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{{Short description|Color between blue and green}} | {{Short description|Color between blue and green}} | ||
{{Use American English|date=June 2025}} | {{Use American English|date=June 2025}} | ||
{{about|the color||Cyan (disambiguation)| | {{about|the color||Cyan (disambiguation)}} | ||
{{redirect|Cyan blue|the album|Cyan Blue}} | |||
{{Infobox color | {{Infobox color | ||
|title=Cyan | |title=Cyan | ||
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|photo1b=American Robin Eggs in Nest.jpg | |photo1b=American Robin Eggs in Nest.jpg | ||
|photo1c= | |photo1c= | ||
|photo2a= | |photo2a=Statue of Liberty frontal 2 crop.JPG | ||
|photo2b=Uranus clouds.jpg | |photo2b=Uranus clouds.jpg | ||
|photo2c=Arba'een Pilgrimage - Iranian People- Shia Muslim 15 (cropped).jpg | |photo2c=Arba'een Pilgrimage - Iranian People- Shia Muslim 15 (cropped).jpg | ||
|photo3a= | |photo3a=Victoria view from Semi-Sub asv2024-09 img6.jpg | ||
| size = 243 | | size = 243 | ||
| color_border = #FFFFFF | | color_border = #FFFFFF | ||
| color = # | | color = #000000 | ||
| foot_montage =}} | | foot_montage =}} | ||
| caption= Clockwise, from top left: ''Water Lilies'' by [[Claude Monet]]; [[American robin]]'s eggs; [[surgical mask]] and [[headscarf]] of an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] woman; | | caption= Clockwise, from top left: ''[[Water Lilies (Monet series)|Water Lilies]]'' by [[Claude Monet]]; [[American robin]]'s eggs; [[surgical mask]] and [[headscarf]] of an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] woman; Fish underwater near [[Victoria, Seychelles]]; the [[Statue of Liberty]]; the planet [[Uranus]] | ||
|wavelength=490–520 | |wavelength=490–520 | ||
|frequency=610–575 | |frequency=610–575 | ||
|symbolism=[[ | |symbolism=[[Water]] | ||
|source= | |source=CSS Color Module Level 4000<ref>[http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#svg-color CSS Color Module Level 4000]</ref> | ||
|cmyk=(100, 0, 0, 0)}} | |cmyk=(100, 0, 0, 0)}} | ||
'''Cyan''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|aɪ|.|ə|n|,_|-|æ|n}})<ref>{{cite OED|cyan}}</ref><ref>{{cite Dictionary.com|cyan|access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|cyan}}</ref> is the color between [[blue]] and [[green]] on the [[visible spectrum]] of [[light]].<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|cyan|access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Shorter Oxford English Dictionary |edition=5th |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2002}}</ref> It is evoked by light with a predominant wavelength between | '''Cyan''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|aɪ|.|ə|n|,_|-|æ|n}})<ref>{{cite OED|cyan}}</ref><ref>{{cite Dictionary.com|cyan|access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|cyan}}</ref> is the color between [[blue]] and [[green]] on the [[visible spectrum]] of [[light]].<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|cyan|access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Shorter Oxford English Dictionary |edition=5th |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2002}}</ref> It is evoked by light with a predominant wavelength between 490 and 520 [[nanometre|nm]], between the wavelengths of green and blue.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://physics.about.com/od/lightoptics/a/vislightspec.htm |title=Visible Light Spectrum – Overview and Chart |first=Andrew Zimmerman |last=Jones |publisher=[[About.com]] |access-date=30 September 2014 |archive-date=3 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103185102/http://physics.about.com/od/lightoptics/a/vislightspec.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
In the [[subtractive color]] system, or [[CMYK color model]], which can be overlaid to produce all colors in paint and color printing, cyan is one of the [[primary color]]s, along with [[magenta]] and [[yellow]]. In the [[additive color]] system, or [[RGB color model]], used to create all the colors on a computer or television display, cyan is made by mixing equal amounts of [[green]] and [[blue]] [[light]]. Cyan is the [[complementary color|complement]] of [[red]]; it can be made by the removal of red from white. Mixing red light and cyan light at the right intensity will make [[white]] light. It is commonly seen on a bright, sunny day in the sky. | In the [[subtractive color]] system, or [[CMYK color model]], which can be overlaid to produce all colors in paint and color printing, cyan is one of the [[primary color]]s, along with [[magenta]] and [[yellow]]. In the [[additive color]] system, or [[RGB color model]], used to create all the colors on a computer or television display, cyan is made by mixing equal amounts of [[green]] and [[blue]] [[light]]. Cyan is the [[complementary color|complement]] of [[red]]; it can be made by the removal of red from white. Mixing red light and cyan light at the right intensity will make [[white]] light. It is commonly seen on a bright, sunny day in the sky. | ||
