation|WSF]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Specifications for Squash Balls |url=https://www.worldsquash.sport/rackets-balls/racket-ball-specifications/}}</ref>
|Filled with air, non inflatable
|Filled with air, non inflatable
|Sphere
|Sphere
Line 722: Line 585:
|-
|-
|[[Table tennis]]
|[[Table tennis]]
|[[International Table Tennis Federation|ITTF]]
|[[International Table Tennis Federation|ITTF]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The International Table Tennis Federation, Statutes 2025 (effective 1st January 2025) |url=https://documents.ittf.sport/sites/default/files/public/2025-02/2025_ITTF_Statutes_clean_version.pdf}}</ref>
|Filled with air, non inflatable
|Filled with air, non inflatable
|Sphere
|Sphere
Line 734: Line 597:
|-
|-
|[[Tennis ball|Tennis]]
|[[Tennis ball|Tennis]]
|[[International Tennis Federation|ITF]]
|[[International Tennis Federation|ITF]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=2026 ITF RULES OF TENNIS |url=https://www.itftennis.com/media/7221/2026-rules-of-tennis-english.pdf}}</ref>
|Filled with air, non inflatable
|Filled with air, non inflatable
|Sphere
|Sphere
Line 747: Line 610:
| colspan="11" |'''Volleyball'''
| colspan="11" |'''Volleyball'''
|-
|-
|[[Volleyball (ball)|Volleyball]]
|[[Volleyball (ball)|Volleyball]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=OFFICIAL VOLLEYBALL RULES 2025-2028 |url=https://www.fivb.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/FIVB-Volleyball_Rules2025_2028-EN-v05.pdf}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball|FIVB]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball|FIVB]]
| rowspan="2" |Filled with air, inflatable
| rowspan="2" |Inflatable
| rowspan="2" |Sphere
| rowspan="2" |Sphere
|65-67 centimeters
|65-67 centimeters
Line 759: Line 622:
|[[File:Volleyball.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Volleyball.jpg|100px]]
|-
|-
|[[Beach volleyball|Beach]] and [[Snow volleyball|Snow]]
|[[Beach volleyball|Beach]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=OFFICIAL BEACH VOLLEYBALL RULES 2025-2028 |url=https://www.fivb.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/FIVB-BeachVolleyball_Rules2025_2028-EN-v01.pdf}}</ref> and [[Snow volleyball|Snow]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=OFFICIAL SNOW VOLLEYBALL RULES 2021-2024 |url=https://www.fivb.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/FIVB-SnowVolleyball_Rules2021_2024-EN.pdf}}</ref>
|66-68 centimeters
|66-68 centimeters
| -
| -
Line 765: Line 628:
|
|
|[[File:Mikasa VLS300 official beach volleyball.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Mikasa VLS300 official beach volleyball.jpg|100px]]
|-
| colspan="11" |'''Other'''
|-
|[[Basketball (ball)|Basketball]]
|[[FIBA]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Official Basketball Rules |url=https://assets.fiba.basketball/image/upload/documents-corporate-fiba-official-rules-2024-official-basketball-rules-and-basketball-equipment.pdf}}</ref>
|Inflatable
|[[Sphere]]
|75-77 centimeters
| -
|580-620 grams
|
|1.035-1.085 meters dropped from height of 1.8 meters
|leather, artificial/composite/synthetic leather
|[[File:Basketball.png|100px]]
|-
|[[Bowling ball|Bowling]]<ref name=USBCgripping20140507>{{cite web |last1=Wiseman |first1=Lucas |author2=United States Bowling Congress (USBC) |title=USBC Modifies Rule on Bowling Ball Gripping holes |url=https://www.bowl.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?id=23622321723 |website=bowl.com (United States Bowling Congress, USBC) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707095658/https://www.bowl.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?id=23622321723 |archive-date=July 7, 2017 |date=May 7, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[International Bowling Federation|IBF]]
|Solid
|Sphere
|{{Convert|26.704-27.002|in|cm}}
|{{Convert|8.5-8.595|in|cm}}
|{{Convert|16|lb|g}}
| -
|
|non-metallic
|[[File:20190118B Plastic bowling ball fingertip grip.jpg|frameless|100x100px]]
|-
|[[Cycle ball]]
|[[Union Cycliste Internationale|UCI]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=PART 8 INDOOR CYCLING Version 01.01.26|url=https://assets.ctfassets.net/761l7gh5x5an/5sjOY2mlHAD9cuaRr1KrKd/c0aee1234992a5eca3846e477ae9256c/PART_8_E_-_As_of_01.02.2026.pdf}}</ref>
|
|Sphere
| -
|17-18 centimeters
|500-600 grams
| -
|
|textile (case)
|[[File:20190530_Dresden_-_Die_Welt_der_DDR_-_082.jpg|100px]]
|-
|[[Dodgeball]]
|[[World Dodgeball Association|WDA]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=RULES |url=https://www.dodgeball.sport/learn}}</ref>
|Inflatable
|Sphere
| -
|{{Convert|7|in|cm}}
|
|{{Convert|1.6-1.8|psi|bar}}
|
|textile (case)
|
|-
|[[Fistball]]
|[[International Fistball Association|IFA]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fistball - Rules of the Game |url=https://ifafistball.sharepoint.com/sites/public/Freigegebene%20Dokumente/Forms/AllItems.aspx?viewid=d976892a%2Deba4%2D4dab%2D9587%2D83c191633b5d&id=%2Fsites%2Fpublic%2FFreigegebene%20Dokumente%2FDocuments%2FSport%2FRules%20of%20the%20Game%2FFistball%20%2D%20Rules%20of%20the%20Game%2F03%5FIFA%2DRules%2Dof%2Dthe%2DGame%2D2025%2Epdf&parent=%2Fsites%2Fpublic%2FFreigegebene%20Dokumente%2FDocuments%2FSport%2FRules%20of%20the%20Game%2FFistball%20%2D%20Rules%20of%20the%20Game}}</ref>
