Balts: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
According to provided sources: 3.663 million Lithuanians and 1.7 million Latvians worldwide. This makes 5.4 million total |
imported>ShrimpsAreTasty Circa |
||
| Line 10: | Line 10: | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Infobox ethnic group | {{Infobox ethnic group | ||
| group = Balts | | group = Balts | ||
| native_name = | | native_name = | ||
| native_name_lang = | | native_name_lang = | ||
| image = [[File:Balts.svg|300px]] | | image = [[File:Balts.svg|300px]] | ||
| image_caption = {{leftlegend|#F5BD43|Countries with a predominantly Baltic population|outline=grey}} | | image_caption = {{leftlegend|#F5BD43|Countries with a predominantly Baltic population|outline=grey}} | ||
| population = ''' | | population = '''{{Circa|5.4 million}}'''<br />(including the diaspora)<ref>{{citation|url=https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/1704467/15_Lietuviai_pasaulyje.pdf|title=Lietuviai Pasaulyje|website=osp.stat.gov.lt}}</ref><ref>Latvian at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)</ref> <!-- sum of Lithuanian and Latvian populations per country--> | ||
| region1 = {{Flaglist|Lithuania}} | | region1 = {{Flaglist|Lithuania}} | ||
| pop1 = 2,397,418<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://osp.stat.gov.lt/en/statistiniu-rodikliu-analize?hash=66b3091a-c738-4d87-b961-ecefdc2613ca|title=Rodiklių duomenų bazė - Oficialiosios statistikos portalas|website=osp.stat.gov.lt}}</ref> | | pop1 = 2,397,418<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://osp.stat.gov.lt/en/statistiniu-rodikliu-analize?hash=66b3091a-c738-4d87-b961-ecefdc2613ca|title=Rodiklių duomenų bazė - Oficialiosios statistikos portalas|website=osp.stat.gov.lt}}</ref> | ||
| region2 = {{Flaglist|Latvia}} | | region2 = {{Flaglist|Latvia}} | ||
| pop2 = 1,182,008<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRE/IRE010/table/tableViewLayout1/?displaypanel=savequery1|title = Iedzīvotāji pēc tautības gada sākumā 1935 - 2025|website=data.stat.gov.lv| access-date=2025-06-02}}</ref> | | pop2 = 1,182,008<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRE/IRE010/table/tableViewLayout1/?displaypanel=savequery1|title = Iedzīvotāji pēc tautības gada sākumā 1935 - 2025|website=data.stat.gov.lv| access-date=2025-06-02}}</ref> | ||
| langs = [[Baltic languages]] | | langs = [[Baltic languages]] | ||
| rels = Predominantly [[Roman Catholicism]] and [[Protestantism]]; minority [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]] and [[Baltic neopaganism]] | | rels = Predominantly [[Roman Catholicism]] and [[Protestantism]]; minority [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]] and [[Baltic neopaganism]] | ||
| related = [[Slavs]] | | related = [[Slavs]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Indo-European topics|283}} | {{Indo-European topics|283}} | ||
The '''Balts''' or '''Baltic peoples''' ({{langx|lt|baltai}}, {{langx|lv|balti}}) are a group of peoples inhabiting the eastern coast of the [[Baltic Sea]] who speak [[Baltic languages]]. Among the Baltic peoples are modern-day [[Lithuanians]] (including [[Samogitians]]) and [[Latvians]] (including [[Latgalians (modern)|Latgalians]]) — all East Balts — as well as the [[Old Prussians]], [[Curonians]], [[Sudovians]], [[Skalvians]], [[Yotvingians]] and [[Galindians]] — the | The '''Balts''' or '''Baltic peoples''' ({{langx|lt|baltai}}, {{langx|lv|balti}}) are a group of peoples inhabiting the eastern coast of the [[Baltic Sea]] who speak [[Baltic languages]]. Among the Baltic peoples are modern-day [[Lithuanians]] (including [[Samogitians]]) and [[Latvians]] (including [[Latgalians (modern)|Latgalians]]) — all East Balts — as well as the [[Old Prussians]], [[Curonians]], [[Sudovians]], [[Skalvians]], [[Yotvingians]] and [[Galindians]] — the Western Balts — whose [[West Baltic languages|languages]] and [[Western Baltic culture|cultures]] are now extinct, but made a large influence on the living branches, especially on literary [[Lithuanian language]]. | ||
