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{{Nihongo|'''Emperor Annei'''|安寧天皇|Annei-tennō}}, also known as {{Nihongo||師木津日子玉手見命|''Shikitsuhikotamatemi no Mikoto''}} was the third [[legend|legendary]] [[emperor of Japan]], according to the traditional [[List of Emperors of Japan|order of succession]].<ref name="kunaicho">{{cite web|url=http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/003/index.html|title=安寧天皇 (3)|work=[[Imperial Household Agency]] (Kunaichō)|language=ja|access-date=May 8, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Fane">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=Annei|title=''The Imperial House of Japan''|author=[[Richard Ponsonby-Fane|Ponsonby-Fane, Richard]]|publisher=Ponsonby Memorial Society|year=1959|page=29 & 418}}</ref> Very little is known about this Emperor due to a lack of material available for further verification and study. Annei is known as a "legendary emperor" among historians as his actual existence is disputed. Nothing exists in the ''[[Kojiki]]'' other than his name and genealogy. Annei's reign allegedly began in 549 BC, he had one wife and three sons. After his death in 511 BC, his second or third son supposedly became the [[Emperor Itoku|next emperor]].
{{Nihongo|'''Emperor Annei'''|安寧天皇|Annei-tennō}}, also known as {{Nihongo||師木津日子玉手見命|''Shikitsuhikotamatemi no Mikoto''}} was the third [[legend]]ary [[emperor of Japan]], according to the traditional [[List of Emperors of Japan|order of succession]].<ref name="kunaicho">{{cite web|url=http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/003/index.html|title=安寧天皇 (3)|work=[[Imperial Household Agency]] (Kunaichō)|language=ja|access-date=May 8, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Fane">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=Annei|title=''The Imperial House of Japan''|author=[[Richard Ponsonby-Fane|Ponsonby-Fane, Richard]]|publisher=Ponsonby Memorial Society|year=1959|page=29 & 418}}</ref> Very little is known about this Emperor due to a lack of material available for further verification and study. Annei is known as a "legendary emperor" among historians as his actual existence is disputed. Nothing exists in the ''[[Kojiki]]'' other than his name and genealogy. Annei's reign allegedly began in 549 BC, he had one wife and three sons. After his death in 511 BC, his second or third son supposedly became the [[Emperor Itoku|next emperor]].


