Carl Barks: Difference between revisions

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'''Carl Barks''' (March 27, 1901 – August 25, 2000) was an American [[cartoonist]], author, and painter. He is best known for his work in [[Disney comics|Disney comic books]], as the writer and artist of the first [[Donald Duck]] stories and as the creator of [[Scrooge McDuck]]. He worked anonymously until late in his career; fans dubbed him "The Duck Man" and "The Good Duck Artist". In 1987, Barks was one of the three inaugural inductees of the [[List of Eisner Award winners#The Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame|Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hall Of Fame |url=https://www.comic-con.org/awards/eisner-awards/hall-of-fame/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Comic-Con International |language=en-US}}</ref>

Barks worked for ~~the~~ [[~~The~~ Walt Disney ~~Company|Disney Studio~~]] and [[Western Publishing]] where he created [[Duckburg]] and many of its inhabitants, such as [[Scrooge McDuck]] (1947), [[Gladstone Gander]] (1948), the [[Beagle Boys]] (1951), [[The Junior Woodchucks]] (1951), [[Gyro Gearloose]] (1952), [[Duck family (Disney)#Cornelius Coot|Cornelius Coot]] (1952), [[Flintheart Glomgold]] (1956), [[John D. Rockerduck]] (1961) and [[Magica De Spell]] (1961).

Barks worked for [[Walt Disney Productions]] and [[Western Publishing]] where he created [[Duckburg]] and many of its inhabitants, such as [[Scrooge McDuck]] (1947), [[Gladstone Gander]] (1948), the [[Beagle Boys]] (1951), [[The Junior Woodchucks]] (1951), [[Gyro Gearloose]] (1952), [[Duck family (Disney)#Cornelius Coot|Cornelius Coot]] (1952), [[Flintheart Glomgold]] (1956), [[John D. Rockerduck]] (1961) and [[Magica De Spell]] (1961).

He has been named by [[animation historian]] [[Leonard Maltin]] as "the most popular and widely read artist-writer in the world".<ref>''Carl Barks: Conversations'' (2003), ed. by [[Donald Ault]]: ''The Carl Barks Story: The Creator of Scrooge McDuck Moves into the Limelight'', ''Disney News'' 19 no. 1 (Winter 1983–84), p. xi.</ref> [[Will Eisner]] called him "the [[Hans Christian Andersen]] of comic books."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fantagraphics.com/images/stories/books/wddd01/donald-blad.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915161842/http://www.fantagraphics.com/images/stories/books/wddd01/donald-blad.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-15 |url-status=live |title=A Timeless Classic For All Ages |year=2011|publisher=[[Fantagraphics]]|access-date=May 12, 2017}}</ref> Beginning especially in the 1980s, Barks' artistic contributions would be a primary source for animated adaptations such as ''[[DuckTales (1987 TV series)|DuckTales]]'' and its [[DuckTales (2017 TV series)|2017 remake]].

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===Childhood===

According to Barks's description of his childhood, he ~~was a rather lonely child~~. His parents owned {{convert|1|mi2|km2|spell=in}} of land that served as their farm. The nearest neighbor lived {{convert|1/2|mi|m|spell=in}} away, but he was more an acquaintance to Barks's parents than a friend. The closest school was about {{convert|2|mi|km|spell=in}} away and Barks had to walk that distance every day. The rural area had few children, though, and Barks later remembered that his school had only about eight or ten students including ~~him~~. He had high praise for the quality of the education he received in that small school. "Schools were good in those days," he used to say.

According to Barks's description of his childhood, he lived in relative seclusion. His parents owned {{convert|1|mi2|km2|spell=in}} of land that served as their farm. The nearest neighbor lived {{convert|1/2|mi|m|spell=in}} away, but he was more an acquaintance to Barks's parents than a friend. The closest school was about {{convert|2|mi|km|spell=in}} away and Barks had to walk that distance every day. The rural area had few children, though, and Barks later remembered that his school had only about eight or ten students including himself. He had high praise for the quality of the education he received in that small school. "Schools were good in those days," he used to say.

The lessons lasted from nine o'clock in the morning to four o'clock in the afternoon and then he had to return to the farm. There he remembered not having anybody to talk to, as his parents were busy, and he had little in common with his brother.

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===From job to job===

Barks started taking various jobs but had little success in such occupations as a farmer, woodcutter, turner, mule driver, cowboy and printer. ~~From his~~ jobs he learned~~, he later averred,~~ how eccentric, stubborn and unpredictable men, animals and machines can be. At the same time he interacted with colleagues, fellow breadwinners who had satirical disposition towards even their worst troubles. Barks later declared that he was sure that if not for a little humor in their troubled lives, they would certainly go insane. It was an attitude towards life that Barks would adopt. Later he would say it was natural for him to satirize the secret yearnings and desires, the pompous style and the disappointments of his characters. According to Barks, this period of his life would later influence his best known fictional characters: [[Walt Disney]]'s [[Donald Duck]] and his own [[Scrooge McDuck]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

Barks started taking various jobs but had little success in such occupations as a farmer, woodcutter, turner, mule driver, cowboy and printer. He later averred that from those jobs he learned how eccentric, stubborn, and unpredictable men, animals, and machines can be. At the same time he interacted with colleagues, fellow breadwinners who had satirical disposition towards even their worst troubles. Barks later declared that he was sure that if not for a little humor in their troubled lives, they would certainly go insane. It was an attitude towards life that Barks would adopt. Later he would say it was natural for him to satirize the secret yearnings and desires, the pompous style and the disappointments of his characters. According to Barks, this period of his life would later influence his best known fictional characters: [[Walt Disney]]'s [[Donald Duck]] and his own [[Scrooge McDuck]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

Donald's drifting from job to job was reportedly inspired by Barks's own experiences. So was his usual lack of success. And even in those that he was successful this would be temporary, just until a mistake or chance event caused another failure, another disappointment for the frustrated duck. Barks also reported that this was another thing he was familiar with.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

Scrooge's main difference to Donald, according to Barks, was that he too had faced the same difficulties in his past but through intelligence, determination and hard work, he was able to overcome them. Or, as Scrooge himself would say to [[Huey, Dewey, and Louie]]: by being "tougher than the toughies and smarter than the smarties." In Barks's stories Scrooge would work to solve his many problems, even though the stories would often point out that his constant efforts seemed futile at the end.

Scrooge's main difference from Donald, according to Barks, was that he too had faced the same difficulties in his past but through intelligence, determination and hard work, he was able to overcome them. Or, as Scrooge himself would say to [[Huey, Dewey, and Louie]]: by being "tougher than the toughies and smarter than the smarties." In Barks's stories Scrooge would work to solve his many problems, even though the stories would often point out that his constant efforts seemed futile at the end.

Through both characters Barks would often exhibit his rather sarcastic sense of humor. It seems that this difficult period for the artist helped shape many of his later views in life that were expressed through his characters.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

===Professional artist===

At the same time Barks had started thinking about turning a hobby that he always enjoyed into a profession: that of drawing. Since his early childhood he spent his free time ~~by drawing~~ on ~~any material he could find~~. He ~~had~~ attempted to improve his style by copying the drawings of his favorite [[comic strip]] artists from the newspapers where he could find them. As he later said, he wanted to create his own facial expressions, figures and comical situations in his drawings but wanted to study the master comic artists' use of the pen and their use of color and shading.