The Balts are descended from a group of [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Proto-Indo-European]] tribes who settled the area between the lower [[Vistula]] and southeast shore of the Baltic Sea and upper [[Daugava]] and [[Dnieper]] rivers, and which over time became differentiated into West and East Balts. In the fifth century CE, parts of the eastern Baltic coast began to be settled by the ancestors of the Western Balts, whereas the East Balts lived in modern-day Belarus, Ukraine and Russia. In the first millennium CE, large migrations of the Balts occurred. By the 13th and 14th centuries, the East Balts shrank to the general area that the present-day Balts and Belarusians inhabit. | The Balts are descended from a group of [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Proto-Indo-European]] tribes who settled the area between the lower [[Vistula]] and southeast shore of the Baltic Sea and upper [[Daugava]] and [[Dnieper]] rivers, and which over time became differentiated into West and East Balts. In the fifth century CE, parts of the eastern Baltic coast began to be settled by the ancestors of the Western Balts, whereas the East Balts lived in modern-day Belarus, Ukraine and Russia. In the first millennium CE, large migrations of the Balts occurred. By the 13th and 14th centuries, the East Balts shrank to the general area that the present-day Balts and Belarusians inhabit. | ||
| Line 41: | Line 41: | ||
===Origins=== | ===Origins=== | ||
[[File:Baltic cultures 600-200 BC SVG.svg|thumb|275px|right|Baltic archaeological cultures in the Iron Age from 600 BC to 200 BC | [[File:Baltic cultures 600-200 BC SVG.svg|thumb|275px|right|Baltic archaeological cultures in the Iron Age from 600 BC to 200 BC | ||
{{legend|#4E9A06|[[Sambians | {{legend|#4E9A06|{{Interlanguage link|Dollkeim-Kovrovo culture|lt|Dulokaimio-Kovrovo kultūra|ru|Культура Доллькайм-Коврово}} ([[Sambians]] and [[Natangians]])}} | ||
{{legend|#73D216| | {{legend|#73D216|{{Interlanguage link|Olsztyn culture|de|Olsztyn-Kultur|pl|Grupa olsztyńska|ru|Культура Доллькайм-Коврово}} ([[Galindians#Galindians|Galindians]]?)}} | ||
{{legend|#8AE234| | {{legend|#8AE234|{{Interlanguage link|Sudovian culture|lt|Sūduvių kultūra|pl|Kultura sudowska}} ([[Yotvingians]])}} | ||
{{legend|#729FCF| | {{legend|#729FCF|[[Neman culture]] ([[Curonians]])}} | ||
{{legend|#FCAF3E|[[Brushed Pottery culture]]}} | {{legend|#FCAF3E|[[Brushed Pottery culture]] ([[Lithuanians]], [[Selonians]], [[Latgalians]] and [[Semigallians]])}} | ||
{{legend|#F57900|[[Milograd culture]]}} | {{legend|#F57900|[[Milograd culture]] ([[Neuri]]?)}} | ||
{{legend|#CE5C00| | {{legend|#CE5C00|{{Interlanguage link|Dnieper-Dvina culture|lt|Dniepro-Dauguvos kultūra|ru|Днепро-двинская культура}}}} ([[Dnieper Balts]]) | ||
{{legend|#EDD400|[[Pomeranian culture]]}} | {{legend|#EDD400|[[Pomeranian culture]] ([[Pomeranian Balts]])}} | ||
{{legend|#FCE94F|Bell-shaped | {{legend|#FCE94F|{{Interlanguage link|Bell-shaped burial culture|lt|Varpinių kapų kultūra|ru|Культура подклёшевых погребений}}}}]] | ||
The Balts or Baltic peoples, defined as speakers of one of the [[Baltic languages]], a branch of the Indo-European language family, are descended from a group of Indo-European tribes who settled the area between the lower [[Vistula]] and southeast shore of the [[Baltic Sea]] and upper [[Daugava]] and [[Dnieper]] rivers. The Baltic languages, especially Lithuanian, retain a number of conservative or archaic features, perhaps because the areas in which they are spoken are geographically consolidated and have low rates of immigration.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=PIECHNIK |first1=IWONA |date= 22 December 2014|title=FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSERVATISM AND PURISM IN LANGUAGES OF NORTHERN EUROPE (NORDIC, BALTIC, FINNIC) |url=https://core.ac.uk/reader/229233000 |journal= Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis |volume=2014 |issue=131, 4 |pages=395–419 |doi=10.4467/20834624SL.14.022.2729 |access-date=April 21, 2024}}</ref> | The Balts or Baltic peoples, defined as speakers of one of the [[Baltic languages]], a branch of the Indo-European language family, are descended from a group of Indo-European tribes who settled the area between the lower [[Vistula]] and southeast shore of the [[Baltic Sea]] and upper [[Daugava]] and [[Dnieper]] rivers. The Baltic languages, especially Lithuanian, retain a number of conservative or archaic features, perhaps because the areas in which they are spoken are geographically consolidated and have low rates of immigration.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=PIECHNIK |first1=IWONA |date= 22 December 2014|title=FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSERVATISM AND PURISM IN LANGUAGES OF NORTHERN EUROPE (NORDIC, BALTIC, FINNIC) |url=https://core.ac.uk/reader/229233000 |journal= Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis |volume=2014 |issue=131, 4 |pages=395–419 |doi=10.4467/20834624SL.14.022.2729 |access-date=April 21, 2024}}</ref> | ||
