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{{Short description|ETSI standard for cordless telephony}} | {{Short description|ETSI standard for cordless telephony}} | ||
{{more citations needed|date=September 2025}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}} | ||
{{Infobox technology standard | {{Infobox technology standard | ||
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| caption = [[Gigaset]] A165 phone with [[base station]]. In DECT terminology, the phone is the 'portable part' (PP) and the base station the 'fixed part' (FP). | | caption = [[Gigaset Communications|Gigaset]] A165 phone with [[base station]]. In DECT terminology, the phone is the 'portable part' (PP) and the base station the 'fixed part' (FP). | ||
| abbreviation = DECT | | abbreviation = DECT | ||
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'''Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications''' ('''DECT''') is a [[cordless telephone|cordless telephony]] standard maintained by [[ETSI]]. It originated in [[Europe]], where it is the common standard, replacing earlier standards, such as [[CT1]] and [[CT2]].<ref name=rohde>{{cite web |url=http://www2.rohde-schwarz.com/en/technologies/Wireless_Connectivity/DECT/information/ |title=DECT Information |website=2.rohde-schwarz.com |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=1 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101103059/http://www2.rohde-schwarz.com/en/technologies/Wireless_Connectivity/DECT/information/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since the DECT-2020 standard | '''Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications''' ('''DECT''') is a [[cordless telephone|cordless telephony]] standard maintained by [[ETSI]]. It originated in [[Europe]], where it is the common standard, replacing earlier standards, such as [[CT1]] and [[CT2]].<ref name=rohde>{{cite web |url=http://www2.rohde-schwarz.com/en/technologies/Wireless_Connectivity/DECT/information/ |title=DECT Information |website=2.rohde-schwarz.com |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=1 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101103059/http://www2.rohde-schwarz.com/en/technologies/Wireless_Connectivity/DECT/information/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since the [[DECT-2020]] standard it also includes [[Internet of things|IoT]] communication. | ||
Beyond Europe, it has been adopted by [[Australia]] and most countries in [[Asia]] and [[South America]]. North American adoption was delayed by [[United States]] radio-frequency regulations. This forced development of a variation of DECT called '''DECT 6.0''', using a slightly different frequency range, which makes these units incompatible with systems intended for use in other areas, even from the same manufacturer. DECT has almost completely replaced other standards in most countries where it is used, with the exception of North America. | Beyond Europe, it has been adopted by [[Australia]] and most countries in [[Asia]] and [[South America]]. North American adoption was delayed by [[United States]] radio-frequency regulations. This forced development of a variation of DECT called '''DECT 6.0''', using a slightly different frequency range, which makes these units incompatible with systems intended for use in other areas, even from the same manufacturer. DECT has almost completely replaced other standards in most countries where it is used, with the exception of North America. | ||
DECT was originally intended for fast roaming between networked base stations, and the first DECT product was [[Net3|Net<sup>3</sup>]] wireless LAN. However, its most popular application is single-cell cordless phones connected to [[plain old telephone service|traditional analog telephone]], primarily in home and small-office systems, though gateways with multi-cell DECT and/or DECT repeaters are also available in many [[Business telephone system#Private branch exchange|private branch exchange]] (PBX) systems for medium and large businesses, produced by [[Panasonic]], [[Mitel]], [[Gigaset]], [[Ascom (company)|Ascom]], [[Cisco]], [[Grandstream]], [[Snom]], [[Polycom|Spectralink]], and RTX. DECT can also be used for purposes other than cordless phones, such as [[baby monitor]]s, [[wireless microphone]]s and industrial sensors. The [[ULE Alliance]]'s [[DECT Ultra Low Energy|DECT ULE]] and its "HAN FUN" protocol<ref>''HAN FUN'', "Home Area Network FUNctional protocol".</ref> are variants tailored for home security, automation, and the [[internet of things]] (IoT). | DECT was originally intended for fast roaming between networked base stations, and the first DECT product was [[Net3|Net<sup>3</sup>]] wireless LAN. However, its most popular application is single-cell cordless phones connected to [[plain old telephone service|traditional analog telephone]], primarily in home and small-office systems, though gateways with multi-cell DECT and/or DECT repeaters are also available in many [[Business telephone system#Private branch exchange|private branch exchange]] (PBX) systems for medium and large businesses, produced by [[Panasonic]], [[Mitel]], [[Gigaset Communications|Gigaset]], [[Ascom (company)|Ascom]], [[Cisco]], [[Grandstream]], [[Snom]], [[Polycom|Spectralink]], and RTX. DECT can also be used for purposes other than cordless phones, such as [[baby monitor]]s, [[wireless microphone]]s and industrial sensors. The [[ULE Alliance]]'s [[DECT Ultra Low Energy|DECT ULE]] and its "HAN FUN" protocol<ref>''HAN FUN'', "Home Area Network FUNctional protocol".</ref> are variants tailored for home security, automation, and the [[internet of things]] (IoT). | ||
