Chadic languages: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Branch of the Afroasiatic languages}} | {{Short description|Branch of the Afroasiatic languages}} | ||
{{Infobox language family | {{Infobox language family | ||
| name = Chadic | | name = Chadic | ||
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| map2 = Chadic languages map.svg | | map2 = Chadic languages map.svg | ||
| mapcaption2 = Detailed map of the distribution of Chadic languages in Western and Central Africa | | mapcaption2 = Detailed map of the distribution of Chadic languages in Western and Central Africa | ||
| speakers = {{c.|80 million}} | |||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Chadic languages''' form a branch of the [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic language family]]. They are spoken in parts of the [[Sahel]]. They include 196 languages<ref name=eth>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroup/555/|title=Chadic Languages; Ethnologue}}</ref> spoken across northern [[Nigeria]], southern [[Niger]], southern [[Chad]], and northern [[Cameroon]]. By far the most widely spoken Chadic language is [[Hausa language|Hausa]], a [[lingua franca]] of much of inland Eastern [[West Africa]], particularly Niger and the northern half of Nigeria. Hausa is the only Chadic language with more than 1 million speakers.{{cn|date=July 2025}} | The '''Chadic languages''' form a branch of the [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic language family]]. They are spoken in parts of the [[Sahel]]. They include 196 languages<ref name=eth>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroup/555/|title=Chadic Languages; Ethnologue}}</ref> spoken across northern [[Nigeria]], southern [[Niger]], southern [[Chad]], and northern [[Cameroon]]. By far the most widely spoken Chadic language is [[Hausa language|Hausa]], a [[lingua franca]] of much of inland Eastern [[West Africa]], particularly Niger and the northern half of Nigeria. Hausa is the only Chadic language with more than 1 million speakers.{{cn|date=July 2025}} | ||
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{{tree list/end}} | {{tree list/end}} | ||
[[File:Chadic Languages.jpg|thumb|left|700px|A chart of the Chadic branch of the Afroasiatic languages.]] | [[File:Chadic Languages.jpg|thumb|left|700px|A chart of the Chadic branch of the Afroasiatic languages.|class=skin-invert-image]] | ||
{{Clear}} | {{Clear}} | ||
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{| class="wikitable sortable" | {| class="wikitable sortable" | ||
! Pronoun !! Proto-Chadic !! [[Proto-Afroasiatic]] | ! Pronoun !! Proto-Chadic !! [[Proto-Afroasiatic language|Proto-Afroasiatic]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1 || | | 1 || {{lang|cdc|ní|proto=yes}} || {{lang|afa|i|proto=yes}} ~ {{lang|afa|yi|proto=yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2M || | | 2M || {{lang|cdc|ka|proto=yes}} || {{lang|afa|ku|proto=yes}}, {{lang|afa|ka|proto=yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2F || | | 2F || {{lang|cdc|ki(m)|proto=yes}} || {{lang|afa|kim|proto=yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3M || | | 3M || {{lang|cdc|nì|proto=yes}} || {{lang|afa|si|proto=yes}}, {{lang|afa|isi|proto=yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3F || | | 3F || {{lang|cdc|ta|proto=yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1PL || | | 1PL || {{lang|cdc|mun|proto=yes}} (incl.), {{lang|cdc|na|proto=yes}} (excl.) || ({{lang|afa|-na|proto=yes}} ~ {{lang|afa|-nu|proto=yes}} ~ {{lang|afa|-ni|proto=yes}}) ? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2PL || | | 2PL || {{lang|cdc|kun|proto=yes}} || {{lang|afa|kuuna|proto=yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3PL || | | 3PL || {{lang|cdc|sun|proto=yes}} || {{lang|afa|su|proto=yes}} ~ {{lang|afa|usu|proto=yes}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