Some of the major authorities on Balts, such as [[Kazimieras Būga]], [[Max Vasmer]], [[Vladimir Toporov]] and [[Oleg Trubachyov]],{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} in conducting etymological studies of eastern European river names, were able to identify in certain regions names of specifically Baltic provenance, which most likely indicate where the Balts lived in prehistoric times. According to [[Vladimir Toporov]] and [[Oleg Trubachyov]], the eastern boundary of the Balts in the prehistoric times were the upper reaches of the [[Volga]], [[Moskva (river)|Moskva]], and [[Oka (river)|Oka]] rivers, while the southern border was the [[Seym (river)|Seym river]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ramat |first1=Anna Giacalone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7a5CAAAQBAJ |title=The Indo-European Languages |last2=Ramat |first2=Paolo |date=2015-04-29 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-92186-7 | | Some of the major authorities on Balts, such as [[Kazimieras Būga]], [[Max Vasmer]], [[Vladimir Toporov]] and [[Oleg Trubachyov]],{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} in conducting etymological studies of eastern European river names, were able to identify in certain regions names of specifically Baltic provenance, which most likely indicate where the Balts lived in prehistoric times. According to [[Vladimir Toporov]] and [[Oleg Trubachyov]], the eastern boundary of the Balts in the prehistoric times were the upper reaches of the [[Volga]], [[Moskva (river)|Moskva]], and [[Oka (river)|Oka]] rivers, while the southern border was the [[Seym (river)|Seym river]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ramat |first1=Anna Giacalone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7a5CAAAQBAJ |title=The Indo-European Languages |last2=Ramat |first2=Paolo |date=2015-04-29 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-92186-7 |page=456 |language=en}}</ref> This information is summarized and synthesized by [[Marija Gimbutas]] in ''The Balts'' (1963) to obtain a likely proto-Baltic homeland. Its borders are approximately: from a line on the [[Pomerania]]n coast eastward to include or nearly include the present-day sites of [[Berlin]], [[Warsaw]], [[Kyiv]], and [[Kursk]], northward through [[Moscow]] to the River Berzha, westward in an irregular line to the coast of the [[Gulf of Riga]], north of [[Riga]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} | ||
However, other scholars such as Endre Bojt (1999) reject the presumption that there ever was such a thing as a clear, single "Baltic ''[[Urheimat]]''":<ref name="Bojt">{{Cite book |last1=Bojt |first1=Endre |date=1999 |title=Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Er1_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 |location=Budapest |publisher=Central European University Press |pages=81, 113 |isbn= | However, other scholars such as Endre Bojt (1999) reject the presumption that there ever was such a thing as a clear, single "Baltic ''[[Urheimat]]''":<ref name="Bojt">{{Cite book |last1=Bojt |first1=Endre |date=1999 |title=Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Er1_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 |location=Budapest |publisher=Central European University Press |pages=81, 113 |isbn=978-963-9116-42-9 |access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref> <blockquote>'The references to the Balts at various ''Urheimat'' locations across the centuries are often of doubtful authenticity, those concerning the Balts furthest to the West are the more trustworthy among them. (...) It is wise to group the particulars of Baltic history according to the interests that moved the pens of the authors of our sources.'<ref name="Bojt" /></blockquote> | ||
===Proto-history=== | ===Proto-history=== | ||
[[File:Rus-10c-ethn.png|thumb|275px|[[Eastern Europe]] at the end of 9th century to beginning of 10th century with the last remaining [[Dnieper Balts|Dnieper Baltic]] ([[Eastern Galindians|Eastern Galindian]]) inhabited area around the modern-day [[Moscow]] cut off from the rest of the Baltic people by [[Krivichs]]]] | |||