The DECT standard includes the [[generic access profile]] (GAP), a common interoperability profile for simple telephone capabilities, which most manufacturers implement. GAP-conformance enables DECT handsets and bases from different manufacturers to interoperate at the most basic level of functionality, that of making and receiving calls. Japan uses its own DECT variant, J-DECT, which is supported by the DECT forum.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.dect.org/| title = DECT Forum}}</ref> | The DECT standard includes the [[generic access profile]] (GAP), a common interoperability profile for simple telephone capabilities, which most manufacturers implement. GAP-conformance enables DECT handsets and bases from different manufacturers to interoperate at the most basic level of functionality, that of making and receiving calls. Japan uses its own DECT variant, J-DECT, which is supported by the DECT forum.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.dect.org/| title = DECT Forum}}</ref> | ||
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The New Generation DECT (NG-DECT) standard, marketed as [[CAT-iq]] by the DECT Forum, provides a common set of advanced capabilities for handsets and base stations. CAT-iq allows interchangeability across [[IP-DECT]] base stations and handsets from different manufacturers, while maintaining backward compatibility with GAP equipment. It also requires mandatory support for [[wideband audio]]. | The New Generation DECT (NG-DECT) standard, marketed as [[CAT-iq]] by the DECT Forum, provides a common set of advanced capabilities for handsets and base stations. CAT-iq allows interchangeability across [[IP-DECT]] base stations and handsets from different manufacturers, while maintaining backward compatibility with GAP equipment. It also requires mandatory support for [[wideband audio]]. | ||
[[ | [[DECT-2020]] New Radio, marketed as NR+ (New Radio plus), is a [[5G]] data transmission protocol which meets ITU-R [[IMT-2020]] requirements for ultra-reliable low-latency and massive machine-type communications, and can co-exist with earlier DECT devices.<ref name=dect-2020-itu-r-approval/><ref name=etsi-tr-103810>[https://portal.etsi.org/webapp/workprogram/Report_WorkItem.asp?WKI_ID=62115 ETSI TR 103 810 V1.1.1 (2021-11). Final Evaluation Report on DECT-2020 NR.] ETSI, 23 November 2021.</ref><ref name=DECT_NR_plus>{{cite web|url=https://www.dect.org/userfiles/file/A.%20Current%20Documents/NRplus/DF_PR%20DECT%20NRplus_final_2022-02-24.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224233921/https://www.dect.org/userfiles/file/A.%20Current%20Documents/NRplus/DF_PR%20DECT%20NRplus_final_2022-02-24.pdf |archive-date=2022-02-24 |url-status=live|title=ITU-R Approves DECT-2020 as New 5G Technology Standard. DECT Forum will be Promoting the Standard under the Name NR+|work=DECT Forum|date=2022-02-24}}</ref> | ||
==Standards history== | ==Standards history== | ||
The DECT standard was developed by [[ETSI]] in several phases, the first of which took place between 1988 and 1992 when the first round of standards were published. These were the ETS | The DECT standard was developed by [[ETSI]] in several phases, the first of which took place between 1988 and 1992 when the first round of standards were published. These were the ETS 300–175 series in nine parts defining the air interface, and ETS 300-176 defining how the units should be type approved. A technical report, ETR-178, was also published to explain the standard.<ref name=TR101178>{{cite web|url=http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_tr/101100_101199/101178/01.05.01_60/tr_101178v010501p.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112212952/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_tr/101100_101199/101178/01.05.01_60/tr_101178v010501p.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-12 |url-status=live|title=ETSI TR 101 178 V1.5.1 (2005-02). Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT): A high level guide to the DECT standardization|website=Etsi.org|access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> Subsequent standards were developed and published by ETSI to cover interoperability profiles and standards for testing. | ||