==Legendary narrative==
==Legendary narrative==
Emperor Annei's name appears in both the ''[[Kojiki]]'' and ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'' where only his genealogy are recorded. While the Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, no extant contemporary records have been discovered that confirm a view that this historical figure actually reigned. Before his accession to the throne, he was allegedly known as Prince Shikitsu-hiko Tamatemi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&q=Suizei&pg=PA32|title=''Japan Encyclopedia''|author=[[Louis-Frédéric|Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric]]|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2002|page=32|isbn=9780674017535}}</ref> Shikitsu-hiko Tamatemi was either the eldest son or the only son of [[Emperor Suizei]] with [[Isuzuyori-hime]].<ref name="Fane"/><ref name="Brown 251">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&q=Katsuragi|title=A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219|author=[[Delmer Brown|Brown, Delmer M.]] and Ichirō Ishida|publisher=University of California Press|year=1979|page=251|isbn=9780520034600}}</ref> The ''Kojiki'' records that he ruled from the palace of {{Nihongo||片塩浮穴宮|[[Ukena-no-miya]]|extra=and in the ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'' as {{Nihongo2|片塩浮孔宮}}}} at Katashiro in [[Kawachi Province|Kawachi]] in what would come to be known as [[Yamato Province]].<ref name="Brown 251"/> During Emperor Annei's alleged lifetime, he had one wife named "[[Nunasokonakatsu-hime]]" and fathered three children with her. Annei's reign lasted from 549 BC until his death in 511 BC, his second or third son then took the throne and would later be referred to as [[Emperor Itoku]].<ref name="Brown 251"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA4|title=Nihon Ōdai Ichiran|author=[[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac.]]|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland|language=fr|year=1834|page=4}}</ref>
Emperor Annei's name appears in both the ''[[Kojiki]]'' and ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'' where only his genealogy is recorded. While the Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, no extant contemporary records have been discovered that confirm a view that this historical figure actually reigned. Before his accession to the throne, he was allegedly known as Prince Shikitsu-hiko Tamatemi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&q=Suizei&pg=PA32|title=''Japan Encyclopedia''|author=[[Louis-Frédéric|Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric]]|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2002|page=32|isbn=9780674017535}}</ref> Shikitsu-hiko Tamatemi was either the eldest son or the only son of [[Emperor Suizei]] with [[Isuzuyori-hime]].<ref name="Fane"/><ref name="Brown 251">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&q=Katsuragi|title=A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219|author=[[Delmer Brown|Brown, Delmer M.]] and Ichirō Ishida|publisher=University of California Press|year=1979|page=251|isbn=9780520034600}}</ref> The ''Kojiki'' records that he ruled from the palace of {{Nihongo||片塩浮穴宮|[[Ukena-no-miya]]|extra=and in the ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'' as {{Nihongo2|片塩浮孔宮}}}} at Katashiro in [[Kawachi Province|Kawachi]] in what would come to be known as [[Yamato Province]].<ref name="Brown 251"/> During Emperor Annei's alleged lifetime, he had one wife named "[[Nunasokonakatsu-hime]]" and fathered three children with her. Annei's reign lasted from 549 BC until his death in 511 BC, his second or third son then took the throne and would later be referred to as [[Emperor Itoku]].<ref name="Brown 251"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA4|title=Nihon Ōdai Ichiran|author=[[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac.]]|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland|language=fr|year=1834|page=4}}</ref>


[[File:Annei misasagi Nara.jpg|thumb|right|Memorial Shinto shrine and mausoleum honoring Emperor Annei.]]
[[File:Annei misasagi Nara.jpg|thumb|right|Memorial Shinto shrine and mausoleum honoring Emperor Annei.]]
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The existence of at least the first nine Emperors is disputed due to insufficient material available for further verification and study.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.t-net.ne.jp/~keally/kofun.html|title=Kofun Culture|author=Kelly, Charles F.|work=www.t-net.ne.jp|access-date=May 8, 2019}}</ref> ''Annei'' is thus regarded by historians as a "legendary Emperor", and is considered to have been the second of [[Nihon Shoki#Kesshi Hachidai|eight Emperors without specific legends associated with them]].{{efn|Also known as the {{Nihongo|"eight undocumented monarchs"|欠史八代|''Kesshi-hachidai''}}.<ref name="aston">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oEfAAAAYAAJ|title=Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2|author=[[William George Aston|Aston, William George.]]|publisher=The Japan Society London|date=1896|pages=109, 141–142|isbn=9780524053478 }}</ref>}} The name Annei''-tennō'' was assigned to him [[Posthumous name|posthumously]] by later generations, and literally means "steady tranquillity".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itxxAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21|title=''A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era''|author=[[Francis Brinkley|Brinkley, Frank]]|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica Company|year=1915|page=21|quote=Posthumous names for the earthly ''Mikados'' were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of the ''Records'' and the ''Chronicles.''}}</ref> His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Annei, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the [[Imperial House of Japan|imperial dynasty]] were compiled as the chronicles known today as the ''[[Kojiki]]''.<ref name="aston"/> The name "Annei" is first credited to Japanese scholar and writer [[Ōmi no Mifune]], who allegedly came up with the name sometime in the latter half of the 8th century.<ref>''[[Britannica Kokusai Dai-Hyakkajiten]]'' article "[https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%B7%A1%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%89%E8%88%B9-38876#E3.83.96.E3.83.AA.E3.82.BF.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.E5.9B.BD.E9.9A.9B.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.20.E5.B0.8F.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8 Ōmi no Mifune]". [[Britannica]].</ref>
The existence of at least the first nine Emperors is disputed due to insufficient material available for further verification and study.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.t-net.ne.jp/~keally/kofun.html|title=Kofun Culture|author=Kelly, Charles F.|work=www.t-net.ne.jp|access-date=May 8, 2019}}</ref> ''Annei'' is thus regarded by historians as a "legendary Emperor", and is considered to have been the second of [[Nihon Shoki#Kesshi Hachidai|eight Emperors without specific legends associated with them]].{{efn|Also known as the {{Nihongo|"eight undocumented monarchs"|欠史八代|''Kesshi-hachidai''}}.<ref name="aston">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oEfAAAAYAAJ|title=Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2|author=[[William George Aston|Aston, William George.]]|publisher=The Japan Society London|date=1896|pages=109, 141–142|isbn=9780524053478 }}</ref>}} The name Annei''-tennō'' was assigned to him [[Posthumous name|posthumously]] by later generations, and literally means "steady tranquillity".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itxxAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21|title=''A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era''|author=[[Francis Brinkley|Brinkley, Frank]]|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica Company|year=1915|page=21|quote=Posthumous names for the earthly ''Mikados'' were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of the ''Records'' and the ''Chronicles.''}}</ref> His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Annei, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the [[Imperial House of Japan|imperial dynasty]] were compiled as the chronicles known today as the ''[[Kojiki]]''.<ref name="aston"/> The name "Annei" is first credited to Japanese scholar and writer [[Ōmi no Mifune]], who allegedly came up with the name sometime in the latter half of the 8th century.<ref>''[[Britannica Kokusai Dai-Hyakkajiten]]'' article "[https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%B7%A1%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%89%E8%88%B9-38876#E3.83.96.E3.83.AA.E3.82.BF.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.E5.9B.BD.E9.9A.9B.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.20.E5.B0.8F.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8 Ōmi no Mifune]". [[Britannica]].</ref>


