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{{Optical disc authoring}} | {{Optical disc authoring}} | ||
The '''compact disc''' ('''CD''') is a [[Digital media|digital]] [[optical disc]] [[data storage]] format co-developed by [[Philips]] and [[Sony]] to store and play [[digital audio]] recordings. It employs the [[Compact Disc Digital Audio]] (CD-DA) standard and is capable of holding | The '''compact disc''' ('''CD''') is a [[Digital media|digital]] [[optical disc]] [[data storage]] format co-developed by [[Philips]] and [[Sony]] to store and play [[digital audio]] recordings. It employs the [[Compact Disc Digital Audio]] (CD-DA) standard and is capable of holding uncompressed [[stereo]] audio. First released in [[Japan]] in October 1982, the CD was the second optical disc format to reach the market, following the larger [[LaserDisc]] (LD). In later years, the technology was adapted for computer data storage as [[CD-ROM]] and subsequently expanded into various writable and multimedia formats. {{As of|2007}}, over 200 billion CDs (including audio CDs, CD-ROMs, and [[CD-R]]s) had been sold worldwide. | ||
Standard CDs have a diameter of {{convert|120|mm|abbr= | Standard CDs have a diameter of {{convert|120|mm|abbr=on}} and typically hold up to 74 minutes of audio or approximately {{bytes|650|Mi|link=mebibyte}} of data. This was later regularly extended to 80 minutes or {{bytes|700|Mi}} by reducing the spacing between data tracks, with some discs unofficially reaching up to 99 minutes or {{bytes|870|Mi}} which falls outside established specifications. Smaller variants, such as the [[Mini CD]], range from {{convert|60|to|80|mm|abbr=on}} in diameter and have been used for [[CD single]]s or distributing [[device driver]]s and software. | ||
The CD gained widespread popularity in the late 1980s and early 1990s. By 1991, it had surpassed the [[phonograph record]] and the [[ | The CD gained widespread popularity in the late 1980s and early 1990s. By 1991, it had surpassed the [[phonograph record]] and the [[cassette tape]] in sales in the [[United States]], becoming the dominant physical audio format. By 2000, CDs accounted for 92.3% of the U.S. music market share.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Music Revenue Database |url=https://www.riaa.com/u-s-sales-database/ |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=RIAA}}</ref> The CD is widely regarded as the final dominant format of the [[album era]], before the rise of [[MP3]], [[Music download|digital downloads]], and [[Music streaming service|streaming platforms]] in the mid-2000s led to its decline.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lynskey |first=Dorian |date=2015-05-28 |title=How the compact disc lost its shine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/may/28/how-the-compact-disc-lost-its-shine |access-date=2024-03-17 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> | ||
Beyond audio playback, the compact disc was adapted for general-purpose data storage under the [[CD-ROM]] format, which initially offered more capacity than contemporary personal computer [[hard disk drive]]s. Additional derived formats include write-once discs ([[CD-R]]), rewritable media ([[CD-RW]]), and multimedia applications such as [[Video CD]] (VCD), [[Super Video CD]] (SVCD), [[Photo CD]], [[Picture CD]], [[ | Beyond audio playback, the compact disc was adapted for general-purpose data storage under the [[CD-ROM]] format, which initially offered more capacity than contemporary personal computer [[hard disk drive]]s. Additional derived formats include write-once discs ([[CD-R]]), rewritable media ([[CD-RW]]), and multimedia applications such as [[Video CD]] (VCD), [[Super Video CD]] (SVCD), [[Photo CD]], [[Picture CD]], [[Compact Disc Interactive]] (CD-i), [[Enhanced Music CD]], and [[Super Audio CD]] (SACD), the latter of which can include a standard CD-DA layer for [[backward compatibility]]. | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
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A CD is made from {{convert|1.2|mm|adj=on}} thick, [[polycarbonate]] plastic, and weighs 14–33 grams.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pohlmann|first=Ken C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkIaGZ0HWcMC&q=compact+disc+weight&pg=PA303|title=The Compact Disc: A Handbook of Theory and Use|date=1989|publisher=A-R Editions, Inc.|isbn=978-0-89579-228-0|language=en}}</ref> From the center outward, components are: the center spindle hole (15 mm), the first-transition area (clamping ring), the clamping area (stacking ring), the second-transition area (mirror band), the program (data) area, and the rim. The inner program area occupies a radius from 25 to 58 mm. | A CD is made from {{convert|1.2|mm|adj=on}} thick, [[polycarbonate]] plastic, and weighs 14–33 grams.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pohlmann|first=Ken C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkIaGZ0HWcMC&q=compact+disc+weight&pg=PA303|title=The Compact Disc: A Handbook of Theory and Use|date=1989|publisher=A-R Editions, Inc.|isbn=978-0-89579-228-0|language=en}}</ref> From the center outward, components are: the center spindle hole (15 mm), the first-transition area (clamping ring), the clamping area (stacking ring), the second-transition area (mirror band), the program (data) area, and the rim. The inner program area occupies a radius from 25 to 58 mm. | ||