At the same time, Barks had started thinking about turning a hobby that he always enjoyed into a profession: that of drawing. Since his early childhood he had spent much of his free time doing drawings on a wide variety of subjects. He attempted to improve his style by copying the drawings of his favorite [[comic strip]] artists from the newspapers where he could find them. As he later said, he wanted to create his own facial expressions, figures and comical situations in his drawings but wanted to study the master comic artists' use of the pen and their use of color and shading.

Among his early favorites were [[Winsor McCay]] (mostly known for ''[[Little Nemo]]'') and [[Frederick Burr Opper]] (mostly known for ''[[Happy Hooligan]]'') but he would later study any style that managed to draw his attention.

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===Disney===

In November 1935, when he learned that Walt Disney was seeking more artists for his studio, Barks decided to apply. He was approved for a try-out which entailed a move to [[Los Angeles]], California. He was one of two in his class of trainees who was hired. His starting salary was 20 dollars a week. He started at ~~[[Walt Disney Studios (division)|Disney Studios]]~~ in 1935, more than a year after the debut of [[Donald Duck]] on June 9, 1934, in the short animated film ''[[The Wise Little Hen]]''.

In November 1935, when he learned that [[Walt Disney]] was seeking more artists for his studio, Barks decided to apply. He was approved for a try-out which entailed a move to [[Los Angeles]], California. He was one of two in his class of trainees who was hired into [[Walt Disney Productions]]. His starting salary was 20 dollars a week. He started work at the studio in 1935, more than a year after the debut of [[Donald Duck]] on June 9, 1934, in the short animated film ''[[The Wise Little Hen]]''.

Barks initially worked as an [[Inbetweening|inbetweener]]. This involved being teamed and supervised by one of the head animators who did the key poses of character action (often known as extremes) for which the inbetweeners did the drawings between the extremes to create the illusion of movement. While an inbetweener, Barks submitted gag ideas for cartoon story lines being developed and showed such a knack for creating comical situations that by 1937 he was transferred to the story department. His first story sale was the climax of ''[[Modern Inventions]]'', for a sequence where a robot barber chair gives Donald Duck a haircut on his bottom.

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===The Good Duck Artist===

[[File:Interior page from Walt Disney's Comics and Stories.jpg|thumb|Omelet opening page]]

Unhappy at the emerging wartime working conditions at Disney, and bothered by ongoing sinus problems caused by the studio's air conditioning, Barks quit in 1942. Shortly before quitting, he moonlighted as a comic book artist, contributing half the artwork for a one-shot [[comic book]] (the other half of the art being done by story partner [[Jack Hannah]]) titled ''[[Donald Duck Finds Pirate Gold]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cronin |first=Brian |date=2023-12-03 |title=How Was a Christmas Comic Used to Introduce Uncle Scrooge McDuck? |url=https://www.cbr.com/christmas-comic-introduced-uncle-scrooge-mcduck/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=CBR |language=en}}</ref> This 64-page story was adapted by Donald Duck comic strip writer [[Bob Karp]] from an unproduced feature, and published in October 1942 in [[Dell Comics]] ''[[Disney comics#Four Color|Four Color Comics]]'' #9. It was the first Donald Duck story ~~originally~~ produced for an American comic book and also the first involving Donald and his nephews in a treasure hunting expedition, in this case for the treasure of [[Henry Morgan]]. Barks would later use the treasure hunting theme in many of his stories. This actually was not his first work in comics, as earlier the same year Barks along with Hannah and fellow storyman Nick George scripted ''[[Pluto Saves the Ship]]'', which was among the first original Disney comic book stories published in the United States.

Unhappy at the emerging wartime working conditions at Disney, and bothered by ongoing sinus problems caused by the studio's air conditioning, Barks quit in 1942. Shortly before quitting, he moonlighted as a comic book artist, contributing half the artwork for a one-shot [[comic book]] (the other half of the art being done by story partner [[Jack Hannah]]) titled ''[[Donald Duck Finds Pirate Gold]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cronin |first=Brian |date=2023-12-03 |title=How Was a Christmas Comic Used to Introduce Uncle Scrooge McDuck? |url=https://www.cbr.com/christmas-comic-introduced-uncle-scrooge-mcduck/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=CBR |language=en}}</ref> This 64-page story was adapted by Donald Duck comic strip writer [[Bob Karp]] from an unproduced feature, and published in October 1942 in [[Dell Comics]] ''[[Disney comics#Four Color|Four Color Comics]]'' #9. It was the first original Donald Duck story produced for an American comic book and also the first involving Donald and his nephews in a treasure hunting expedition, in this case for the treasure of [[Henry Morgan]]. Barks would later use the treasure hunting theme in many of his stories. This actually was not his first work in comics, as earlier the same year Barks along with Hannah and fellow storyman Nick George scripted ''[[Pluto Saves the Ship]]'', which was among the first original Disney comic book stories published in the United States.

After quitting the Disney Studio, Barks relocated to the [[Hemet, California|Hemet]]/[[San Jacinto, California|San Jacinto]] area in the semi-desert [[Inland Empire]] region east of Los Angeles where he hoped to start a chicken farm.

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Barks' artistic growth during his first decade in comics saw a transformation from rather rudimentary storytelling derived from his years as an animation artist and storyman into a virtuoso creator of complex narratives, notably in his longer adventure tales. According to critic Geoffrey Blum, the process that saw its beginnings in 1942's ''Pirate Gold'' first bore its full fruit in 1950's "[[Vacation Time (1950)|Vacation Time]]", which he describes as "a visual primer for reading comics and understanding ... the form".<ref name="Barks and the Bending Panel">{{cite journal|last=Blum|first=Geoffrey|title=Barks and the Bending Panel|journal=The Carl Barks Library of Donald Duck Adventures in Color|year=c. 1990|issue=18|pages=[46]}}</ref>

He surrounded [[Donald Duck]] and nephews [[Huey, Dewey, and Louie]] with a cast of ~~eccentric and~~ colorful characters, such as the aforementioned [[Scrooge McDuck]], the wealthiest [[duck]] in the world; [[Gladstone Gander]], Donald's obscenely lucky cousin; inventor [[Gyro Gearloose]]; the persistent [[Beagle Boys]]; the sorceress [[Magica De Spell]]; Scrooge's rivals [[Flintheart Glomgold]] and [[John D. Rockerduck]]; Daisy's nieces [[April, May and June]]; Donald's neighbor Jones, and [[The Junior Woodchucks]] organization.

He surrounded [[Donald Duck]] and nephews [[Huey, Dewey, and Louie]] with a cast of colorful characters, such as the aforementioned [[Scrooge McDuck]], the wealthiest duck in the world; [[Gladstone Gander]], Donald's obscenely lucky cousin; inventor [[Gyro Gearloose]]; the persistent [[Beagle Boys]]; the sorceress [[Magica De Spell]]; Scrooge's rivals [[Flintheart Glomgold]] and [[John D. Rockerduck]]; Daisy's nieces [[April, May and June]]; Donald's neighbor Jones, and [[The Junior Woodchucks]] organization.