While the actual site of Annei's grave is not known, the Emperor is traditionally venerated at a [[memorial]] [[Shinto]] [[shrine]] (陵,''misasagi'') in [[Kashihara, Nara|Kashihara]]. The [[Imperial Household Agency]] designates this location as Annei's [[mausoleum]], and is formally named ''Unebi-yama no hitsujisaru Mihodo no i no e no misasagi(畝傍山西南御陰井上陵,The royal tomb over the mihodo at the south west of [[Mount Unebi|mount unebi]]) ''.<ref name="Fane"/> The first emperor that historians believe might have actually existed is [[Emperor Sujin]], the 10th emperor of Japan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2007/03/27/reference/life-in-the-cloudy-imperial-fishbowl/#.UhYzedK-2uI|title=Life in the Cloudy Imperial Fishbowl|newspaper=Japan Times|author=Yoshida, Reiji.|date=March 27, 2007|access-date=May 7, 2019}}</ref> Outside of the Kojiki, the reign of [[Emperor Kinmei]]{{efn|The 29th Emperor<ref name="Titsingh pp. 34-36">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon%20o%20dai%20itsi%20ran&pg=PA34|title=Nihon Ōdai Ichiran|author=[[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac.]]|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland|language=fr|year=1834|pages=34–36}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA261|title=A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219|author=[[Delmer Brown|Brown, Delmer M.]] and Ichirō Ishida|publisher=University of California Press|year=1979|pages=261–262|isbn=9780520034600}}</ref>}} ({{circa|509}}&nbsp;– 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography is able to assign verifiable dates.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axRyAAAAMAAJ&q=According+to+legend%2C+the+first+Japanese+Emperor+was+Jimmu.+Along+with+the+next+13+Emperors%2C+Jimmu+is+not+considered+an+actual%2C+historical+figure.+Historically+verifiable+Emperors+of+Japan+date+from+the+early+sixth+century+with+Kimmei.|title=''Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds''|author=Hoye, Timothy.|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=1999|page=78|isbn=9780132712897|quote=According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.}}</ref> The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of [[Emperor Kanmu]]{{efn|Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the imperial dynasty}} between 737 and 806 AD.<ref name="aston"/>
While the actual site of Annei's grave is not known, the Emperor is traditionally venerated at a [[memorial]] [[Shinto]] [[shrine]] (陵,''misasagi'') in [[Kashihara, Nara|Kashihara]]. The [[Imperial Household Agency]] designates this location as Annei's [[mausoleum]], and is formally named ''Unebi-yama no hitsujisaru Mihodo no i no e no misasagi(畝傍山西南御陰井上陵, The royal tomb over the mihodo at the south west of [[Mount Unebi|mount unebi]]) ''.<ref name="Fane"/> The first emperor that historians believe might have actually existed is [[Emperor Sujin]], the 10th emperor of Japan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2007/03/27/reference/life-in-the-cloudy-imperial-fishbowl/#.UhYzedK-2uI|title=Life in the Cloudy Imperial Fishbowl|newspaper=Japan Times|author=Yoshida, Reiji.|date=March 27, 2007|access-date=May 7, 2019}}</ref> Outside of the Kojiki, the reign of [[Emperor Kinmei]]{{efn|The 29th Emperor<ref name="Titsingh pp. 34-36">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon%20o%20dai%20itsi%20ran&pg=PA34|title=Nihon Ōdai Ichiran|author=[[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac.]]|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland|language=fr|year=1834|pages=34–36}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA261|title=A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219|author=[[Delmer Brown|Brown, Delmer M.]] and Ichirō Ishida|publisher=University of California Press|year=1979|pages=261–262|isbn=9780520034600}}</ref>}} ({{circa|509}}&nbsp;– 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography is able to assign verifiable dates.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axRyAAAAMAAJ&q=According+to+legend%2C+the+first+Japanese+Emperor+was+Jimmu.+Along+with+the+next+13+Emperors%2C+Jimmu+is+not+considered+an+actual%2C+historical+figure.+Historically+verifiable+Emperors+of+Japan+date+from+the+early+sixth+century+with+Kimmei.|title=''Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds''|author=Hoye, Timothy.|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=1999|page=78|isbn=9780132712897|quote=According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.}}</ref> The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of [[Emperor Kanmu]]{{efn|Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the imperial dynasty}} between 737 and 806 AD.<ref name="aston"/>
 
