Burhanuddin Rabbani: Difference between revisions

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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| name               = Burhanuddin Rabbani
| name             = Burhanuddin Rabbani
| native_name         = {{nobold|برهان‌الدین ربانی}}
| native_name     = {{nobold|برهان‌الدین ربانی}}
| native_name_lang   = fa
| native_name_lang = fa
| image               = Burhanuddin Rabbani Cropped DVIDS.jpg
| image           = Burhanuddin Rabbani Cropped DVIDS.jpg
| caption             = Rabbani in 2010
| caption         = Rabbani in 2010
| order               = 6th
| order           = 6th
| office             = President of Afghanistan
| office           = President of Afghanistan
| term_start         = 28 June 1992
| term_start       = 28 June 1992
| term_end           = 22 December 2001<br>Disputed by [[Mullah Omar]]<br>(as [[Supreme Leader of Afghanistan|Supreme Leader]])<br>from 27 September 1996 – 13 November 2001
| term_end         = 22 December 2001<br>Disputed by [[Mullah Omar]]<br>(as [[Supreme Leader of Afghanistan|Supreme Leader]])<br>from 27 September 1996 – 13 November 2001
| predecessor         = [[Mohammad Najibullah]]
| predecessor     = [[Mohammad Najibullah]]
| successor           = [[Hamid Karzai]]
| successor       = [[Hamid Karzai]]
| primeminister      = {{plainlist|
| prime_minister  = {{plainlist|
*[[Abdul Sabur Farid Kohistani]]
*[[Abdul Sabur Farid Kohistani]]
*[[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]]
*[[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]]
Line 20: Line 20:
*[[Abdul Rahim Ghafoorzai]]
*[[Abdul Rahim Ghafoorzai]]
}}
}}
| vicepresident      = {{plainlist|
| vice_president  = {{plainlist|
*[[Abdul Rasul Sayyaf]]
*[[Abdul Rasul Sayyaf]]
*[[Sayed Mansur Naderi]], son of [[Sayed Kayan]]
*[[Mawlawi Mir Hamza]]
*Mohammad Shah Fazli
*[[Mohammad Shah Fazli]]
*[[Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi]]
*[[Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi]]
}}
}}
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1940|9|20|df=y}}
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1940|9|20|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Badakhshan Province|Badakhshan]], [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]]
| birth_place     = [[Yaftali Sufla District|Yaftal]],<ref name="Kakar" /> [[Fayzabad District, Badakhshan]],<ref name=":0" /> [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]]
| death_date         = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|2011|9|20|1940|9|20|df=y}}}}
| death_date       = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|2011|9|20|1940|9|20|df=y}}}}
| death_place         = [[Kabul]], [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]]
| death_place     = Kabul, [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]]
| children           = 4, including [[Salahuddin Rabbani|Salahuddin]]
| children         = 4, including [[Salahuddin Rabbani|Salahuddin]]
| education           = [[Kabul University]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}<br>[[Al-Azhar University]] {{small|([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])}}
| education       = [[Kabul University]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}<br>[[Al-Azhar University]] {{small|([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])}}
| occupation         = Politician, teacher, [[Afghan mujahideen|Mujahideen]] leader
| occupation       = Politician, teacher, [[Afghan mujahideen|Mujahideen]] leader
| awards             = * {{Flag|Tajikistan}} : [[File:Order Ismoili Somoni Rib.png|24x24px]] [[Order of Ismoili Somoni]] – posthumously awarded on 2 September 2014<ref name="tajorder">{{Cite news|url=https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/tajikistan-masud-rabbani-awards/31440588.html|title = Tajikistan Posthumously Awards Afghans Masud, Rabbani with Country's Highest Honor| newspaper=Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty }}</ref><br>
| awards           = [[File:Order Ismoili Somoni Rib.png|24x24px]] [[Order of Ismoili Somoni]] – posthumously awarded on 2 September 2014
* {{Flag| Cuba}} : [[File:Ribbon_jose_marti.png|24x24px]] [[Order of José Marti]] – posthumously awarded on 15 August 2021
| party           = [[Jamiat-e Islami]]
| party               = {{flagicon image|Flag of Jamiat-e Islami.svg}} [[Jamiat-e Islami]]
| allegiance      = Afghanistan
}}
}}


'''Burhānuddīn Rabbānī''' ({{langx|ps|برهان الدين رباني}} {{langx|prs|برهان‌الدین ربانی}} {{IPA|ps|bu.rɑ.'nu.din ra.bɑ.ni}} {{IPA|prs|bʊ'rɑː.nʊ'd̪íːn räb.bɑː'ni}} 20 September 1940 – 20 September 2011) was an [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] politician and teacher who served as the sixth [[president of Afghanistan]] from 1992 to 1996, and again from November to December 2001 (in exile from 1996 to 2001).
'''Burhanuddin Rabbani'''{{efn|{{langx|prs|برهان‌الدین ربانی|Burhānuddīn Rabbānī}}, {{IPA|prs|bʊ'rɑː.nʊ'd̪íːn räb.bɑː'ni}}, {{langx|ps|برهان الدين رباني}}, {{IPA|ps|bu.rɑ.'nu.din ra.bɑ.ni}}}} (20 September 1940 – 20 September 2011) was an [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] politician and teacher who served as the sixth [[president of Afghanistan]] from 1992 to 1996, and again from November to December 2001 (in exile from 1996 to 2001).