|Inflatable
|Sphere
|65-68 centimeters
| -
|340-360 grams
|{{Convert|0.55-0.7|bar}}
|
|
|
|-
|[[Sliotar|Gaelic games]]
|[[Gaelic Athletic Association|GAA]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=OFFICIAL GUIDE - PART 2 |url=https://www.gaa.ie/api/images/image/upload/t_q-best/prd/ux74p4f8n5ywzz3rb3fi.pdf}}</ref>
|Solid
|Sphere
| -
|{{Convert|69-72|mm|in}}
|110-116 grams
| -
|
|leather (case)
|[[File:A Hurling Sliotar.jpg|frameless|100x100px]]
|-
|[[Goalball]]
|[[International Blind Sports Federation|IBSA]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=INTERNATIONAL BLIND SPORTS FEDERATION GOALBALL RULES AND REGULATIONS 2025 |url=https://fileservice.aifdigitalsolutions.com/ibsa/2025-IBSA-Goalball-Rules-and-Regulations-v2_20250723080551938.pdf}}</ref>
|Hollow
|Sphere
|75.5-78.5 centimeters
|24-25 centimeters
|1200-1300 grams
|
|
|natural rubber with internal bells
|
|-
|[[Golf ball|Golf]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The R&A |url=https://www.randa.org/en/roe/the-rules-of-equipment/part-4-conformance-of-balls |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=R&A |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Equipment Rules |url=https://www.usga.org/equipment-standards/equipment-rules-2019/equipment-rules/equipment-rules.html#!ruletype=er&section=rule&partnum=1&rulenum=1}}</ref>
|[[International Golf Federation|IGF]]
|Solid
|Sphere
| -
|{{Convert|1.68|in|cm}}
|{{Convert|1.62|oz|g}}
| -
|
|elastomeric material
|[[File:Golfball.jpg|100px]]
|-
|[[Korfball]]
|[[International Korfball Federation|IKF]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RULES OF KORFBALL |url=https://korfball.sport/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/The-Rules-of-Korfball-2025.pdf}}</ref>
|Inflatable
|Sphere
|68-70.5 centimeters
| -
|445-475 grams
|
|110-130 centimeters (from 180 centimeters in height)
|
|
|-
|[[Netball]]
|[[World Netball]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=RULES OF NETBALL 2024 EDITION |url=https://netball.sport/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/World-Netball-Rules-Book-2024.pdf}}</ref>
|Inflatable
|Sphere
|{{Convert|27-28|in|cm}}
| -
|{{Convert|14-16|oz|g}}
|
|
|leather, rubber or synthetic material.
|
|-
|[[Ball (rhythmic gymnastics)|Rhythmic gymnastics]]
|[[World Gymnastics]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIG APPARATUS NORMS Edition 2023 |url=https://www.gymnastics.sport/publicdir/rules/files/en_Apparatus%20Norms.pdf}}</ref>
|
|Sphere
|56.5-62.8 centimeters
|18-20 centimeters
|400 grams minimum
|
|
|Rubber or soft plastic
|
|-
|[[Sepak takraw|Sepaktakraw]]
|[[International Sepaktakraw Federation|ISTAF]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISTAF Law 0f The Game, 2024 |url=https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/b28abe2b-c8e0-4c25-b6ac-d2655417c6c3/Law%20of%20the%20Game%202024%20-%20Regu%20-.pdf}}</ref>
|Hollow
|Sphere
|41-43 centimeters
| -
|170-180 grams
| -
|
|woven synthetic fiber
|[[File:Takraw Ball 2014-08-20 10-44.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
|[[Shinty]]
|[[Camanachd Association]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=CAMANACHD ASSOCIATION BYELAW 1 2024 |url=https://shinty.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/BYELAW-1-2024-2.pdf}}</ref>
|Solid
|Sphere
|{{Convert|7.5-8|in|cm}}
| -
|{{Convert|2.5-3|oz|g}}
| -
|
|
*cork or rubber (core)
* worted
* leather or leather-like (case)
|
|-
|[[Tchoukball]]
|FITB<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regulations |url=https://fitb.org/regulations/7-rules/8-tchoukball-rules |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=fitb.org}}</ref>
|Inflatable
|Sphere
|58-60 centimeters
| -
|425-475 grams
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Teqball]]
|[[International Teqball Federation|FITEQ]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Official Rules and Regulations of Teqball |url=https://cdn.buttercms.com/YBHXKq7GTv2wXkTVQbNC}}</ref>
|Inflatable
|Sphere
|67-69 centimeter
| -
|370-400 grams
|{{Convert|0.3-0.5|atm}}
|
|
*leather or leather-like (case)
*latex (bladder)
|
|-
|[[Water polo ball|Waterpolo]] and [[Canoe polo|Canoe Polo]]
|[[World Aquatics]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=COMPETITION REGULATIONS In force as from 25 June 2025 |url=https://resources.fina.org/fina/document/2025/07/01/ed3110a4-2291-411d-8526-6f641bd9237a/Competition-Regulations_June-2025_Clean-updated-01.07.2025-.pdf}}</ref> and [[International Canoe Federation|ICF]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=INTERNATIONAL CANOE FEDERATION CANOE POLO COMPETITION RULES 2025 Taking effect from 1 January 2025 |url=https://www.canoeicf.com/sites/default/files/2025_icf_competition_rules_canoe_polo_-_final.pdf}}</ref>
|Inflatable
|Sphere
|68-71 centimeters
| -
|400-450 grams
|{{Convert|7.5-8.5|psi}}
|
|
|[[File:NewWaterPoloBall.JPG|100px]]
|}
|}
{{Sticky table end}}