The time period from the [[2nd century]] to the [[5th century|5th century AD]] were a golden age for the Balts. East Prussia and Lithuania had become trade hubs with the Roman Empire and Germanic Tribes, while also growing through increasing industry and agriculture into a cultural center that influenced all of northeast Europe. The era saw the proliferation of [[Bronze]] and [[Iron]] tools, which had previously been concentrated around the [[Amber Road]], to the whole of the Baltic peoples. Trade routes lead north and east to the Finno-Ugric areas in [[Livonia]], [[Finland]], [[Russian North|Northern Russia]], and Eastern Russia, passed through the territory occupied by the Baltic tribes. At this time the Baltic peoples territory was second only to that of the Romans.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gimbutas |first=Marija |title=The Balts |publisher=[[Thames and Hudson]] |year=1963 |pages=109, 141-148 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
[[Germanic peoples]] lived to the west of the Baltic homelands; by the first century AD, the [[Goths]] had stabilized their kingdom from the mouth of the Vistula, south to [[Dacia]]. As Roman domination collapsed in the first half of the first millennium CE in Northern and Eastern Europe, large migrations of the Balts occurred — first, the [[Galindae]] migrated to around modern day Moscow in the [[4th century]], and later, East Balts towards the west. In the eighth century, Slavic tribes from the Volga regions appeared. Around the year 400 AD there is evidence of some sort of war which devastated the Northern Balts, many destroyed villages have been found and trade between the Balts and Finno-Ugrians appears to have stopped.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Engel |first1=Barbara Alpern |last2=Martin |first2=Janet |title=Russia in World History |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-023943-5 |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uMEfCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16 |language=en |quote=Slavic tribes had reached the territories of the Finns and Balts in the eighth century.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gleason |first1=Abbott |title=A Companion to Russian History |date=2014 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-73000-3 |page=106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXxBAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 |language=en |quote=moved ... to the Baltic in the eighth-ninth centuries}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gimbutas |first1=Marija |title=The Slavs (Ancient Peoples and Places, Vol. 74) |date=1971 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |isbn=0-500-02072-8 |page=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CC07UaXfR74C |language=en |quote=no finds of Slavic character can be identified before the eighth century}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/37147068|title=Балты в миграциях Великого переселения народов // Исторический формат. № 3-4 (11-12). 2017. С. 95-124.|first=Илья Тарасов Ilia M.|last=Tarasov|date=January 1, 2017|journal=Исторический Формат, №3-4|via=www.academia.edu}}</ref> | |||
The period from the 5th century to the [[9th century]], called the [[Middle Iron Age]] saw two major events for the Balts. The [[Slavic migrations to the Balkans|Slavic migrations]] began encroaching on the Balts eastern territory starting around 400 AD and Swedish Expansion into the western coasts of Baltic territory starting around 650 AD. These events put pressure on spome tribes but overall the Balts continued to develop as a people. Among the Baltic tribes the Prussians and Curonians continued to play leading roles. When the [[Goths]] had left the lower [[Vistula]] area, Prussians took it over, firmly established their territory where they remained there until the invasion of the [[Teutonic Order]] in the thirteenth century. Sudovians and Lithuanians continued in their preexisting lands. With their ornaments and pottery dating from the 2nd to the [[10th century]] are found in present northern [[Poland]] as far south as the lower [[Bug (river)|Bug]], and the upper [[Pripet Marshes|Pripet swamps]]. By the [[6th century|sixth]] to [[7th century|seventh centuries]] the Latgalians had expanded into northern [[Latvia]], which previously had been occupied by the western Finno-Ugric tribes. The [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire|fall of the Roman Empire]] saw disruptions to southern trade, including the Amber Road closing for a century until the rule of [[Theodoric the Great|Theodoric]], but they did continue. With letters from Theodoric the great showing the [[Ostrogoths]] had good relations with the Prussians.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