A thin layer of [[aluminum]] or, more rarely, [[Gold compact disc|gold]] is applied to the surface, making it reflective. The metal is protected by a film of lacquer normally [[spin coated]] directly on the reflective layer. The label is printed on the lacquer layer, usually by [[screen printing]] or [[offset printing]]. | A thin layer of [[aluminum]] or, more rarely, [[Gold compact disc|gold]] is applied to the surface, making it [[Reflection (physics)|reflective]]. The metal is protected by a film of lacquer normally [[spin coated]] directly on the reflective layer. The label is printed on the lacquer layer, usually by [[screen printing]] or [[offset printing]]. | ||
[[File:Compactdiscar.jpg|thumb|left|''Pits'' and ''lands'' of a compact disc under a [[microscope]] ]]CD data is represented as tiny indentations known as ''pits'', encoded in a spiral track molded into the top of the polycarbonate layer. The areas between pits are known as ''lands''. Each pit is approximately 100 [[Nanometre|nm]] deep by 500 nm wide, and varies from 850 nm to 3.5 [[μm]] in length.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laesieworks.com/digicom/Storage_CD.html |title=Compact Disc|access-date=6 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512100137/http://www.laesieworks.com/digicom/Storage_CD.html |archive-date=12 May 2016}}</ref> The distance between the windings (the ''pitch'') is 1.6 μm (measured center-to-center, not between the edges).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.multimediadirector.com/help/technology/downloads/tech_docs/cdintroduction.pdf |title=Introduction to CD and CD-ROM |last=Sharpless |first=Graham |date=July 2003 |publisher=Deluxe Global Media Services Ltd|access-date=3 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309135812/http://www.multimediadirector.com/help/technology/downloads/tech_docs/cdintroduction.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="IEC908">{{cite web |url=https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/3885 |title=IEC 60908 Audio recording - Compact disc digital audio system |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506194944/https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/3885 |archive-date=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="IEC10149">{{cite web |url=https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/9362 |title=ISO/IEC 10149 Information technology -- Data interchange on read-only 120 mm optical data | [[File:Compactdiscar.jpg|thumb|left|''Pits'' and ''lands'' of a compact disc under a [[microscope]] ]]CD data is represented as tiny indentations known as ''pits'', encoded in a spiral track molded into the top of the [[polycarbonate]] layer. The areas between pits are known as ''lands''. Each pit is approximately 100 [[Nanometre|nm]] deep by 500 nm wide, and varies from 850 nm to 3.5 [[μm]] in length.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laesieworks.com/digicom/Storage_CD.html |title=Compact Disc|access-date=6 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512100137/http://www.laesieworks.com/digicom/Storage_CD.html |archive-date=12 May 2016}}</ref> The distance between the windings (the ''pitch'') is 1.6 μm (measured center-to-center, not between the edges).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.multimediadirector.com/help/technology/downloads/tech_docs/cdintroduction.pdf |title=Introduction to CD and CD-ROM |last=Sharpless |first=Graham |date=July 2003 |publisher=Deluxe Global Media Services Ltd|access-date=3 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309135812/http://www.multimediadirector.com/help/technology/downloads/tech_docs/cdintroduction.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="IEC908">{{cite web |url=https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/3885 |title=IEC 60908 Audio recording - Compact disc digital audio system |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506194944/https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/3885 |archive-date=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="IEC10149">{{cite web |url=https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/9362 |title=ISO/IEC 10149 Information technology -- Data interchange on read-only 120 mm optical data discs (CD-ROM) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506194949/https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/9362 |archive-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> | ||