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 774: Line 837:
* [[Football (ball)]]
* [[Football (ball)]]
* [[Hockey puck]], can also spin, bounce, and roll
* [[Hockey puck]], can also spin, bounce, and roll
* [[Kickball]]
* [[Marbles]]
* [[Marbles]]
* [[Penny floater]]
* [[Penny floater]]
* [[Prisoner Ball]]
* [[Shuttlecock]]
* [[Shuttlecock]]
* [[Super Ball]]
* [[Super Ball]]
Line 783: Line 844:
== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|ball}}
{{Wiktionary-inline|ball}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Balls| ]]
[[Category:Balls| ]]
[[Category:Spheres]]
[[Category:Spheres]]

Latest revision as of 23:45, 26 April 2026

For the event, see Ball (dance event) and other uses.

File:Many balls.jpg
File:Ball, പന്ത്.JPG
Group of balls

A ball is a round object (usually spherical, but sometimes ovoid).[1][2][3] Balls can have several uses. For example they are used in ball games, where the play of the game follows the state of the ball as it is hit, kicked or thrown by players. Balls can also be used for simpler activities, such as catch or juggling. Balls made from hard-wearing materials are used in engineering applications to provide very low friction bearings, known as ball bearings. Black-powder weapons use stone and metal balls as projectiles.

Although many types of balls are today made from rubber, this form was unknown outside the Americas until after the voyages of Columbus. The Spanish were the first Europeans to see the bouncing rubber balls (although solid and not inflated) which were employed most notably in the Mesoamerican ballgame. Balls used in various sports in other parts of the world prior to Columbus were made from other materials such as animal bladders or skins, stuffed with various materials.

As balls are one of the most familiar spherical objects to humans, the word "ball" may refer to or describe spherical or near-spherical objects. "Ball" is used metaphorically sometimes to denote something spherical or spheroid, e.g., armadillos and human beings curl up into a ball, or making a fist into a ball.

Etymology

The first known use of the word ball in English in the sense of a globular body that is played with was in 1205 in Layamon's Brut, or Chronicle of Britain in the phrase, "Summe heo driuen balles wide ȝeond Þa feldes." ("Some of them drove balls far across the fields.") The word came from the Middle English bal (inflected as ball-e, -es), in turn from Old Norse böllr (pronounced non; compare Old Swedish baller, and Swedish boll) from Proto-Germanic ballu-z (whence probably Middle High German bal, ball-es, Middle Dutch bal), a cognate with Old High German ballo, pallo, Middle High German balle from Proto-Germanic *ballon (weak masculine), and Old High German ballâ, pallâ, Middle High German balle, Proto-Germanic *ballôn (weak feminine). No Old English cognate of any of these is known. (The hypothetical corresponding forms in Old English would have been beallu, -a, -e—compare bealluc, ballock.) If ball- was native in Germanic, it may have been a cognate with the Latin foll-is in sense of a "thing blown up or inflated." In the later Middle English spelling balle the word coincided graphically with the French balle "ball" and "bale" which has hence been erroneously assumed to be its source. French balle (but not boule) is assumed to be of Germanic origin, itself, however. In Ancient Greek the word πάλλα (palla) for "ball" is attested[4] besides the word σφαίρα (sfaíra), sphere.[5]

History

File:Russian balls 12-13.jpg
Russian leather balls (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.), 12th-13th century.