Named Digital European Cordless Telephone at its launch by CEPT in November 1987; its name was soon changed to Digital European Cordless Telecommunications, following a suggestion by Enrico Tosato of Italy, to reflect its broader range of application including data services. In 1995, due to its more global usage, the name was changed from European to Enhanced. DECT is recognized by the [[ITU]] as fulfilling the [[IMT-2000]] requirements and thus qualifies as a [[3G]] system. Within the IMT-2000 group of technologies, DECT is referred to as IMT-2000 Frequency Time (IMT-FT). | Named Digital European Cordless Telephone at its launch by CEPT in November 1987; its name was soon changed to Digital European Cordless Telecommunications, following a suggestion by Enrico Tosato of Italy, to reflect its broader range of application including data services. In 1995, due to its more global usage, the name was changed from European to Enhanced. DECT is recognized by the [[ITU]] as fulfilling the [[IMT-2000]] requirements and thus qualifies as a [[3G]] system. Within the IMT-2000 group of technologies, DECT is referred to as IMT-2000 Frequency Time (IMT-FT). | ||
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The DECT [[physical layer]] uses FDMA/TDMA access with TDD. | The DECT [[physical layer]] uses FDMA/TDMA access with TDD. | ||
[[Gaussian frequency-shift keying]] (GFSK) modulation is used: the binary one is coded with a frequency increase by 288 kHz, and the binary zero with frequency decrease of 288 kHz. With high quality connections, 2-, 4- or 8-level differential PSK modulation (DBPSK, DQPSK or D8PSK), which is similar to QAM-2, QAM-4 and QAM-8, can be used to transmit 1, 2, or 3 bits per each symbol. QAM-16 and QAM-64 modulations with 4 and 6 bits per symbol can be used for user data (B-field) only, with resulting transmission speeds of up to 5 | [[Gaussian frequency-shift keying]] (GFSK) modulation is used: the binary one is coded with a frequency increase by 288 kHz, and the binary zero with frequency decrease of 288 kHz. With high quality connections, 2-, 4- or 8-level differential PSK modulation (DBPSK, DQPSK or D8PSK), which is similar to QAM-2, QAM-4 and QAM-8, can be used to transmit 1, 2, or 3 bits per each symbol. QAM-16 and QAM-64 modulations with 4 and 6 bits per symbol can be used for user data (B-field) only, with resulting transmission speeds of up to 5.068{{nbsp}}Mbit/s. | ||
DECT provides dynamic channel selection and assignment; the choice of transmission frequency and time slot is always made by the mobile terminal. In case of interference in the selected frequency channel, the mobile terminal (possibly from suggestion by the base station) can initiate either intracell handover, selecting another channel/transmitter on the same base, or intercell handover, selecting a different base station altogether. For this purpose, DECT devices scan all idle channels at regular 30{{nbsp}}s intervals to generate a received signal strength indication (RSSI) list. When a new channel is required, the mobile terminal (PP) or base station (FP) selects a channel with the minimum interference from the RSSI list. | DECT provides dynamic channel selection and assignment; the choice of transmission frequency and time slot is always made by the mobile terminal. In case of interference in the selected frequency channel, the mobile terminal (possibly from suggestion by the base station) can initiate either intracell handover, selecting another channel/transmitter on the same base, or intercell handover, selecting a different base station altogether. For this purpose, DECT devices scan all idle channels at regular 30{{nbsp}}s intervals to generate a received signal strength indication (RSSI) list. When a new channel is required, the mobile terminal (PP) or base station (FP) selects a channel with the minimum interference from the RSSI list. | ||
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* Cordless Terminal Mobility (CTM) Access Profile (CAP){{Snd}} ETSI EN 300 824 | * Cordless Terminal Mobility (CTM) Access Profile (CAP){{Snd}} ETSI EN 300 824 | ||
* Data access profiles | * Data access profiles | ||
** DECT Multimedia Access Profile (DMAP) and Application Specific Access Profile (ASAP) {{Snd}} ETSI EN 301 650 | |||
** DECT Multimedia Access Profile (DMAP) | ** Open Data Access Profile (ODAP){{Snd}} ETSI TS 102 342 | ||
** Open Data Access Profile (ODAP) | |||
** [[Wireless local loop|Radio in the Local Loop]] (RLL) Access Profile (RAP){{Snd}} ETSI ETS 300 765 | ** [[Wireless local loop|Radio in the Local Loop]] (RLL) Access Profile (RAP){{Snd}} ETSI ETS 300 765 | ||
* Interworking profiles (IWP) | * Interworking profiles (IWP) | ||
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There are several CAT-iq profiles which define supported voice features: | There are several CAT-iq profiles which define supported voice features: | ||
* CAT-iq 1.0{{Snd}} "HD Voice" (ETSI TS 102 | * CAT-iq 1.0{{Snd}} "HD Voice" (ETSI TS 102 527–1): wideband audio, calling party line and name identification (CLIP/CNAP) | ||
* CAT-iq 2.0{{Snd}} "Multi Line" (ETSI TS 102 | * CAT-iq 2.0{{Snd}} "Multi Line" (ETSI TS 102 527–3): multiple lines, line name, call waiting, call transfer, phonebook, call list, DTMF tones, headset, settings | ||