Born in the [[Badakhshan Province]], Rabbani studied at [[Kabul University]] and worked there as a professor of Islamic theology. He formed the [[Jamiat-e Islami]] (''Islamic Society'') at the university which attracted then-students [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]] and [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]], both would eventually become the two leading commanders of the [[Afghan mujahideen]] in the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] from 1979. Rabbani was chosen to be the President of Afghanistan after the end of the former [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|communist regime]] in 1992. Rabbani and his [[Islamic State of Afghanistan]] government was later forced into exile by the [[Taliban]], and he then served as the political head of the [[Northern Alliance]], an alliance of various political groups who fought against the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. During his time in the office, there were a lot of internal clashes between different fighting groups.
Born in the [[Badakhshan Province]],<ref name="Clark" /> Rabbani studied at [[Kabul University]] and worked there as a professor of Islamic theology. He formed the [[Jamiat-e Islami]] at the university which attracted then-students [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]] and [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]], both would eventually become the two leading commanders of the [[Afghan mujahideen]] in the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] from 1979. Rabbani was chosen to be the President of Afghanistan after the end of the former [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|communist regime]] in 1992. Rabbani and his [[Islamic State of Afghanistan]] government was later forced into exile by the [[Taliban]], and he then served as the political head of the [[Northern Alliance]], an alliance of various political groups who fought against the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. During his time in the office, there were a lot of internal clashes between different fighting groups.


After the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Taliban government]] was toppled during [[War in Afghanistan (2001-present)|Operation Enduring Freedom]], Rabbani returned to [[Kabul]] and served briefly as president from 13 November to 22 December 2001, when [[Hamid Karzai]] was chosen as his succeeding interim leader at the [[International Conference on Afghanistan, Bonn (2001)|Bonn International Conference]].<ref name="BbcNews2001-11-14">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1656013.stm|title=Rabbani's Afghan comeback|date=14 November 2001|work=BBC News|access-date=10 September 2009}}</ref> In later years he became head of Afghanistan National Front (known in the media as [[United National Front (Afghanistan)|United National Front]]), the largest political opposition to Karzai's government.
After the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Taliban government]] was toppled during [[War in Afghanistan (2001-present)|Operation Enduring Freedom]], Rabbani returned to [[Kabul]] and served briefly as president from 13 November to 22 December 2001, when [[Hamid Karzai]] was chosen as his succeeding interim leader at the [[International Conference on Afghanistan, Bonn (2001)|Bonn International Conference]]. In later years he became head of Afghanistan National Front (known in the media as [[United National Front (Afghanistan)|United National Front]]), the largest political opposition to Karzai's government.


On 20 September 2011, Rabbani was assassinated by a [[suicide bomber]] entering his home in Kabul. As suggested by the Afghan parliament, Afghanistan's President Hamid Karzai gave him the title of "Martyr of Peace".<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/21/world/asia/Burhanuddin-Rabbani-afghan-peace-council-leader-assassinated.html?_r=1&hp Afghan Peace Council Chief Killed in Attack on His Home]. ''New York Times''. 21 September 2011.</ref> His son [[Salahuddin Rabbani]] was chosen in April 2012 to lead efforts to forge peace in Afghanistan with the Taliban.<ref>[http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/04/14/145214/karzai-appoints-slain-leaders.html Karzai appoints slain leader's son] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420180928/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/04/14/145214/karzai-appoints-slain-leaders.html |date=20 April 2012 }} 14 April 2012 McClatchy</ref>
On 20 September 2011, Rabbani was assassinated by a [[suicide bomber]] entering his home in Kabul. As suggested by the Afghan parliament, Afghanistan's President Hamid Karzai gave him the title of "Martyr of Peace". His son [[Salahuddin Rabbani]] was chosen in April 2012 to lead efforts to forge peace in Afghanistan with the Taliban.


==Early life and education==
==Early life and education==
Rabbani, son of Muhammed Yousuf, was born on 20 September 1940 in the northern province of [[Badakhshan Province|Badakhshan]]. He was a Persian-speaking ethnic [[Tājik people|Tajik]].<ref name="Edwards2002">{{cite book|author=David B. Edwards|title=Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=biOdjgEO-IcC&pg=PR7|access-date=30 September 2012|date=2 April 2002|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-22861-0|pages=7–}}</ref> After finishing school in his native province, he went to Darul-uloom-e-Sharia (Abu-Hanifa), a religious school in Kabul. When he graduated from Abu-Hanifa, he attended [[Kabul University]] to study Islamic Law and Theology, graduating in 1963.<ref name=Edwards2002/>
Rabbani, son of Muhammed Yousuf, was born on 20 September 1940 in the village of [[Yaftali Sufla District|Yaftal]],<ref name="Kakar">{{cite book |last1=Kakar |first1=M. Hassan |title=Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982 |date=1995 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn= |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&chunk.id=s1.17.21&toc.depth=1&toc.id=appb&brand=ucpress}}</ref><ref name="Clark">{{cite web |url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/war-and-peace/the-death-of-rabbani/ |title=The Death of Rabbani |last=Clark |first=Kate |publisher=Afghanistan Analysts Network |date=20 September 2011 |access-date=2026-02-18}}</ref> [[Fayzabad District, Badakhshan]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-14992226 |title=Obituary: Burhanuddin Rabbani |publisher=BBC |date=20 September 2011 |access-date=2026-02-18}}</ref> His [[ethnicity in Afghanistan|ethnicity]] was [[Tajiks|Tajik]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Edwards2002">{{cite book|author=David B. Edwards|title=Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=biOdjgEO-IcC&pg=PR7|access-date=30 September 2012|date=2 April 2002|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-22861-0|pages=7–}}</ref> After finishing school in his native province, he went to Darul-uloom-e-Sharia (Abu-Hanifa), a religious school in Kabul. When he graduated from Abu-Hanifa, he attended [[Kabul University]] to study Islamic Law and Theology, graduating in 1963.<ref name=Edwards2002/>


