Ediacaran: Difference between revisions

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The Ediacaran ( /ˌiːdiˈækərən, ˌɛdi-/ EE-dee-AK-ər-ən, ED-ee-)^[1] is a geological period of the Neoproterozoic Era that spans 96 million years from the end of the Cryogenian Period 635 million years ago to the beginning of the Cambrian Period 538.8 million years ago.Template:Ref icc It is the last period of the Proterozoic Eon as well as the last of the so-called "Precambrian supereon", before the beginning of the subsequent Cambrian Period marks the start of the Phanerozoic Eon, where recognizable fossil evidence of life becomes common.

The Ediacaran Period is named after the Ediacara Hills of South Australia, where trace fossils of a diverse community of previously unrecognized lifeforms (later named the Ediacaran biota) were first discovered by geologist Reg Sprigg in 1946.^[2] Its status as an official geological period was ratified in 2004 by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), making it the first new geological period declared in 120 years.^[3]^[4]^[5] Although the period took namesake from the Ediacara Hills in the Nilpena Ediacara National Park, the type section is actually located in the bed of the Enorama Creek^[6] within the Brachina Gorge^[7] in the Ikara-Flinders Ranges National Park, at 31°19′53.8″S 138°38′0.1″E / 31.331611°S 138.633361°E / -31.331611; 138.633361, approximately 55 km (34 mi) southeast of the Ediacara Hills fossil site.

The Ediacaran marks the first widespread appearance of complex multicellular fauna following the end of the Cryogenian global glaciation known as the Snowball Earth. The relatively sudden evolutionary radiation event, known as the Avalon Explosion, is represented by now-extinct, relatively simple soft-bodied animal phyla such as Proarticulata (bilaterians with simple articulation, e.g. Dickinsonia and Spriggina), Petalonamae (sea pen-like animals, e.g. Charnia), Aspidella (radial-shaped animals, e.g. Cyclomedusa) and Trilobozoa (animals with tri-radial symmetry, e.g. Tribrachidium). Most of these organisms appeared during or after the Avalon explosion 575 million years ago and died out during the End-Ediacaran extinction event 539 million years ago. Forerunners of some modern animal phyla also appeared during this period, including cnidarians and early bilaterians, as well as mollusc-like Kimberella. Hard-bodied organisms with mineralized shells also began their fossil record in the last few million years of the Ediacaran.^[8]

The supercontinent Pannotia formed and broke apart by the end of the period. The Ediacaran also witnessed several glaciation events, such as the Gaskiers and Baykonurian glaciations. The Shuram excursion also occurred during this period, but its glacial origin is unlikely.

Ediacaran vs. Vendian

The Ediacaran Period overlaps but is shorter than the Vendian Period (650 to 543 million years ago), a name that was earlier, in 1952, proposed by Russian geologist and paleontologist Boris Sokolov. The Vendian concept was formed stratigraphically top-down, and the lower boundary of the Cambrian became the upper boundary of the Vendian.^[9]^[10]

Paleontological substantiation of this boundary was worked out separately for the siliciclastic basin (base of the Baltic Stage of the Eastern European Platform^[11]) and for the carbonate basin (base of the Tommotian stage of the Siberian Platform).^[12] The lower boundary of the Vendian was suggested to be defined at the base of the Varanger (Laplandian stage) tillites.^[10]^[13]

The Vendian in its type area consists of large subdivisions such as Laplandian, Redkino, Kotlin, and Rovno regional stages with the globally traceable subdivisions and their boundaries, including its lower one.

The Redkino, Kotlin and Rovno regional stages have been substantiated in the type area of the Vendian on the basis of the abundant organic-walled microfossils, megascopic algae, metazoan body fossils and ichnofossils.^[10]^[14]

The lower boundary of the Vendian could have a biostratigraphic substantiation as well taking into consideration the worldwide occurrence of the Pertatataka assemblage of giant acanthomorph acritarchs.^[13]

Upper and lower boundaries

File:Ediacaran-GSSP-IMGP6652-.jpg

The 'golden spike' (bronze disk in the lower section of the image) or 'type section' of the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Ediacaran System

File:Ediacaran GSSP - closeup.JPG

The 'golden spike' marking the GSSP

The Ediacaran Period represents the time from the end of global Marinoan glaciation to the first appearance worldwide of somewhat complicated trace fossils (Treptichnus pedum (Seilacher, 1955)).^[4]

Although the Ediacaran Period does contain soft-bodied fossils, it is unusual in comparison to later periods because its beginning is not defined by a change in the fossil record. Rather, the beginning is defined at the base of a chemically distinctive carbonate layer that is referred to as a "cap carbonate", because it caps glacial deposits.

This bed is characterized by an unusual depletion of ¹³C that indicates a sudden climatic change at the end of the Marinoan ice age. The lower global boundary stratotype section (GSSP) of the Ediacaran is at the base of the cap carbonate (Nuccaleena Formation), immediately above the Elatina diamictite in the Enorama Creek section, Brachina Gorge, within the Ikara–Flinders Ranges National Park, Flinders Ranges, South Australia.

The GSSP of the upper boundary of the Ediacaran is the lower boundary of the Cambrian on the SE coast of Newfoundland approved by the International Commission on Stratigraphy as a preferred alternative to the base of the Tommotian Stage in Siberia which was selected on the basis of the ichnofossil Treptichnus pedum (Seilacher, 1955). In the history of stratigraphy it was the first case of usage of bioturbations for the System boundary definition.

Nevertheless, the definitions of the lower and upper boundaries of the Ediacaran on the basis of chemostratigraphy and ichnofossils are disputable.^[13]^[15]

Cap carbonates generally have a restricted geographic distribution (due to specific conditions of their precipitation)^[vague] and usually siliciclastic sediments laterally replace the cap carbonates in a rather short distance but cap carbonates do not occur above every tillite elsewhere^{[clarification needed]} in the world.

The C-isotope chemostratigraphic characteristics obtained for contemporaneous cap carbonates in different parts of the world may be variable in a wide range owing to different degrees of secondary alteration of carbonates, dissimilar criteria used for selection of the least altered samples, and, as far as the C-isotope data are concerned, due to primary lateral variations of δ ^l3C_carb in the upper layer of the ocean.^[13]^[16]

Furthermore, Oman presents in its stratigraphic record a large negative carbon isotope excursion, within the Shuram^[17] Formation that is clearly away from any glacial evidence^[18] strongly questioning systematic association of negative δ ^l3C_carb excursion and glacial events.^[19] Also, the Shuram excursion is prolonged and is estimated to last for ~9.0 Myrs.^[20]

As to the Treptichnus pedum, a reference ichnofossil for the lower boundary of the Cambrian, its usage for the stratigraphic detection of this boundary is always risky, because of the occurrence of very similar trace fossils belonging to the Treptichnids group well below the level of T. pedum in Namibia, Spain and Newfoundland, and possibly, in the western United States. The stratigraphic range of T. pedum overlaps the range of the Ediacaran fossils in Namibia, and probably in Spain.^[13]^[21]

Subdivisions

File:Nou Fonts Ediacaran.jpg

Outcrops of micaschists and marble of the Groupe de Canaveilles [fr] (Ediacaran, c. 580 Ma) in the eastern Pyrenees (commune of Fontpédrouse, France)^[22]

File:Piton de Castell Vidre 2023.jpg

Groupe de Canaveilles exposure (Piton de Castell Vidre) in the eastern Pyrenees (commune of Llo, France). 1 - Very silicious schist. 2 - Marble. 3 - Limestone and dolomite. 4 (& inset) - "Barégiennes" (thin, deformed, alternating calcareous/siliceous beds).^[23]

The Ediacaran Period is not yet formally subdivided, but a proposed scheme^[24] recognises an Upper Ediacaran whose base corresponds with the Gaskiers glaciation, a Terminal Ediacaran Stage starting around 550 million years ago, a preceding stage beginning around 575 million years ago with the earliest widespread Ediacaran biota fossils; two proposed schemes differ on whether the lower strata should be divided into an Early and Middle Ediacaran or not, because it is not clear whether the Shuram excursion (which would divide the Early and Middle) is a separate event from the Gaskiers, or whether the two events are correlated.

Absolute dating

The dating of the rock type section of the Ediacaran Period in South Australia has proven uncertain due to lack of overlying igneous material. Therefore, the age range of 635 to 538.8 million years ago is based on correlations to other countries where dating has been possible. The base age of approximately 635 million years is based on U–Pb (uranium–lead) and Re–Os (rhenium–osmium) dating from Africa, China, North America, and Tasmania.^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]

Biota

File:Archaeaspinus fedonkini.jpg

Archaeaspinus, a representative of phylum Proarticulata which also includes Dickinsonia, Karakhtia, Spriggina and numerous other organisms. They are members of the Ediacaran biota.^[30]

The fossil record from most of the Ediacaran Period is sparse, as more easily fossilized hard-shelled animals did not evolve until the latest Ediacaran. The Ediacaran biota include the oldest definite multicellular organisms (with specialized tissues), the most common types of which resemble segmented worms, fronds, disks, or immobile bags. Among largely undisputed animals, Auroralumina and Haootia were cnidarians, while Yilingia represented the motile bilaterians.^[31]^[32]^[33] Sponges recognisable as such also appeared, at latest, during the terminal Ediacaran, including Helicolocellus, a likely non-biomineralizing sponge.^[34]^[35]

