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{{Short description| | {{Short description|Merchant sailing ship of the 19th century}} | ||
{{About|the 19th century sailing ships||}} | {{About|the 19th century sailing ships||}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}} | ||
[[File:Taeping (clipper, 1863) - SLV H91.325-1033.jpg|thumb|350px|bottom|right|''[[Taeping (clipper)|Taeping]]'', a tea clipper built in 1863]] | [[File:Taeping (clipper, 1863) - SLV H91.325-1033.jpg|thumb|350px|bottom|right|''[[Taeping (clipper)|Taeping]]'', a tea clipper built in 1863 by [[Robert Steele & Company]].]] | ||
A '''clipper''' was a type of mid-19th-century [[Merchant ship|merchant]] [[Sailing ship|sailing vessel]], designed for speed. The term was also retrospectively applied to the [[Baltimore clipper]], which originated in the late 18th century. | A '''clipper''' was a type of mid-19th-century [[Merchant ship|merchant]] [[Sailing ship|sailing vessel]], designed for speed. The term was also retrospectively applied to the [[Baltimore clipper]], which originated in the late 18th century. | ||
Clippers were generally narrow for their length, small by later 19th-century standards, could carry limited bulk freight, and had a large total [[sail]] area. "Clipper" does not refer to a specific [[sailplan]]; clippers may be [[schooner]]s, [[brig]]s, [[brigantine]]s, etc., as well as [[full-rigged ship]]s. Clippers were mostly constructed in British and American [[shipyard]]s, although France, Brazil, the Netherlands, and other nations also produced some. Clippers sailed all over the world, primarily on the trade routes between the United Kingdom and China, in [[transatlantic crossing|transatlantic]] trade, and on the New York-to-San Francisco route around [[Cape Horn]] during the [[California gold rush]]. Dutch clippers were built beginning in the 1850s for the tea trade and passenger service to [[Java]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barnwell|first=R.G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4BlJAQAAIAAJ&q=Dutch+clipper+ships&pg=PA262|title=Commercial Relations of the United States with Foreign Countries|year=1857|publisher=United States Department of State|pages=260–264}}</ref><!--This needs to be placed someplace in the body of the article as the lead is meant to summarize--> | Clippers were generally narrow for their length, small by later 19th-century standards, could carry limited bulk freight, and had a large total [[sail]] area. "Clipper" does not refer to a specific [[sailplan]]; clippers may be [[schooner]]s, [[brig]]s, [[brigantine]]s, etc., as well as [[full-rigged ship]]s. Clippers were mostly constructed in British and American [[shipyard]]s, although France, Brazil, the Netherlands, and other nations also produced some. Clippers sailed all over the world, primarily on the trade routes between the United Kingdom and China, in [[transatlantic crossing|transatlantic]] trade, and on the New York-to-San Francisco route around [[Cape Horn]] during the [[California gold rush]]. Dutch clippers were built beginning in the 1850s for the tea trade and passenger service to [[Java]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barnwell|first=R.G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4BlJAQAAIAAJ&q=Dutch+clipper+ships&pg=PA262|title=Commercial Relations of the United States with Foreign Countries|year=1857|publisher=United States Department of State|pages=260–264}}</ref><!--This needs to be placed someplace in the body of the article as the lead is meant to summarize--> | ||
The boom years of the clipper era began in 1843 in response to a growing demand for faster delivery of tea from China and continued with the demand for swift passage to gold fields in California and Australia beginning in 1848 and 1851, respectively. The era ended with the opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1869. | The boom years of the clipper era began in 1843 in response to a growing demand for faster delivery of tea from China and continued with the demand for swift passage to gold fields in California and Australia beginning in 1848 and 1851, respectively. The era ended with the opening of the [[Panama Railroad]] in 1855 and the [[Suez Canal]] in 1869. | ||
==Origin and usage of "clipper"== | ==Origin and usage of "clipper"== | ||
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The first application of the term "clipper", in a nautical sense, is likewise uncertain. The type known as the [[Baltimore clipper]] originated at the end of the 18th century on the eastern seaboard of the USA. At first, these fast sailing vessels were referred to as "Virginia-built" or "pilot-boat model", with the name "Baltimore-built" appearing during the [[War of 1812]]. In the final days of the slave trade (''circa'' 1835–1850){{snd}}just as the type was dying out{{snd}}the term, [[Baltimore clipper]], became common. The common retrospective application of the word "clipper" to this type of vessel has caused confusion.<ref name="Chapelle 1930">{{cite book |last1=Chapelle |first1=Howard Irving |author-link=Howard I. Chapelle|title=The Baltimore Clipper, its Origin and Development |year=1930 |publisher=Bonanza Books |location=New York}}</ref>{{rp|62-62}} | The first application of the term "clipper", in a nautical sense, is likewise uncertain. The type known as the [[Baltimore clipper]] originated at the end of the 18th century on the eastern seaboard of the USA. At first, these fast sailing vessels were referred to as "Virginia-built" or "pilot-boat model", with the name "Baltimore-built" appearing during the [[War of 1812]]. In the final days of the slave trade (''circa'' 1835–1850){{snd}}just as the type was dying out{{snd}}the term, [[Baltimore clipper]], became common. The common retrospective application of the word "clipper" to this type of vessel has caused confusion.<ref name="Chapelle 1930">{{cite book |last1=Chapelle |first1=Howard Irving |author-link=Howard I. Chapelle|title=The Baltimore Clipper, its Origin and Development |year=1930 |publisher=Bonanza Books |location=New York}}</ref>{{rp|62-62}} | ||