Soon after his graduation in 1963, he was hired as a professor at Kabul University.<ref name=Edwards2002 /> In order to enhance himself, Rabbani went to [[Egypt]] in 1966, and he entered the [[Al-Azhar University]] in Cairo where he developed close ties to the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] leadership.<ref name="Burke">{{cite book |title=Al-Qaeda: The True Story of Radical Islam|author=Burke, Jason|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=2004|pages= 66–67}}</ref> In two years, he received his [[master's degree]] in [[Islamic Philosophy]]. He resumed his position at the university and became closely associated with his fellow professor, [[Gholam Mohammad Niazi]], whom he served as secretary in 1969 and 1970.<ref name=Edwards2002/> Rabbani was one of the first Afghans to translate the works of [[Sayyid Qutb]] into [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref name="Burke" /> Later he returned to Egypt to complete his PhD in Islamic philosophy and his thesis was titled "The Philosophy and Teachings of Abd al-Rahman Muhammad [[Jami]]." In 2004 he received Afghanistan's highest academic and scientific title "Academician" from the Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan.
Soon after his graduation in 1963, he was hired as a professor at Kabul University.<ref name=Edwards2002 /> In order to enhance himself, Rabbani went to [[Egypt]] in 1966, and he entered the [[Al-Azhar University]] in Cairo where he developed close ties to the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] leadership.<ref name="Burke">{{cite book |title=Al-Qaeda: The True Story of Radical Islam|author=Burke, Jason|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=2004|pages=66–67}}</ref> In two years, he received his [[master's degree]] in [[Islamic Philosophy]]. He resumed his position at the university and became closely associated with his fellow professor, [[Gholam Mohammad Niazi]], whom he served as secretary in 1969 and 1970.<ref name=Edwards2002/> Rabbani was one of the first Afghans to translate the works of [[Sayyid Qutb]] into [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref name="Burke" /> Later he returned to Egypt to complete his PhD in Islamic philosophy and his thesis was titled "The Philosophy and Teachings of Abd al-Rahman Muhammad [[Jami]]." In 2004 he received Afghanistan's highest academic and scientific title "Academician" from the Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan. He could speak six languages.<ref>{{Cite book |last=al-Faisal |first=Turki |title=The Afghanistan File |last2=Field |first2=Michael |date=2021 |publisher=Arabian Publishing |isbn=978-0-9929808-8-7 |location=Surbiton |page=31}}</ref>


==Political career==
==Political career==
Rabbani returned to Afghanistan in 1968, where the High Council of Jamiat-e Islami gave him the duty of organizing the university students. Due to his knowledge, reputation, and active support for the cause of Islam, in 1972, a 15-member council selected him as head of Jamiat-e Islami of Afghanistan; the founder of Jamiat-e Islami of Afghanistan, [[Gholam Mohammad Niazi]] was also present. Jamiat-e Islami was primarily composed of Tajiks.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan: Analysis and Chronology |author=Rogers, Tom |publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1992|page=27}}</ref>
Rabbani returned to Afghanistan in 1968, where the High Council of Jamiat-e Islami gave him the duty of organizing the university students. Due to his knowledge, reputation, and active support for the cause of Islam, in 1972, a 15-member council selected him as head of Jamiat-e Islami of Afghanistan; the founder of Jamiat-e Islami of Afghanistan, [[Gholam Mohammad Niazi]] was also present. Jamiat-e Islami was primarily composed of Tajiks.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan: Analysis and Chronology |author=Rogers, Tom |publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1992|page=27}}</ref>


In the spring of 1974, the police came to Kabul University to arrest Rabbani for his pro-Islamic stance, but with the help of his students the police were unable to capture him, and he managed to escape to the countryside. In Pakistan, Rabbani gathered important people and established the party. Sayed Noorullah Emad, who was then a young Muslim in the University of Kabul, became the General Secretary of the party and, later, its deputy chief. Rabbani alongside [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]] and others planned to take action either against the Daoud government or people who they deemed communist in 1975, but failed.
In the spring of 1974, the police came to Kabul University to arrest Rabbani for his pro-Islamic stance, but with the help of his students the police were unable to capture him, and he managed to escape to neighboring [[Pakistan]].<ref name=":0" /> There, Rabbani gathered important people and established the party. Sayed Noorullah Emad, who was then a young Muslim in the University of Kabul, became the General Secretary of the party and, later, its deputy chief. Rabbani alongside [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]] and others planned to take action either against the Daoud government or people who they deemed communist in 1975, but failed.


{{Blockquote|Among ourselves we decided that Daoud personally was not a communist, but a Muslim, surrounded by communists, who should be eliminated. For that purpose we prepared a list of eighty military and civilian communists and instructed our companions to carry it out.…Surprisingly news of the failure of the uprising in Laghman and other regions reached us in Peshawar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print|title=Afghanistan}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|Among ourselves we decided that Daoud personally was not a communist, but a Muslim, surrounded by communists, who should be eliminated. For that purpose we prepared a list of eighty military and civilian communists and instructed our companions to carry it out.…Surprisingly news of the failure of the uprising in Laghman and other regions reached us in Peshawar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print|title=Afghanistan}}</ref>
}}
}}