Barks's stories (whether humorous adventures or domestic comedies) often exhibited a wry, dark irony born of hard experience. The ten-pagers showcased Donald as everyman, struggling against the cruel bumps and bruises of everyday life with the nephews often acting as a [[Greek chorus]] commenting on the unfolding disasters Donald wrought upon himself. Yet while seemingly defeatist in tone, the humanity of the characters shines through in their persistence despite the obstacles. These stories found popularity not only among young children but adults as well. Despite the fact that Barks had done little traveling, his adventure stories often had the duck clan globe-trotting to the most remote or spectacular of places. This allowed Barks to indulge his penchant for elaborate backgrounds that hinted at his thwarted ambitions of doing realistic stories in the vein of [[Hal Foster]]'s ''[[Prince Valiant]]''.

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At Boston's NewCon convention, in October 1975, the first Carl Barks oil painting auctioned at a comic book convention ("She Was Spangled and Flashy") sold for $2,500. Subsequent offerings saw an escalation in the prices realized.

In 1976, Barks and Garé went to Boston for the NewCon show, their first comic convention appearance. Among the other attendees was famed ''[[Little Lulu]]'' comic book scripter [[John Stanley (~~comics~~)|John Stanley]]; despite both having worked for [[Western Publishing]] this was the first time they met. The highlight of the convention was the auctioning of what was to that time the largest duck oil painting Barks had done, "July Fourth in Duckburg", which included depictions of several prominent Barks fans and collectors. It sold for a then record high amount: $6,400.

In 1976, Barks and Garé went to Boston for the NewCon show, their first comic convention appearance. Among the other attendees was famed ''[[Little Lulu]]'' comic book scripter [[John Stanley (cartoonist)|John Stanley]]; despite both having worked for [[Western Publishing]] this was the first time they met. The highlight of the convention was the auctioning of what was to that time the largest duck oil painting Barks had done, "July Fourth in Duckburg", which included depictions of several prominent Barks fans and collectors. It sold for a then record high amount: $6,400.

Soon thereafter a fan sold unauthorized prints of some of the Scrooge McDuck paintings, leading Disney to withdraw permission for further paintings. To meet demand for new work Barks embarked on a series of paintings of non-Disney ducks and fantasy subjects such as Beowulf and Xerxes. These were eventually collected in the limited-edition book ''Animal Quackers''.

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==Influence==

"(A)n [[asteroid]] was named after the Duck Man in 1983 --- [[2730 Barks]], a carbonaceous C-type asteroid with a diameter of between 10 and 16 kilometers, an ordital period of six years and four months, and a rotation period of just over six hours."<ref>Walt Disney's Uncle Scrooge, Island in the Sky by Carl Barks, Fantagraphics Books, Seattle, 2021, p. 189</ref> In a 1983 interview, Barks says that "[[Island in the Sky (comics)|Island in the Sky]]", a story about the Ducks traveling to the asteroid belt to find a place Uncle Scrooge can store his money, was his favorite story.<ref>Walt Disney's Uncle Scrooge, Island in the Sky by Carl Barks, Fantagraphics Books, Seattle, 2021, p. 189</ref>

"[A]n [[asteroid]] was named after the Duck Man in 1983 --- [[2730 Barks]], a carbonaceous C-type asteroid with a diameter of between 10 and 16 kilometers, an ordital period of six years and four months, and a rotation period of just over six hours."<ref>Walt Disney's Uncle Scrooge, Island in the Sky by Carl Barks, Fantagraphics Books, Seattle, 2021, p. 189</ref> In a 1983 interview, Barks says that "[[Island in the Sky (comics)|Island in the Sky]]", a story about the Ducks traveling to the asteroid belt to find a place Uncle Scrooge can store his money, was his favorite story.<ref>Walt Disney's Uncle Scrooge, Island in the Sky by Carl Barks, Fantagraphics Books, Seattle, 2021, p. 189</ref>

Barks' Donald Duck stories were rated #7 on [[The Comics Journal#The Journal's Top 100 Comics list|''The Comics Journal'' list of 100 top comics]]; his Uncle Scrooge stories were rated #20.

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In [[Almere]], Netherlands, a street was named after him: Carl Barksweg. The same neighborhood also includes a Donald Ducklaan and a Goofystraat.

Japanese animator and cartoonist [[Osamu Tezuka]], who created [[manga]] such as ''[[Astro Boy]]'' and ''[[Black Jack (manga)|Black Jack]]'', was a fan of Barks' work. ''New Treasure Island'', one of Tezuka's first works, was partly influenced by "[[Donald Duck Finds Pirate Gold]]".<ref name=tcj.com>{{cite web |url=http://www.tcj.com/manga-finds-pirate-gold-the-case-of-new-treasure-island/ |title=Manga Finds Pirate Gold: The Case of ''New Treasure Island'' |last=Holmberg|first=Ryan|year=2012|publisher=The Comics Journal |access-date=September 21, 2015}}</ref>

Japanese animator and cartoonist [[Osamu Tezuka]], who created [[manga]] such as ''[[Astro Boy]]'' and ''[[Black Jack (manga)|Black Jack]]'', was a fan of Barks' work. ''[[Shin Takarajima (manga)|New Treasure Island]]'', one of Tezuka's first works, was partly influenced by "[[Donald Duck Finds Pirate Gold]]".<ref name=tcj.com>{{cite web |url=http://www.tcj.com/manga-finds-pirate-gold-the-case-of-new-treasure-island/ |title=Manga Finds Pirate Gold: The Case of ''New Treasure Island'' |last=Holmberg|first=Ryan|year=2012|publisher=The Comics Journal |access-date=September 21, 2015}}</ref>

A 1949 Donald Duck ten-pager features Donald raising a yacht from the ocean floor by filling it with [[ping pong]] balls. In December 1965 [[Karl Krøyer]], a Dane, lifted the sunken freight vessel ''Al Kuwait'' in the Kuwait Harbor by filling the hull with 27 million tiny inflatable balls of [[polystyrene]].<ref name=bpib>{{cite web |url=http://www.starch.dk/isi/kroyer/schrooge.asp |title=Karl Kroyer - "The Sunken Yacht" by Carl Barks |access-date=2013-03-04|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130212183447/http://www.starch.dk/isi/kroyer/schrooge.asp|archive-date=February 12, 2013}}</ref> Krøyer denies having been inspired by this Barks story. Some sources claim Krøyer was denied a Dutch patent registration (application number NL 6514306) for his invention on the grounds that the Barks story was a [[prior art|prior publication]] of the invention.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iusmentis.com/patents/priorart/donaldduck/|title=The "Donald Duck as prior art" case (in Patents > When is something prior art @ iusmentis.com)|website=www.iusmentis.com|access-date=October 4, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.octrooicentrum.nl/actueel/nieuws/20060601-1.aspx |title=''Donald Duck verslaat uitvinder! donderdag'' 1 juni 2006 |date=June 2006 |access-date=2006-10-06 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927075256/http://www.octrooicentrum.nl/actueel/nieuws/20060601-1.aspx |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |df=mdy }}.</ref> Krøyer later successfully raised another ship off Greenland using the same method, and several other sunken vessels worldwide have since been raised by modified versions of this concept. The television show ''[[MythBusters]]'' also tested this method and was able to raise a small boat.