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==History == | ==History == | ||
In ancient civilizations, [[turquoise]], valued for its aesthetic appeal, was a highly-regarded precious gem. Turquoise comes in a variety of shades from green to blue, but cyan hues are particularly prevalent. The oldest Chinese dragon totem was made of thousands of pieces of cyan turquoise.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Archaeologists Find Oldest Chinese Dragon Totem |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/Archaeology/147178.htm |date=2005-11-01 |access-date=2024-02-14 |agency=Xinhua News Agency}}</ref> [[Aztecs]] often used cyan turquoise in frescoes for both symbolic and decorative purposes,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://azteczone.com/blogs/aztec-culture-articles/aztec-colors |title=What are the Aztec colors? |date=2023-08-12 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=AZTECZONE |archive-date=2024-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227061331/https://azteczone.com/blogs/aztec-culture-articles/aztec-colors |url-status=usurped }}</ref> and ancient Egyptians and Tibetans made use of cyan turquoise in art.<ref name="artandobject_com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.artandobject.com/news/allure-and-power-color-teal |title=The Allure and Power of the Color Teal |date=2022-06-21 |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=Art & Object |last=Parker |first=Dian}}</ref> | |||
During the 16th century, speakers of the English language (particularly Las Govand) began using the term ''[[turquoise (color)|turquoise]]'' to describe the cyan color of objects that resembled the color of the stone,<ref>Maerz and Paul (1930). ''A Dictionary of Color''. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 206; Color Sample of Turquoise [green]: Page 73, Plate 25, Color Sample I5.</ref> and In 1917, the color term ''[[teal]]'' was introduced to describe deeper shades of cyan.<ref>Maerz and Paul (1930). ''A Dictionary of Color''. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 205 (text), 101 (teal color sample). Plate 39 color sample L7 (on p. 101)</ref> | |||
In contrast to earlier, more literal uses of the color, Impressionist artists, such as [[Claude Monet]] in his ''[[Water Lilies]]'', used cyan hues more suggestively in their works. Deviating from traditional interpretations of local color under neutral lighting conditions, the focus of these artists was on accurately depicting perceived color and the influence of daylight on altering object hues.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/impressionism/a/impressionist-color |title=Impressionist color |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=Khan Academy |last1=Grant |first1=Kim |publisher=Google Classroom |last2=Cramer |first2=Charles |year=2021}}</ref> | |||
In August 1991, the HP Deskwriter 500C became the first Deskwriter to offer color printing as an option. It used interchangeable black and color (cyan, magenta, and yellow) inkjet print cartridges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Twenty Years of Innovation: HP Deskjet Printers 1988 – 2008 |website=Hewlett-Packard |year=2008 |url=https://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press_kits/2008/deskjet20/bg_deskjet20thannivtimeline.pdf}}</ref> With the inclusion of cyan ink in printers, the term "cyan" has become more widely recognized in both home and office settings.<ref>{{Citation |title=Home Printer Trends in the US |last=Ness |first=Dan |date=2021-02-25 |url=https://metafacts.com/home-printer-trends-in-the-us-tupdate/ |access-date=2024-04-21}}</ref> | |||
In August 1991, the HP Deskwriter 500C became the first Deskwriter to offer color printing as an option. It used interchangeable black and color (cyan, magenta, and yellow) inkjet print cartridges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Twenty Years of Innovation: HP Deskjet Printers 1988 – 2008 |website=Hewlett-Packard |year=2008 |url=https://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press_kits/2008/deskjet20/bg_deskjet20thannivtimeline.pdf}}</ref> With the inclusion of cyan ink in printers, the term "cyan" has become widely recognized in both home and office settings | |||