When the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviets intervened in 1979]], Rabbani helped lead Jamiat-e Islami in resistance to the [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]] regime. Rabbani's forces were the first Mujahideen elements to enter Kabul in 1992 when the PDPA government fell from power.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} He took over as president from 1992 in accordance to the [[Peshawar Accords]]. Rabbani was the third ethnic Tajik leader of modern Afghanistan after [[Habibullah Kalakani]] in 1929 and [[Abdul Qadir (Afghan communist)|Abdul Qadir]] in 1978 (and possibly including [[Babrak Karmal]], whose ethnicity was disputed). His rule was limited since the country was fractured by [[Afghan Civil War (1992-96)|civil war]] between different sides. Rabbani was forced to flee following the Taliban's conquest of Kabul in 1996. Rabbani operated his government in exile, following the establishment of the Taliban rule of the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]]. In this period between 1996 and 2001, the Rabbani government of the [[Islamic State of Afghanistan]] remained the internationally recognized government, despite only controlling about 10% of Afghan territory. For the next five years, he and the [[Northern Alliance]], commanded by [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]] and others, were fighting the Taliban until the 2001 US-led [[War in Afghanistan (2001-present)|Operation Enduring Freedom]] toppled the Taliban government. Rabbani was head of Afghanistan's High Peace Council, which had been formed in 2010 to initiate peace talks with the Taliban and other groups in the insurgency, until his death.<ref name=ttel2011>{{cite news|title=Former Afghanistan president Burhanuddin Rabbani killed in Kabul blast|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/8776911/Former-Afghanistan-president-Burhanuddin-Rabbani-killed-in-Kabul-blast.html|access-date=30 September 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=20 September 2011}}</ref>
When the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviets intervened in 1979]], Rabbani helped lead Jamiat-e Islami in resistance to the [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]] regime. Rabbani's forces were the first Mujahideen elements to enter Kabul in 1992 when the PDPA government fell from power.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} He took over as president from 1992 in accordance to the [[Peshawar Accords]]. Rabbani was the third ethnic Tajik leader of modern Afghanistan after [[Habibullah Kalakani]] in 1929 and [[Abdul Qadir (Afghan communist)|Abdul Qadir]] in 1978 (and possibly including [[Babrak Karmal]], whose ethnicity was disputed). His rule was limited since the country was fractured by [[Afghan Civil War (1992-96)|civil war]] between different sides. Rabbani was forced to flee following the Taliban's conquest of Kabul in 1996. Rabbani operated his government in exile, following the establishment of the Taliban rule of the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]]. In this period between 1996 and 2001,<ref name="BbcNews2001-11-14">{{cite news |date=14 November 2001 |title=Rabbani's Afghan comeback |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1656013.stm |access-date=10 September 2009 |work=BBC News}}</ref> the Rabbani government of the [[Islamic State of Afghanistan]] remained the internationally recognized government, despite only controlling about 10% of Afghan territory. For the next five years, he and the [[Northern Alliance]], commanded by [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]] and others, were fighting the Taliban until the 2001 US-led [[War in Afghanistan (2001-present)|Operation Enduring Freedom]] toppled the Taliban government. Rabbani was head of Afghanistan's High Peace Council, which had been formed in 2010 to initiate peace talks with the Taliban and other groups in the insurgency, until his death.<ref name=ttel2011>{{cite news|title=Former Afghanistan president Burhanuddin Rabbani killed in Kabul blast|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/8776911/Former-Afghanistan-president-Burhanuddin-Rabbani-killed-in-Kabul-blast.html|access-date=30 September 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=20 September 2011}}</ref>


==Assassination==
==Assassination==
<!--Karzai at UN and funeral-->
<!--Karzai at UN and funeral-->
Rabbani was killed in a [[Suicide attack|suicide bombing]] at his home in Kabul on 20 September 2011, his 71st birthday. Two men posing as Taliban representatives approached him to offer a hug and detonated their explosives. At least one of them had hidden the explosives in his [[turban]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghan president assassinated|date=20 September 2011 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref><ref name="CNN2011-09-20">{{cite news|url=http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/20/u-s-embassy-staff-in-kabul-ordered-to-take-cover/?hpt=hp_t1|title=Turban bomb kills key Afghan political leader|date=20 September 2011|publisher=CNN|access-date=21 September 2011|archive-date=14 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614142032/http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/20/u-s-embassy-staff-in-kabul-ordered-to-take-cover/?hpt=hp_t1|url-status=dead}}</ref> The suicide bomber claimed to be a Taliban commander, said he bore a "very important and positive message" from Taliban leaders in Pakistan, and said he wanted to "discuss peace" with Rabbani.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/ex-afghan-leaders-assassin-waited-days-to-see-him/|publisher=Fox News|title=Ex-Afghan Leader's Assassin Waited Days to See Him|date=21 September 2011}}</ref> Four other members of Afghanistan's High Peace Council were also killed in the blast.<ref name=ttel2011 /> Rabbani was buried in the Wazir Akbar Khan cemetery.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 September 2011|title=The funeral of Burhanuddin Rabbani in Kabul – in pictures|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2011/sep/23/funeral-burhanuddin-rabbani-kabul-pictures|access-date=3 December 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
Rabbani was killed in a [[Suicide attack|suicide bombing]] at his home in Kabul on 20 September 2011, his 71st birthday.<ref>[http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/04/14/145214/karzai-appoints-slain-leaders.html Karzai appoints slain leader's son] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420180928/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/04/14/145214/karzai-appoints-slain-leaders.html|date=20 April 2012}} 14 April 2012 McClatchy</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/21/world/asia/Burhanuddin-Rabbani-afghan-peace-council-leader-assassinated.html?_r=1&hp Afghan Peace Council Chief Killed in Attack on His Home]. ''New York Times''. 21 September 2011.</ref> Two men posing as Taliban representatives approached him to offer a hug and detonated their explosives. At least one of them had hidden the explosives in his [[turban]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghan president assassinated|date=20 September 2011 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref><ref name="CNN2011-09-20">{{cite news|url=http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/20/u-s-embassy-staff-in-kabul-ordered-to-take-cover/?hpt=hp_t1|title=Turban bomb kills key Afghan political leader|date=20 September 2011|publisher=CNN|access-date=21 September 2011|archive-date=14 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614142032/http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/20/u-s-embassy-staff-in-kabul-ordered-to-take-cover/?hpt=hp_t1|url-status=dead}}</ref> The suicide bomber claimed to be a Taliban commander, said he bore a "very important and positive message" from Taliban leaders in Pakistan, and said he wanted to "discuss peace" with Rabbani.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/ex-afghan-leaders-assassin-waited-days-to-see-him/|publisher=Fox News|title=Ex-Afghan Leader's Assassin Waited Days to See Him|date=21 September 2011}}</ref> Four other members of Afghanistan's High Peace Council were also killed in the blast.<ref name=ttel2011 /> Rabbani was buried in the Wazir Akbar Khan cemetery.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 September 2011|title=The funeral of Burhanuddin Rabbani in Kabul – in pictures|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2011/sep/23/funeral-burhanuddin-rabbani-kabul-pictures|access-date=3 December 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>