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! Language !! eye !! ear !! nose !! tooth !! tongue !! mouth !! blood !! bone !! tree !! water !! eat !! name | ! Language !! eye !! ear !! nose !! tooth !! tongue !! mouth !! blood !! bone !! tree !! water !! eat !! name | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Proto-Chadic<ref>Jungraithmayr, Herrmann; Ibriszimow, Dymitr (1994). ''Chadic Lexical Roots: Tentative reconstruction, grading, distribution and comments''. (Sprache und Oralität in Afrika; 20), volume I, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.</ref> ||{{ | | Proto-Chadic<ref>Jungraithmayr, Herrmann; Ibriszimow, Dymitr (1994). ''Chadic Lexical Roots: Tentative reconstruction, grading, distribution and comments''. (Sprache und Oralität in Afrika; 20), volume I, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.</ref> ||{{lang|cdc|ydn|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|km|proto=yes}}/{{lang|cdc|ɬm|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|ntn|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|s₃n|proto=yes}}; {{lang|cdc|ƙ-d|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|ls₃-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|bk|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|br|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|ƙs₃|proto=yes}} || || {{lang|cdc|ymn|proto=yes}}|| {{lang|cdc|hrɗ|proto=yes}} (hard); {{lang|cdc|twy|proto=yes}} (soft) || {{lang|cdc|s₃m|proto=yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Hausa language|Hausa]]<ref>Cosper, Ronald. 2015. Hausa dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://ids.clld.org/contributions/220 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101070459/https://ids.clld.org/contributions/220 |date=2020-01-01 }}, Accessed on 2019-12-31.)</ref> || ido || kunne || hanci || haƙori || harshe || baki || jini || ƙashi || itaci; bishiya || ruwa || ci || suna | | [[Hausa language|Hausa]]<ref>Cosper, Ronald. 2015. Hausa dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://ids.clld.org/contributions/220 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101070459/https://ids.clld.org/contributions/220 |date=2020-01-01 }}, Accessed on 2019-12-31.)</ref> || {{lang|cdc-Latn|ido}} || {{lang|cdc-Latn|kunne}} || {{lang|cdc-Latn|hanci}} || {{lang|cdc-Latn|haƙori}} || {{lang|cdc-Latn|harshe}} || {{lang|cdc-Latn|baki}} || {{lang|cdc-Latn|jini}} || {{lang|cdc-Latn|ƙashi}} || {{lang|cdc-Latn|itaci}}; {{lang|cdc-Latn|bishiya}} || {{lang|cdc-Latn|ruwa}} || {{lang|cdc-Latn|ci}} || {{lang|cdc-Latn|suna}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Proto-[[Ron languages|Ron]]<ref>Blench, Roger. no date. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/Chadic/West/Ron/Ron%20comparative%20wordlist.pdf Ron comparative wordlist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421035757/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/Chadic/West/Ron/Ron%20comparative%20wordlist.pdf |date=2015-04-21 }}.</ref> || || | | Proto-[[Ron languages|Ron]]<ref>Blench, Roger. no date. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/Chadic/West/Ron/Ron%20comparative%20wordlist.pdf Ron comparative wordlist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421035757/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/Chadic/West/Ron/Ron%20comparative%20wordlist.pdf |date=2015-04-21 }}.</ref> || || {{lang|cdc|kumu|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|*atin|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|haŋgor|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|liʃ|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|fo|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|ɟɑ̄lɑ̄}}, {{lang|cdc|tɾɔ̃̄}} || {{lang|cdc|kaʃ|proto=yes}} || || || || {{lang|cdc|sum|proto=yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Proto-[[South Bauchi languages|South Bauchi]]<ref>Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1978. ''The Southern Bauchi group of Chadic languages: a survey report''. (Africana Marburgensia: Sonderheft, 2.) Marburg/Lahn: Africana Marburgensia.