* CAT-iq 2.1{{Snd}} "Green" (ETSI TS 102 | * CAT-iq 2.1{{Snd}} "Green" (ETSI TS 102 527–5): 3-party conference, call intrusion, caller blocking (CLIR), answering machine control, SMS, power-management | ||
* CAT-iq Data{{Snd}} light data services, software upgrade over the air (SUOTA) (ETSI TS 102 | * CAT-iq Data{{Snd}} light data services, software upgrade over the air (SUOTA) (ETSI TS 102 527–4) | ||
* CAT-iq IOT{{Snd}} Smart Home connectivity (IOT) with [[DECT Ultra Low Energy]] (ETSI TS 102 939) | * CAT-iq IOT{{Snd}} Smart Home connectivity (IOT) with [[DECT Ultra Low Energy]] (ETSI TS 102 939) | ||
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| url = http://scitation.aip.org/vsearch/servlet/VerityServlet?KEY=CCEJEL&smode=strresults&sort=chron&maxdisp=25&threshold=0&possible1=flatman&possible1zone=article&OUTLOG=NO&viewabs=CCEJEL&key=DISPLAY&docID=1&page=1&chapter=0 | | url = http://scitation.aip.org/vsearch/servlet/VerityServlet?KEY=CCEJEL&smode=strresults&sort=chron&maxdisp=25&threshold=0&possible1=flatman&possible1zone=article&OUTLOG=NO&viewabs=CCEJEL&key=DISPLAY&docID=1&page=1&chapter=0 | ||
| title = Wireless LANs: developments in technology and standards | | title = Wireless LANs: developments in technology and standards | ||
| publisher = | | publisher = IEEE Journal of Computing and Control Engineering | ||
| date = October 1994 | | date = October 1994 | ||
}}</ref> The protocol capabilities built into the DECT networking protocol standards were particularly good at supporting fast roaming in the public space, between hotspots operated by competing but connected providers. The first DECT product to reach the market, Olivetti's [[Net3|Net<sup>3</sup>]], was a wireless LAN, and German firms [[Dosch & Amand]] and [[Hoeft & Wessel]] built niche businesses on the supply of data transmission systems based on DECT. | }}</ref> The protocol capabilities built into the DECT networking protocol standards were particularly good at supporting fast roaming in the public space, between hotspots operated by competing but connected providers. The first DECT product to reach the market, Olivetti's [[Net3|Net<sup>3</sup>]], was a wireless LAN, and German firms [[Dosch & Amand]] and [[Hoeft & Wessel]] built niche businesses on the supply of data transmission systems based on DECT. | ||
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==Standards== | ==Standards== | ||
; ETSI EN 300 175 V2.9.1 ( | ; ETSI EN 300 175 V2.9.1 (2022–03). Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT){{Snd}} Common Interface (CI): | ||
* {{cite web |url=https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/300100_300199/30017501/02.09.01_60/en_30017501v020901p.pdf|title= ETSI EN 300 175-1. Part 1: Overview}} | * {{cite web |url=https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/300100_300199/30017501/02.09.01_60/en_30017501v020901p.pdf|title= ETSI EN 300 175-1. Part 1: Overview}} | ||
* {{cite web |url=https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/300100_300199/30017502/02.09.01_60/en_30017502v020901p.pdf|title= ETSI EN 300 175-2. Part 2: Physical Layer (PHL)}} | * {{cite web |url=https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/300100_300199/30017502/02.09.01_60/en_30017502v020901p.pdf|title= ETSI EN 300 175-2. Part 2: Physical Layer (PHL)}} | ||
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* {{cite web |url=https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/300100_300199/30017507/02.09.01_60/en_30017507v020901p.pdf|title= ETSI EN 300 175-7. Part 7: Security features}} | * {{cite web |url=https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/300100_300199/30017507/02.09.01_60/en_30017507v020901p.pdf|title= ETSI EN 300 175-7. Part 7: Security features}} | ||
* {{cite web |url=https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/300100_300199/30017508/02.09.01_60/en_30017508v020901p.pdf|title= ETSI EN 300 175-8. Part 8: Speech and audio coding and transmission}} | * {{cite web |url=https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/300100_300199/30017508/02.09.01_60/en_30017508v020901p.pdf|title= ETSI EN 300 175-8. Part 8: Speech and audio coding and transmission}} | ||
;ETSI TS 103 636 v2.1.1 ( | ;ETSI TS 103 636 v2.1.1 (2024–10). DECT-2020 New Radio (NR): | ||
* {{cite web |url=https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/103600_103699/10363601/02.01.01_60/ts_10363601v020101p.pdf|title= ETSI TS 103 636-1. Part 1: Overview}} | * {{cite web |url=https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/103600_103699/10363601/02.01.01_60/ts_10363601v020101p.pdf|title= ETSI TS 103 636-1. Part 1: Overview}} | ||
* {{cite web |url=https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/103600_103699/10363602/02.01.01_60/ts_10363602v020101p.pdf|title= ETSI TS 103 636-2. Part 2: Radio reception and transmission requirements}} | * {{cite web |url=https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/103600_103699/10363602/02.01.01_60/ts_10363602v020101p.pdf|title= ETSI TS 103 636-2. Part 2: Radio reception and transmission requirements}} | ||