Other than these definitive animals, most members of the Ediacaran biota bear little resemblance to modern lifeforms, and their relationship with even the immediately following lifeforms of the Cambrian explosion is rather difficult to interpret.^[36]^[37] More than 100 genera have been described, and well known forms include Arkarua, Charnia, Dickinsonia, Ediacaria, Marywadea, Cephalonega, Pteridinium, and Yorgia. However, despite the overall enigmaticness of most Ediacaran organisms, some fossils identifiable as hard-shelled agglutinated foraminifera (which are not classified as animals) are known from latest Ediacaran sediments of western Siberia.^[38]

Four different biotic intervals are known in the Ediacaran, each being characterised by the prominence of a unique ecology and faunal assemblage. The first spanned from 635 to around 575 Ma and was dominated by acritarchs known as large ornamented Ediacaran microfossils.^[39] The second spanned from around 575 to 560 Ma and was characterised by the Avalon biota. The third spanned from 560 to 550 Ma; its biota has been dubbed the White Sea biota due to many fossils from this time being found along the coasts of the White Sea. The fourth lasted from 550 to 539 Ma and is known as the interval of the Nama biotic assemblage.^[40]

There is evidence for a mass extinction during this period from early animals changing the environment,^[41] dating to the same time as the transition between the White Sea and the Nama-type biotas.^[42]^[43] Alternatively, this mass extinction has also been theorised to have been the result of an anoxic event.^[40]

Astronomical factors

The relative proximity of the Moon at this time meant that tides were stronger and more rapid than they are now. The day was 21.9 ± 0.4 hours, and there were 13.1 ± 0.1 synodic months/year and 400 ± 7 solar days/year.^[44]

Documentaries

A few English language documentaries have featured the Ediacaran Period and biota:

Australia: The Time Traveller's Guide (2012, ABC Science; Part 1 of 4).^[45]
The Geological History of Canada, as part of The Nature of Things series, CBC-SRC; 2011; Eastern Canada.
The first episode of a BBC documentary titled Life on Earth, with David Attenborough as narrator.
Another documentary narrated by David Attenborough titled First Life featuring Charnia, Dickinsonia, Spriggina, Funisia, and Kimberella animated in CGI.

References

↑ Template:Dictionary.com
↑ Sprigg, Reg. C. (1947). "Early Cambrian (?) jellyfishes from the Flinders Ranges, South Australia". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 71 (2): 212–224.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named EP-Ediacaran
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 A. Knoll, M. Walter, G. Narbonne, and N. Christie-Blick (2004) "The Ediacaran Period: A New Addition to the Geologic Time Scale." Submitted on Behalf of the Terminal Proterozoic Subcommission of the International Commission on Stratigraphy.
↑ Knoll, A. H.; Walter, MR; Narbonne, G. M; Christie-Blick, N (30 July 2004). "A new period for the geologic time scale" (PDF). Science. 305 (5684): 621–622. doi:10.1126/science.1098803. PMID 15286353. S2CID 32763298. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2011.
↑ "Geological time gets a new period: Geologists have added a new period to their official calendar of Earth's history—the first in 120 years". London: BBC. 17 May 2004. Accessed 27 December 2010.
↑ South Australian Museum Newsletter April 2005 Archived 17 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 9 August 2010.
↑ Grant, S.W. (1990). "Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina, a potential index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic". American Journal of Science. 290-A (290–A): 261–294. PMID 11538690. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2008.
↑ B. M. Sokolov (1952). "On the age of the old sedimentary cover of the Russian Platform". Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR. Seriya Eologicheskaya. 5: 21–31.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Sokolov, B.S. (1997). "Essays on the Advent of the Vendian System." 153 pp. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow. (in Russian)
↑ Sokolov B. S. (1965) "Abstracts of All-Union Symposium on Paleontology of the Precambrian and Early Cambrian." Nauka, Novosibirsk.
↑ Rozanov, A.Y.; Missarzhevskij, V.V.; Volkova, N.A.; Voronova, L.G.; Krylov, I.N.; Keller, B.M.; Korolyuk, I.K.; Lendzion, K.; Michniak, R.; Pykhova, N.G. & Sidorov, A.D. (1969). "The Tommotian Stage and the problem of the lower boundary of the Cambrian". Trudy Geologičeskogo Instituta AN SSSR. 206: 1–380.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 ^13.3 ^13.4 M. A. Fedonkin; B. S. Sokolov; M. A. Semikhatov; N. M. Chumakov (2007). "Vendian versus Ediacaran: priorities, contents, prospectives". Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. In: "The Rise and Fall of the Vendian (Ediacaran) Biota" (PDF). Origin of the Modern Biosphere. Transactions of the International Conference on the IGCP Project 493n Moscow: GEOS. 20–31 August 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2012. (82mb)
↑ Khomentovsky, V. V. (2008). "The Yudomian of Siberia, Vendian and Ediacaran systems of the International stratigraphic scale". Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation. 16 (6): 581–598. Bibcode:2008SGC....16..581K. doi:10.1134/S0869593808060014. S2CID 128966206.
↑ Comments By B. S. Sokolov, M. A. Semikhatov, And M. A. Fedonkin. (2004) Appendix 2 in: "The Ediacaran Period: A New Addition to the Geologic Time Scale." Submitted on Behalf of the Terminal Proterozoic Subcommission of the International Commission on Stratigraphy. pp. 32–34
↑ Bristow, T. F.; Kennedy, M. J. (2008). "Carbon isotope excursions and the oxidant budget of the Ediacaran atmosphere and ocean" (PDF). Geology. 36 (11): 863–866. Bibcode:2008Geo....36..863B. doi:10.1130/G24968A.1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2007.
↑ Le Guerroué, E.; Allen, P. A.; Cozzi, A. (2006). "Chemostratigraphic and sedimentological framework of the largest negative carbon isotopic excursion in Earth history: The Neoproterozoic Shuram Formation (Nafun Group, Oman)". Precambrian Research. 146 (1–2): 68–92. Bibcode:2006PreR..146...68L. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2006.01.007.
↑ Le Guerroué, E.; Allen, P. A.; Cozzi, A.; Etienne, J. L.; Fanning, C. M. (2006). "50 Myr recovery from the largest negative δ¹³C excursion in the Ediacaran ocean". Terra Nova. 18 (2): 147–153. Bibcode:2006TeNov..18..147L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2006.00674.x. S2CID 140710102. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013.
↑ Le Guerroué, E.; Allen, P. A.; Cozzi, A. (2006). "Parasequence development in the Ediacaran Shuram Formation (Nafun Group, Oman): primary origin stratigraphic test of negative carbon isotopic ratios". Basin Research. 18 (2): 205–220. Bibcode:2006BasR...18..205L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2117.2006.00292.x. S2CID 128910191. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013.
↑ Gong, Zheng; Kodama, Kenneth; Li, Yong-Xiang (2017). "Rock magnetic cyclostratigraphy of the Doushantuo Formation, South China and its implications for the duration of the Shuram carbon isotope excursion". Precambrian Research. 289: 62–74. Bibcode:2017PreR..289...62G. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2016.12.002.
↑ A. Ragozina, D. Dorjnamjaa, A. Krayushkin, E. Serezhnikova (2008). "Treptichnus pedum and the Vendian-Cambrian boundary Archived 4 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine". 33 Intern. Geol. Congr. August 6–14, 2008, Oslo, Norway. Abstracts. Section HPF 07 Rise and fall of the Ediacaran (Vendian) biota. P. 183.
↑ B. Laumonier et al., Notice explicative de la feuille Prats-de-Mollo-La-preste (1099) à 1/50 000, BRGM Éditions, Orléans, 2015, pages 22-23 (bC1 - « ...niveau de marbres calcaires et dolomitiques M1...(dans les) hautes vallées de la Ribérole et de la Carança M1 est formé de 2 ou 3 niveaux décamétriques très continus. », ficheinfoterre.brgm.fr.
↑ "Sentier géologique de Llo, a journey through 600 million years of time". Parc naturel régional des Pyrénées catalanes. Retrieved 22 May 2025.
↑ Xiao, Shuhai; Narbonne, Guy M.; Zhou, Chuanming; Laflamme, Marc; Grazhdankin, Dmitriy V.; Moczydlowska-Vidal, Malgorzata; Cui, Huan (2016). "Towards an Ediacaran Time Scale: Problems, Protocols, and Prospects". Episodes. 39 (4): 540555. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2016/v39i4/103886.
↑ Rooney, Alan D.; Strauss, Justin V.; Brandon, Alan D.; Macdonald, Francis A. (2015). "A Cryogenian chronology: Two long-lasting synchronous Neoproterozoic glaciations". Geology. 43 (5): 459–462. Bibcode:2015Geo....43..459R. doi:10.1130/G36511.1. ISSN 1943-2682.
↑ Rooney, Alan D.; Yang, Chuan; Condon, Daniel J.; Zhu, Maoyan; Macdonald, Francis A. (1 June 2020). "U-Pb and Re-Os geochronology tracks stratigraphic condensation in the Sturtian snowball Earth aftermath". Geology. 48 (6): 625–629. Bibcode:2020Geo....48..625R. doi:10.1130/G47246.1. ISSN 0091-7613. S2CID 218815302.
↑ Zhang, Shihong; Jiang, Ganqing; Zhang, Junming; Song, Biao; Kennedy, Martin J.; Christie-Blick, Nicholas (2005). "U-Pb sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe ages from the Doushantuo Formation in south China: Constraints on late Neoproterozoic glaciations". Geology. 33 (6): 473. Bibcode:2005Geo....33..473Z. doi:10.1130/G21418.1. ISSN 0091-7613.
↑ Schmitz, M.D. (2012), "Radiometric ages used in GTS2012", The Geologic Time Scale, Elsevier, pp. 1045–1082, doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-59425-9.15002-4, ISBN 978-0-444-59425-9, retrieved 2 April 2022
↑ Calver, C.R.; Crowley, J.L.; Wingate, M.T.D.; Evans, D.A.D.; Raub, T.D.; Schmitz, M.D. (2013). "Globally synchronous Marinoan deglaciation indicated by U-Pb geochronology of the Cottons Breccia, Tasmania, Australia". Geology. 41 (10): 1127–1130. Bibcode:2013Geo....41.1127C. doi:10.1130/G34568.1. ISSN 1943-2682.
↑ Fedonkin, Mikhail A.; Gehling, James G.; Grey, Kathleen; Narbonne, Guy M.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia (16 March 2007). The Rise of Animals: Evolution and Diversification of the Kingdom Animalia. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8679-9. Retrieved 7 August 2022 – via Google Books.
↑ Dunn, F. S.; Kenchington, C. G.; Parry, L. A.; Clark, J. W.; Kendall, R. S.; Wilby, P. R. (25 July 2022). "A crown-group cnidarian from the Ediacaran of Charnwood Forest, UK". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 6 (8): 1095–1104. Bibcode:2022NatEE...6.1095D. doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01807-x. PMC 9349040 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35879540 Check |pmid= value (help).
↑ McIlroy, D.; Pasinetti, G.; Pérez-Pinedo, D.; McKean, C.; Dufour, S. C.; Matthews, J. J.; Menon, L. R.; Nicholls, R.; Taylor, R. S. (30 August 2024). "The Palaeobiology of Two Crown Group Cnidarians: Haootia quadriformis and Mamsetia manunis gen. et sp. nov. from the Ediacaran of Newfoundland, Canada". Life. 14 (9): 1096. Bibcode:2024Life...14.1096M. doi:10.3390/life14091096. ISSN 2075-1729. PMC 11432848 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 39337880 Check |pmid= value (help).
↑ Chen, Zhe; Zhou, Chuanming; Yuan, Xunlai; Xiao, Shuhai (September 2019). "Death march of a segmented and trilobate bilaterian elucidates early animal evolution". Nature. 573 (7774): 412–415. Bibcode:2019Natur.573..412C. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1522-7. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 31485079.
↑ Xiao, Shuhai (12 August 2020). "Ediacaran sponges, animal biomineralization, and skeletal reefs". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (35): 20997–20999. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11720997X. doi:10.1073/pnas.2014393117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7474584. PMID 32817471.
↑ Wang, Xiaopeng; Liu, Alexander G.; Chen, Zhe; Wu, Chengxi; Liu, Yarong; Wan, Bin; Pang, Ke; Zhou, Chuanming; Yuan, Xunlai; Xiao, Shuhai (June 2024). "A late-Ediacaran crown-group sponge animal". Nature. 630 (8018): 905–911. Bibcode:2024Natur.630..905W. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07520-y. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 38839967 Check |pmid= value (help).
↑ Xiao, Shuhai; Laflamme, Marc (January 2009). "On the eve of animal radiation: phylogeny, ecology and evolution of the Ediacara biota". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 24 (1): 31–40. Bibcode:2009TEcoE..24...31X. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2008.07.015. PMID 18952316. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
↑ Dunn, Frances S.; Liu, Alexander G. (11 February 2019). "Viewing the Ediacaran biota as a failed experiment is unhelpful". Nature Ecology and Evolution. 3 (4): 512–514. Bibcode:2019NatEE...3..512D. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0815-4. hdl:1983/66823944-c58a-4c15-8699-7c685776635b. PMID 30742104. S2CID 59945361. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
↑ Kontorovich, A. E.; Varlamov, A. I.; Grazhdankin, D. V.; Karlova, G. A.; Klets, A. G.; Kontorovich, V. A.; Saraev, S. V.; Terleev, A. A.; Belyaev, S. Yu.; Varaksina, I. V.; Efimov, A. S. (1 December 2008). "A section of Vendian in the east of West Siberian Plate (based on data from the Borehole Vostok 3)". Russian Geology and Geophysics. 49 (12): 932–939. Bibcode:2008RuGG...49..932K. doi:10.1016/j.rgg.2008.06.012. ISSN 1068-7971.
↑ Cohen, P. A.; Knoll, A. H.; Kodner, R. B. (April 2009). "Large spinose microfossils in Ediacaran rocks as resting stages of early animals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (16): 6519–6524. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.6519C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0902322106. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2672526. PMID 19366668.
↑ ^40.0 ^40.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
↑ Laflamme, Marc; Darroch, Simon A. F.; Tweedt, Sarah M.; Peterson, Kevin J.; Erwin, Douglas H. (1 March 2013). "The end of the Ediacara biota: Extinction, biotic replacement, or Cheshire Cat?". Gondwana Research. Geological processes in the Early Earth. 23 (2): 558–573. Bibcode:2013GondR..23..558L. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2012.11.004. ISSN 1342-937X. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
↑ Darroch, Simon A. F.; Sperling, Erik A.; Boag, Thomas H.; Racicot, Rachel A.; Mason, Sara J.; Morgan, Alex S.; Tweedt, Sarah; Myrow, Paul; Johnston, David T.; Erwin, Douglas H.; Laflamme, Marc (7 September 2015). "Biotic replacement and mass extinction of the Ediacara biota". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 282 (1814): 1–10. Bibcode:2015RSPSB.28251003D. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1003. PMC 4571692. PMID 26336166.
↑ Evidence that Earth's first mass extinction was caused by critters not catastrophe, ScienceDaily
↑ Williams, George E. (2000). "Geological constraints on the Precambrian history of Earth's rotation and the Moon's orbit". Reviews of Geophysics. 38 (1): 37–60. Bibcode:2000RvGeo..38...37W. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.597.6421. doi:10.1029/1999RG900016. S2CID 51948507.
↑ Celebrating 50 years of ABC Science Retrieved 18 March 2023.