Some form of game with a ball is found portrayed on Egyptian monuments.[6] In Homer, Nausicaa was playing at ball with her maidens when Odysseus first saw her in the land of the Phaeacians (Od. vi. 100). And Halios and Laodamas performed before Alcinous and Odysseus with ball play, accompanied with dancing (Od. viii. 370).[7] The most ancient balls in Eurasia have been discovered in Karasahr, China and are 3000 years old. They were made of hair-filled leather.[8]

Ancient Greeks

Among the ancient Greeks, games with balls (σφαῖραι) were regarded as a useful subsidiary to the more violent athletic exercises, as a means of keeping the body supple, and rendering it graceful, but were generally left to boys and girls. Of regular rules for the playing of ball games, little trace remains, if there were any such. The names in Greek for various forms, which have come down to us in such works as the Ὀνομαστικόν of Julius Pollux, imply little or nothing of such; thus, ἀπόρραξις (aporraxis) only means the putting of the ball on the ground with the open hand, οὐρανία (ourania), the flinging of the ball in the air to be caught by two or more players; φαινίνδα (phaininda) would seem to be a game of catch played by two or more, where feinting is used as a test of quickness and skill. Pollux (i. x. 104) mentions a game called episkyros (ἐπίσκυρος), which has often been looked on as the origin of football. It seems to have been played by two sides, arranged in lines; how far there was any form of "goal" seems uncertain.[7] It was impossible to produce a ball that was perfectly spherical;[9] children usually made their own balls by inflating pig's bladders and heating them in the ashes of a fire to make them rounder,[9] although Plato (fl. 420s BC – 340s BC) described "balls which have leather coverings in twelve pieces".[10]

Ancient Romans

Among the Romans, ball games were looked upon as an adjunct to the bath, and were graduated to the age and health of the bathers, and usually a place (sphaeristerium) was set apart for them in the baths (thermae). There appear to have been three types or sizes of ball, the pila, or small ball, used in catching games, the paganica, a heavy ball stuffed with feathers, and the follis, a leather ball filled with air, the largest of the three. This was struck from player to player, who wore a kind of gauntlet on the arm. There was a game known as trigon, played by three players standing in the form of a triangle, and played with the follis, and also one known as harpastum, which seems to imply a "scrimmage" among several players for the ball. These games are known to us through the Romans, though the names are Greek.[7]

Modern ball games

The various modern games played with a ball or balls and subject to rules are treated under their various names, such as polo, cricket, football, etc.[7]

Physics

In sports, many modern balls are pressurized. Some are pressurized at the factory (e.g. tennis, squash) and others are pressurized by users (e.g. volleyball, basketball, football). Almost all pressurized balls gradually leak air. If the ball is factory pressurized, there is usually a rule about whether the ball retains sufficient pressure to remain playable.[11][12] Depressurized balls lack bounce and are often termed "dead". In extreme cases, a dead ball becomes flaccid. If the ball is pressured on use, there are generally rules about how the ball is pressurized before the match, and when (or whether) the ball can be repressurized or replaced.

Due to the ideal gas law, ball pressure is a function of temperature, generally tracking ambient conditions. Softer balls that are struck hard (especially squash balls) increase in temperature due to inelastic collision.

On the contrary, in certain sports ball is solid, some with uniform material (e.g. most hockey variations, lacrosse), others with different layered materials (e.g. baseball, cricket). Finally, some sports use hollow ones (e.g. sepaktakraw, pickleball, floorball).

In outdoor sports, wet balls play differently than dry balls. In indoor sports, balls may become damp due to hand sweat. Any form of humidity or dampness will affect a ball's surface friction, which will alter a player's ability to impart spin on the ball. The action required to apply spin to a ball is governed by the physics of angular momentum. Spinning balls travelling through air (technically a fluid) will experience the Magnus effect, which can produce lateral deflections in addition to the normal up-down curvature induced by a combination of wind resistance and gravity.