Over time the Balts became differentiated into West and East Balts. In the fifth century AD parts of the eastern Baltic coast began to be settled by the ancestors of the Western Balts: [[Old Prussians|Brus/Prūsa]] ("Old Prussians"), [[Sudovians]]/[[Jotvingians]], [[Scalvians]], [[Nadruvians]], and [[Curonians]]. The East Balts, including the hypothesised [[Dniepr Balts]], were living in modern-day Belarus, Ukraine and Russia.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} | Over time the Balts became differentiated into West and East Balts. In the fifth century AD parts of the eastern Baltic coast began to be settled by the ancestors of the Western Balts: [[Old Prussians|Brus/Prūsa]] ("Old Prussians"), [[Sudovians]]/[[Jotvingians]], [[Scalvians]], [[Nadruvians]], and [[Curonians]]. The East Balts, including the hypothesised [[Dniepr Balts]], were living in modern-day Belarus, Ukraine and Russia.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} | ||
===Middle Ages=== | ===Middle Ages=== | ||
| Line 67: | Line 70: | ||
In the 12th and 13th centuries, internal struggles and invasions by [[Ruthenians]] and [[Polish people|Poles]], and later the expansion of the [[Teutonic Order]], resulted in an almost complete annihilation of the Galindians, Curonians, and Yotvingians.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} Gradually, Old Prussians became [[Germanization|Germanized]] or Lithuanized between the 15th and 17th centuries, especially after the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] in [[Prussia]].{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} The cultures of the Lithuanians and Latgalians/Latvians survived and became the ancestors of the populations of the modern-day countries of [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} | In the 12th and 13th centuries, internal struggles and invasions by [[Ruthenians]] and [[Polish people|Poles]], and later the expansion of the [[Teutonic Order]], resulted in an almost complete annihilation of the Galindians, Curonians, and Yotvingians.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} Gradually, Old Prussians became [[Germanization|Germanized]] or Lithuanized between the 15th and 17th centuries, especially after the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] in [[Prussia]].{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} The cultures of the Lithuanians and Latgalians/Latvians survived and became the ancestors of the populations of the modern-day countries of [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} | ||
By the 13th and 14th centuries, they reached the general area that the present-day Balts and Belarusians inhabit. Many other Eastern and Southern Balts either assimilated with other Balts, or Slavs in the fourth–seventh centuries and were gradually slavicized.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bell-Fialkoff |first=Andrew |title=The Slavs |date=2000 |work=The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe: Sedentary Civilization vs. "Barbarian" and Nomad |pages=133–149 |editor-last=Bell-Fialkoff |editor-first=Andrew |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-61837-8_8 |access-date=2024-08-31 |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-61837-8_8 |isbn=978-1-349-61837-8|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | |||
===Modern era=== | ===Modern era=== | ||
[[File:Ethnographic map of Lithuanians and Latvians in 1847 by Heinrich Berghaus.jpg|thumb|Ethnographic map of Balts in 1847 by Heinrich Berghaus. Lithuanians (Littauer) and Latvians (Letten).]] | [[File:Ethnographic map of Lithuanians and Latvians in 1847 by Heinrich Berghaus.jpg|thumb|275px|Ethnographic map of Balts in 1847 by Heinrich Berghaus. Lithuanians (''Littauer'') and Latvians (''Letten'').]] | ||
[[File:Baltu vienības diena Palangā (37412893275).jpg|thumb|[[Baltic Unity Day]] in [[Palanga]], 2017.]] | [[File:Baltu vienības diena Palangā (37412893275).jpg|thumb|275px|[[Baltic Unity Day]] in [[Palanga]], 2017.]] | ||