[[File: Compact disk data layer 2d 3d.PNG|thumb|right|Individual pits are visible on the micrometer scale.]] | [[File: Compact disk data layer 2d 3d.PNG|thumb|right|Individual pits are visible on the micrometer scale.]] | ||
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A CD is read by focusing a 780 nm [[wavelength]] ([[near infrared]]) [[semiconductor laser]] (early players used [[Helium–neon laser|He{{nbndash}}Ne laser]]<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ad5G1HWtDRgC&q=cd+player+hene&pg=PA824 |title = Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics|isbn = 9783642194092|last1 = Träger|first1 = Frank|date = 5 May 2012| publisher=Springer }}</ref>) through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected. Because the pits are indented into the top layer of the disc and are read through the transparent polycarbonate base, the pits form bumps when read.<ref>An Introduction to Digital Audio, John Watkinson, 1994</ref> The laser hits the disc, casting a circle of light wider than the modulated spiral track reflecting partially from the lands and partially from the top of any bumps where they are present. As the laser passes over a pit (bump), its height means that the round trip path of the light reflected from its peak is 1/2 wavelength out of phase with the light reflected from the land around it. This is because the height of a bump is around 1/4 of the wavelength of the light used, so the light falls 1/4 out of phase before reflection and another 1/4 wavelength out of phase after reflection. This causes partial [[Wave interference|cancellation]] of the laser's reflection from the surface. By measuring the reflected intensity change with a [[photodiode]], a modulated signal is read back from the disc.<ref name=":0" /> | A CD is read by focusing a 780 nm [[wavelength]] ([[near infrared]]) [[semiconductor laser]] (early players used [[Helium–neon laser|He{{nbndash}}Ne laser]]<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ad5G1HWtDRgC&q=cd+player+hene&pg=PA824 |title = Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics|isbn = 9783642194092|last1 = Träger|first1 = Frank|date = 5 May 2012| publisher=Springer }}</ref>) through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected. Because the pits are indented into the top layer of the disc and are read through the transparent polycarbonate base, the pits form bumps when read.<ref>An Introduction to Digital Audio, John Watkinson, 1994</ref> The laser hits the disc, casting a circle of light wider than the modulated spiral track reflecting partially from the lands and partially from the top of any bumps where they are present. As the laser passes over a pit (bump), its height means that the round trip path of the light reflected from its peak is 1/2 wavelength out of phase with the light reflected from the land around it. This is because the height of a bump is around 1/4 of the wavelength of the light used, so the light falls 1/4 out of phase before reflection and another 1/4 wavelength out of phase after reflection. This causes partial [[Wave interference|cancellation]] of the laser's reflection from the surface. By measuring the reflected intensity change with a [[photodiode]], a modulated signal is read back from the disc.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
To accommodate the spiral pattern of data, the laser is placed on a mobile mechanism within the disc tray of any CD player. This mechanism typically takes the form of a sled that moves along a rail. The sled can be driven by a [[worm gear]] or [[linear motor]]. Where a worm gear is used, a second shorter-throw linear motor, in the form of a coil and magnet, makes fine position adjustments to track eccentricities in the | To accommodate the spiral pattern of data, the laser is placed on a mobile mechanism within the disc tray of any CD player. This mechanism typically takes the form of a sled that moves along a rail. The sled can be driven by a [[worm gear]] or [[linear motor]]. Where a worm gear is used, a second shorter-throw linear motor, in the form of a coil and magnet, makes fine position adjustments to track eccentricities in the disc at high speed. Some CD drives (particularly those manufactured by Philips during the 1980s and early 1990s) use a swing arm similar to that seen on a gramophone. | ||
[[File:CDM210 cd laufwerk.jpg|thumb|Philips CDM210 CD Drive]] | [[File:CDM210 cd laufwerk.jpg|thumb|Philips CDM210 CD Drive]] | ||
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=== Integrity === | === Integrity === | ||
[[File:CD AluminumDamage DiffractionGrating.jpg|thumb|Microscopic damage to the reflective layer of a CD at 200× magnification]] | |||