[[Don Rosa]], one of the most popular living Disney artists, and possibly the one who has been most keen on connecting the various stories into a [[fictional universe|coherent universe and chronology]], considers (with few exceptions) all Barks' duck stories as [[Canon (fiction)|canon]], and all others as [[Apocrypha (fiction)|apocryphal]]. Rosa has said that a number of novelists and movie-makers cite Carl Barks as their 'major influence and inspiration'.<ref name=bpib-Don>{{cite web |url=http://www.bpib.com/illustra2/barks2.htm |title=Don Rosa on Carl Barks' Conquest of Europe |last=Rosa |first=Don |year=2000 |access-date=July 15, 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010217061108/http://www.bpib.com/illustra2/barks2.htm |archive-date=17 February 2001}}</ref> Don Rosa created ''[[The ~~Complete~~ Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck]]'' based on Carl Barks references<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lindh |first1=Max |title=Prequel Problems: The Duck Universe of Carl Barks and Don Rosa, Part I |url=https://www.sealionpress.co.uk/post/prequel-problems-the-duck-universe-of-carl-barks-and-don-rosa-part-i |access-date=20 February 2025 |publisher=Sea Lion Press}}</ref> in [[Scrooge McDuck]] stories.

[[Don Rosa]], one of the most popular living Disney artists, and possibly the one who has been most keen on connecting the various stories into a [[fictional universe|coherent universe and chronology]], considers (with few exceptions) all Barks' duck stories as [[Canon (fiction)|canon]], and all others as [[Apocrypha (fiction)|apocryphal]]. Rosa has said that a number of novelists and movie-makers cite Carl Barks as their 'major influence and inspiration'.<ref name=bpib-Don>{{cite web |url=http://www.bpib.com/illustra2/barks2.htm |title=Don Rosa on Carl Barks' Conquest of Europe |last=Rosa |first=Don |year=2000 |access-date=July 15, 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010217061108/http://www.bpib.com/illustra2/barks2.htm |archive-date=17 February 2001}}</ref> Don Rosa created ''[[The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck]]'' based on Carl Barks references<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lindh |first1=Max |title=Prequel Problems: The Duck Universe of Carl Barks and Don Rosa, Part I |url=https://www.sealionpress.co.uk/post/prequel-problems-the-duck-universe-of-carl-barks-and-don-rosa-part-i |access-date=20 February 2025 |publisher=Sea Lion Press}}</ref> in [[Scrooge McDuck]] stories.

When the news of Barks' passing was hardly covered by the press in America, "in Europe the sad news was flashed instantly across the airwaves and every newspaper — they realized the world had lost one of the most beloved, influential and well-known creators in international culture."<ref name=bpib/>

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==Art materials==

Barks was an enthusiastic user of [[Esterbrook]] pens, and used a Nº 356 model to ink and letter his Donald Duck comic-book pages.<ref>{{Cite web

| url = ~~http~~://davewesselscomix.blogspot.com/2010/11/carl-barks-esterbrook-356.html

| url = https://davewesselscomix.blogspot.com/2010/11/carl-barks-esterbrook-356.html

| title = Barks' Esterbook 356

| access-date=2013-03-04

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==Further reading==

* {{cite book |last=Andrae |first=Tom |year=2006 |title=Carl Barks and the Disney Comic Book: Unmasking the Myth of Modernity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CYP2Cj_Gb98C |publisher=[[University Press of Mississippi]] |isbn=1-57806-858-4 |ref=none }}

* {{cite book |last=Andrae |first=Tom |year=2006 |title=Carl Barks and the Disney Comic Book: Unmasking the Myth of Modernity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CYP2Cj_Gb98C |publisher=[[University Press of Mississippi]] |isbn=1-57806-858-4 |ref=none}}

* Barks, Carl & Summer, Edward: ''Walt Disney's Uncle Scrooge McDuck: His Life and Times''. Berkeley (Ca.): Celestial Arts, 1981 (first trade edition 1987).

* {{cite book|title=Carl Barks and the Art of the Comic Book|last=Barrier|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Barrier (historian)|year=1982|publisher=M. Lilien|isbn=0-9607-6520-4}}

* {{cite book |title=Carl Barks and the Art of the Comic Book |last=Barrier |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Barrier (historian) |year=1982 |publisher=M. Lilien |isbn=0-9607-6520-4}}

* Helnwein, Gottfried (ed.): [https://archive.today/20130103065410/http://helnweincomic.homestead.com/carlbarks.html 'Wer ist Carl Barks' (Who is Carl Barks?)], texts by Roy Disney, Gottfried Helnwein, Carsten Laqua, Andreas Platthaus und Ulrich Schröder. {{ISBN|3-8118-5341-4}}

* Immerwahr, D. (2020). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-american-history/article/tencent-ideology-donald-duck-comic-books-and-the-us-challenge-to-modernization/6C00D3B5CC8A662F1BE502D3B96404C0 "Ten-Cent Ideology: Donald Duck Comic Books and the U.S. Challenge to Modernization"]. ''Modern American History''.

* Moliné, Alfons (2007). ''Carl Barks, un viento ácrata''. Madrid: Ediciones Sinsentido, Colección Sin palabras, serie A, núm. 16.

* {{cite book|author=Ronkainen, Timo|title=Carl Barks: Ankkamestarin salaisuus. Näkökulmia Carl Barksin tuotantoon|location=Turku|publisher=Zum Teufel|year=2018|isbn=978-952-5754-70-4|language=fi|trans-title=Carl Barks: The Secret of the Duck Master. Aspects of the Production of Carl Barks}}

* {{cite book |author=Ronkainen, Timo |title=Carl Barks: Ankkamestarin salaisuus. Näkökulmia Carl Barksin tuotantoon |location=Turku |publisher=Zum Teufel |year=2018 |isbn=978-952-5754-70-4 |language=fi |trans-title=Carl Barks: The Secret of the Duck Master. Aspects of the Production of Carl Barks}}

* {{cite book|author=Sjöblom, Simo|title=Carl Barks ja hänen tuotantonsa|location=Helsinki|publisher=Seaflower|year=1992|isbn=952-6666-23-2|language=fi|trans-title=Carl Barks and his œuvre|series=Seaflower’s Comics Studies, 1}}

* {{cite book |author=Sjöblom, Simo |title=Carl Barks ja hänen tuotantonsa |location=Helsinki |publisher=Seaflower |year=1992 |isbn=952-6666-23-2 |language=fi |trans-title=Carl Barks and his œuvre |series=Seaflower’s Comics Studies, 1}}

* Summer, Edward. [http://www.michaelspornanimation.com/splog/?p=2232 "Of Ducks and Men: Cark Barks Interviewed"]. ''Panels'' #2 (1981).

* Note: Barks-themed/comics-related [[fanzine]]s have been published in numerous countries, featuring articles and interviews.