In the modern era, the Balts — primarily Lithuanians and Latvians — have sustained a unique cultural and linguistic identity along the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, speaking the only surviving [[ | In the modern era, the Balts — primarily Lithuanians and Latvians — have sustained a unique cultural and linguistic identity along the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, speaking the only surviving [[Eastern Baltic languages]], Lithuanian and Latvian, which are among the most conservative Indo‑European tongues and retain archaic features from their Proto‑Indo‑European roots. Following nearly five decades of [[Occupation of the Baltic states|Soviet rule]], Lithuania and Latvia restored their independence in 1990–1991 and subsequently pursued integration with Western institutions, culminating in accession to both the [[European Union]] and [[NATO]] in 2004. In the 21st century, these two Baltic nations have established stable democracies with parliamentary systems, preserved local languages and traditions, and address common economic, political and cultural priorities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Latvijos ryšiai ir santykiai su Lietuva |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/latvijos-rysiai-ir-santykiai-su-lietuva/ |website=VLE.lt |access-date=9 July 2025 |language=lt-LT}}</ref> | ||
==Culture== | ==Culture== | ||
| Line 82: | Line 85: | ||
{{See also|Kunda culture#Genetics|Narva culture#Genetics|Pit–Comb Ware culture#Genetics|Zvejnieki burial ground#Archaeogenetics}} | {{See also|Kunda culture#Genetics|Narva culture#Genetics|Pit–Comb Ware culture#Genetics|Zvejnieki burial ground#Archaeogenetics}} | ||
The Balts are included in the "North European" [[gene cluster]] together with the [[Germanic-speaking Europe|Germanic peoples]], some Slavic groups (the [[Polish people|Poles]] and Northern [[Russians]]) and [[Baltic Finnic peoples]].{{sfn|Balanovsky|Rootsi|2008|pp=236–250}} | The Balts are included in the "North European" [[gene cluster]] together with the [[Germanic-speaking Europe|Germanic peoples]], some Slavic groups (the [[Polish people|Poles]] and Northern [[Russians]]) and [[Baltic Finnic peoples]].{{sfn|Balanovsky|Rootsi|2008|pp=236–250}}{{Failed verification|date=August 2025}} | ||
Saag et a. (2017) detected that the eastern Baltic in the [[Mesolithic]] was inhabited primarily by [[Western Hunter-Gatherer]]s (WHGs).{{sfn|Saag|2017}} Their paternal haplogroups were mostly types of [[Haplogroup I-M438|I2a]] and [[Haplogroup R1b|R1b]], while their maternal haplogroups were mostly types of [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)#Haplogroup U5|U5]], [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)#Haplogroup U4|U4]] and [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)#Haplogroup U2|U2]].{{sfn|Mathieson|2018}} These people carried a high frequency of the derived [[E3 ubiquitin ligase HERC2|HERC2]] allele which codes for light [[eye color]] and possess an increased frequency of the derived alleles for SLC45A2 and SLC24A5, coding for lighter skin color.{{sfn|Mittnik|2018}} | Saag et a. (2017) detected that the eastern Baltic in the [[Mesolithic]] was inhabited primarily by [[Western Hunter-Gatherer]]s (WHGs).{{sfn|Saag|2017}} Their paternal haplogroups were mostly types of [[Haplogroup I-M438|I2a]] and [[Haplogroup R1b|R1b]], while their maternal haplogroups were mostly types of [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)#Haplogroup U5|U5]], [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)#Haplogroup U4|U4]] and [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)#Haplogroup U2|U2]].{{sfn|Mathieson|2018}} These people carried a high frequency of the derived [[E3 ubiquitin ligase HERC2|HERC2]] allele which codes for light [[eye color]] and possess an increased frequency of the derived alleles for SLC45A2 and SLC24A5, coding for lighter skin color.{{sfn|Mittnik|2018}} | ||
| Line 98: | Line 101: | ||
==List of Baltic peoples== | ==List of Baltic peoples== | ||
{{Main|List of ancient Baltic peoples and tribes}} | {{Main|List of ancient Baltic peoples and tribes}} | ||
[[File:Lietuvių giminės senovėje iki XIII amžiaus pradžios.jpg|thumb|Lithuanian tribes in antiquity until the beginning of the 13th century by [[Adolfas Šapoka]]]] | |||
'''Modern-day Baltic peoples''' | '''Modern-day Baltic peoples''' | ||
*[[ | *[[Eastern Baltic languages|Eastern Baltic]] peoples<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kessler |first=P. L. |title=Kingdoms of Eastern Europe - Lithuania |url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsEurope/EasternLithuania.htm#top |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=The History Files |language=en}}</ref> | ||