External links

"Geological time gets a new period: Geologists have added a new period to their official calendar of Earth's history—the first in 120 years". London: BBC. 17 May 2004.
"Ediacaran Period". GeoWhen Database. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2006.
Introduction to the Vendian Period
transcript – Catalyst (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)
Mistaken Point Fauna: The Discovery
Earth's oldest animal ecosystem held in fossils at Nilpena Station in SA outback ABC News, 5 August 2013. Accessed 6 August 2013.
Australia: The Time Traveller's Guide (2012) at IMDb
In Our Time – Ediacara Biota, BBC Radio, 9 July 2009. Accessed 1 February 2025.

Template:Proterozoic footer Template:Geological history of Earth

[1] Template:Dictionary.com

[2] Sprigg, Reg. C. (1947). "Early Cambrian (?) jellyfishes from the Flinders Ranges, South Australia". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 71 (2): 212–224.

[EP-Ediacaran-3] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named EP-Ediacaran

[Knoll2004a-4] 4.0 ^4.1 A. Knoll, M. Walter, G. Narbonne, and N. Christie-Blick (2004) "The Ediacaran Period: A New Addition to the Geologic Time Scale." Submitted on Behalf of the Terminal Proterozoic Subcommission of the International Commission on Stratigraphy.

[Knoll2004-5] Knoll, A. H.; Walter, MR; Narbonne, G. M; Christie-Blick, N (30 July 2004). "A new period for the geologic time scale" (PDF). Science. 305 (5684): 621–622. doi:10.1126/science.1098803. PMID 15286353. S2CID 32763298. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2011.

[6] "Geological time gets a new period: Geologists have added a new period to their official calendar of Earth's history—the first in 120 years". London: BBC. 17 May 2004. Accessed 27 December 2010.

[7] South Australian Museum Newsletter April 2005 Archived 17 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 9 August 2010.

[8] Grant, S.W. (1990). "Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina, a potential index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic". American Journal of Science. 290-A (290–A): 261–294. PMID 11538690. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2008.