==Etymology and terminology== | ==Etymology and terminology== | ||
Its name is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] word ''kyanos'' (κύανος), meaning "dark blue enamel, [[Lapis lazuli]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cyan|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dku%2Fanos|title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, κύα^νος|access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref> It was formerly known as "cyan blue"<ref>{{cite book|title = The Colorist: Designed to Correct the Commonly Held Theory that Red, Yellow, and Blue are the Primary Colors and to Supply the Much Needed Easy Method of Determining Color Harmony|author = J. Arthur H. Hatt|publisher = D. Van Nostrand Company|year = 1908|url = https://archive.org/details/coloristdesigned00hatt |page = [https://archive.org/details/coloristdesigned00hatt/page/22 22]}}</ref> or cyan-blue,<ref>''Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'', 5th edition.</ref> and its first recorded use as a color name in [[English language|English]] was in 1879.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill page 194</ref> | Its name is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] word ''kyanos'' (κύανος), meaning "dark blue enamel, [[Lapis lazuli]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cyan|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dku%2Fanos|title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, κύα^νος|access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref> It was formerly known as "cyan blue"<ref>{{cite book|title = The Colorist: Designed to Correct the Commonly Held Theory that Red, Yellow, and Blue are the Primary Colors and to Supply the Much Needed Easy Method of Determining Color Harmony|author = J. Arthur H. Hatt|publisher = D. Van Nostrand Company|year = 1908|url = https://archive.org/details/coloristdesigned00hatt |page = [https://archive.org/details/coloristdesigned00hatt/page/22 22]}}</ref> or cyan-blue,<ref>''Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'', 5th edition.</ref> and its first recorded use as a color name in [[English language|English]] was in 1879.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill page 194</ref> Another origin of the color's name can be traced back to a [[dye]] produced from the [[cornflower]] (''Centaurea cyanus'').<ref>''The Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments'', Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, 2004, Routledge, {{ISBN|9781136373855}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2OH28vpzzMsC&pg=PT395 |title=Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments |isbn=9781136373855 |access-date=30 September 2014 |last1=Eastaugh |first1=Nicholas |last2=Walsh |first2=Valentine |last3=Chaplin |first3=Tracey |last4=Siddall |first4=Ruth |date=30 March 2007 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref> | ||
In most languages, | In most languages, "cyan" is not a basic [[color term]] and it [[wikt:phenomenologically|phenomenologically]] appears as a greenish vibrant [[hue]] of blue to most English speakers. Other English terms for this "borderline" hue region include ''blue green'', ''aqua'', ''turquoise'',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raffman |first1=Diana |title=Unruly Words: A Study of Vague Language |date=2014 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=9780199915101 |pages=56–57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NVfSAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref> ''teal'', and ''grue''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kay |first1=Paul |last2=Maffi |first2=Luisa |title=Number of Basic Colour Categories |url=https://wals.info/chapter/133 |website=The World Atlas of Language Structures Online |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology |access-date=4 May 2021}}</ref> | ||
==On the web and in printing== | ==On the web and in printing== | ||
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|isccname=Brilliant bluish green}} | |isccname=Brilliant bluish green}} | ||