Specifications

Template:Sticky table start Template:Sticky header

Sport Regulated by Type Shape Circumference Diameter Weight Pressure Bounce Material Image
Bat and ball sports
Baseball[13] WBSC Solid Sphere 9–9.25 inches (22.9–23.5 cm) - 5–5.25 ounces (142–149 g) -
  • cork or rubber (core)
  • yarn
  • white horsehide or cowhide (case)
 File:Baseball (crop).jpg
Softball[14] 11.875–12.125 inches (30.16–30.80 cm) - 6.25–7 ounces (177–198 g) - 0.47 e
  • long fiber kapok, mixture of cork and rubber or polyurethane mixture (core)
  • twisted yarn and covered with latex or rubber cement
  • horsehide or cowhide (case)
 File:Yellow softball.jpg
Baseball5[15] Filled with air, non inflatable 20.84 centimeters 6.64 centimeters 84,8 grams 7.99 kilograms-force (78.4 N; 17.6 lbf) (to press the ball into the center of inside by 30%) 76 centimeters (from 150 centimeters in height, drop to marble floor) natural rubber
Pêl-Fas IBB[16] Solid Sphere 8.5–9 inches (22–23 cm) - 4.5–5 ounces (130–140 g) File:Wales Vs England Baseball International ball.jpg
Pesäpallo Finnish Pesäpallo Association[17] Solid Sphere 21.6–22.2 centimetres (8.5–8.7 in) - 160–165 grams (5.6–5.8 oz) File:Pesäpallo ball.JPG
Cricket ICC[18] Solid Sphere 8.81–9 inches (22.4–22.9 cm) - 5.5–5.75 ounces (156–163 g) - File:Cricket-ball-red-madeinaustralia.jpg
Oină Romanian Oină Federation[19] Solid Sphere 24 centimeters 8 centimeters 140 grams
  • livestock hair
  • leather (case)
Schlagball[20][21] Filled with air, non inflatable Sphere 19-21 centimeters - 70-85 grams - red leather covered
Stoolball Stoolball England[22] Solid Sphere 7–7.5 inches (18–19 cm) - 2.5–3 ounces (71–85 g)
Boules
Boccia BISFed[23] Solid Sphere 26.2-27.8 cm - 263-287 grams - vinyl, polyurethane fabric, leather, synthetic leather, suede File:Boccia at the 2024 Summer Paralympics - September 8.jpg
Bocce volo (bowl)[24] WPBF Solid Sphere - 8.9-11.1 centimeters 900-1200 grams - metal or synthetic File:Boule ferrée.jpg
Bocce volo (jack)[24] 3.5-3.7 centimeters 23-27 grams wood
Petanque (boule)[25] - 7.05-8 centimeters 650-800 grams - metal File:Boule.kugel.jpg
Petanque (jack)[25] 2.9-3.1 centimeters 10-18 grams wood or synthetic
Raffa (bowl)[26] - 10.55-10.75 centimeters 895-925 grams - synthetic
Raffa (pallino)[26] 3.9-4.1 centimeters 83-97 grams
Cue sports
Carom[27] WCBS Solid Sphere - 6.1-6.15

centimeters

205-220 grams - File:Carom billiards balls.jpg
Pool[28] - 2.25–2.3 inches (5.7–5.8 cm) 5.5–6 ounces (160–170 g) - cast phenolic resin plastic File:Billiards 10 balls.jpg
Snooker[29] - 5.2-5.3 centimeters - - File:Situació de snooker xinès.jpg
Football codes
American IFAF[30] Inflatable Lemon[31] 28–28.5 inches (71–72 cm) (longitudinal) ×

21–21.25 inches (53.3–54.0 cm) (transversal)

11–11.25 inches (27.9–28.6 cm) (longitudinal) 14–15 ounces (400–430 g) 12.5–13.5 pounds per square inch (86–93 kPa) urethane (bladder), case (leather) File:Wilson American football.jpg
Canadian Football Canada[32] 27.75–28.5 inches (70.5–72.4 cm) (longitudinal)

20.75–21.375 inches (52.71–54.29 cm) (transversal)

10.875–11.4375 inches (27.623–29.051 cm) (longitudinal)

6.25–6.75 inches (15.9–17.1 cm) (transversal)

File:Canadian football.png
Soccer[33] FIFA Inflatable Sphere 27–28 inches (69–71 cm) - 14–16 ounces (400–450 g) 8.5–15.6 pounds per square inch (59–108 kPa) - - File:Football Pallo valmiina-cropped.jpg
Beach soccer[34] 68-70 centimeters - 400-440 grams 0.4–0.6 standard atmospheres (41–61 kPa) - - File:Beach soccer ball.jpeg
Futsal[35] 62-64 centimeters - 0.6–0.9 standard atmospheres (61–91 kPa) 50-65 centimeters on the first rebound when dropped from a height of 2 meters - File:Pallone futsal Agla.jpg
Australian rules AFL Commission[36] Inflatable Prolate spheroid 72 – 73 cm (elliptic) ×

54.5 -55.5 cm (circular)

- - 69 kilopascals - File:Sherrin.png
Gaelic and International rules GAA[37] Inflatable Sphere 68-70 centimeters - 480-500 grams 9–10 pounds per square inch (62–69 kPa) 0.5222-0.576 e when dropped from 1.8 meters - File:Gaelic football ball on pitch.jpg
Rugby league IRL[38] Inflatable Prolate spheroid leather File:Steedenfootball.jpg
Rugby union World Rugby[39] 74 - 77 centimeters (elliptic) ×

58 - 62 centimeters (circular)