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@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 | color                        = Ediacaran
 | top_bar                      = all time
-| time_start                   = 635
+| time_start                   = {{period start|ediacaran}}
-| time_start_prefix            = ~
+| time_end                     = {{period end|ediacaran}}
-| time_end                     = 538.8
+| time_end_uncertainty         = {{period end error|ediacaran|sign=no}}
-| time_end_uncertainty         = 0.2
 | image_map                    = Mollweide Paleographic Map of Earth, 600 Ma (Ediacaran Period).png
 | caption_map                  = A map of Earth as it appeared during the mid-Ediacaran, {{circa}} 600 Ma
@@ Line 44: / Line 43: @@
 * Worldwide distinct cap carbonates.
 * Beginning of a distinctive pattern of secular changes in [[carbon isotope]]s.
-| lower_gssp_location          = Enorama Creek section, [[Flinders Ranges]], [[South Australia]]
+| lower_gssp_location          = [[Enorama Creek]] section, [[Flinders Ranges]], [[South Australia]]
 | lower_gssp_coords            = {{Coord|31.3314|S|138.6334|E|display=inline}}
-| lower_gssp_accept_date       = March 2004<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Knoll |first1=Andrew H. |last2=Walter |first2=Malcolm R. |last3=Narbonne |first3=Guy M. |last4=Christie-Black |first4=Nicholas |title=The Ediacaran Period: a new addition to the geologic time scale |journal=Lethaia |date=3 March 2006 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=13–30 |doi=10.1080/00241160500409223 |bibcode=2006Letha..39...13K |url=https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/ediacaran.pdf |access-date=6 December 2020}}</ref>
+| lower_gssp_accept_date       = {{period start ratification|ediacaran}}
 | upper_boundary_def           = Appearance of the [[Trace fossil|Ichnofossil]] ''[[Treptichnus pedum]]''
 | upper_gssp_location          = [[Fortune Head|Fortune Head section]], [[Newfoundland]], [[Canada]]
 | upper_gssp_coords            = {{Coord|47.0762|N|55.8310|W|display=inline}}
-| upper_gssp_accept_date       = 1992<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brasier |first1=Martin |last2=Cowie |first2=John |last3=Taylor |first3=Michael |title=Decision on the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary stratotype |journal=Episodes |volume=17 |url=https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/fortunian.pdf |access-date=6 December 2020}}</ref>
+| upper_gssp_accept_date       = {{period end ratification|ediacaran}}
 <!--Atmospheric and Climatic Data-->
 | o2                           = 8
@@ Line 58: / Line 57: @@
 }}
-The '''Ediacaran''' ({{IPAc-en|pron|ˌ|iː|d|i|ˈ|æ|k|ər|ə|n|,_|ˌ|ɛ|d|i|-}} {{respell|EE|dee|AK|ər|ən|,_|ED|ee|-}})<ref>{{dictionary.com|Ediacaran}}</ref> is a [[geological period]] of the [[Neoproterozoic]] [[geologic era|Era]] that spans 96 million years from the end of the [[Cryogenian]] Period at 635 [[Million years ago|Mya]] to the beginning of the [[Cambrian]] Period at 538.8 Mya.<ref name="StratChart 2022">{{cite web |title=Stratigraphic Chart 2022 |url=https://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2022-02.pdf |publisher=International Stratigraphic Commission |date=February 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022}}</ref> It is the last period of the [[Proterozoic]] [[geologic eon|Eon]] as well as the last of the so-called "[[Precambrian]] supereon", before the beginning of the subsequent Cambrian Period marks the start of the [[Phanerozoic]] Eon, where recognizable [[fossil]] evidence of [[life]] becomes common.
+The '''Ediacaran''' ({{IPAc-en|pron|ˌ|iː|d|i|ˈ|æ|k|ər|ə|n|,_|ˌ|ɛ|d|i|-}} {{respell|EE|dee|AK|ər|ən|,_|ED|ee|-}})<ref>{{dictionary.com|Ediacaran}}</ref> is a [[geological period]] of the [[Neoproterozoic]] [[geologic era|Era]] that spans 96 million years from the end of the [[Cryogenian]] Period 635 million years ago to the beginning of the [[Cambrian]] Period 538.8  million years ago.{{ref icc|2024/12}} It is the last period of the [[Proterozoic]] [[geologic eon|Eon]] as well as the last of the so-called "[[Precambrian]] supereon", before the beginning of the subsequent Cambrian Period marks the start of the [[Phanerozoic]] Eon, where recognizable [[fossil]] evidence of [[life]] becomes common.
-The Ediacaran Period is named after the [[Ediacara Hills]] of [[South Australia]], where [[trace fossil]]s of a diverse community of previously unrecognized lifeforms (later named the [[Ediacaran biota]]) were first discovered by geologist [[Reg Sprigg]] in 1946.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sprigg|first1=Reg. C.|title=Early Cambrian (?) jellyfishes from the Flinders Ranges, South Australia|journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia|date=1947|volume=71|issue=2|pages=212–224|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41347851#page/234/mode/1up}}</ref> Its status as an official geological period was ratified in 2004 by the [[International Union of Geological Sciences]] (IUGS), making it the first new geological period declared in 120 years.<ref name=Knoll2004a/><ref name=Knoll2004>{{cite journal
+The Ediacaran Period is named after the [[Ediacara Hills]] of [[South Australia]], where [[trace fossil]]s of a diverse community of previously unrecognized lifeforms (later named the [[Ediacaran biota]]) were first discovered by geologist [[Reg Sprigg]] in 1946.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sprigg|first1=Reg. C.|title=Early Cambrian (?) jellyfishes from the Flinders Ranges, South Australia|journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia|date=1947|volume=71|issue=2|pages=212–224|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41347851#page/234/mode/1up}}</ref> Its status as an official geological period was ratified in 2004 by the [[International Union of Geological Sciences]] (IUGS), making it the first new geological period declared in 120 years.<ref name="EP-Ediacaran"/><ref name=Knoll2004a/><ref name=Knoll2004>{{cite journal
   | author = Knoll, A. H.
   | date = 30 July 2004
@@ Line 77: / Line 76: @@
   | last4 = Christie-Blick
   | first4 = N
-  | s2cid = 32763298|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607104121/http://www.stratigraphy.org/bak/ediacaran/Knoll_et_al_2004b.pdf| archive-date=7 June 2011 }}</ref><ref name=Knoll2006>{{cite journal
+  | s2cid = 32763298|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607104121/http://www.stratigraphy.org/bak/ediacaran/Knoll_et_al_2004b.pdf| archive-date=7 June 2011 }}</ref> Although the period took [[namesake]] from the Ediacara Hills in the [[Nilpena Ediacara National Park]], the [[Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point|type section]] is actually located in the bed of the [[Nilpena Ediacara National Park#GSSP|Enorama Creek]]<ref>{{cite news | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3721481.stm
- |author1         = Knoll, A. H.
+  | title = Geological time gets a new period: Geologists have added a new period to their official calendar of Earth's history—the first in 120 years | publisher = BBC | date = 2004-05-17 | location=London}} Accessed 27 December 2010.</ref> within the Brachina Gorge<ref>[http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/page/default.asp?site=1&page=Newsletter&id=876&fragPage=1 South Australian Museum Newsletter April 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217013850/http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/page/default.asp?site=1&page=Newsletter&id=876&fragPage=1 |date=17 February 2011 }} Accessed 9 August 2010.</ref> in the [[Ikara-Flinders Ranges National Park]], at {{coord|31|19|53.8|S|138|38|0.1|E|display=inline}}, approximately {{cvt|55|km}} southeast of the Ediacara Hills fossil site.
- |author2         = Walter, M. R.
- |author3         = Narbonne, G. M.
- |author4         = Christie-Blick, N.
- |name-list-style = amp
- |date            = March 2006
- |title           = The Ediacaran Period: A new addition to the geologic time scale
- |journal         = Lethaia
- |volume          = 39
- |issue = 1
- |pages           = 13–30
- |url             = http://geol.queensu.ca/people/narbonne/KnollWalterNarbonneChristieBlick_Lethaia_2006.pdf
- |doi             = 10.1080/00241160500409223
- |bibcode = 2006Letha..39...13K
- |url-status         = dead
- |archive-url      = https://web.archive.org/web/20070221084915/http://geol.queensu.ca/people/narbonne/KnollWalterNarbonneChristieBlick_Lethaia_2006.pdf
- |archive-date     = 2007-02-21
-}}</ref> Although the period took [[namesake]] from the Ediacara Hills in the [[Nilpena Ediacara National Park]], the [[Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point|type section]] is actually located in the bed of the Enorama Creek<ref>{{cite news
- | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3721481.stm
-  | title = Geological time gets a new period: Geologists have added a new period to their official calendar of Earth's history—the first in 120 years
- | publisher = BBC
- | date = 2004-05-17
- | location=London}} Accessed 27 December 2010.</ref> within the Brachina Gorge<ref>[http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/page/default.asp?site=1&page=Newsletter&id=876&fragPage=1 South Australian Museum Newsletter April 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217013850/http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/page/default.asp?site=1&page=Newsletter&id=876&fragPage=1 |date=17 February 2011 }} Accessed 9 August 2010.</ref> in the [[Ikara-Flinders Ranges National Park]], at {{coord|31|19|53.8|S|138|38|0.1|E|display=inline}}, approximately {{cvt|55|km}} southeast of the Ediacara Hills fossil site.