CDs are susceptible to damage during handling and from environmental exposure. Pits are much closer to the label side of a disc, enabling defects and contaminants on the clear side to be out of focus during playback. Consequently, CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc. Scratches on the clear side can be repaired by refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing. The edges of CDs are sometimes incompletely sealed, allowing gases and liquids to enter the CD and corrode the metal reflective layer and/or interfere with the focus of the laser on the pits, a condition known as [[disc rot]].<ref name="clir">Council on Library and Information Resources: [https://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub121/sec5.html Conditions that Affect CDs and DVDs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915012213/https://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub121/sec5.html |date=15 September 2016 }}</ref> The fungus ''[[Geotrichum candidum]]'' has been found—under conditions of high heat and humidity—to consume the polycarbonate plastic and aluminium found in CDs.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/news/1998/010628/full/news010628-11.html|title=Fungus eats CD|year=2001|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/news010628-11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212044729/http://www.nature.com/news/1998/010628/full/news010628-11.html|archive-date=12 December 2013|last1=Bosch|first1=Xavier |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1402533.stm|title=Fungus 'eats' CDs|date=June 2001|publisher=BBC|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212220948/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1402533.stm|archive-date=12 December 2013}}</ref> | CDs are susceptible to damage during handling and from environmental exposure. Pits are much closer to the label side of a disc, enabling defects and contaminants on the clear side to be out of focus during playback. Consequently, CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc. Scratches on the clear side can be repaired by refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing. The edges of CDs are sometimes incompletely sealed, allowing gases and liquids to enter the CD and corrode the metal reflective layer and/or interfere with the focus of the laser on the pits, a condition known as [[disc rot]].<ref name="clir">Council on Library and Information Resources: [https://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub121/sec5.html Conditions that Affect CDs and DVDs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915012213/https://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub121/sec5.html |date=15 September 2016 }}</ref> The fungus ''[[Geotrichum candidum]]'' has been found—under conditions of high heat and humidity—to consume the polycarbonate plastic and aluminium found in CDs.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/news/1998/010628/full/news010628-11.html|title=Fungus eats CD|year=2001|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/news010628-11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212044729/http://www.nature.com/news/1998/010628/full/news010628-11.html|archive-date=12 December 2013|last1=Bosch|first1=Xavier |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1402533.stm|title=Fungus 'eats' CDs|date=June 2001|publisher=BBC|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212220948/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1402533.stm|archive-date=12 December 2013}}</ref> | ||
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=== Disc shapes and diameters === | === Disc shapes and diameters === | ||
[[File:Comparison disk storage.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Comparison of several forms of | [[File:Comparison disk storage.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Comparison of several forms of disc storage showing tracks (not to scale); green denotes start and red denotes end.<br/><nowiki>*</nowiki> Some CD-R(W) and DVD-R(W)/DVD+R(W) recorders operate in ZCLV, CAA or CAV modes.]] | ||
The digital data on a CD begins at the inside near the spindle hole and spirals outward toward the edge in a single track. The outward spiral allows adaptation to different-sized discs. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is {{convert|120|mm}} in diameter, with a 74-, 80, 90, or 99-minute audio capacity and a 650, 700, 800, or 870 MiB (737,280,000-byte) data capacity. Discs are {{convert|1.2|mm}} thick, with a {{convert|15|mm}} center hole. The size of the hole was chosen by Joop Sinjou and based on a Dutch 10-cent coin: a [[dubbeltje]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Perfecting the Compact Disc System - The six Philips/Sony meetings - 1979-1980 |url=https://dutchaudioclassics.nl/The-six-meetings-Philips-Sony-1979-1980-The-Start-of-Digital-Audio/|access-date=2022-01-26|website=DutchAudioClassics.nl }}</ref> Philips/Sony patented the physical dimensions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-25 |title=Response To Koninklijke Philips Electronics, N.V.'s, Sony Corporation of Japan's And Pioneer Electronic Corporation of Japan's Request For Business Review Letter |url=https://www.justice.gov/atr/response-koninklijke-philips-electronics-nvs-sony-corporation-japans-and-pioneer-electronic |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=justice.gov |language=en}}</ref> | The digital data on a CD begins at the inside near the spindle hole and spirals outward toward the edge in a single track. The outward spiral allows adaptation to different-sized discs. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is {{convert|120|mm}} in diameter, with a 74-, 80, 90, or 99-minute audio capacity and a 650, 700, 800, or 870 MiB (737,280,000-byte) data capacity. Discs are {{convert|1.2|mm}} thick, with a {{convert|15|mm}} center hole. The size of the hole was chosen by Joop Sinjou and based on a Dutch 10-cent coin: a [[dubbeltje]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Perfecting the Compact Disc System - The six Philips/Sony meetings - 1979-1980 |url=https://dutchaudioclassics.nl/The-six-meetings-Philips-Sony-1979-1980-The-Start-of-Digital-Audio/|access-date=2022-01-26|website=DutchAudioClassics.nl }}</ref> Philips/Sony patented the physical dimensions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-25 |title=Response To Koninklijke Philips Electronics, N.V.'s, Sony Corporation of Japan's And Pioneer Electronic Corporation of Japan's Request For Business Review Letter |url=https://www.justice.gov/atr/response-koninklijke-philips-electronics-nvs-sony-corporation-japans-and-pioneer-electronic |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=justice.gov |language=en}}</ref> | ||
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}}</ref> as the [[Eight-to-fourteen modulation|EFM]] code format had not yet been decided in December 1979, when the 120 mm size was adopted. The adoption of EFM in June 1980 allowed 30 percent more playing time that would have resulted in 97 minutes for 120 mm diameter or 74 minutes for a disc as small as {{convert|100|mm}}. Instead, the information density was lowered by 30 percent to keep the playing time at 74 minutes.<ref name="Immink2"/><ref>Tim Buthe and Walter Mattli, The New Global Rulers: The Privatization of Regulation in the World Economy, Princeton University Press, Feb. 2011.</ref> The 120 mm diameter has been adopted by subsequent formats, including [[Super Audio CD]], [[DVD]], [[HD DVD]], and [[Blu-ray]] Disc. The {{convert|80|mm|adj=on}} diameter discs ("[[Mini CD]]s") can hold up to 24 minutes of music or 210 MiB. | }}</ref> as the [[Eight-to-fourteen modulation|EFM]] code format had not yet been decided in December 1979, when the 120 mm size was adopted. The adoption of EFM in June 1980 allowed 30 percent more playing time that would have resulted in 97 minutes for 120 mm diameter or 74 minutes for a disc as small as {{convert|100|mm}}. Instead, the information density was lowered by 30 percent to keep the playing time at 74 minutes.<ref name="Immink2"/><ref>Tim Buthe and Walter Mattli, The New Global Rulers: The Privatization of Regulation in the World Economy, Princeton University Press, Feb. 2011.</ref> The 120 mm diameter has been adopted by subsequent formats, including [[Super Audio CD]], [[DVD]], [[HD DVD]], and [[Blu-ray]] Disc. The {{convert|80|mm|adj=on}} diameter discs ("[[Mini CD]]s") can hold up to 24 minutes of music or 210 MiB. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {{Table alignment}} | ||
{| class="wikitable col1right col2right col3right" | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Physical size | ! Physical size | ||
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[[File:CD player.jpg|thumb|Philips CD100 from 1983, the first commercially released CD player in the US and Europe]] | [[File:CD player.jpg|thumb|Philips CD100 from 1983, the first commercially released CD player in the US and Europe]] | ||
{{Main|Compact Disc Digital Audio}} | {{Main|Compact Disc Digital Audio}} | ||
The logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced in 1980 by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IEC 60908:1999 {{!}} IEC Webstore|url=https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/3885|access-date=2020-07-09|website=webstore.iec.ch|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506194944/https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/3885|archive-date=6 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The document is known colloquially as the ''Red Book'' [[CD-DA]] after the color of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit [[PCM]] encoding at a [[44.1 kHz|44.1 kHz]] [[sampling rate]] per channel. [[Four-channel Compact Disc Digital Audio|Four-channel sound]] was to be an allowable option within the ''Red Book'' format, but has never been implemented. [[Monaural]] audio has no existing standard on a ''Red Book'' CD; thus, the mono source material is usually presented as two identical channels in a standard ''Red Book'' stereo track (i.e., [[mono sound#Mirrored mono|mirrored mono]]); an [[MP3 CD]] | The logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced in 1980 by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IEC 60908:1999 {{!