**[[Latvians]] | **[[Latvians]] | ||
***[[Latgalians (modern)|Latgalians]] | ***[[Latgalians (modern)|Latgalians]] | ||
**[[Lithuanians]] | **[[Lithuanians]] | ||
***[[ | ***[[Aukštaitians]] ("highlanders") | ||
***[[Samogitians]] ("lowlanders") | ***[[Samogitians]] ("lowlanders") | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
{{Portal|Latvia|Lithuania}} | {{Portal|Latvia|Lithuania}} | ||
* [[ | * [[Eastern Baltic languages]] | ||
* [[ | * [[Western Baltic languages]] | ||
* [[Baltic studies]] | * [[Baltic studies]] | ||
* [[Baltic Unity Day]] | * [[Baltic Unity Day]] | ||
| Line 137: | Line 142: | ||
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Lithuanians and Letts|volume=16|pages=789–791|first=Peter Alexeivitch|last=Kropotkin|author-link=Peter Kropotkin}} | * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Lithuanians and Letts|volume=16|pages=789–791|first=Peter Alexeivitch|last=Kropotkin|author-link=Peter Kropotkin}} | ||
* {{cite journal |last1=Lazaridis |first1=Iosif |date=September 17, 2014 |title=Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=513 |issue= 7518|pages=409–413 |arxiv= 1312.6639|bibcode= 2014Natur.513..409L|doi=10.1038/nature13673 |pmc=4170574 |pmid=25230663 |hdl=11336/30563 }} | * {{cite journal |last1=Lazaridis |first1=Iosif |date=September 17, 2014 |title=Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=513 |issue= 7518|pages=409–413 |arxiv= 1312.6639|bibcode= 2014Natur.513..409L|doi=10.1038/nature13673 |pmc=4170574 |pmid=25230663 |hdl=11336/30563 }} | ||
* {{cite journal |last1=Malmström |first1=Helena |date=October 9, 2019 |title=The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society|Proceedings of the Royal Society B]] |publisher=[[Royal Society]] |volume= 286|issue= 1912| | * {{cite journal |last1=Malmström |first1=Helena |date=October 9, 2019 |title=The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society|Proceedings of the Royal Society B]] |publisher=[[Royal Society]] |volume= 286|issue= 1912|article-number= 20191528|doi=10.1098/rspb.2019.1528 |pmc= 6790770|pmid= 31594508}} | ||
* {{cite journal |last1=Mathieson |first1=Iain |date=February 21, 2018 |title=The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=555 |issue=7695 |pages=197–203 |bibcode= 2018Natur.555..197M|doi=10.1038/nature25778 |pmc=6091220 |pmid=29466330 }} | * {{cite journal |last1=Mathieson |first1=Iain |date=February 21, 2018 |title=The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=555 |issue=7695 |pages=197–203 |bibcode= 2018Natur.555..197M|doi=10.1038/nature25778 |pmc=6091220 |pmid=29466330 }} | ||
* {{cite journal |last1=Mittnik |first1=Alisa |date=January 30, 2018 |title=The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=16 |issue=1 | | * {{cite journal |last1=Mittnik |first1=Alisa |date=January 30, 2018 |title=The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=16 |issue=1 |article-number= 442|bibcode= 2018NatCo...9..442M|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-02825-9 |pmc=5789860 |pmid=29382937 }} | ||
* {{cite journal |last1=Saag |first1=Lehti |date=July 24, 2017 |title=Extensive Farming in Estonia Started through a Sex-Biased Migration from the Steppe. |journal=[[Current Biology]] |publisher=[[Cell Press]] |volume=27 |issue=14 |pages=2185–2193 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.022 |doi-access=free |pmid=28712569 |bibcode=2017CBio...27E2185S }} | * {{cite journal |last1=Saag |first1=Lehti |date=July 24, 2017 |title=Extensive Farming in Estonia Started through a Sex-Biased Migration from the Steppe. |journal=[[Current Biology]] |publisher=[[Cell Press]] |volume=27 |issue=14 |pages=2185–2193 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.022 |doi-access=free |pmid=28712569 |bibcode=2017CBio...27E2185S }} | ||
===Polish language=== | ===Polish language=== | ||
* {{cite web |title=Bałtowie |work=Encyklopedia Internetowa PWN |url=http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/5504_1.html |access-date=May 25, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050426150605/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/5504_1.html|archive-date=April 26, 2005 |language=pl | * {{cite web |title=Bałtowie |work=Encyklopedia Internetowa PWN |url=http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/5504_1.html |access-date=May 25, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050426150605/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/5504_1.html|archive-date=April 26, 2005 |language=pl }} | ||