28-30 centimeters (longitudinal) 410 - 460 grams 9.5–10 pounds per square inch (66–69 kPa) leather or synthetic material File:Afghan Rugby.jpg
Handball
Indoor (with resine) IHF[40] Inflatable Sphere 58-60 centimeters - 425-475 grams leather or synthetic File:Гандбол.jpg
Indoor (without resine) 55.5-57.5 centimeters - 400-425 grams
Beach[41] 54-56 centimeters - 350-370 grams rubber File:Beach handball at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls Consolation Round – ASA-HKG 113.jpg
Hockey
Ball hockey ISBHF[42] Sphere - 6.6-7 centimeters 60-77 grams
Bandy and Rink bandy FIB[43] Solid Sphere - 6.1-6.5 centimeters 60-65 grams - 15-30 centimeters on ice dropped from height of 1.5 meters - File:Bandy ball (Orange).JPG
Field[44] and indoor[45] FIH Solid Sphere 22.4-23.5 centimeters - 156-163 grams - - File:Balle de hockey sur gazon.jpg
Beach[46] 45 centimeters - 140-250 grams - -
Floorball IFF[47] Hollow Sphere - 7.1-7.3 centimeters 22-24 grams - 74-84 centimeters File:Floorball ball.jpg
Roller World Skate[48] Solid Sphere - 7.2 centimeters 145-155 grams - pressed rubber/plastic File:Roller-hockey-(Quad)-Ball.jpg
Lacrosse
Field[49] and Box[50] World Lacrosse Solid Sphere 7.75–8 inches (19.7–20.3 cm) - 5–5.25 ounces (142–149 g) - 45–49 inches (110–120 cm) on wooden floor from height of 72 inches (180 cm) rubber File:Brine lax ball.jpg
Sixes[51] 19.7-20.3 centimeters - - - elastomeric
Women[52] 20-20.3 centimeters - 142-149 grams - 1.1-1.3 meters on wooden floor dropped from height of 1.8 meters
Intercrosse[53] Sphere 23-25 centimeters - 80-100 grams - rubber
Polo
Polo[54][55][56] FIP Solid Sphere - 3–3.5 inches (7.6–8.9 cm) 3.5–4.75 ounces (99–135 g) - File:Poloball.JPG
Arena[57][58] 12.5–16.5 inches (32–42 cm) - 130-182 grams from 9 feet (2.7 m) on concrete at 70 °F (21 °C), 54–64 inches (140–160 cm) rebound File:Polobaelle für Sand und Schnee.jpg
Racquet sports
Pickleball[59][60] Multiple Hollow Sphere - 2.87 and 2.97 inches (73 and 75 mm) .78 and .935 ounces (22.1 and 26.5 g) 30 to 34 inches (760 to 860 mm) when dropped from a height of 78 inches (2,000 mm) Molded material with a smooth surface with between 26 and 40 evenly spaced circular holes File:Pickleball yellow ball7.jpg
Squash WSF[61] Filled with air, non inflatable Sphere - 3.95-4.05 centimeters 23-25 grams - File:Squash Ball Dunlop Revelation Pro 1.jpg
Table tennis ITTF[62] Filled with air, non inflatable Sphere - 4 centimeters 2.7 grams - plastic File:Assortment of 40 mm table tennis balls.jpg
Tennis ITF[63] Filled with air, non inflatable Sphere - 6.54–6.86 centimetres (2.57–2.70 in) 56–59.4 grams (1.98–2.10 oz) 1 pound per square inch (6.9 kPa) 54–60 inches (140–150 cm) File:Tennis ball 01.jpg
Volleyball
Volleyball[64] FIVB Inflatable Sphere 65-67 centimeters - 260 - 280 grams 4.26–4.61 pounds per square inch (29.4–31.8 kPa) rubber (bladder), leather or synthetic leather (case) File:Volleyball.jpg
Beach[65] and Snow[66] 66-68 centimeters - 17.1-22.1 kilopascals File:Mikasa VLS300 official beach volleyball.jpg
Other
Basketball FIBA[67] Inflatable Sphere 75-77 centimeters - 580-620 grams 1.035-1.085 meters dropped from height of 1.8 meters leather, artificial/composite/synthetic leather File:Basketball.png
Bowling[68] IBF Solid Sphere 26.704–27.002 inches (67.83–68.59 cm) 8.5–8.595 inches (21.59–21.83 cm) 16 pounds (7,300 g) - non-metallic File:20190118B Plastic bowling ball fingertip grip.jpg
Cycle ball UCI[69] Sphere - 17-18 centimeters 500-600 grams - textile (case) File:20190530 Dresden - Die Welt der DDR - 082.jpg
Dodgeball WDA[70] Inflatable Sphere - 7 inches (18 cm) 1.6–1.8 pounds per square inch (0.11–0.12 bar) textile (case)
Fistball IFA[71] Inflatable Sphere 65-68 centimeters - 340-360 grams 0.55–0.7 bars (55–70 kPa)
Gaelic games GAA[72] Solid Sphere - 69–72 millimetres (2.7–2.8 in) 110-116 grams - leather (case) File:A Hurling Sliotar.jpg
Goalball IBSA[73] Hollow Sphere 75.5-78.5 centimeters 24-25 centimeters 1200-1300 grams natural rubber with internal bells
Golf[74][75] IGF Solid Sphere - 1.68 inches (4.3 cm) 1.62 ounces (46 g) - elastomeric material File:Golfball.jpg
Korfball IKF[76] Inflatable Sphere 68-70.5 centimeters - 445-475 grams 110-130 centimeters (from 180 centimeters in height)
Netball World Netball[77] Inflatable Sphere 27–28 inches (69–71 cm) - 14–16 ounces (400–450 g) leather, rubber or synthetic material.
Rhythmic gymnastics World Gymnastics[78] Sphere 56.5-62.8 centimeters 18-20 centimeters 400 grams minimum Rubber or soft plastic
Sepaktakraw ISTAF[79] Hollow Sphere 41-43 centimeters - 170-180 grams - woven synthetic fiber File:Takraw Ball 2014-08-20 10-44.jpg
Shinty Camanachd Association[80] Solid Sphere 7.5–8 inches (19–20 cm) - 2.5–3 ounces (71–85 g) -
  • cork or rubber (core)
  • worted
  • leather or leather-like (case)
Tchoukball FITB[81] Inflatable Sphere 58-60 centimeters - 425-475 grams
Teqball FITEQ[82] Inflatable Sphere 67-69 centimeter - 370-400 grams 0.3–0.5 standard atmospheres (30–51 kPa)
  • leather or leather-like (case)
  • latex (bladder)
Waterpolo and Canoe Polo World Aquatics[83] and ICF[84] Inflatable Sphere 68-71 centimeters - 400-450 grams 7.5–8.5 pounds per square inch (52–59 kPa) File:NewWaterPoloBall.JPG