Afghan officials blamed the [[Quetta Shura]], which was the leadership of the Afghan Taliban allegedly hiding in the affluent [[Satellite Town, Quetta|Satellite Town]] of [[Quetta]] in [[Pakistan]].<ref>[http://uk.news.yahoo.com/kabul-islamabad-spar-over-rabbani-murder-probe-152819152.html Kabul, Islamabad spar over Rabbani murder probe] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The Pakistani government confirmed that Rabbani's assassination was linked to [[Afghans in Pakistan|Afghan refugees in Pakistan]]. A senior Pakistani official stated that over 90% of terrorist attacks in Pakistan were traced back to Afghan elements and that their presence in the country was "an important issue for [peace in] Pakistan" and "a problem for Afghanistan". Pakistani foreign minister [[Hina Rabbani Khar]] stated that Pakistan was "not responsible if Afghan refugees crossed the border and entered Kabul, stayed in a guest house and attacked Professor Rabbani".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/306490/pakistan-blames-afghan-refugees-for-rabbani-murder/|title=Pakistan blames Afghan refugees for Rabbani's murder|work=Express Tribune|date=14 December 2011|access-date=16 December 2011}}</ref>
Afghan officials blamed the [[Quetta Shura]], which was the leadership of the Afghan Taliban allegedly hiding in the affluent [[Satellite Town, Quetta|Satellite Town]] of [[Quetta]] in [[Pakistan]].<ref>[http://uk.news.yahoo.com/kabul-islamabad-spar-over-rabbani-murder-probe-152819152.html Kabul, Islamabad spar over Rabbani murder probe] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The Pakistani government confirmed that Rabbani's assassination was linked to [[Afghans in Pakistan|Afghan refugees in Pakistan]]. A senior Pakistani official stated that over 90% of terrorist attacks in Pakistan were traced back to Afghan elements and that their presence in the country was "an important issue for [peace in] Pakistan" and "a problem for Afghanistan". Pakistani foreign minister [[Hina Rabbani Khar]] stated that Pakistan was "not responsible if Afghan refugees crossed the border and entered Kabul, stayed in a guest house and attacked Professor Rabbani".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/306490/pakistan-blames-afghan-refugees-for-rabbani-murder/|title=Pakistan blames Afghan refugees for Rabbani's murder|work=Express Tribune|date=14 December 2011|access-date=16 December 2011}}</ref>
Line 71: Line 71:
Government minister [[Nematullah Shahrani]] said Rabbani is irreplaceable because "he had relations with all these tribes."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=30 September 2011|title=Peace negotiator assassinated|journal=The Week|pages=9}}</ref>
Government minister [[Nematullah Shahrani]] said Rabbani is irreplaceable because "he had relations with all these tribes."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=30 September 2011|title=Peace negotiator assassinated|journal=The Week|pages=9}}</ref>


United States President [[Barack Obama]] and several [[NATO]] military leaders condemned the assassination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/ID/65391/ |title=News Article: Obama, Karzai Vow Undeterred Effort in Afghanistan |publisher=Defense.gov |access-date=7 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820182239/http://www.defense.gov//releases/release.aspx?releaseid=16035 |archive-date=20 August 2013  }}</ref> Japan also offered its condolences at the [[Sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gadebate.un.org/66/japan |title=UN General Assembly General Debate of the 66th Session - Japan |publisher=Gadebate.un.org |date=23 September 2011 |access-date=7 May 2012 |archive-date=31 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331075201/https://gadebate.un.org/66/japan |url-status=dead }}</ref> Afghan President [[Hamid Karzai]] cut short his trip for the [[General debate of the sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly]] following Rabbani's  assassination. Rabbani's son [[Salahuddin Rabbani|Salahuddin]] then took over chairmanship of the High Peace Council from his father.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gadebate.un.org/67/afghanistan|title=Afghanistan|website=General Assembly of the United Nations|date=25 September 2012|language=en|access-date=30 November 2017|archive-date=31 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331030537/http://gadebate.un.org/67/afghanistan|url-status=dead}}</ref>
United States President [[Barack Obama]] and several [[NATO]] military leaders condemned the assassination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov//News/NewsArticle.aspx?ID=65391 |title=News Article: Obama, Karzai Vow Undeterred Effort in Afghanistan |publisher=United States Department of Defense |access-date=7 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713170426/http://www.defense.gov/News/NewsArticle.aspx?ID=65391 |archive-date=13 July 2013  }}</ref> Japan also offered its condolences at the [[Sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gadebate.un.org/66/japan |title=UN General Assembly General Debate of the 66th Session - Japan |publisher=Gadebate.un.org |date=23 September 2011 |access-date=7 May 2012 |archive-date=31 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331075201/https://gadebate.un.org/66/japan |url-status=dead }}</ref> Afghan President [[Hamid Karzai]] cut short his trip for the [[General debate of the sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly]] following Rabbani's  assassination. Rabbani's son [[Salahuddin Rabbani|Salahuddin]] then took over chairmanship of the High Peace Council from his father.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gadebate.un.org/67/afghanistan|title=Afghanistan|website=General Assembly of the United Nations|date=25 September 2012|language=en|access-date=30 November 2017|archive-date=31 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331030537/http://gadebate.un.org/67/afghanistan|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
== Books and booklets ==
Rabbi had written books and booklets in both Dari and Pashto, including:<ref>{{Cite web |title=title dari language |url=https://www.geocities.ws/mstanikzai/bibliography/title-a.html |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=www.geocities.ws}}</ref>
 