The [[web color]] cyan | The [[web color]] cyan is a [[secondary color]] in the [[RGB color model]], which uses combinations of red, green and blue light to create all the colors on computer and television displays. In [[X11 color names|X11 colors]], this color is called both cyan and [[aqua (color)|aqua]]. In the HTML color list, this same color is called ''aqua'', a name also used due to the color's common association with [[water]], such as the appearance of the water at a tropical beach. | ||
The web colors are more vivid than the cyan used in the [[CMYK]] color system, and the web colors cannot be accurately reproduced on a printed page. To reproduce the web color cyan in inks, it is necessary to add some white ink to the printer's cyan below, so when it is reproduced in printing, it is not a primary subtractive color. | The web colors are more vivid than the cyan used in the [[CMYK]] color system, and the web colors cannot be accurately reproduced on a printed page. To reproduce the web color cyan in inks, it is necessary to add some white ink to the printer's cyan below, so when it is reproduced in printing, it is not a primary subtractive color. | ||
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|title=Cyan (subtractive primary) | |title=Cyan (subtractive primary) | ||
|hex=00B7EB | |hex=00B7EB | ||
|source=<!-- tintbook does not tell me any of this: --> | |source=<!-- tintbook does not tell me any of this: --> [[Pantone]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tintbook.com/|title=tintbook.com|access-date=30 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310213952/http://www.tintbook.com/|archive-date=10 March 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date = November 2017}} | ||
|isccname=Brilliant greenish blue}} | |isccname=Brilliant greenish blue}} | ||
Cyan is | Cyan is one of the common inks used in [[four-color printing]], along with [[magenta]], [[yellow]], and [[black]]; this set of [[primary color]]s is referred to as CMYK. In printing, the cyan ink is sometimes known as printer's cyan, process cyan, or process blue. | ||
While both the additive secondary and the subtractive primary are called ''cyan'', they can be substantially different from one another. Cyan printing ink is typically more saturated than the RGB secondary cyan, depending on what [[RGB color space]] and ink are considered. That is, process cyan is usually outside the RGB [[gamut]],<ref>{{cite book |author1=P.U.P.A. Gilbert |author2=Willy Haeberli |title=Physics in the Arts |date=2011 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=9780123918895 |page=110 |edition=Revised |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bobHqrTny4QC&pg=PA110 |access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref> and there is no fixed conversion from CMYK primaries to RGB. Different formulations are used for printer's ink, so there can be variations in the printed color that is pure cyan ink. This is because real-world subtractive (unlike additive) color mixing does not consistently produce the same result when mixing apparently identical colors, since the specific frequencies filtered out to produce that color affect how it interacts with other colors. [[Phthalocyanine Blue BN|Phthalocyanine blue]] is one such commonly used pigment. A typical formulation of ''process cyan'' is shown in the color box on the right. | While both the additive secondary and the subtractive primary are called ''cyan'', they can be substantially different from one another. Cyan printing ink is typically more saturated than the RGB secondary cyan, depending on what [[RGB color space]] and ink are considered. That is, process cyan is usually outside the RGB [[gamut]],<ref>{{cite book |author1=P.U.P.A. Gilbert |author2=Willy Haeberli |title=Physics in the Arts |date=2011 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=9780123918895 |page=110 |edition=Revised |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bobHqrTny4QC&pg=PA110 |access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref> and there is no fixed conversion from CMYK primaries to RGB. Different formulations are used for printer's ink, so there can be variations in the printed color that is pure cyan ink. This is because real-world subtractive (unlike additive) color mixing does not consistently produce the same result when mixing apparently identical colors, since the specific frequencies filtered out to produce that color affect how it interacts with other colors. [[Phthalocyanine Blue BN|Phthalocyanine blue]] is one such commonly used pigment. A typical formulation of ''process cyan'' is shown in the color box on the right. | ||