* {{cite book| first = Jerzy| last = Antoniewicz| author-link = Jerzy Antoniewicz|author2=Aleksander Gieysztor | title = Bałtowie zachodni w V w. p. n. e. – V w. n. e. : terytorium, podstawy gospodarcze i społeczne plemion prusko-jaćwieskich i letto-litewskich| location = [[Olsztyn]]-[[Białystok]]| publisher = Pojezierze| year = 1979| isbn = 83-7002-001-1|language=pl| author2-link = Aleksander Gieysztor}} | * {{cite book| first = Jerzy| last = Antoniewicz| author-link = Jerzy Antoniewicz|author2=Aleksander Gieysztor | title = Bałtowie zachodni w V w. p. n. e. – V w. n. e.: terytorium, podstawy gospodarcze i społeczne plemion prusko-jaćwieskich i letto-litewskich| location = [[Olsztyn]]-[[Białystok]]| publisher = Pojezierze| year = 1979| isbn = 83-7002-001-1|language=pl| author2-link = Aleksander Gieysztor}} | ||
* {{cite book| first = Marceli| last = Kosman| author-link = Marceli Kosman| title = Zmierzch Perkuna czyli ostatni poganie nad Bałtykiem| location = Warsaw| publisher = Książka i Wiedza| year = 1981|language=pl}} | * {{cite book| first = Marceli| last = Kosman| author-link = Marceli Kosman| title = Zmierzch Perkuna czyli ostatni poganie nad Bałtykiem| location = Warsaw| publisher = Książka i Wiedza| year = 1981|language=pl}} | ||
* {{cite encyclopedia| encyclopedia = Wielka Encyklopedia PWN| edition = 1| year = 2001| article = Bałtowie|language=pl}} | * {{cite encyclopedia| encyclopedia = Wielka Encyklopedia PWN| edition = 1| year = 2001| article = Bałtowie|language=pl}} | ||
| Line 151: | Line 156: | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* {{cite book|url=http://www.vaidilute.com/books/gimbutas/gimbutas-contents.html |first=Marija |last=Gimbutas |author-link=Marija Gimbutas |title=The Balts |year=1963 |publisher=Thames & Hudson, Gabriella |location=London, New York |access-date=2008-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820232804/http://www.vaidilute.com/books/gimbutas/gimbutas-contents.html |archive-date=20 August 2008 | * {{cite book|url=http://www.vaidilute.com/books/gimbutas/gimbutas-contents.html |first=Marija |last=Gimbutas |author-link=Marija Gimbutas |title=The Balts |year=1963 |publisher=Thames & Hudson, Gabriella |location=London, New York |access-date=2008-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820232804/http://www.vaidilute.com/books/gimbutas/gimbutas-contents.html |archive-date=20 August 2008 }} E-book of the original. | ||
* {{cite web|url=http://forum.istorija.net/category-view.asp |title=Forum of Lithuanian History |first=Tomas |last=Baranauskas |publisher=Historija.net |year=2003 |access-date=2008-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906084330/http://forum.istorija.net/category-view.asp |archive-date=6 September 2008 |url-status = live}} | * {{cite web|url=http://forum.istorija.net/category-view.asp |title=Forum of Lithuanian History |first=Tomas |last=Baranauskas |publisher=Historija.net |year=2003 |access-date=2008-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906084330/http://forum.istorija.net/category-view.asp |archive-date=6 September 2008 |url-status = live}} | ||
* {{cite web |url=http://postilla.mch.mii.lt/Kalba/baltai.en.htm |title=We, the Balts |first=Algirdas |last=Sabaliauskas |work=Postilla 400 |publisher=Samogitian Cultural Association |year=1998 |access-date=2008-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402100130/http://postilla.mch.mii.lt/Kalba/baltai.en.htm |archive-date=2008-04-02 | * {{cite web |url=http://postilla.mch.mii.lt/Kalba/baltai.en.htm |title=We, the Balts |first=Algirdas |last=Sabaliauskas |work=Postilla 400 |publisher=Samogitian Cultural Association |year=1998 |access-date=2008-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402100130/http://postilla.mch.mii.lt/Kalba/baltai.en.htm |archive-date=2008-04-02 }} | ||
* {{cite web|url=http://www.astro.lt/balts/index.html|title=The Cosmology of ancient Balts|first=Vytautas|last=Straižys|author-link=Vytautas Straižys|author2=Libertas Klimka |year=1997|publisher=www.astro.lt|access-date=2008-09-05|author2-link=Libertas Klimka}} | * {{cite web|url=http://www.astro.lt/balts/index.html|title=The Cosmology of ancient Balts|first=Vytautas|last=Straižys|author-link=Vytautas Straižys|author2=Libertas Klimka |year=1997|publisher=www.astro.lt|access-date=2008-09-05|author2-link=Libertas Klimka}} | ||