* ''The Birth of Light'' [Dari], Jamiat-i-Islami Afghanistan, Peshawar, 1988 (1367), 78 p.
* ''Destiny of Revolution behind the Conflicts'' [Dari], Jamiat-i-Islami Afghanistan, [Peshawar], 1988 (1367), 44 p.
* ''Message to Commanders and Countrymen'' [Dari], Jamiat-i-Islami Afghanistan, [Peshawar], 1988 (1367), 23 p.
* ''Mujahed Guide: address of Burhanuddin Rabbani on the occasion of Eid-e-Sayed Fiter'' [Pashtu], Jamiat-i-Islami Afghanistan, Peshawar, 1989 (1409), 38 p.
* ''Reconstruction of Afghanistan'' [Dari], Ministry of Reconstruction, [Peshawar], 1990 (1369), 47 p.
* ''Direction of the Jihad: collections of interviews of addresses by the leader of Jamait Islami Afghanistan'' [Dari], Jamiat-i-Islami Afghanistan, Tehran, 1990 (1369), 364 p.
* ''The First four Caliphs'' [Pashtu], Jamiat-i-Islami Afghanistan, [Peshawar], 1991 (1370), 61 p.
* ''Islamic Revolution, the outcome of the 14-year struggle of our people'' [Dari], Kabul, Government Printing Press, 1993 (1372), 31 p.
* ''Learning according to the direction of the Islamic revolution'' [Dari], Jamiat-i-Islami Afghanistan, [Kabul], 1993 (1372), 44 p.
* ''Drugs are the enemy of human health'' [Dari], Jamiat-i-Islami Afghanistan, Kabul, Government Printing Press, 1996 (1375), 16 p.


==Honors and awards==
==Honors and awards==
* {{Flag|Tajikistan}} :  
* {{Flag|Tajikistan}} :  
**[[File:Order Ismoili Somoni Rib.png|70px]] [[Order of Ismoili Somoni]] – posthumously awarded on 2 September 2014<ref name="tajorder">{{Cite news|url=https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/tajikistan-masud-rabbani-awards/31440588.html|title = Tajikistan Posthumously Awards Afghans Masud, Rabbani with Country's Highest Honor| newspaper=Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty }}</ref>
**[[File:Order Ismoili Somoni Rib.png|70px]] [[Order of Ismoili Somoni]] – posthumously awarded on 2 September 2014<ref name="tajorder">{{Cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/tajikistan-masud-rabbani-awards/31440588.html|title = Tajikistan Posthumously Awards Afghans Masud, Rabbani with Country's Highest Honor| newspaper=Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty }}</ref><ref name="tajorder2">{{Cite news |title=Tajikistan Posthumously Awards Afghans Masud, Rabbani with Country's Highest Honor |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/tajikistan-masud-rabbani-awards/31440588.html |newspaper=Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty}}</ref>
* {{Flag| Cuba}} :
**[[File:Ribbon_jose_marti.png|70px]] [[Order of José Marti]] – posthumously awarded on 15 August 2021


==See also==
==See also==
Line 87: Line 99:
* [[Badaber Uprising]]
* [[Badaber Uprising]]
* [[Jamiat-e-Islami (Afghanistan)]]
* [[Jamiat-e-Islami (Afghanistan)]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}


==References==
==References==
Line 98: Line 113:
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110926132902/http://www.english.rfi.fr/asia-pacific/20110921-hundreds-mourn-rabbani-taliban-claim-responsibility-killing Hundreds mourn Rabbani] RFI English
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110926132902/http://www.english.rfi.fr/asia-pacific/20110921-hundreds-mourn-rabbani-taliban-claim-responsibility-killing Hundreds mourn Rabbani] RFI English
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110925033308/http://www.english.rfi.fr/asia-pacific/20110921-who-kiled-burhanuddin-rabbani-and-why Who killed Burhanuddin Rabbani ... and why?] RFI English
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110925033308/http://www.english.rfi.fr/asia-pacific/20110921-who-kiled-burhanuddin-rabbani-and-why Who killed Burhanuddin Rabbani ... and why?] RFI English
* [http://www.llukasz.com/Bibi_mahru_hill.htm Bibi Mahru Hill & Burhanuddin Rabbani's grave - Kabul]
* [http://www.llukasz.com/Bibi_mahru_hill.htm Bibi Mahru Hill & Burhanuddin Rabbani's grave - Kabul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013204436/http://www.llukasz.com/Bibi_mahru_hill.htm |date=13 October 2013 }}


{{s-start}}
{{s-start}}
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[[Category:Assassinated Afghan politicians]]
[[Category:Assassinated Afghan politicians]]
[[Category:Afghan Muslim Brotherhood members]]
[[Category:Afghan Muslim Brotherhood members]]
[[Category:Afghan expatriates in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Afghan Tajik people]]
[[Category:Afghan Tajik people]]
[[Category:Hanafi fiqh scholars]]
[[Category:Hanafi fiqh scholars]]

Latest revision as of 23:11, 3 May 2026

Burhanuddin Rabbani
برهان‌الدین ربانی
File:Burhanuddin Rabbani Cropped DVIDS.jpg
Rabbani in 2010
6th President of Afghanistan
In office
28 June 1992 – 22 December 2001
Disputed by Mullah Omar
(as Supreme Leader)
from 27 September 1996 – 13 November 2001
Preceded byMohammad Najibullah
Succeeded byHamid Karzai
Personal details
Born(1940-09-20)20 September 1940
Yaftal,[1] Fayzabad District, Badakhshan,[2] Kingdom of Afghanistan
Died20 September 2011(2011-09-20) (aged 71)
Kabul, Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Political partyJamiat-e Islami
Children4, including Salahuddin
EducationKabul University (BA)
Al-Azhar University (MA, PhD)
OccupationPolitician, teacher, Mujahideen leader
AwardsFile:Order Ismoili Somoni Rib.png Order of Ismoili Somoni – posthumously awarded on 2 September 2014
Military service
AllegianceAfghanistan

Burhanuddin Rabbani[lower-alpha 1] (20 September 1940 – 20 September 2011) was an Afghan politician and teacher who served as the sixth president of Afghanistan from 1992 to 1996, and again from November to December 2001 (in exile from 1996 to 2001).