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* {{Find a Grave|22104}} / [https://www.cbarks.dk/THEFAREWELL.htm Barks' memorial service]

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[[Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers]]

[[Category:20th-century American screenwriters]]

~~[[Category:American comics artists]]~~

[[Category:American male screenwriters]]

~~[[Category:American comics writers]]~~

[[Category:Disney comics writers]]

[[Category:Disney comics artists]]

~~[[Category:American humorists]]~~

~~[[Category:American satirists]]~~

[[Category:American satirical comics writers]]

[[Category:American satirical comics artists]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|American cartoonist (1901–2000)}}
 {{redirect|Duck Man|the cartoon|Duckman{{!}}''Duckman''}}
+{{distinguish|text=German philosopher [[Karl Marx]]}}
 {{original research|date=July 2022}}
+{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2026}}
+{{Use American English|date=March 2026}}
 {{Infobox comics creator
 | image         = Carl barks.jpg
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 '''Carl Barks''' (March 27, 1901 – August 25, 2000) was an American [[cartoonist]], author, and painter. He is best known for his work in [[Disney comics|Disney comic books]], as the writer and artist of the first [[Donald Duck]] stories and as the creator of [[Scrooge McDuck]]. He worked anonymously until late in his career; fans dubbed him "The Duck Man" and "The Good Duck Artist". In 1987, Barks was one of the three inaugural inductees of the [[List of Eisner Award winners#The Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame|Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hall Of Fame |url=https://www.comic-con.org/awards/eisner-awards/hall-of-fame/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Comic-Con International |language=en-US}}</ref>
-Barks worked for the [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney Studio]] and [[Western Publishing]] where he created [[Duckburg]] and many of its inhabitants, such as [[Scrooge McDuck]] (1947), [[Gladstone Gander]] (1948), the [[Beagle Boys]] (1951), [[The Junior Woodchucks]] (1951), [[Gyro Gearloose]] (1952), [[Duck family (Disney)#Cornelius Coot|Cornelius Coot]] (1952), [[Flintheart Glomgold]] (1956), [[John D. Rockerduck]] (1961) and [[Magica De Spell]] (1961).
+Barks worked for [[Walt Disney Productions]] and [[Western Publishing]] where he created [[Duckburg]] and many of its inhabitants, such as [[Scrooge McDuck]] (1947), [[Gladstone Gander]] (1948), the [[Beagle Boys]] (1951), [[The Junior Woodchucks]] (1951), [[Gyro Gearloose]] (1952), [[Duck family (Disney)#Cornelius Coot|Cornelius Coot]] (1952), [[Flintheart Glomgold]] (1956), [[John D. Rockerduck]] (1961) and [[Magica De Spell]] (1961).
 He has been named by [[animation historian]] [[Leonard Maltin]] as "the most popular and widely read artist-writer in the world".<ref>''Carl Barks: Conversations'' (2003), ed. by [[Donald Ault]]: ''The Carl Barks Story: The Creator of Scrooge McDuck Moves into the Limelight'', ''Disney News'' 19 no. 1 (Winter 1983–84), p. xi.</ref> [[Will Eisner]] called him "the [[Hans Christian Andersen]] of comic books."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fantagraphics.com/images/stories/books/wddd01/donald-blad.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915161842/http://www.fantagraphics.com/images/stories/books/wddd01/donald-blad.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-15 |url-status=live |title=A Timeless Classic For All Ages |year=2011|publisher=[[Fantagraphics]]|access-date=May 12, 2017}}</ref> Beginning especially in the 1980s, Barks' artistic contributions would be a primary source for animated adaptations such as ''[[DuckTales (1987 TV series)|DuckTales]]'' and its [[DuckTales (2017 TV series)|2017 remake]].
@@ Line 33: / Line 37: @@
 ===Childhood===
-According to Barks's description of his childhood, he was a rather lonely child. His parents owned {{convert|1|mi2|km2|spell=in}} of land that served as their farm. The nearest neighbor lived {{convert|1/2|mi|m|spell=in}} away, but he was more an acquaintance to Barks's parents than a friend. The closest school was about {{convert|2|mi|km|spell=in}} away and Barks had to walk that distance every day. The rural area had few children, though, and Barks later remembered that his school had only about eight or ten students including him. He had high praise for the quality of the education he received in that small school. "Schools were good in those days," he used to say.
+According to Barks's description of his childhood, he lived in relative seclusion. His parents owned {{convert|1|mi2|km2|spell=in}} of land that served as their farm. The nearest neighbor lived {{convert|1/2|mi|m|spell=in}} away, but he was more an acquaintance to Barks's parents than a friend. The closest school was about {{convert|2|mi|km|spell=in}} away and Barks had to walk that distance every day. The rural area had few children, though, and Barks later remembered that his school had only about eight or ten students including himself. He had high praise for the quality of the education he received in that small school. "Schools were good in those days," he used to say.
 The lessons lasted from nine o'clock in the morning to four o'clock in the afternoon and then he had to return to the farm. There he remembered not having anybody to talk to, as his parents were busy, and he had little in common with his brother.
@@ Line 47: / Line 51: @@
 ===From job to job===
-Barks started taking various jobs but had little success in such occupations as a farmer, woodcutter, turner, mule driver, cowboy and printer. From his jobs he learned, he later averred, how eccentric, stubborn and unpredictable men, animals and machines can be. At the same time he interacted with colleagues, fellow breadwinners who had satirical disposition towards even their worst troubles. Barks later declared that he was sure that if not for a little humor in their troubled lives, they would certainly go insane. It was an attitude towards life that Barks would adopt. Later he would say it was natural for him to satirize the secret yearnings and desires, the pompous style and the disappointments of his characters. According to Barks, this period of his life would later influence his best known fictional characters: [[Walt Disney]]'s [[Donald Duck]] and his own [[Scrooge McDuck]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}
+Barks started taking various jobs but had little success in such occupations as a farmer, woodcutter, turner, mule driver, cowboy and printer. He later averred that from those jobs he learned how eccentric, stubborn, and unpredictable men, animals, and machines can be. At the same time he interacted with colleagues, fellow breadwinners who had satirical disposition towards even their worst troubles. Barks later declared that he was sure that if not for a little humor in their troubled lives, they would certainly go insane. It was an attitude towards life that Barks would adopt. Later he would say it was natural for him to satirize the secret yearnings and desires, the pompous style and the disappointments of his characters. According to Barks, this period of his life would later influence his best known fictional characters: [[Walt Disney]]'s [[Donald Duck]] and his own [[Scrooge McDuck]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}
 Donald's drifting from job to job was reportedly inspired by Barks's own experiences. So was his usual lack of success. And even in those that he was successful this would be temporary, just until a mistake or chance event caused another failure, another disappointment for the frustrated duck. Barks also reported that this was another thing he was familiar with.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}