The Oxford English Dictionary's earliest quote (referring to the Baltimore clipper) is from 1824.<ref>{{OED|clipper|id=34438}}</ref> The dictionary cites [[Royal Navy]] officer and novelist [[Frederick Marryat]] as using the term in 1830.{{efn|Marryat is generally considered by maritime historians to be a reliable source on nautical matters from his time.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Batchvarov |first1=Kroum |title=The Merchant Ship in the British Atlantic, 1600–1800: Continuity and Innovation in a Key Technology |journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology |date=3 July 2021 |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=403–406 |doi=10.1080/10572414.2021.1987716}}</ref>}} British newspaper usage of the term can be found as early as 1832 and in shipping advertisements from 1835.<ref>{{cite news |title=Westmeath Journal |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000858/18320614/004/0001 |date=14 June 1832 |page=1 |quote=and may be called an American Clipper}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002088/18351222/001/0001?browse=False |access-date=13 May 2020 |date=22 December 1835 |page=1 |quote=The well-known Clipper ''Saguenay''}}</ref> A US court case of 1834 has evidence that discusses a clipper being faster than a brig.<ref>{{Citation | author1=Gibert, Pedro | author2=United States. Circuit Court (1st Circuit) | title=A report of the trial of Pedro Gibert, Bernardo de Soto, Francisco Ruiz, Nicola Costa, Antonio Ferrer, Manuel Boyga, Domingo de Guzman, Juan Antonio Portana, Manuel Castillo, Angel Garcia, Jose Velazquez, and Juan Montenegro alias Jose Basilio de Castro, before the United States Circuit Court : on an indictment charging them with the commission of an act of piracy, on board the brig Mexican, of Salem : containing a full statement of the testimony, and the arguments of the counsel on both sides, the charge of the court, pronounced by the Hon. Judge Story : and the verdict of the jury : with an appendix containing several documents never before published |year=1834 | publisher=Russell, Odiorne & Metcalf; Providence : M. Brown & Co.; Portland : Colman & Chisholm; Salem : John M. Ives | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/36470711 | access-date=15 September 2019 }}</ref> | The Oxford English Dictionary's earliest quote (referring to the Baltimore clipper) is from 1824.<ref>{{OED|clipper|id=34438}}</ref> The dictionary cites [[Royal Navy]] officer and novelist [[Frederick Marryat]] as using the term in 1830.{{efn|Marryat is generally considered by maritime historians to be a reliable source on nautical matters from his time.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Batchvarov |first1=Kroum |title=The Merchant Ship in the British Atlantic, 1600–1800: Continuity and Innovation in a Key Technology |journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology |date=3 July 2021 |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=403–406 |doi=10.1080/10572414.2021.1987716 |bibcode=2021IJNAr..50..403B }}</ref>}} British newspaper usage of the term can be found as early as 1832 and in shipping advertisements from 1835.<ref>{{cite news |title=Westmeath Journal |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000858/18320614/004/0001 |date=14 June 1832 |page=1 |quote=and may be called an American Clipper}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002088/18351222/001/0001?browse=False |access-date=13 May 2020 |date=22 December 1835 |page=1 |quote=The well-known Clipper ''Saguenay''}}</ref> A US court case of 1834 has evidence that discusses a clipper being faster than a brig.<ref>{{Citation | author1=Gibert, Pedro | author2=United States. Circuit Court (1st Circuit) | title=A report of the trial of Pedro Gibert, Bernardo de Soto, Francisco Ruiz, Nicola Costa, Antonio Ferrer, Manuel Boyga, Domingo de Guzman, Juan Antonio Portana, Manuel Castillo, Angel Garcia, Jose Velazquez, and Juan Montenegro alias Jose Basilio de Castro, before the United States Circuit Court : on an indictment charging them with the commission of an act of piracy, on board the brig Mexican, of Salem : containing a full statement of the testimony, and the arguments of the counsel on both sides, the charge of the court, pronounced by the Hon. Judge Story : and the verdict of the jury : with an appendix containing several documents never before published |year=1834 | publisher=Russell, Odiorne & Metcalf; Providence : M. Brown & Co.; Portland : Colman & Chisholm; Salem : John M. Ives | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/36470711 | access-date=15 September 2019 }}</ref> | ||
==Definitions== | ==Definitions== | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
<references> | |||
<ref name="clark">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/clippershiperaep00claruoft |quote=The Clipper Ship Era. |title=The Clipper Ship Era: An Epitome of Famous American and British Clipper Ships, Their Owners, Builders, Commanders, and Crews, 1843–1869 |last=Clark |first=Arthur Hamilton |year=1912 |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons}}</ref> | <ref name="clark">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/clippershiperaep00claruoft |quote=The Clipper Ship Era. |title=The Clipper Ship Era: An Epitome of Famous American and British Clipper Ships, Their Owners, Builders, Commanders, and Crews, 1843–1869 |last=Clark |first=Arthur Hamilton |year=1912 |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons}}</ref> | ||
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<ref name="MacGregor 1998">{{cite book |last1=MacGregor |first1=David R. |title=Fast Sailing Ships, their Design and Construction, 1775–1875 |year=1988 |publisher=Conway Maritime Press Ltd |location=London |isbn=0-87021-895-6 |edition=Second}}</ref> | <ref name="MacGregor 1998">{{cite book |last1=MacGregor |first1=David R. |title=Fast Sailing Ships, their Design and Construction, 1775–1875 |year=1988 |publisher=Conway Maritime Press Ltd |location=London |isbn=0-87021-895-6 |edition=Second}}</ref> | ||
</references> | |||
==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
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[[Category:Vehicles introduced in the 18th century]] | [[Category:Vehicles introduced in the 18th century]] | ||
[[Category:Merchant sailing ship types]] | [[Category:Merchant sailing ship types]] | ||
[[Category:Victorian era]] | [[Category:Victorian era]] | ||