Born in the Badakhshan Province,[3] Rabbani studied at Kabul University and worked there as a professor of Islamic theology. He formed the Jamiat-e Islami at the university which attracted then-students Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and Ahmad Shah Massoud, both would eventually become the two leading commanders of the Afghan mujahideen in the Soviet–Afghan War from 1979. Rabbani was chosen to be the President of Afghanistan after the end of the former communist regime in 1992. Rabbani and his Islamic State of Afghanistan government was later forced into exile by the Taliban, and he then served as the political head of the Northern Alliance, an alliance of various political groups who fought against the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. During his time in the office, there were a lot of internal clashes between different fighting groups.

After the Taliban government was toppled during Operation Enduring Freedom, Rabbani returned to Kabul and served briefly as president from 13 November to 22 December 2001, when Hamid Karzai was chosen as his succeeding interim leader at the Bonn International Conference. In later years he became head of Afghanistan National Front (known in the media as United National Front), the largest political opposition to Karzai's government.

On 20 September 2011, Rabbani was assassinated by a suicide bomber entering his home in Kabul. As suggested by the Afghan parliament, Afghanistan's President Hamid Karzai gave him the title of "Martyr of Peace". His son Salahuddin Rabbani was chosen in April 2012 to lead efforts to forge peace in Afghanistan with the Taliban.

Early life and education

Rabbani, son of Muhammed Yousuf, was born on 20 September 1940 in the village of Yaftal,[1][3] Fayzabad District, Badakhshan.[2] His ethnicity was Tajik.[2][4] After finishing school in his native province, he went to Darul-uloom-e-Sharia (Abu-Hanifa), a religious school in Kabul. When he graduated from Abu-Hanifa, he attended Kabul University to study Islamic Law and Theology, graduating in 1963.[4]

Soon after his graduation in 1963, he was hired as a professor at Kabul University.[4] In order to enhance himself, Rabbani went to Egypt in 1966, and he entered the Al-Azhar University in Cairo where he developed close ties to the Muslim Brotherhood leadership.[5] In two years, he received his master's degree in Islamic Philosophy. He resumed his position at the university and became closely associated with his fellow professor, Gholam Mohammad Niazi, whom he served as secretary in 1969 and 1970.[4] Rabbani was one of the first Afghans to translate the works of Sayyid Qutb into Persian.[5] Later he returned to Egypt to complete his PhD in Islamic philosophy and his thesis was titled "The Philosophy and Teachings of Abd al-Rahman Muhammad Jami." In 2004 he received Afghanistan's highest academic and scientific title "Academician" from the Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan. He could speak six languages.[6]

Political career

Rabbani returned to Afghanistan in 1968, where the High Council of Jamiat-e Islami gave him the duty of organizing the university students. Due to his knowledge, reputation, and active support for the cause of Islam, in 1972, a 15-member council selected him as head of Jamiat-e Islami of Afghanistan; the founder of Jamiat-e Islami of Afghanistan, Gholam Mohammad Niazi was also present. Jamiat-e Islami was primarily composed of Tajiks.[7]

In the spring of 1974, the police came to Kabul University to arrest Rabbani for his pro-Islamic stance, but with the help of his students the police were unable to capture him, and he managed to escape to neighboring Pakistan.[2] There, Rabbani gathered important people and established the party. Sayed Noorullah Emad, who was then a young Muslim in the University of Kabul, became the General Secretary of the party and, later, its deputy chief. Rabbani alongside Ahmad Shah Massoud and others planned to take action either against the Daoud government or people who they deemed communist in 1975, but failed.

Among ourselves we decided that Daoud personally was not a communist, but a Muslim, surrounded by communists, who should be eliminated. For that purpose we prepared a list of eighty military and civilian communists and instructed our companions to carry it out.…Surprisingly news of the failure of the uprising in Laghman and other regions reached us in Peshawar.[8]

When the Soviets intervened in 1979, Rabbani helped lead Jamiat-e Islami in resistance to the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan regime. Rabbani's forces were the first Mujahideen elements to enter Kabul in 1992 when the PDPA government fell from power.[citation needed] He took over as president from 1992 in accordance to the Peshawar Accords. Rabbani was the third ethnic Tajik leader of modern Afghanistan after Habibullah Kalakani in 1929 and Abdul Qadir in 1978 (and possibly including Babrak Karmal, whose ethnicity was disputed). His rule was limited since the country was fractured by civil war between different sides. Rabbani was forced to flee following the Taliban's conquest of Kabul in 1996. Rabbani operated his government in exile, following the establishment of the Taliban rule of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. In this period between 1996 and 2001,[9] the Rabbani government of the Islamic State of Afghanistan remained the internationally recognized government, despite only controlling about 10% of Afghan territory. For the next five years, he and the Northern Alliance, commanded by Ahmad Shah Massoud and others, were fighting the Taliban until the 2001 US-led Operation Enduring Freedom toppled the Taliban government. Rabbani was head of Afghanistan's High Peace Council, which had been formed in 2010 to initiate peace talks with the Taliban and other groups in the insurgency, until his death.[10]

Assassination

Rabbani was killed in a suicide bombing at his home in Kabul on 20 September 2011, his 71st birthday.[11][12] Two men posing as Taliban representatives approached him to offer a hug and detonated their explosives. At least one of them had hidden the explosives in his turban.[13][14] The suicide bomber claimed to be a Taliban commander, said he bore a "very important and positive message" from Taliban leaders in Pakistan, and said he wanted to "discuss peace" with Rabbani.[15] Four other members of Afghanistan's High Peace Council were also killed in the blast.[10] Rabbani was buried in the Wazir Akbar Khan cemetery.[16]

Afghan officials blamed the Quetta Shura, which was the leadership of the Afghan Taliban allegedly hiding in the affluent Satellite Town of Quetta in Pakistan.[17] The Pakistani government confirmed that Rabbani's assassination was linked to Afghan refugees in Pakistan. A senior Pakistani official stated that over 90% of terrorist attacks in Pakistan were traced back to Afghan elements and that their presence in the country was "an important issue for [peace in] Pakistan" and "a problem for Afghanistan". Pakistani foreign minister Hina Rabbani Khar stated that Pakistan was "not responsible if Afghan refugees crossed the border and entered Kabul, stayed in a guest house and attacked Professor Rabbani".[18]