-Scrooge's main difference to Donald, according to Barks, was that he too had faced the same difficulties in his past but through intelligence, determination and hard work, he was able to overcome them. Or, as Scrooge himself would say to [[Huey, Dewey, and Louie]]: by being "tougher than the toughies and smarter than the smarties." In Barks's stories Scrooge would work to solve his many problems, even though the stories would often point out that his constant efforts seemed futile at the end.
+Scrooge's main difference from Donald, according to Barks, was that he too had faced the same difficulties in his past but through intelligence, determination and hard work, he was able to overcome them. Or, as Scrooge himself would say to [[Huey, Dewey, and Louie]]: by being "tougher than the toughies and smarter than the smarties." In Barks's stories Scrooge would work to solve his many problems, even though the stories would often point out that his constant efforts seemed futile at the end.
 Through both characters Barks would often exhibit his rather sarcastic sense of humor. It seems that this difficult period for the artist helped shape many of his later views in life that were expressed through his characters.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}
 ===Professional artist===
-At the same time Barks had started thinking about turning a hobby that he always enjoyed into a profession: that of drawing. Since his early childhood he spent his free time by drawing on any material he could find. He had attempted to improve his style by copying the drawings of his favorite [[comic strip]] artists from the newspapers where he could find them. As he later said, he wanted to create his own facial expressions, figures and comical situations in his drawings but wanted to study the master comic artists' use of the pen and their use of color and shading.
+At the same time, Barks had started thinking about turning a hobby that he always enjoyed into a profession: that of drawing. Since his early childhood he had spent much of his free time doing drawings on a wide variety of subjects. He attempted to improve his style by copying the drawings of his favorite [[comic strip]] artists from the newspapers where he could find them. As he later said, he wanted to create his own facial expressions, figures and comical situations in his drawings but wanted to study the master comic artists' use of the pen and their use of color and shading.
 Among his early favorites were [[Winsor McCay]] (mostly known for ''[[Little Nemo]]'') and [[Frederick Burr Opper]] (mostly known for ''[[Happy Hooligan]]'') but he would later study any style that managed to draw his attention.
@@ Line 74: / Line 78: @@
 ===Disney===
-In November 1935, when he learned that Walt Disney was seeking more artists for his studio, Barks decided to apply. He was approved for a try-out which entailed a move to [[Los Angeles]], California. He was one of two in his class of trainees who was hired. His starting salary was 20 dollars a week. He started at [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|Disney Studios]] in 1935, more than a year after the debut of [[Donald Duck]] on June 9, 1934, in the short animated film ''[[The Wise Little Hen]]''.
+In November 1935, when he learned that [[Walt Disney]] was seeking more artists for his studio, Barks decided to apply. He was approved for a try-out which entailed a move to [[Los Angeles]], California. He was one of two in his class of trainees who was hired into [[Walt Disney Productions]]. His starting salary was 20 dollars a week. He started work at the studio in 1935, more than a year after the debut of [[Donald Duck]] on June 9, 1934, in the short animated film ''[[The Wise Little Hen]]''.
 Barks initially worked as an [[Inbetweening|inbetweener]]. This involved being teamed and supervised by one of the head animators who did the key poses of character action (often known as extremes) for which the inbetweeners did the drawings between the extremes to create the illusion of movement. While an inbetweener, Barks submitted gag ideas for cartoon story lines being developed and showed such a knack for creating comical situations that by 1937 he was transferred to the story department. His first story sale was the climax of ''[[Modern Inventions]]'', for a sequence where a robot barber chair gives Donald Duck a haircut on his bottom.
@@ Line 82: / Line 86: @@
 ===The Good Duck Artist===
 [[File:Interior page from Walt Disney's Comics and Stories.jpg|thumb|Omelet opening page]]
-Unhappy at the emerging wartime working conditions at Disney, and bothered by ongoing sinus problems caused by the studio's air conditioning, Barks quit in 1942. Shortly before quitting, he moonlighted as a comic book artist, contributing half the artwork for a one-shot [[comic book]] (the other half of the art being done by story partner [[Jack Hannah]]) titled ''[[Donald Duck Finds Pirate Gold]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cronin |first=Brian |date=2023-12-03 |title=How Was a Christmas Comic Used to Introduce Uncle Scrooge McDuck? |url=https://www.cbr.com/christmas-comic-introduced-uncle-scrooge-mcduck/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=CBR |language=en}}</ref> This 64-page story was adapted by Donald Duck comic strip writer [[Bob Karp]] from an unproduced feature, and published in October 1942 in [[Dell Comics]] ''[[Disney comics#Four Color|Four Color Comics]]'' #9. It was the first Donald Duck story originally produced for an American comic book and also the first involving Donald and his nephews in a treasure hunting expedition, in this case for the treasure of [[Henry Morgan]]. Barks would later use the treasure hunting theme in many of his stories. This actually was not his first work in comics, as earlier the same year Barks along with Hannah and fellow storyman Nick George scripted ''[[Pluto Saves the Ship]]'', which was among the first original Disney comic book stories published in the United States.
+Unhappy at the emerging wartime working conditions at Disney, and bothered by ongoing sinus problems caused by the studio's air conditioning, Barks quit in 1942. Shortly before quitting, he moonlighted as a comic book artist, contributing half the artwork for a one-shot [[comic book]] (the other half of the art being done by story partner [[Jack Hannah]]) titled ''[[Donald Duck Finds Pirate Gold]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cronin |first=Brian |date=2023-12-03 |title=How Was a Christmas Comic Used to Introduce Uncle Scrooge McDuck? |url=https://www.cbr.com/christmas-comic-introduced-uncle-scrooge-mcduck/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=CBR |language=en}}</ref> This 64-page story was adapted by Donald Duck comic strip writer [[Bob Karp]] from an unproduced feature, and published in October 1942 in [[Dell Comics]] ''[[Disney comics#Four Color|Four Color Comics]]'' #9. It was the first original Donald Duck story produced for an American comic book and also the first involving Donald and his nephews in a treasure hunting expedition, in this case for the treasure of [[Henry Morgan]]. Barks would later use the treasure hunting theme in many of his stories. This actually was not his first work in comics, as earlier the same year Barks along with Hannah and fellow storyman Nick George scripted ''[[Pluto Saves the Ship]]'', which was among the first original Disney comic book stories published in the United States.
 After quitting the Disney Studio, Barks relocated to the [[Hemet, California|Hemet]]/[[San Jacinto, California|San Jacinto]] area in the semi-desert [[Inland Empire]] region east of Los Angeles where he hoped to start a chicken farm.
@@ Line 97: / Line 101: @@
 Barks' artistic growth during his first decade in comics saw a transformation from rather rudimentary storytelling derived from his years as an animation artist and storyman into a virtuoso creator of complex narratives, notably in his longer adventure tales. According to critic Geoffrey Blum, the process that saw its beginnings in 1942's ''Pirate Gold'' first bore its full fruit in 1950's "[[Vacation Time (1950)|Vacation Time]]", which he describes as "a visual primer for reading comics and understanding&nbsp;... the form".<ref name="Barks and the Bending Panel">{{cite journal|last=Blum|first=Geoffrey|title=Barks and the Bending Panel|journal=The Carl Barks Library of Donald Duck Adventures in Color|year=c. 1990|issue=18|pages=[46]}}</ref>