 The Ediacaran marks the first widespread appearance of complex [[multicellular]] [[fauna]] following the end of the Cryogenian global [[glaciation]] known as the [[Snowball Earth]]. The relatively sudden [[evolutionary radiation]] event, known as the [[Avalon Explosion]], is represented by now-extinct, relatively simple [[soft-bodied organism|soft-bodied]] [[animal]] [[Phylum|phyla]] such as [[Proarticulata]] ([[bilaterian]]s with simple [[joint|articulation]], e.g. ''[[Dickinsonia]]'' and ''[[Spriggina]]''), [[Petalonamae]] ([[sea pen]]-like animals, e.g. ''[[Charnia]]''), [[Aspidella]] (radial-shaped animals, e.g. ''[[Cyclomedusa]]'') and [[Trilobozoa]] (animals with [[Symmetry in biology#Subtypes of radial symmetry|tri-radial symmetry]], e.g. ''[[Tribrachidium]]''). Most of these organisms appeared during or after the Avalon explosion 575 million years ago and died out during the [[End-Ediacaran extinction]] event 539 million years ago. Forerunners of some modern animal phyla also appeared during this period, including [[cnidarian]]s and early [[bilaterian]]s, as well as [[mollusc]]-like ''[[Kimberella]]''. Hard-bodied organisms with [[mineralized tissue|mineralized]] [[exoskeleton|shell]]s also began their fossil record in the last few million years of the Ediacaran.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Grant, S.W. | year = 1990 | title = Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina, a potential index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic | journal = American Journal of Science | issue = 290–A | pages = 261–294 | url = http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:11538690 | access-date = 2008-07-19 | pmid = 11538690 | volume = 290-A | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110522041703/http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:11538690 | archive-date = 2011-05-22 }}</ref>
@@ Line 107: / Line 84: @@
 ==Ediacaran vs. Vendian==
-{{See also|Riphean (stage)|Jotnian}}
+{{See also|Riphean age|Jotnian}}
-The Ediacaran Period overlaps but is shorter than the '''Vendian''' Period (650 to 543 million years ago), a name that was earlier, in 1952, proposed by Russian geologist and [[paleontologist]] [[Boris Sergeyevich Sokolov|Boris Sokolov]]. The Vendian concept was formed stratigraphically top-down, and the lower boundary of the Cambrian became the upper boundary of the Vendian.<ref name= Sokolov1952>{{cite journal
+The Ediacaran Period overlaps but is shorter than the '''Vendian''' Period (650 to 543 million years ago), a name that was earlier, in 1952, proposed by Russian geologist and [[paleontologist]] [[Boris Sokolov (geologist)|Boris Sokolov]]. The Vendian concept was formed stratigraphically top-down, and the lower boundary of the Cambrian became the upper boundary of the Vendian.<ref name= Sokolov1952>{{cite journal
   | author = B. M. Sokolov
   | year = 1952
@@ Line 124: / Line 101: @@
   | pages = 1–380
 }}</ref>
-The lower boundary of the Vendian was suggested to be defined at the base of the [[Varanger Peninsula|Varanger]] (Laplandian [[Stage (stratigraphy)|stage]]) [[tillite]]s.<ref name= Sokolov1997/><ref name=Fedonkin2007>{{cite web |url=http://vendian.net76.net/Vendian_vs_Ediacaran.htm |title=Vendian versus Ediacaran: priorities, contents, prospectives |author1=M. A. Fedonkin |author2=B. S. Sokolov |author3=M. A. Semikhatov |author4=N. M. Chumakov |year=2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004184527/http://vendian.net76.net/Vendian_vs_Ediacaran.htm |archive-date=October 4, 2011 }} In: {{cite web |url=http://www.geosci.monash.edu.au/precsite/docs/workshop/moscow07/transaction.pdf |title=The Rise and Fall of the Vendian (Ediacaran) Biota |date=August 20–31, 2007 |work=Origin of the Modern Biosphere. Transactions of the International Conference on the IGCP Project 493n Moscow: GEOS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122062305/http://www.geosci.monash.edu.au/precsite/docs/workshop/moscow07/transaction.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2012 |url-status=dead }} (82mb)</ref>
+The lower boundary of the Vendian was suggested to be defined at the base of the [[Varanger Peninsula|Varanger]] (Laplandian [[Stage (stratigraphy)|stage]]) [[tillite]]s.<ref name= Sokolov1997/><ref name=Fedonkin2007>{{cite web |url=http://vendian.net76.net/Vendian_vs_Ediacaran.htm |title=Vendian versus Ediacaran: priorities, contents, prospectives |author1=M. A. Fedonkin |author2=B. S. Sokolov |author3=M. A. Semikhatov |author4=N. M. Chumakov |year=2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004184527/http://vendian.net76.net/Vendian_vs_Ediacaran.htm |archive-date=October 4, 2011 }} In: {{cite web |url=http://www.geosci.monash.edu.au/precsite/docs/workshop/moscow07/transaction.pdf |title=The Rise and Fall of the Vendian (Ediacaran) Biota |date=August 20–31, 2007 |work=Origin of the Modern Biosphere. Transactions of the International Conference on the IGCP Project 493n Moscow: GEOS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122062305/http://www.geosci.monash.edu.au/precsite/docs/workshop/moscow07/transaction.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2012 }} (82mb)</ref>
-The Vendian in its type area consists of large subdivisions such as Laplandian, [[Redkino]], [[Kotlin Island|Kotlin]] and [[Rovno]] regional stages with the globally traceable subdivisions and their boundaries, including its lower one.
+The Vendian in its type area consists of large subdivisions such as Laplandian, [[Redkino]], [[Kotlin Island|Kotlin]], and [[Rovno]] regional stages with the globally traceable subdivisions and their boundaries, including its lower one.
 The Redkino, Kotlin and Rovno regional stages have been substantiated in the type area of the Vendian on the basis of the abundant organic-walled [[microfossil]]s, megascopic algae, [[metazoan]] body fossils and [[ichnofossil]]s.<ref name=Sokolov1997/><ref name=SokolovFedonkin1984>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1134/S0869593808060014| title = The Yudomian of Siberia, Vendian and Ediacaran systems of the International stratigraphic scale| year = 2008| last1 = Khomentovsky | first1 = V. V.| journal = Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation| volume = 16| issue = 6| pages = 581–598 |bibcode = 2008SGC....16..581K | s2cid = 128966206}}</ref>
@@ Line 135: / Line 112: @@
 [[File:Ediacaran-GSSP-IMGP6652-.jpg|thumb|250px|The 'golden spike' (bronze disk in the lower section of the image) or 'type section' of the [[Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point]] (GSSP) for the base of the Ediacaran System]]
 [[File:Ediacaran GSSP - closeup.JPG|thumb|The 'golden spike' marking the GSSP]]
-The Ediacaran Period (c. 635–538.8 Mya) represents the time from the end of global [[Marinoan glaciation]] to the first appearance worldwide of somewhat complicated trace fossils (''[[Treptichnus pedum]]'' (Seilacher, 1955)).<ref name=Knoll2004a>A. Knoll, M. Walter, G. Narbonne, and N. Christie-Blick (2004) "[http://www.stratigraphy.org/bak/ediacaran/Knoll_et_al_2004a.pdf The Ediacaran Period: A New Addition to the Geologic Time Scale.]" Submitted on Behalf of the Terminal Proterozoic Subcommission of the International Commission on Stratigraphy.</ref>
+The Ediacaran Period represents the time from the end of global [[Marinoan glaciation]] to the first appearance worldwide of somewhat complicated trace fossils (''[[Treptichnus pedum]]'' (Seilacher, 1955)).<ref name=Knoll2004a>A. Knoll, M. Walter, G. Narbonne, and N. Christie-Blick (2004) "[http://www.stratigraphy.org/bak/ediacaran/Knoll_et_al_2004a.pdf The Ediacaran Period: A New Addition to the Geologic Time Scale.]" Submitted on Behalf of the Terminal Proterozoic Subcommission of the International Commission on Stratigraphy.</ref>
 Although the Ediacaran Period does contain soft-bodied [[fossil]]s, it is unusual in comparison to later periods because its beginning is not defined by a change in the fossil record. Rather, the beginning is defined at the base of a chemically distinctive [[carbonate]] layer that is referred to as a "[[cap carbonate]]", because it caps glacial deposits.
-This bed is characterized by an unusual depletion of <sup>13</sup>[[Carbon|C]] that indicates a sudden climatic change at the end of the [[Marinoan]] [[ice age]]. The lower [[GSSP|global boundary stratotype section (GSSP)]] of the Ediacaran is at the base of the cap carbonate (Nuccaleena Formation), immediately above the Elatina [[diamictite]] in the Enorama Creek section, Brachina Gorge, Flinders Ranges, South Australia.
+This bed is characterized by an unusual depletion of <sup>13</sup>[[Carbon|C]] that indicates a sudden climatic change at the end of the [[Marinoan]] [[ice age]]. The lower [[GSSP|global boundary stratotype section (GSSP)]] of the Ediacaran is at the base of the cap carbonate (Nuccaleena Formation), immediately above the Elatina [[diamictite]] in the [[Enorama Creek]] section, Brachina Gorge, within the [[Ikara–Flinders Ranges National Park]], Flinders Ranges, South Australia.
 The [[GSSP]] of the upper boundary of the Ediacaran is the lower boundary of the Cambrian on the SE coast of Newfoundland approved by the International Commission on Stratigraphy as a preferred alternative to the base of the [[Tommotian]] Stage in [[Siberia]] which was selected on the basis of the ichnofossil ''[[Treptichnus pedum]]'' (Seilacher, 1955). In the history of stratigraphy it was the first case of usage of bioturbations for the System boundary definition.
@@ Line 162: / Line 139: @@
   |archive-date = 7 May 2020
   |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20200507214320/http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/index/PUNM6BQLNW1BJMFN.pdf
-  |url-status   = dead
+  }}</ref>
-}}</ref>
 Furthermore, [[Oman]] presents in its stratigraphic record a large negative carbon isotope excursion, within the Shuram<ref name="LeGuerroue2006a">{{cite journal
@@ Line 184: / Line 160: @@
 | url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118624047/abstract
 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130105074949/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118624047/abstract
-| url-status = dead
 | archive-date = 2013-01-05
 |bibcode=2006TeNov..18..147L|s2cid=140710102 | url-access = subscription
@@ Line 198: / Line 173: @@
 | url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118629748/abstract
 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130105102240/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118629748/abstract
-| url-status = dead
 | archive-date = 2013-01-05
 | issue = 2
@@ Line 209: / Line 183: @@
 [[File:Nou Fonts Ediacaran.jpg|thumb|Outcrops of micaschists and marble of the {{interlanguage link|Groupe de Canaveilles|fr}} (Ediacaran, c. 580 Ma) in the eastern Pyrenees (commune of Fontpédrouse, France)<ref>B. Laumonier et al., [http://ficheinfoterre.brgm.fr/Notices/1099N.pdf ''Notice explicative de la feuille Prats-de-Mollo-La-preste (1099) à 1/50 000''], BRGM Éditions, Orléans, 2015, pages 22-23 (bC1 - « ...niveau de marbres calcaires et dolomitiques M1...(dans les) hautes vallées de la Ribérole et de la Carança M1 est formé de 2 ou 3 niveaux décamétriques très continus.  », ''ficheinfoterre.brgm.fr''.</ref>]]