In 2011, just days before he died, Rabbani was trying to persuade Islamic scholars to issue a religious edict denouncing suicide bombings. The former president's 28-year-old daughter said in an interview that her father died shortly after he spoke at a conference on "Islamic Awakening" in Tehran. "Right before he was assassinated, he talked about the suicide bombing issue," Fatima Rabbani told Reuters. "He called on all Islamic scholars in the conference to release a fatwa" against the tactic.[19]

Government minister Nematullah Shahrani said Rabbani is irreplaceable because "he had relations with all these tribes."[20]

United States President Barack Obama and several NATO military leaders condemned the assassination.[21] Japan also offered its condolences at the Sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly.[22] Afghan President Hamid Karzai cut short his trip for the General debate of the sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly following Rabbani's assassination. Rabbani's son Salahuddin then took over chairmanship of the High Peace Council from his father.[23]

Books and booklets

Rabbi had written books and booklets in both Dari and Pashto, including:[24]

  • The Birth of Light [Dari], Jamiat-i-Islami Afghanistan, Peshawar, 1988 (1367), 78 p.
  • Destiny of Revolution behind the Conflicts [Dari], Jamiat-i-Islami Afghanistan, [Peshawar], 1988 (1367), 44 p.
  • Message to Commanders and Countrymen [Dari], Jamiat-i-Islami Afghanistan, [Peshawar], 1988 (1367), 23 p.
  • Mujahed Guide: address of Burhanuddin Rabbani on the occasion of Eid-e-Sayed Fiter [Pashtu], Jamiat-i-Islami Afghanistan, Peshawar, 1989 (1409), 38 p.
  • Reconstruction of Afghanistan [Dari], Ministry of Reconstruction, [Peshawar], 1990 (1369), 47 p.
  • Direction of the Jihad: collections of interviews of addresses by the leader of Jamait Islami Afghanistan [Dari], Jamiat-i-Islami Afghanistan, Tehran, 1990 (1369), 364 p.
  • The First four Caliphs [Pashtu], Jamiat-i-Islami Afghanistan, [Peshawar], 1991 (1370), 61 p.
  • Islamic Revolution, the outcome of the 14-year struggle of our people [Dari], Kabul, Government Printing Press, 1993 (1372), 31 p.
  • Learning according to the direction of the Islamic revolution [Dari], Jamiat-i-Islami Afghanistan, [Kabul], 1993 (1372), 44 p.
  • Drugs are the enemy of human health [Dari], Jamiat-i-Islami Afghanistan, Kabul, Government Printing Press, 1996 (1375), 16 p.

Honors and awards

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Script error: The function "langx" does not exist., prs, Script error: The function "langx" does not exist., ps

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kakar, M. Hassan (1995). Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982. University of California Press.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Obituary: Burhanuddin Rabbani". BBC. 20 September 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2026.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Clark, Kate (20 September 2011). "The Death of Rabbani". Afghanistan Analysts Network. Retrieved 18 February 2026.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 David B. Edwards (2 April 2002). Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad. University of California Press. pp. 7–. ISBN 978-0-520-22861-0. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Burke, Jason (2004). Al-Qaeda: The True Story of Radical Islam. I.B. Tauris. pp. 66–67.
  6. ↑ al-Faisal, Turki; Field, Michael (2021). The Afghanistan File. Surbiton: Arabian Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-9929808-8-7.
  7. ↑ Rogers, Tom (1992). The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan: Analysis and Chronology. Greenwood Press. p. 27.
  8. ↑ "Afghanistan".
  9. ↑ "Rabbani's Afghan comeback". BBC News. 14 November 2001. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Former Afghanistan president Burhanuddin Rabbani killed in Kabul blast". The Telegraph. 20 September 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  11. ↑ Karzai appoints slain leader's son Archived 20 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine 14 April 2012 McClatchy
  12. ↑ Afghan Peace Council Chief Killed in Attack on His Home. New York Times. 21 September 2011.
  13. ↑ "Afghan president assassinated". Al Jazeera English. 20 September 2011.
  14. ↑ "Turban bomb kills key Afghan political leader". CNN. 20 September 2011. Archived from the original on 14 June 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
  15. ↑ "Ex-Afghan Leader's Assassin Waited Days to See Him". Fox News. 21 September 2011.
  16. ↑ "The funeral of Burhanuddin Rabbani in Kabul – in pictures". The Guardian. 23 September 2011. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
  17. ↑ Kabul, Islamabad spar over Rabbani murder probe [dead link]
  18. ↑ "Pakistan blames Afghan refugees for Rabbani's murder". Express Tribune. 14 December 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  19. ↑ Habboush, Mahmoud (18 October 2011). "Afghanistan's Rabbani sought suicide ban: daughter". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  20. ↑ "Peace negotiator assassinated". The Week: 9. 30 September 2011.
  21. ↑ "News Article: Obama, Karzai Vow Undeterred Effort in Afghanistan". United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
  22. ↑ "UN General Assembly General Debate of the 66th Session - Japan". Gadebate.un.org. 23 September 2011. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
  23. ↑ "Afghanistan". General Assembly of the United Nations. 25 September 2012. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  24. ↑ "title dari language". www.geocities.ws. Retrieved 16 January 2026.
  25. ↑ "Tajikistan Posthumously Awards Afghans Masud, Rabbani with Country's Highest Honor". Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty.
  26. ↑ "Tajikistan Posthumously Awards Afghans Masud, Rabbani with Country's Highest Honor". Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty.
Political offices
Preceded by 3rd President of Afghanistan
1992 – December 2001
Disputed by Mullah Omar
(as Supreme Leader)
from 1996 – November 2001
Reason for dispute:
Afghan Civil War (1996–2001) 		Succeeded by

Template:Presidents of Afghanistan Template:Soviet-Afghan War

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