-He surrounded [[Donald Duck]] and nephews [[Huey, Dewey, and Louie]] with a cast of eccentric and colorful characters, such as the aforementioned [[Scrooge McDuck]], the wealthiest [[duck]] in the world; [[Gladstone Gander]], Donald's obscenely lucky cousin; inventor [[Gyro Gearloose]]; the persistent [[Beagle Boys]]; the sorceress [[Magica De Spell]]; Scrooge's rivals [[Flintheart Glomgold]] and [[John D. Rockerduck]]; Daisy's nieces [[April, May and June]]; Donald's neighbor Jones, and [[The Junior Woodchucks]] organization.
+He surrounded [[Donald Duck]] and nephews [[Huey, Dewey, and Louie]] with a cast of colorful characters, such as the aforementioned [[Scrooge McDuck]], the wealthiest duck in the world; [[Gladstone Gander]], Donald's obscenely lucky cousin; inventor [[Gyro Gearloose]]; the persistent [[Beagle Boys]]; the sorceress [[Magica De Spell]]; Scrooge's rivals [[Flintheart Glomgold]] and [[John D. Rockerduck]]; Daisy's nieces [[April, May and June]]; Donald's neighbor Jones, and [[The Junior Woodchucks]] organization.
 Barks's stories (whether humorous adventures or domestic comedies) often exhibited a wry, dark irony born of hard experience. The ten-pagers showcased Donald as everyman, struggling against the cruel bumps and bruises of everyday life with the nephews often acting as a [[Greek chorus]] commenting on the unfolding disasters Donald wrought upon himself. Yet while seemingly defeatist in tone, the humanity of the characters shines through in their persistence despite the obstacles. These stories found popularity not only among young children but adults as well. Despite the fact that Barks had done little traveling, his adventure stories often had the duck clan globe-trotting to the most remote or spectacular of places. This allowed Barks to indulge his penchant for elaborate backgrounds that hinted at his thwarted ambitions of doing realistic stories in the vein of [[Hal Foster]]'s ''[[Prince Valiant]]''.
@@ Line 152: / Line 156: @@
 At Boston's NewCon convention, in October 1975, the first Carl Barks oil painting auctioned at a comic book convention ("She Was Spangled and Flashy") sold for $2,500. Subsequent offerings saw an escalation in the prices realized.
-In 1976, Barks and Garé went to Boston for the NewCon show, their first comic convention appearance. Among the other attendees was famed ''[[Little Lulu]]'' comic book scripter [[John Stanley (comics)|John Stanley]]; despite both having worked for [[Western Publishing]] this was the first time they met. The highlight of the convention was the auctioning of what was to that time the largest duck oil painting Barks had done, "July Fourth in Duckburg", which included depictions of several prominent Barks fans and collectors. It sold for a then record high amount: $6,400.
+In 1976, Barks and Garé went to Boston for the NewCon show, their first comic convention appearance. Among the other attendees was famed ''[[Little Lulu]]'' comic book scripter [[John Stanley (cartoonist)|John Stanley]]; despite both having worked for [[Western Publishing]] this was the first time they met. The highlight of the convention was the auctioning of what was to that time the largest duck oil painting Barks had done, "July Fourth in Duckburg", which included depictions of several prominent Barks fans and collectors. It sold for a then record high amount: $6,400.
 Soon thereafter a fan sold unauthorized prints of some of the Scrooge McDuck paintings, leading Disney to withdraw permission for further paintings. To meet demand for new work Barks embarked on a series of paintings of non-Disney ducks and fantasy subjects such as Beowulf and Xerxes. These were eventually collected in the limited-edition book ''Animal Quackers''.
@@ Line 191: / Line 195: @@
 ==Influence==
-"(A)n [[asteroid]] was named after the Duck Man in 1983 --- [[2730 Barks]], a carbonaceous C-type asteroid with a diameter of between 10 and 16 kilometers, an ordital period of six years and four months, and a rotation period of just over six hours."<ref>Walt Disney's Uncle Scrooge, Island in the Sky by Carl Barks, Fantagraphics Books, Seattle, 2021, p. 189</ref> In a 1983 interview, Barks says that "[[Island in the Sky (comics)|Island in the Sky]]", a story about the Ducks traveling to the asteroid belt to find a place Uncle Scrooge can store his money, was his favorite story.<ref>Walt Disney's Uncle Scrooge, Island in the Sky by Carl Barks, Fantagraphics Books, Seattle, 2021, p. 189</ref>
+"[A]n [[asteroid]] was named after the Duck Man in 1983 --- [[2730 Barks]], a carbonaceous C-type asteroid with a diameter of between 10 and 16 kilometers, an ordital period of six years and four months, and a rotation period of just over six hours."<ref>Walt Disney's Uncle Scrooge, Island in the Sky by Carl Barks, Fantagraphics Books, Seattle, 2021, p. 189</ref> In a 1983 interview, Barks says that "[[Island in the Sky (comics)|Island in the Sky]]", a story about the Ducks traveling to the asteroid belt to find a place Uncle Scrooge can store his money, was his favorite story.<ref>Walt Disney's Uncle Scrooge, Island in the Sky by Carl Barks, Fantagraphics Books, Seattle, 2021, p. 189</ref>
 Barks' Donald Duck stories were rated #7 on [[The Comics Journal#The Journal's Top 100 Comics list|''The Comics Journal'' list of 100 top comics]]; his Uncle Scrooge stories were rated #20.
@@ Line 207: / Line 211: @@
 In [[Almere]], Netherlands, a street was named after him: Carl Barksweg. The same neighborhood also includes a Donald Ducklaan and a Goofystraat.
-Japanese animator and cartoonist [[Osamu Tezuka]], who created [[manga]] such as ''[[Astro Boy]]'' and ''[[Black Jack (manga)|Black Jack]]'', was a fan of Barks' work. ''New Treasure Island'', one of Tezuka's first works, was partly influenced by "[[Donald Duck Finds Pirate Gold]]".<ref name=tcj.com>{{cite web |url=http://www.tcj.com/manga-finds-pirate-gold-the-case-of-new-treasure-island/ |title=Manga Finds Pirate Gold: The Case of ''New Treasure Island'' |last=Holmberg|first=Ryan|year=2012|publisher=The Comics Journal |access-date=September 21, 2015}}</ref>
+Japanese animator and cartoonist [[Osamu Tezuka]], who created [[manga]] such as ''[[Astro Boy]]'' and ''[[Black Jack (manga)|Black Jack]]'', was a fan of Barks' work. ''[[Shin Takarajima (manga)|New Treasure Island]]'', one of Tezuka's first works, was partly influenced by "[[Donald Duck Finds Pirate Gold]]".<ref name=tcj.com>{{cite web |url=http://www.tcj.com/manga-finds-pirate-gold-the-case-of-new-treasure-island/ |title=Manga Finds Pirate Gold: The Case of ''New Treasure Island'' |last=Holmberg|first=Ryan|year=2012|publisher=The Comics Journal |access-date=September 21, 2015}}</ref>
 A 1949 Donald Duck ten-pager features Donald raising a yacht from the ocean floor by filling it with [[ping pong]] balls. In December 1965 [[Karl Krøyer]], a Dane, lifted the sunken freight vessel ''Al Kuwait'' in the Kuwait Harbor by filling the hull with 27 million tiny inflatable balls of [[polystyrene]].<ref name=bpib>{{cite web |url=http://www.starch.dk/isi/kroyer/schrooge.asp |title=Karl Kroyer - "The Sunken Yacht" by Carl Barks |access-date=2013-03-04|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130212183447/http://www.starch.dk/isi/kroyer/schrooge.asp|archive-date=February 12, 2013}}</ref> Krøyer denies having been inspired by this Barks story. Some sources claim Krøyer was denied a Dutch patent registration (application number NL 6514306) for his invention on the grounds that the Barks story was a [[prior art|prior publication]] of the invention.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iusmentis.com/patents/priorart/donaldduck/|title=The "Donald Duck as prior art" case (in Patents > When is something prior art @ iusmentis.com)|website=www.iusmentis.com|access-date=October 4, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.octrooicentrum.nl/actueel/nieuws/20060601-1.aspx |title=''Donald Duck verslaat uitvinder! donderdag'' 1 juni 2006 |date=June 2006 |access-date=2006-10-06 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927075256/http://www.octrooicentrum.nl/actueel/nieuws/20060601-1.aspx |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |df=mdy }}.</ref> Krøyer later successfully raised another ship off Greenland using the same method, and several other sunken vessels worldwide have since been raised by modified versions of this concept. The television show ''[[MythBusters]]'' also tested this method and was able to raise a small boat.