 [[File:Piton de Castell Vidre 2023.jpg|thumb|''Groupe de Canaveilles'' exposure (''Piton de Castell Vidre'') in the eastern Pyrenees (commune of Llo, France). 1 - Very silicious schist. 2 - Marble. 3 - Limestone and dolomite. 4 (& inset) - "Barégiennes" (thin, deformed, alternating calcareous/siliceous beds).<ref>{{cite web |title=Sentier géologique de Llo, a journey through 600 million years of time |url=https://pnrpc.centredoc.fr/doc_num.php?explnum_id=457 |publisher=Parc naturel régional des Pyrénées catalanes |access-date=May 22, 2025}}</ref>]]
-The Ediacaran Period is not yet formally subdivided, but a proposed scheme<ref name="Xiao2016">{{cite journal | title=Towards an Ediacaran Time Scale: Problems, Protocols, and Prospects | first1=Shuhai | last1=Xiao | first2=Guy M. | last2=Narbonne | first3=Chuanming | last3=Zhou | first4=Marc | last4=Laflamme | first5=Dmitriy V. | last5=Grazhdankin | first6=Malgorzata | last6=Moczydlowska-Vidal | first7=Huan | last7=Cui | journal=Episodes | year=2016 | volume=39 | issue=4 | pages=540555 | doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2016/v39i4/103886 | doi-access=free }}</ref> recognises an Upper Ediacaran whose base corresponds with the [[Gaskiers glaciation]], a Terminal Ediacaran Stage starting around {{Ma|550}}, a preceding stage beginning around 575 Ma with the earliest widespread [[Ediacaran biota]] fossils; two proposed schemes differ on whether the lower strata should be divided into an Early and Middle Ediacaran or not, because it is not clear whether the Shuram excursion (which would divide the Early and Middle) is a separate event from the Gaskiers, or whether the two events are correlated.
+The Ediacaran Period is not yet formally subdivided, but a proposed scheme<ref name="Xiao2016">{{cite journal | title=Towards an Ediacaran Time Scale: Problems, Protocols, and Prospects | first1=Shuhai | last1=Xiao | first2=Guy M. | last2=Narbonne | first3=Chuanming | last3=Zhou | first4=Marc | last4=Laflamme | first5=Dmitriy V. | last5=Grazhdankin | first6=Malgorzata | last6=Moczydlowska-Vidal | first7=Huan | last7=Cui | journal=Episodes | year=2016 | volume=39 | issue=4 | page=540555 | doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2016/v39i4/103886 | doi-access=free }}</ref> recognises an Upper Ediacaran whose base corresponds with the [[Gaskiers glaciation]], a Terminal Ediacaran Stage starting around 550 million years ago, a preceding stage beginning around 575  million years ago with the earliest widespread [[Ediacaran biota]] fossils; two proposed schemes differ on whether the lower strata should be divided into an Early and Middle Ediacaran or not, because it is not clear whether the Shuram excursion (which would divide the Early and Middle) is a separate event from the Gaskiers, or whether the two events are correlated.
 ==Absolute dating==
-The [[Absolute dating|dating]] of the rock type section of the Ediacaran Period in South Australia has proven uncertain due to lack of overlying igneous material. Therefore, the age range of 635 to 538.8 million years is based on [[Stratigraphy|correlations]] to other countries where dating has been possible. The base age of approximately 635 million years is based on [[Uranium–lead dating|U–Pb]] ([[uranium]]–[[lead]]) and [[Rhenium–osmium dating|Re–Os]] ([[rhenium]]–[[osmium]]) dating from Africa, China, North America, and Tasmania.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rooney |first1=Alan D. |last2=Strauss |first2=Justin V. |last3=Brandon |first3=Alan D. |last4=Macdonald |first4=Francis A. |date=2015 |title=A Cryogenian chronology: Two long-lasting synchronous Neoproterozoic glaciations |url=http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology/article/43/5/459/131888/A-Cryogenian-chronology-Two-longlasting |journal=Geology |language=en |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=459–462 |doi=10.1130/G36511.1 |bibcode=2015Geo....43..459R |issn=1943-2682|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rooney |first1=Alan D. |last2=Yang |first2=Chuan |last3=Condon |first3=Daniel J. |last4=Zhu |first4=Maoyan |last5=Macdonald |first5=Francis A. |date=2020-06-01 |title=U-Pb and Re-Os geochronology tracks stratigraphic condensation in the Sturtian snowball Earth aftermath |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article/48/6/625/583510/UPb-and-ReOs-geochronology-tracks-stratigraphic |journal=Geology |language=en |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=625–629 |doi=10.1130/G47246.1 |bibcode=2020Geo....48..625R |s2cid=218815302 |issn=0091-7613|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Shihong |last2=Jiang |first2=Ganqing |last3=Zhang |first3=Junming |last4=Song |first4=Biao |last5=Kennedy |first5=Martin J. |last6=Christie-Blick |first6=Nicholas |date=2005 |title=U-Pb sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe ages from the Doushantuo Formation in south China: Constraints on late Neoproterozoic glaciations |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology/article/33/6/473-476/103786 |journal=Geology |language=en |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=473 |doi=10.1130/G21418.1 |bibcode=2005Geo....33..473Z |issn=0091-7613}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Schmitz |first=M.D. |title=Radiometric ages used in GTS2012 |date=2012 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780444594259150024 |work=The Geologic Time Scale |pages=1045–1082 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-444-59425-9.15002-4 |isbn=978-0-444-59425-9 |access-date=2022-04-02|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Calver |first1=C.R. |last2=Crowley |first2=J.L. |last3=Wingate |first3=M.T.D. |last4=Evans |first4=D.A.D. |last5=Raub |first5=T.D. |last6=Schmitz |first6=M.D. |date=2013 |title=Globally synchronous Marinoan deglaciation indicated by U-Pb geochronology of the Cottons Breccia, Tasmania, Australia |url=http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology/article/41/10/1127/131079/Globally-synchronous-Marinoan-deglaciation |journal=Geology |language=en |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=1127–1130 |doi=10.1130/G34568.1 |bibcode=2013Geo....41.1127C |issn=1943-2682|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
+The [[Absolute dating|dating]] of the rock type section of the Ediacaran Period in South Australia has proven uncertain due to lack of overlying igneous material. Therefore, the age range of 635 to 538.8 million years ago is based on [[Stratigraphy|correlations]] to other countries where dating has been possible. The base age of approximately 635 million years is based on [[Uranium–lead dating|U–Pb]] ([[uranium]]–[[lead]]) and [[Rhenium–osmium dating|Re–Os]] ([[rhenium]]–[[osmium]]) dating from Africa, [[China]], North America, and [[Tasmania]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rooney |first1=Alan D. |last2=Strauss |first2=Justin V. |last3=Brandon |first3=Alan D. |last4=Macdonald |first4=Francis A. |date=2015 |title=A Cryogenian chronology: Two long-lasting synchronous Neoproterozoic glaciations |url=http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology/article/43/5/459/131888/A-Cryogenian-chronology-Two-longlasting |journal=Geology |language=en |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=459–462 |doi=10.1130/G36511.1 |bibcode=2015Geo....43..459R |issn=1943-2682|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rooney |first1=Alan D. |last2=Yang |first2=Chuan |last3=Condon |first3=Daniel J. |last4=Zhu |first4=Maoyan |last5=Macdonald |first5=Francis A. |date=2020-06-01 |title=U-Pb and Re-Os geochronology tracks stratigraphic condensation in the Sturtian snowball Earth aftermath |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article/48/6/625/583510/UPb-and-ReOs-geochronology-tracks-stratigraphic |journal=Geology |language=en |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=625–629 |doi=10.1130/G47246.1 |bibcode=2020Geo....48..625R |s2cid=218815302 |issn=0091-7613|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Shihong |last2=Jiang |first2=Ganqing |last3=Zhang |first3=Junming |last4=Song |first4=Biao |last5=Kennedy |first5=Martin J. |last6=Christie-Blick |first6=Nicholas |date=2005 |title=U-Pb sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe ages from the Doushantuo Formation in south China: Constraints on late Neoproterozoic glaciations |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology/article/33/6/473-476/103786 |journal=Geology |language=en |volume=33 |issue=6 |page=473 |doi=10.1130/G21418.1 |bibcode=2005Geo....33..473Z |issn=0091-7613|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Schmitz |first=M.D. |title=Radiometric ages used in GTS2012 |date=2012 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780444594259150024 |work=The Geologic Time Scale |pages=1045–1082 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-444-59425-9.15002-4 |isbn=978-0-444-59425-9 |access-date=2022-04-02|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Calver |first1=C.R. |last2=Crowley |first2=J.L. |last3=Wingate |first3=M.T.D. |last4=Evans |first4=D.A.D. |last5=Raub |first5=T.D. |last6=Schmitz |first6=M.D. |date=2013 |title=Globally synchronous Marinoan deglaciation indicated by U-Pb geochronology of the Cottons Breccia, Tasmania, Australia |url=http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology/article/41/10/1127/131079/Globally-synchronous-Marinoan-deglaciation |journal=Geology |language=en |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=1127–1130 |doi=10.1130/G34568.1 |bibcode=2013Geo....41.1127C |issn=1943-2682|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
 == Biota ==
 {{Main|Ediacaran biota}}
-[[File:Archaeaspinus_fedonkini.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Archaeaspinus]]'', a representative of [[phylum]] [[Proarticulata]] which also includes ''[[Dickinsonia]]'', ''[[Karakhtia]]'' and numerous other organisms. They are members of the [[Ediacaran biota]].<ref name="book1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KsFFIrJ8IxEC&dq=Archaeaspinus&pg=PA261|title=The Rise of Animals: Evolution and Diversification of the Kingdom Animalia|first1=Mikhail A.|last1=Fedonkin |first2=James G.|last2=Gehling |first3=Kathleen|last3=Grey|first4=Guy M.|last4=Narbonne|first5=Patricia|last5=Vickers-Rich |date=Mar 16, 2007|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=9780801886799|access-date=August 7, 2022|via=Google Books}}</ref>]]