}} IEC Webstore|url=https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/3885|access-date=2020-07-09|website=webstore.iec.ch|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506194944/https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/3885|archive-date=6 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The document is known colloquially as the ''Red Book'' [[CD-DA]] after the color of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit [[PCM]] encoding at a [[44.1 kHz|44.1 kHz]] [[sampling rate]] per channel. [[Four-channel Compact Disc Digital Audio|Four-channel sound]] was to be an allowable option within the ''Red Book'' format, but has never been implemented. [[Monaural]] audio has no existing standard on a ''Red Book'' CD; thus, the mono source material is usually presented as two identical channels in a standard ''Red Book'' stereo track (i.e., [[mono sound#Mirrored mono|mirrored mono]]); an [[MP3 CD]] can have audio file formats with mono sound. | ||
[[CD-Text]] is an extension of the ''Red Book'' specification for an audio CD that allows for the storage of additional text information (e.g., album name, song name, artist) on a standards-compliant audio CD. The information is stored either in the [[Optical disc authoring|lead-in area]] of the CD, where there are roughly five kilobytes of space available or in the [[subcode]] channels R to W on the disc, which can store about 31 megabytes. | [[CD-Text]] is an extension of the ''Red Book'' specification for an audio CD that allows for the storage of additional text information (e.g., album name, song name, artist) on a standards-compliant audio CD. The information is stored either in the [[Optical disc authoring|lead-in area]] of the CD, where there are roughly five kilobytes of space available or in the [[subcode]] channels R to W on the disc, which can store about 31 megabytes. | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
<references> | |||
<ref name="Ohgaobituary">{{cite news | <ref name="Ohgaobituary">{{cite news | ||
| url = https://www.foxnews.com/tech/sony-chairman-credited-with-developing-cds-dies | | url = https://www.foxnews.com/tech/sony-chairman-credited-with-developing-cds-dies | ||
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<ref name="Immink">{{Cite journal | <ref name="Immink">{{Cite journal | ||
| journal = Journal of the Audio Engineering Society | | journal = Journal of the Audio Engineering Society | ||
| volume = 46 | | volume = 46 | ||
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| issn = 0163-6804 | | issn = 0163-6804 | ||
| doi = 10.1109/MCOM.2010.5394021 | | doi = 10.1109/MCOM.2010.5394021 | ||
| bibcode = 2010IComM..48a..10P | |||
| s2cid = 21402165 | | s2cid = 21402165 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
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| archive-date = 22 December 2007 | | archive-date = 22 December 2007 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
</references><!-- end of reflist --> | |||
== Further reading == | == Further reading == | ||
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ut_40U0t9pU Video] How Compact Discs are Manufactured | * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ut_40U0t9pU Video] How Compact Discs are Manufactured | ||
* [http://www.cdrfaq.org/ CD-Recordable FAQ] Exhaustive basics on CD-Recordable's | * [http://www.cdrfaq.org/ CD-Recordable FAQ] Exhaustive basics on CD-Recordable's | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081220113637/http://www.sony.co.jp/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/SonyHistory/2-08.html Sony History, Chapter 8, This is the replacement of Gramophone record ! (第8章 レコードに代わるものはこれだ)] – [[Sony]] website in Japanese | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081220113637/http://www.sony.co.jp/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/SonyHistory/2-08.html Sony History, Chapter 8, This is the replacement of Gramophone record ! (第8章 レコードに代わるものはこれだ)] – [[Sony]] website in Japanese | ||
* [https://www.soundfountain.com/amb/cd25years.html Popularized History on Soundfountain] | * [https://www.soundfountain.com/amb/cd25years.html Popularized History on Soundfountain] | ||
* [https://fieldday.ie/40-years-of-the-compact-disc/ A Media History of the Compact Disc] (1-hour podcast interview) | * [https://fieldday.ie/40-years-of-the-compact-disc/ A Media History of the Compact Disc] (1-hour podcast interview) | ||
* {{citation |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9553-5_4 |chapter=Compact Disc Standards and Formats |publisher=[[Philips Research]] |last=Sorin |first=Stan |title=Origins and Successors of the Compact Disc |series=Philips Research |date=2009 |volume=11 |pages=137–176 |isbn=978-1-4020-9552-8 }} | |||
{{Compact disc}} | {{Compact disc}} | ||