Template:Sticky table end

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Code of Federal Regulations: 1985–1999". U.S. General Services Administration, National Archives and Records Service, Office of the Federal Register. November 5, 1999. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 5, 2017 – via Google Books.
  2. ↑ "ball_1 noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com". www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com. Archived from the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved November 19, 2025.
  3. ↑ "Definition of BALL". www.merriam-webster.com. November 19, 2025. Retrieved November 19, 2025.
  4. ↑ πάλλα Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
  5. ↑ σφαίρα Archived 2017-03-20 at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
  6. ↑ Egypt State Information Service. "Ancient Egyptian Sport". Archived from the original on November 21, 2023. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ball" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  8. ↑ Gershon, Livia (October 21, 2020). "These Hair-Filled Leather Pouches Are the Oldest Balls Found in Eurasia". www.smithsonianmag.com. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Garland, Robert (2008). Ancient Greece: Everyday Life in the Birthplace of Western Civilization. New York City, New York: Sterling. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-4549-0908-8.
  10. ↑ Plato (1909). "Phædo (Dialogues of Plato)". In Charles W. Eliot (ed.). The Apology, Phædo and Crito of Plato – The Golden Sayings of Epictetus – The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius. The Harvard Classics. 2. Translated by Benjamin Jowett (1st ed.). New York: P. F. Collier and Son. p. 107. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  11. ↑ "Preparing the Footballs for NFL Games | NFL Football Operations". operations.nfl.com. August 10, 2015. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
  12. ↑ LaCombe, Ronnie. "How much air can fit in a basketball?". Columbia Daily Tribune. Retrieved November 2, 2023.
  13. ↑ "OFFICIAL RULES OF BASEBALL, 2025-2026" (PDF).
  14. ↑ "Official rules of Softball - Fast pitch 2026-2029" (PDF).
  15. ↑ "Official WBSC Baseball5 Rulebook" (PDF).
  16. ↑ "Laws of the game". ENGLISH BASEBALL ASSOCIATION. Retrieved June 30, 2025.
  17. ↑ "PELISÄÄNNÖT, PESÄPALLON PERUSTEOS" (PDF).
  18. ↑ "ICC MEN'S TEST MATCH PLAYING CONDITIONS" (PDF).
  19. ↑ "Regulamente – FEDERATIA ROMANA DE OINA" (in Romanian). Retrieved June 30, 2025.
  20. ↑ "Regeln – Aktuell".
  21. ↑ "Modern rules of Schlagball - Protoball". protoball.org. Retrieved August 8, 2025.
  22. ↑ "Rules of stoolball – Stoolball England". www.stoolball.org.uk. Archived from the original on April 30, 2025. Retrieved June 27, 2025.
  23. ↑ "World Boccia International Boccia Rules 2025 - 2028 – v.1.1" (PDF).
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Règlement Technique International Édition 2024" (PDF).
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "OFFICIAL RULES FOR THE SPORT OF PÉTANQUE" (PDF).
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "TECHNICAL RULES OF THE GAME" (PDF).
  27. ↑ "WORLD RULES OF CAROM BILLIARD" (PDF).
  28. ↑ "RECOMMENDED EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS" (PDF).
  29. ↑ "OFFICIAL RULES OF THE GAMES OF SNOOKER AND ENGLISH BILLIARDS" (PDF).
  30. ↑ "FOOTBALL RULES AND INTERPRETATIONS 2023 EDITION" (PDF).
  31. ↑ Weisstein, Eric W. "Lemon Surface". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  32. ↑ "The Canadian Amateur Rule Book for Tackle Football 2025-2026" (PDF).