-[[Don Rosa]], one of the most popular living Disney artists, and possibly the one who has been most keen on connecting the various stories into a [[fictional universe|coherent universe and chronology]], considers (with few exceptions) all Barks' duck stories as [[Canon (fiction)|canon]], and all others as [[Apocrypha (fiction)|apocryphal]]. Rosa has said that a number of novelists and movie-makers cite Carl Barks as their 'major influence and inspiration'.<ref name=bpib-Don>{{cite web |url=http://www.bpib.com/illustra2/barks2.htm |title=Don Rosa on Carl Barks' Conquest of Europe |last=Rosa |first=Don |year=2000 |access-date=July 15, 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010217061108/http://www.bpib.com/illustra2/barks2.htm |archive-date=17 February 2001}}</ref> Don Rosa created ''[[The Complete Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck]]'' based on Carl Barks references<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lindh |first1=Max |title=Prequel Problems: The Duck Universe of Carl Barks and Don Rosa, Part I |url=https://www.sealionpress.co.uk/post/prequel-problems-the-duck-universe-of-carl-barks-and-don-rosa-part-i |access-date=20 February 2025 |publisher=Sea Lion Press}}</ref> in [[Scrooge McDuck]] stories.
+[[Don Rosa]], one of the most popular living Disney artists, and possibly the one who has been most keen on connecting the various stories into a [[fictional universe|coherent universe and chronology]], considers (with few exceptions) all Barks' duck stories as [[Canon (fiction)|canon]], and all others as [[Apocrypha (fiction)|apocryphal]]. Rosa has said that a number of novelists and movie-makers cite Carl Barks as their 'major influence and inspiration'.<ref name=bpib-Don>{{cite web |url=http://www.bpib.com/illustra2/barks2.htm |title=Don Rosa on Carl Barks' Conquest of Europe |last=Rosa |first=Don |year=2000 |access-date=July 15, 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010217061108/http://www.bpib.com/illustra2/barks2.htm |archive-date=17 February 2001}}</ref> Don Rosa created ''[[The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck]]'' based on Carl Barks references<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lindh |first1=Max |title=Prequel Problems: The Duck Universe of Carl Barks and Don Rosa, Part I |url=https://www.sealionpress.co.uk/post/prequel-problems-the-duck-universe-of-carl-barks-and-don-rosa-part-i |access-date=20 February 2025 |publisher=Sea Lion Press}}</ref> in [[Scrooge McDuck]] stories.
 When the news of Barks' passing was hardly covered by the press in America, "in Europe the sad news was flashed instantly across the airwaves and every newspaper&nbsp;— they realized the world had lost one of the most beloved, influential and well-known creators in international culture."<ref name=bpib/>
@@ Line 315: / Line 319: @@
 ==Art materials==
 Barks was an enthusiastic user of [[Esterbrook]] pens, and used a Nº 356 model to ink and letter his Donald Duck comic-book pages.<ref>{{Cite web
-  | url = http://davewesselscomix.blogspot.com/2010/11/carl-barks-esterbrook-356.html
+  | url = https://davewesselscomix.blogspot.com/2010/11/carl-barks-esterbrook-356.html
   | title = Barks' Esterbook 356
   | access-date=2013-03-04
@@ Line 343: / Line 347: @@
 ==Further reading==
 {{refbegin}}
-* {{cite book |last=Andrae |first=Tom |year=2006 |title=Carl Barks and the Disney Comic Book: Unmasking the Myth of Modernity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CYP2Cj_Gb98C |publisher=[[University Press of Mississippi]] |isbn=1-57806-858-4 |ref=none }}
+* {{cite book |last=Andrae |first=Tom |year=2006 |title=Carl Barks and the Disney Comic Book: Unmasking the Myth of Modernity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CYP2Cj_Gb98C |publisher=[[University Press of Mississippi]] |isbn=1-57806-858-4 |ref=none}}
 * Barks, Carl & Summer, Edward: ''Walt Disney's Uncle Scrooge McDuck: His Life and Times''. Berkeley (Ca.): Celestial Arts, 1981 (first trade edition 1987).
-* {{cite book|title=Carl Barks and the Art of the Comic Book|last=Barrier|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Barrier (historian)|year=1982|publisher=M. Lilien|isbn=0-9607-6520-4}}
+* {{cite book |title=Carl Barks and the Art of the Comic Book |last=Barrier |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Barrier (historian) |year=1982 |publisher=M. Lilien |isbn=0-9607-6520-4}}
 * Helnwein, Gottfried (ed.): [https://archive.today/20130103065410/http://helnweincomic.homestead.com/carlbarks.html 'Wer ist Carl Barks' (Who is Carl Barks?)], texts by Roy Disney, Gottfried Helnwein, Carsten Laqua, Andreas Platthaus und Ulrich Schröder. {{ISBN|3-8118-5341-4}}
 * Immerwahr, D. (2020). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-american-history/article/tencent-ideology-donald-duck-comic-books-and-the-us-challenge-to-modernization/6C00D3B5CC8A662F1BE502D3B96404C0 "Ten-Cent Ideology: Donald Duck Comic Books and the U.S. Challenge to Modernization"]. ''Modern American History''.
 * Moliné, Alfons (2007). ''Carl Barks, un viento ácrata''. Madrid: Ediciones Sinsentido, Colección Sin palabras, serie A, núm. 16.
-* {{cite book|author=Ronkainen, Timo|title=Carl Barks: Ankkamestarin salaisuus. Näkökulmia Carl Barksin tuotantoon|location=Turku|publisher=Zum Teufel|year=2018|isbn=978-952-5754-70-4|language=fi|trans-title=Carl Barks: The Secret of the Duck Master. Aspects of the Production of Carl Barks}}
+* {{cite book |author=Ronkainen, Timo |title=Carl Barks: Ankkamestarin salaisuus. Näkökulmia Carl Barksin tuotantoon |location=Turku |publisher=Zum Teufel |year=2018 |isbn=978-952-5754-70-4 |language=fi |trans-title=Carl Barks: The Secret of the Duck Master. Aspects of the Production of Carl Barks}}
-* {{cite book|author=Sjöblom, Simo|title=Carl Barks ja hänen tuotantonsa|location=Helsinki|publisher=Seaflower|year=1992|isbn=952-6666-23-2|language=fi|trans-title=Carl Barks and his œuvre|series=Seaflower’s Comics Studies, 1}}
+* {{cite book |author=Sjöblom, Simo |title=Carl Barks ja hänen tuotantonsa |location=Helsinki |publisher=Seaflower |year=1992 |isbn=952-6666-23-2 |language=fi |trans-title=Carl Barks and his œuvre |series=Seaflower’s Comics Studies, 1}}
 * Summer, Edward. [http://www.michaelspornanimation.com/splog/?p=2232 "Of Ducks and Men: Cark Barks Interviewed"]. ''Panels'' #2 (1981).
 * Note: Barks-themed/comics-related [[fanzine]]s have been published in numerous countries, featuring articles and interviews.
@@ Line 368: / Line 372: @@
 * {{Find a Grave|22104}} / [https://www.cbarks.dk/THEFAREWELL.htm Barks' memorial service]
-{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2012}}
 {{Carl Barks}}
 {{Disney Legends Awards 1990s}}
 {{Inkpot Award 1970s}}
 {{Disney comics navbox}}
+{{Gold Key Comics|state=collapsed}}
 {{Authority control}}
@@ Line 381: / Line 385: @@
 [[Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers]]
 [[Category:20th-century American screenwriters]]
-[[Category:American comics artists]]
 [[Category:American male screenwriters]]
-[[Category:American comics writers]]
 [[Category:Disney comics writers]]
 [[Category:Disney comics artists]]
-[[Category:American humorists]]
-[[Category:American satirists]]
 [[Category:American satirical comics writers]]
 [[Category:American satirical comics artists]]

Carl Barks: Difference between revisions

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