</ref> || | | Proto-[[South Bauchi languages|South Bauchi]]<ref>Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1978. ''The Southern Bauchi group of Chadic languages: a survey report''. (Africana Marburgensia: Sonderheft, 2.) Marburg/Lahn: Africana Marburgensia.</ref> || {{lang|cdc|(gwà)yìr(-ŋ)|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|kə̂m(-si)|proto=yes}} || || || || {{lang|cdc|bʸak(-ì)|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|bìràm|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|gu(ŋ)ul|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|pit-ə̀|proto=yes}} || || || {{lang|cdc|(yì)sûm(-s₃)|proto=yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Polci language|Polci]]<ref>Cosper, Ronald. 2015. Polci dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://ids.clld.org/contributions/221 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101045001/https://ids.clld.org/contributions/221 |date=2020-01-01 }}, Accessed on 2019-12-31.)</ref> || yiir || kəəm || cin || haƙori || shen || bii || buran; bəran || gooloo || pət || maa || ci || suŋ | | [[Polci language|Polci]]<ref>Cosper, Ronald. 2015. Polci dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://ids.clld.org/contributions/221 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101045001/https://ids.clld.org/contributions/221 |date=2020-01-01 }}, Accessed on 2019-12-31.)</ref> || {{lang|cdc|yiir}} || {{lang|cdc|kəəm}} || {{lang|cdc|cin}} || {{lang|cdc|haƙori}} || {{lang|cdc|shen}} || {{lang|cdc|bii}} || {{lang|cdc|buran}}; {{lang|cdc|bəran}} || {{lang|cdc|gooloo}} || {{lang|cdc|pət}} || {{lang|cdc|maa}} || {{lang|cdc|ci}} || {{lang|cdc|suŋ}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Proto-[[Biu–Mandara languages|Central Chadic]]<ref>Gravina, Richard. 2014. ''[https://protocentralchadic.webonary.org/files/Proto-Central-Chadic-Lexicon.pdf Proto-Central Chadic Lexicon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120215000/https://protocentralchadic.webonary.org/files/Proto-Central-Chadic-Lexicon.pdf |date=2021-01-20 }}''. Webonary.</ref> || | | Proto-[[Biu–Mandara languages|Central Chadic]]<ref>Gravina, Richard. 2014. ''[https://protocentralchadic.webonary.org/files/Proto-Central-Chadic-Lexicon.pdf Proto-Central Chadic Lexicon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120215000/https://protocentralchadic.webonary.org/files/Proto-Central-Chadic-Lexicon.pdf |date=2021-01-20 }}''. Webonary.</ref> || {{lang|cdc|hadaj|proto=yes}}; {{lang|cdc|tsɨʸ|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|ɬɨmɨɗʸ|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|hʷɨtsɨnʸ|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|ɬɨɗɨnʸ|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|ɗɨrɨnɨhʸ|proto=yes}}; {{lang|cdc|ɣanaɗʸ|proto=yes}}; {{lang|cdc|naɬɨj|proto=yes}} || || {{lang|cdc|maj|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|ɗiɬ|proto=yes}}; {{lang|cdc|kɨrakaɬʸ|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|hʷɨp|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|ɗɨjɨm|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|zɨm|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|ɬɨmɨɗʸ|proto=yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Proto-[[Masa languages|Masa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shryock |first1=Aaron |title=The classification of the Masa group of languages |journal=Studies in African Linguistics |date=June 1997 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=30–62 |doi=10.32473/sal.v26i1.107396 |s2cid=185914860 |doi-access=free }}</ref> || | | Proto-[[Masa languages|Masa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shryock |first1=Aaron |title=The classification of the Masa group of languages |journal=Studies in African Linguistics |date=June 1997 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=30–62 |doi=10.32473/sal.v26i1.107396 |s2cid=185914860 |doi-access=free }}</ref> || {{lang|cdc|ir|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|hum|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|cin|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|s-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|si|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|vun|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|vuzur|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|sok|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|gu|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|mb-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|ti|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cdc|sem|proto=yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Kujarge language|Kujarge]]<ref>Doornbos, Paul. 1981. Field notes on Kujarge, language metadata, 200-word list plus numerals and pronouns.</ref> || kunɟu || kumayo ~ kime || kaata || kiya || aliŋati || apa || ɪbɪrí || (kaɟeɟa), kàyɛ́ya || kaʃíè || ʃia || (tona), tuye [imp. sg.]; tuwona [imp. pl.] || rúwà | | [[Kujarge language|Kujarge]]<ref>Doornbos, Paul. 1981. Field notes on Kujarge, language metadata, 200-word list plus numerals and pronouns.</ref> || {{lang|vkj|kunɟu}} || {{lang|vkj|kumayo}} ~ {{lang|vkj|kime}} || {{lang|vkj|kaata}} || {{lang|vkj|kiya}} || {{lang|vkj|aliŋati}} || {{lang|vkj|apa}} || {{lang|vkj|ɪbɪrí}} || ({{lang|vkj|kaɟeɟa}}), {{lang|vkj|kàyɛ́ya}} || {{lang|vkj|kaʃíè}} || {{lang|vkj|ʃia}} || ({{lang|vkj|tona}}), {{lang|vkj|tuye}} [imp. sg.]; {{lang|vkj|tuwona}} [imp. pl.] || {{lang|vkj|rúwà}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan = "13" | '''Other Afroasiatic branches''' | | colspan = "13" | '''Other Afroasiatic branches''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Proto-[[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ehret |first1=Christopher |title=Proto-Cushitic Reconstruction |journal=Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika |date=1987 |volume=8 |pages=7–180 }}</ref> || | | Proto-[[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ehret |first1=Christopher |title=Proto-Cushitic Reconstruction |journal=Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika |date=1987 |volume=8 |pages=7–180 }}</ref> || {{lang|cus|ʔil-|proto=yes}} || || {{lang|cus|ʔisŋʷ-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cus|ʔiɬkʷ-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cus|caanrab-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cus|ʔaf-|proto=yes}}/{{lang|cus|yaf-|proto=yes}} || || {{lang|cus|mikʷ’-|proto=yes}}; {{lang|cus|moc’-|proto=yes}} || || || {{lang|cus|-aħm-|proto=yes}}/{{lang|cus|-uħm-|proto=yes}}; {{lang|cus|ɬaam-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|cus|sim-|proto=yes}}/{{lang|cus|sum-|proto=yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Proto-[[Maji languages|Maji]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aklilu |first1=Yilma |date=2003 |title=Comparative phonology of the Maji languages |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=36 |pages=59–88 }}</ref> || | | Proto-[[Maji languages|Maji]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aklilu |first1=Yilma |date=2003 |title=Comparative phonology of the Maji languages |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=36 |pages=59–88 }}</ref> || {{lang|omv|ʔaːb|proto=yes}} || {{lang|omv|háːy|proto=yes}} || || {{lang|omv|aːç’u|proto=yes}} || || {{lang|omv|eːdu|proto=yes}} || || {{lang|omv|uːs|proto=yes}} || {{lang|omv|inču|proto=yes}} || {{lang|omv|haːy|proto=yes}} || {{lang|omv|um|proto=yes}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Riffian language|Tarifiyt Berber]]<ref>Kossmann, Maarten. 2009. [https://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/6 Tarifiyt Berber vocabulary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526080621/https://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/6 |date=2024-05-26 }}. In: Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (eds.) ''World Loanword Database''. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.