  33. ↑ "Laws of the Game 25/26".
  34. ↑ "Beach Soccer Laws of the Game 2024-25" (PDF).
  35. ↑ "Futsal LAWS OF THE GAME 2025-26" (PDF).
  36. ↑ "Laws of Australian Football 2025" (PDF).
  37. ↑ "OFFICIAL GUIDE - PART 2" (PDF).
  38. ↑ "2026 International Laws of the Game" (PDF).
  39. ↑ "Laws of the game Rugby Union 2026" (PDF).
  40. ↑ "XIII. Technical Regulations a) Ball Regulations Edition: 21 December 2025" (PDF).
  41. ↑ "IX. Rules of the Game b) Beach Handball" (PDF).
  42. ↑ "INTERNATIONAL STREET & BALL HOCKEY FEDERATION, RULEBOOK 2025 VERSION" (PDF).
  43. ↑ "BANDY PLAYING RULES" (PDF).
  44. ↑ "Rules of Hockey, Effective from 1 January 2022" (PDF).
  45. ↑ "Rules of Indoor Hockey, Effective from 1 December 2023" (PDF).
  46. ↑ "Rules of Beach Hockey, Effective from 1 June 2024" (PDF).
  47. ↑ "MATERIAL REGULATIONS" (PDF).
  48. ↑ "Worldskate - Skateboarding & Roller Sports - Regulations - Regulation". www.worldskate.org. Retrieved August 28, 2025.
  49. ↑ "2025-2027, Men's Field Lacrosse, Official Playing Rules, January 2025 – Version 1.0" (PDF).
  50. ↑ "2026-2028 Box lacrosse official playing rules January 2026 Version 1.0" (PDF).
  51. ↑ "2026-2028 Sixes lacrosse official playing rules January 2026 Version 1.0" (PDF).
  52. ↑ "2025-2026 WOMEN'S FIELD LACROSSE OFFICIAL PLAYING RULES, VERSION 1.1 // JANUARY 2025" (PDF).
  53. ↑ "Tips & Tricks - Rules". intercrosse.net. Retrieved August 28, 2025.
  54. ↑ Johnson, Storm. "Blue Book". HPA Polo UK. Retrieved October 30, 2025.
  55. ↑ "2026 USPA Rulebook". Issuu. December 30, 2024. Retrieved October 30, 2025.
  56. ↑ "AAP Reglas de Juego" (PDF).
  57. ↑ Johnson, Storm. "Green Book". HPA Polo UK. Retrieved October 30, 2025.
  58. ↑ "ARENA RULES" (PDF).
  59. ↑ "WPF Rule Book - World Pickleball Federation". August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2025.
  60. ↑ "Rulebook". theipf.org. Retrieved August 27, 2025.
  61. ↑ "Specifications for Squash Balls".
  62. ↑ "The International Table Tennis Federation, Statutes 2025 (effective 1st January 2025)" (PDF).
  63. ↑ "2026 ITF RULES OF TENNIS" (PDF).
  64. ↑ "OFFICIAL VOLLEYBALL RULES 2025-2028" (PDF).
  65. ↑ "OFFICIAL BEACH VOLLEYBALL RULES 2025-2028" (PDF).
  66. ↑ "OFFICIAL SNOW VOLLEYBALL RULES 2021-2024" (PDF).
  67. ↑ "2024 Official Basketball Rules" (PDF).
  68. ↑ Wiseman, Lucas; United States Bowling Congress (USBC) (May 7, 2014). "USBC Modifies Rule on Bowling Ball Gripping holes". bowl.com (United States Bowling Congress, USBC). Archived from the original on July 7, 2017.
  69. ↑ "PART 8 INDOOR CYCLING Version 01.01.26" (PDF).
  70. ↑ "RULES".
  71. ↑ "Fistball - Rules of the Game".
  72. ↑ "OFFICIAL GUIDE - PART 2" (PDF).
  73. ↑ "INTERNATIONAL BLIND SPORTS FEDERATION GOALBALL RULES AND REGULATIONS 2025" (PDF).
  74. ↑ "The R&A". R&A. Retrieved October 30, 2025.
  75. ↑ "The Equipment Rules".
  76. ↑ "THE RULES OF KORFBALL" (PDF).
  77. ↑ "RULES OF NETBALL 2024 EDITION" (PDF).
  78. ↑ "FIG APPARATUS NORMS Edition 2023" (PDF).
  79. ↑ "ISTAF Law 0f The Game, 2024" (PDF).
  80. ↑ "CAMANACHD ASSOCIATION BYELAW 1 2024" (PDF).
  81. ↑ "Regulations". fitb.org. Retrieved September 1, 2025.
  82. ↑ "The Official Rules and Regulations of Teqball".
  83. ↑ "COMPETITION REGULATIONS In force as from 25 June 2025" (PDF).
  84. ↑ "INTERNATIONAL CANOE FEDERATION CANOE POLO COMPETITION RULES 2025 Taking effect from 1 January 2025" (PDF).

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