+[[File:Archaeaspinus_fedonkini.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Archaeaspinus]]'', a representative of [[phylum]] [[Proarticulata]] which also includes ''[[Dickinsonia]]'', ''[[Karakhtia]]'', [[Spriggina]] and numerous other organisms. They are members of the [[Ediacaran biota]].<ref name="book1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KsFFIrJ8IxEC&dq=Archaeaspinus&pg=PA261|title=The Rise of Animals: Evolution and Diversification of the Kingdom Animalia|first1=Mikhail A.|last1=Fedonkin |first2=James G.|last2=Gehling |first3=Kathleen|last3=Grey|first4=Guy M.|last4=Narbonne|first5=Patricia|last5=Vickers-Rich |date=Mar 16, 2007|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-8679-9|access-date=August 7, 2022|via=Google Books}}</ref>]]
-The fossil record from most of the Ediacaran Period is sparse, as more easily fossilized hard-shelled animals did not evolve until the latest Ediacaran. The Ediacaran biota include the oldest definite [[multicellular organism]]s (with specialized tissues), the most common types of which resemble segmented worms, fronds, disks, or immobile bags. Among largely undisputed animals, ''[[Auroralumina]]'' and ''[[Haootia]]'' were [[cnidarian|cnidarians]], while ''[[Yilingia]]'' represented the motile [[Bilateria|bilaterians]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dunn |first1=F. S. |last2=Kenchington |first2=C. G. |last3=Parry |first3=L. A. |last4=Clark |first4=J. W. |last5=Kendall |first5=R. S. |last6=Wilby |first6=P. R. |title=A crown-group cnidarian from the Ediacaran of Charnwood Forest, UK |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |date=25 July 2022 |volume=6 |issue=8 |pages=1095–1104 |doi=10.1038/s41559-022-01807-x |pmid=35879540 |pmc=9349040 |bibcode=2022NatEE...6.1095D }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=McIlroy |first1=D. |last2=Pasinetti |first2=G. |last3=Pérez-Pinedo |first3=D. |last4=McKean |first4=C. |last5=Dufour |first5=S. C. |last6=Matthews |first6=J. J. |last7=Menon |first7=L. R. |last8=Nicholls |first8=R. |last9=Taylor |first9=R. S. |date=2024-08-30 |title=The Palaeobiology of Two Crown Group Cnidarians: Haootia quadriformis and Mamsetia manunis gen. et sp. nov. from the Ediacaran of Newfoundland, Canada |journal=Life |language=en |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=1096 |doi=10.3390/life14091096 |doi-access=free |pmid=39337880 |bibcode=2024Life...14.1096M |issn=2075-1729 |pmc=11432848 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Zhe |last2=Zhou |first2=Chuanming |last3=Yuan |first3=Xunlai |last4=Xiao |first4=Shuhai |date=September 2019 |title=Death march of a segmented and trilobate bilaterian elucidates early animal evolution |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1522-7 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=573 |issue=7774 |pages=412–415 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1522-7 |pmid=31485079 |bibcode=2019Natur.573..412C |issn=1476-4687|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Sponge|Sponges]] recognisable as such also appeared, at latest, during the terminal Ediacaran, including ''[[Helicolocellus]]'', a likely non-biomineralizing sponge. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xiao |first=Shuhai |date=12 August 2020 |title=Ediacaran sponges, animal biomineralization, and skeletal reefs |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |language=en |volume=117 |issue=35 |pages=20997–20999 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11720997X |doi=10.1073/pnas.2014393117 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=7474584 |pmid=32817471 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Xiaopeng |last2=Liu |first2=Alexander G. |last3=Chen |first3=Zhe |last4=Wu |first4=Chengxi |last5=Liu |first5=Yarong |last6=Wan |first6=Bin |last7=Pang |first7=Ke |last8=Zhou |first8=Chuanming |last9=Yuan |first9=Xunlai |last10=Xiao |first10=Shuhai |date=June 2024 |title=A late-Ediacaran crown-group sponge animal |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07520-y |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=630 |issue=8018 |pages=905–911 |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07520-y |pmid=38839967 |bibcode=2024Natur.630..905W |issn=1476-4687|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
+The fossil record from most of the Ediacaran Period is sparse, as more easily fossilized hard-shelled animals did not evolve until the latest Ediacaran. The Ediacaran biota include the oldest definite [[multicellular organism]]s (with specialized tissues), the most common types of which resemble segmented worms, fronds, disks, or immobile bags. Among largely undisputed animals, ''[[Auroralumina]]'' and ''[[Haootia]]'' were [[cnidarian|cnidarians]], while ''[[Yilingia]]'' represented the motile [[Bilateria|bilaterians]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dunn |first1=F. S. |last2=Kenchington |first2=C. G. |last3=Parry |first3=L. A. |last4=Clark |first4=J. W. |last5=Kendall |first5=R. S. |last6=Wilby |first6=P. R. |title=A crown-group cnidarian from the Ediacaran of Charnwood Forest, UK |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |date=25 July 2022 |volume=6 |issue=8 |pages=1095–1104 |doi=10.1038/s41559-022-01807-x |pmid=35879540 |pmc=9349040 |bibcode=2022NatEE...6.1095D }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=McIlroy |first1=D. |last2=Pasinetti |first2=G. |last3=Pérez-Pinedo |first3=D. |last4=McKean |first4=C. |last5=Dufour |first5=S. C. |last6=Matthews |first6=J. J. |last7=Menon |first7=L. R. |last8=Nicholls |first8=R. |last9=Taylor |first9=R. S. |date=2024-08-30 |title=The Palaeobiology of Two Crown Group Cnidarians: Haootia quadriformis and Mamsetia manunis gen. et sp. nov. from the Ediacaran of Newfoundland, Canada |journal=Life |language=en |volume=14 |issue=9 |page=1096 |doi=10.3390/life14091096 |doi-access=free |pmid=39337880 |bibcode=2024Life...14.1096M |issn=2075-1729 |pmc=11432848 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Zhe |last2=Zhou |first2=Chuanming |last3=Yuan |first3=Xunlai |last4=Xiao |first4=Shuhai |date=September 2019 |title=Death march of a segmented and trilobate bilaterian elucidates early animal evolution |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1522-7 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=573 |issue=7774 |pages=412–415 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1522-7 |pmid=31485079 |bibcode=2019Natur.573..412C |issn=1476-4687|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Sponge|Sponges]] recognisable as such also appeared, at latest, during the terminal Ediacaran, including ''[[Helicolocellus]]'', a likely non-biomineralizing sponge.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xiao |first=Shuhai |date=12 August 2020 |title=Ediacaran sponges, animal biomineralization, and skeletal reefs |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |language=en |volume=117 |issue=35 |pages=20997–20999 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11720997X |doi=10.1073/pnas.2014393117 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=7474584 |pmid=32817471 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Xiaopeng |last2=Liu |first2=Alexander G. |last3=Chen |first3=Zhe |last4=Wu |first4=Chengxi |last5=Liu |first5=Yarong |last6=Wan |first6=Bin |last7=Pang |first7=Ke |last8=Zhou |first8=Chuanming |last9=Yuan |first9=Xunlai |last10=Xiao |first10=Shuhai |date=June 2024 |title=A late-Ediacaran crown-group sponge animal |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07520-y |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=630 |issue=8018 |pages=905–911 |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07520-y |pmid=38839967 |bibcode=2024Natur.630..905W |issn=1476-4687|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
-Other than these definitive animals, most members of the Ediacaran biota bear little resemblance to modern lifeforms, and their [[biological classification|relationship]] with even the immediately following lifeforms of the [[Cambrian explosion]] is rather difficult to interpret.<ref name="OnTheEveOfAnimalRadiation">{{cite journal |last1=Xiao |first1=Shuhai |last2=Laflamme |first2=Marc |date=January 2009 |title=On the eve of animal radiation: phylogeny, ecology and evolution of the Ediacara biota |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169534708003066 |journal=[[Trends in Ecology & Evolution]] |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=31–40 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2008.07.015 |pmid=18952316 |bibcode=2009TEcoE..24...31X |access-date=10 November 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dunn |first1=Frances S. |last2=Liu |first2=Alexander G. |date=11 February 2019 |title=Viewing the Ediacaran biota as a failed experiment is unhelpful |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-019-0815-4#citeas |journal=[[Nature Ecology and Evolution]] |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=512–514 |doi=10.1038/s41559-019-0815-4 |pmid=30742104 |bibcode=2019NatEE...3..512D |s2cid=59945361 |access-date=10 November 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> More than 100 [[List of Ediacaran genera|genera]] have been described, and well known forms include ''[[Arkarua]]'', ''[[Charnia]]'', ''[[Dickinsonia]]'', ''[[Ediacaria]]'', ''[[Marywadea]]'', ''[[Cephalonega]]'', ''[[Pteridinium]]'', and ''[[Yorgia]]''. However, despite the overall enigmaticness of most Ediacaran organisms, some fossils identifiable as hard-shelled agglutinated [[foraminifera]] (which are not classified as animals) are known from latest Ediacaran sediments of western Siberia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kontorovich|first1=A. E.|last2=Varlamov|first2=A. I.|last3=Grazhdankin|first3=D. V.|last4=Karlova|first4=G. A.|last5=Klets|first5=A. G.|last6=Kontorovich|first6=V. A.|last7=Saraev|first7=S. V.|last8=Terleev|first8=A. A.|last9=Belyaev|first9=S. Yu.|last10=Varaksina|first10=I. V.|last11=Efimov|first11=A. S.|date=2008-12-01|title=A section of Vendian in the east of West Siberian Plate (based on data from the Borehole Vostok 3)|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S106879710800206X|journal=Russian Geology and Geophysics|language=en|volume=49|issue=12|pages=932–939|doi=10.1016/j.rgg.2008.06.012|bibcode=2008RuGG...49..932K|issn=1068-7971|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