</ref> || ŧit’t’ || aməžžun, aməz’z’uɣ || ŧinzā || ŧiɣməsŧ || iřəs || aqəmmum || iđammən || iɣəss || || aman || šš || isəm | | [[Riffian language|Tarifiyt Berber]]<ref>Kossmann, Maarten. 2009. [https://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/6 Tarifiyt Berber vocabulary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526080621/https://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/6 |date=2024-05-26 }}. In: Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (eds.) ''World Loanword Database''. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.</ref> || {{lang|rif-Latn|ŧit’t’}} || {{lang|rif-Latn|aməžžun}}, {{lang|rif-Latn|aməz’z’uɣ}} || {{lang|rif-Latn|ŧinzā}} || {{lang|rif-Latn|ŧiɣməsŧ}} || {{lang|rif-Latn|iřəs}} || {{lang|rif-Latn|aqəmmum}} || {{lang|rif-Latn|iđammən}} || {{lang|rif-Latn|iɣəss}} || || {{lang|rif-Latn|aman}} || {{lang|rif-Latn|šš}} || {{lang|rif-Latn|isəm}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Coptic language|Coptic]] || ia || ma'aje || ša || šol, najhe || las || ro || snof || kas || šēn || mou || wōm || ran | | [[Coptic language|Coptic]] || {{lang|cop-Latn|ia}} || {{lang|cop-Latn|ma'aje}} || {{lang|cop-Latn|ša}} || {{lang|cop-Latn|šol}}, {{lang|cop-Latn|najhe}} || {{lang|cop-Latn|las}} || {{lang|cop-Latn|ro}} || {{lang|cop-Latn|snof}} || {{lang|cop-Latn|kas}} || {{lang|cop-Latn|šēn}} || {{lang|cop-Latn|mou}} || {{lang|cop-Latn|wōm}} || {{lang|cop-Latn|ran}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Proto-[[Semitic languages|Semitic]]<ref>Kogan, Leonid (2012). "Proto-Semitic Lexicon". In Weninger, Stefan (ed.). ''The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook''. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 179–258. {{ISBN|978-3-11-025158-6}}.</ref> || | | Proto-[[Semitic languages|Semitic]]<ref>Kogan, Leonid (2012). "Proto-Semitic Lexicon". In Weninger, Stefan (ed.). ''The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook''. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 179–258. {{ISBN|978-3-11-025158-6}}.</ref> || {{lang|sem|ʕayn-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|sem|ʔuḏn-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|sem|ʔanp-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|sem|šinn-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|sem|lišān-|proto=yes}} || || {{lang|sem|dam-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|sem|ʕaṯ̣m-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|sem|ʕiṣ̂-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|sem|mā̆y-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|sem|ʔ-k-l|proto=yes}} || ({{lang|sem|šim-|proto=yes}}) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Proto-Afroasiatic]]<ref>{{cite book|last = Ehret|author-link = Christopher Ehret|first = Christopher|title = Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): vowels, tone, consonants, and vocabulary|publisher = University of California Press|year = 1995|isbn = 0-520-09799-8}}</ref> || | | [[Proto-Afroasiatic language|Proto-Afroasiatic]]<ref>{{cite book|last = Ehret|author-link = Christopher Ehret|first = Christopher|title = Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): vowels, tone, consonants, and vocabulary|publisher = University of California Press|year = 1995|isbn = 0-520-09799-8}}</ref> || {{lang|afa|ʔǐl-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|afa|-ʔânxʷ-|proto=yes}} || || {{lang|afa|sǐn-|proto=yes}}/{{lang|afa|sǎn-|proto=yes}} 'tip, point' || {{lang|afa|-lis’-|proto=yes}} 'to lick' || {{lang|afa|âf-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|afa|dîm-|proto=yes}}/{{lang|afa|dâm-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|afa|k’os-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|afa|ɣǎ|proto=yes}} || {{lang|afa|âm-|proto=yes}}; {{lang|afa|akʷ’-|proto=yes}} || {{lang|afa|-mǎaʕ-|proto=yes}}; {{lang|afa|-iit-|proto=yes}}; {{lang|afa|-kʷ’-̌|proto=yes}} || {{lang|afa|sǔm-|proto=yes}}/{{lang|afa|sǐm-|proto=yes}} | ||
|} | |} | ||