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===Color of water=== | ===Color of water=== | ||
{{Main|Color of water}} | {{Main|Color of water}} | ||
* Pure water is nearly colorless. However, it does [[water absorption|absorb]] slightly more red light than blue, giving significant volumes of water a bluish tint; increased scattering of blue light due to fine particles in the water shifts the blue color toward green, for a typically cyan net color.<ref>{{cite book|title = Clouds in a Glass of Beer: Simple Experiments in Atmospheric Physics|author = Craig F. Bohren|publisher = Courier Dover Publications|year = 2001|isbn = 0-486-41738-7|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CZuNCZqtZZUC&pg=PA156 }}</ref> | * Pure water is nearly colorless. However, it does [[water absorption|absorb]] slightly more red light than blue, giving significant volumes of water a bluish tint; increased scattering of blue light due to fine particles in the water shifts the blue color toward green, for a typically cyan net color.<ref>{{cite book|title = Clouds in a Glass of Beer: Simple Experiments in Atmospheric Physics|author = Craig F. Bohren|publisher = Courier Dover Publications|year = 2001|isbn = 0-486-41738-7|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CZuNCZqtZZUC&pg=PA156 }}</ref> | ||
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===Astronomy=== | ===Astronomy=== | ||
* The [[planet]] [[Uranus]] is colored cyan because of the abundance of [[methane]] in its [[atmosphere]]. Methane absorbs red light and reflects the blue-green light which allows observers to see it as cyan.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/voyager/pia00032.html |title=Uranus in True and False Color |date=2015-04-02 |publisher=NASA |access-date=2017-09-28}}</ref> | * The [[planet]] [[Uranus]] is colored cyan because of the abundance of [[methane]] in its [[atmosphere]]. Methane absorbs red light and reflects the blue-green light, which allows observers to see it as cyan.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/voyager/pia00032.html |title=Uranus in True and False Color |date=2015-04-02 |publisher=NASA |access-date=2017-09-28}}</ref> | ||
===Energy=== | ===Energy=== | ||
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File:Wirbelsäulenoperation OKM.jpg|alt=A surgical team in Germany. It has been suggested that surgeons and nurses adopted a cyan-colored gown and operating rooms because it is complementary to the color of red blood and thus reduced glare, though the evidence for this claim is limited.|A surgical team in Germany. It has been suggested that surgeons and nurses adopted a cyan-colored gown and operating rooms because it contrasts the color of red blood, thus reducing glare,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Belkin |title=Surgical scrubs--where we were, where we are going. |journal=Todays Surg Nurse |date=March–April 1998 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=28–34 |pmid=10026627}}</ref> though the evidence for this claim is limited. | File:Wirbelsäulenoperation OKM.jpg|alt=A surgical team in Germany. It has been suggested that surgeons and nurses adopted a cyan-colored gown and operating rooms because it is complementary to the color of red blood and thus reduced glare, though the evidence for this claim is limited.|A surgical team in Germany. It has been suggested that surgeons and nurses adopted a cyan-colored gown and operating rooms because it contrasts the color of red blood, thus reducing glare,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Belkin |title=Surgical scrubs--where we were, where we are going. |journal=Todays Surg Nurse |date=March–April 1998 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=28–34 |pmid=10026627}}</ref> though the evidence for this claim is limited. | ||
File:Old photo colors degredated into cyan.jpg|The pigments in color photographs may degrade at different rates, potentially resulting in a cyan tint. | File:Old photo colors degredated into cyan.jpg|The pigments in color photographs may degrade at different rates, potentially resulting in a cyan tint. | ||
File:Liquid oxygen in a beaker (cropped and retouched).jpg|While [[oxygen]] is normally a colorless gas in standard temperature and pressure, [[liquid oxygen]] is a pale cyan liquid. | File:Liquid oxygen in a beaker (cropped and retouched).jpg|While [[oxygen]] is normally a colorless gas in standard temperature and pressure, [[liquid oxygen]] is a clear, pale cyan liquid. | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||