+Other than these definitive animals, most members of the Ediacaran biota bear little resemblance to modern lifeforms, and their [[biological classification|relationship]] with even the immediately following lifeforms of the [[Cambrian explosion]] is rather difficult to interpret.<ref name="OnTheEveOfAnimalRadiation">{{cite journal |last1=Xiao |first1=Shuhai |last2=Laflamme |first2=Marc |date=January 2009 |title=On the eve of animal radiation: phylogeny, ecology and evolution of the Ediacara biota |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169534708003066 |journal=[[Trends in Ecology & Evolution]] |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=31–40 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2008.07.015 |pmid=18952316 |bibcode=2009TEcoE..24...31X |access-date=10 November 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dunn |first1=Frances S. |last2=Liu |first2=Alexander G. |date=11 February 2019 |title=Viewing the Ediacaran biota as a failed experiment is unhelpful |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-019-0815-4#citeas |journal=[[Nature Ecology and Evolution]] |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=512–514 |doi=10.1038/s41559-019-0815-4 |pmid=30742104 |bibcode=2019NatEE...3..512D |s2cid=59945361 |access-date=10 November 2022|url-access=subscription |hdl=1983/66823944-c58a-4c15-8699-7c685776635b |hdl-access=free }}</ref> More than 100 [[List of Ediacaran genera|genera]] have been described, and well known forms include ''[[Arkarua]]'', ''[[Charnia]]'', ''[[Dickinsonia]]'', ''[[Ediacaria]]'', ''[[Marywadea]]'', ''[[Cephalonega]]'', ''[[Pteridinium]]'', and ''[[Yorgia]]''. However, despite the overall enigmaticness of most Ediacaran organisms, some fossils identifiable as hard-shelled agglutinated [[foraminifera]] (which are not classified as animals) are known from latest Ediacaran sediments of western Siberia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kontorovich|first1=A. E.|last2=Varlamov|first2=A. I.|last3=Grazhdankin|first3=D. V.|last4=Karlova|first4=G. A.|last5=Klets|first5=A. G.|last6=Kontorovich|first6=V. A.|last7=Saraev|first7=S. V.|last8=Terleev|first8=A. A.|last9=Belyaev|first9=S. Yu.|last10=Varaksina|first10=I. V.|last11=Efimov|first11=A. S.|date=2008-12-01|title=A section of Vendian in the east of West Siberian Plate (based on data from the Borehole Vostok 3)|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S106879710800206X|journal=Russian Geology and Geophysics|language=en|volume=49|issue=12|pages=932–939|doi=10.1016/j.rgg.2008.06.012|bibcode=2008RuGG...49..932K|issn=1068-7971|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
-Four different biotic intervals are known in the Ediacaran, each being characterised by the prominence of a unique ecology and faunal assemblage. The first spanned from 635 to around 575 Ma and was dominated by acritarchs known as [[large ornamented Ediacaran microfossil]]s.<ref name=Cohen2009>{{Cite journal | first1=P. A.| last2= Knoll| last3= Kodner | first2=A. H.| last1 = Cohen | first3=R. B.| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America| volume = 106| title = Large spinose microfossils in Ediacaran rocks as resting stages of early animals| issue = 16| pages = 6519–6524| date=Apr 2009 | issn = 0027-8424| pmid = 19366668| pmc = 2672526| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0902322106 |bibcode = 2009PNAS..106.6519C | doi-access= free}}</ref> The second spanned from around 575 to 560 Ma and was characterised by the Avalon biota. The third spanned from 560 to 550 Ma; its biota has been dubbed the White Sea biota due to many fossils from this time being found along the coasts of the [[White Sea]]. The fourth lasted from 550 to 539 Ma and is known as the interval of the Nama biotic assemblage.<ref name="EvansEtAl2022">{{cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=Scott D. |last2=Tu |first2=Chenyi |last3=Rizzo |first3=Adriana |last4=Surprenant |first4=Rachel L. |last5=Boan |first5=Phillip C. |last6=McCandless |first6=Heather |last7=Marshall |first7=Nathan |last8=Xiao |first8=Shuhai |last9=Droser |first9=Mary L. |date=7 November 2022 |title=Environmental drivers of the first major animal extinction across the Ediacaran White Sea-Nama transition |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365204103 |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=119 |issue=46 |pages=e2207475119 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11907475E |doi=10.1073/pnas.2207475119 |doi-access=free |pmc=9674242 |pmid=36343248 |access-date=24 November 2023 |hdl=10919/112639}}</ref>
+Four different biotic intervals are known in the Ediacaran, each being characterised by the prominence of a unique ecology and faunal assemblage. The first spanned from 635 to around 575 Ma and was dominated by acritarchs known as [[large ornamented Ediacaran microfossil]]s.<ref name=Cohen2009>{{Cite journal | first1=P. A.| last2= Knoll| last3= Kodner | first2=A. H.| last1 = Cohen | first3=R. B.| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America| volume = 106| title = Large spinose microfossils in Ediacaran rocks as resting stages of early animals| issue = 16| pages = 6519–6524| date=Apr 2009 | issn = 0027-8424| pmid = 19366668| pmc = 2672526| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0902322106 |bibcode = 2009PNAS..106.6519C | doi-access= free}}</ref> The second spanned from around 575 to 560 Ma and was characterised by the Avalon biota. The third spanned from 560 to 550 Ma; its biota has been dubbed the White Sea biota due to many fossils from this time being found along the coasts of the [[White Sea]]. The fourth lasted from 550 to 539 Ma and is known as the interval of the Nama biotic assemblage.<ref name="EvansEtAl2022">{{cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=Scott D. |last2=Tu |first2=Chenyi |last3=Rizzo |first3=Adriana |last4=Surprenant |first4=Rachel L. |last5=Boan |first5=Phillip C. |last6=McCandless |first6=Heather |last7=Marshall |first7=Nathan |last8=Xiao |first8=Shuhai |last9=Droser |first9=Mary L. |date=7 November 2022 |title=Environmental drivers of the first major animal extinction across the Ediacaran White Sea-Nama transition |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365204103 |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=119 |issue=46 |article-number=e2207475119 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11907475E |doi=10.1073/pnas.2207475119 |doi-access=free |pmc=9674242 |pmid=36343248 |access-date=24 November 2023 |hdl=10919/112639}}</ref>
 There is evidence for [[End-Ediacaran extinction|a mass extinction]] during this period from early animals changing the environment,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Laflamme |first1=Marc |last2=Darroch |first2=Simon A. F. |last3=Tweedt |first3=Sarah M. |last4=Peterson |first4=Kevin J. |last5=Erwin |first5=Douglas H. |date=1 March 2013 |title=The end of the Ediacara biota: Extinction, biotic replacement, or Cheshire Cat? |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1342937X1200353X |journal=[[Gondwana Research]] |series=Geological processes in the Early Earth |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=558–573 |doi=10.1016/j.gr.2012.11.004 |bibcode=2013GondR..23..558L |issn=1342-937X |access-date=24 November 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref> dating to the same time as the transition between the White Sea and the Nama-type biotas.<ref name="DarrochEtAl2015">{{cite journal |last1=Darroch |first1=Simon A. F. |last2=Sperling |first2=Erik A. |last3=Boag |first3=Thomas H. |last4=Racicot |first4=Rachel A. |last5=Mason |first5=Sara J. |last6=Morgan |first6=Alex S. |last7=Tweedt |first7=Sarah |last8=Myrow |first8=Paul |last9=Johnston |first9=David T. |last10=Erwin |first10=Douglas H. |last11=Laflamme |first11=Marc |date=7 September 2015 |title=Biotic replacement and mass extinction of the Ediacara biota |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences]] |volume=282 |issue=1814 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2015.1003 |pmc=4571692 |pmid=26336166|bibcode=2015RSPSB.28251003D }}</ref><ref>[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150902123456.htm Evidence that Earth's first mass extinction was caused by critters not catastrophe], ''[[ScienceDaily]]''</ref> Alternatively, this mass extinction has also been theorised to have been the result of an [[anoxic event]].<ref name="EvansEtAl2022" />
@@ Line 238: / Line 212: @@
 ==See also==
 * {{Annotated link|List of fossil sites}} ''(with link directory)''
-* [[Avalon explosion]]
+* {{annotated link|Avalon explosion}}
-* [[End-Ediacaran extinction]]
+* {{annotated link|End-Ediacaran extinction}}
 ==References==
@@ Line 247: / Line 221: @@
 {{Commons category|Ediacaran}}
 * {{cite news
-  | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3721481.stm
+  | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3721481.stm
   | title = Geological time gets a new period: Geologists have added a new period to their official calendar of Earth's history—the first in 120 years
   | publisher = BBC
@@ Line 257: / Line 231: @@
   | url = http://www.stratigraphy.org/bak/geowhen/stages/Ediacaran.html
   | access-date = 5 January 2006
- | url-status = dead
   | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191016220407/http://www.stratigraphy.org/bak/geowhen/stages/Ediacaran.html
   | archive-date = 16 October 2019

Ediacaran: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 13:53, 20 May 2026

Contents

Ediacaran vs. Vendian

Upper and lower boundaries

Subdivisions

Absolute dating

Biota

Astronomical factors

Documentaries

See also

References

External links

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Ediacaran: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 13:53, 20 May 2026

Ediacaran vs. Vendian

Upper and lower boundaries

Subdivisions

Absolute dating

Biota

Astronomical factors

Documentaries

See also

References

External links

Navigation menu

Search