==Family tree==
{{Generations of Jimmu}}


==Consorts and Children==
==Consorts and Children==
Line 47: Line 44:
** {{Nihongo|Prince Okisomimi|息石耳命}}
** {{Nihongo|Prince Okisomimi|息石耳命}}
** {{Nihongo|Prince Ōyamatohikosukitomo|大日本彦耜友尊}}, later [[Emperor Itoku]]
** {{Nihongo|Prince Ōyamatohikosukitomo|大日本彦耜友尊}}, later [[Emperor Itoku]]
** {{Nihongo|{{ill |Prince Shikitsuhiko|ja|磯城津彦命|vertical-align=sup}}|磯城津彦命}}
** {{Nihongo|{{ill |Prince Shikitsuhiko|ja|磯城津彦命}}|磯城津彦命}}


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 03:14, 26 May 2026

Template:Infobox royalty

Emperor Annei (安寧天皇, Annei-tennō), also known as Shikitsuhikotamatemi no Mikoto (師木津日子玉手見命) was the third legendary emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.[1][2] Very little is known about this Emperor due to a lack of material available for further verification and study. Annei is known as a "legendary emperor" among historians as his actual existence is disputed. Nothing exists in the Kojiki other than his name and genealogy. Annei's reign allegedly began in 549 BC, he had one wife and three sons. After his death in 511 BC, his second or third son supposedly became the next emperor.

Legendary narrative

Emperor Annei's name appears in both the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki where only his genealogy is recorded. While the Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, no extant contemporary records have been discovered that confirm a view that this historical figure actually reigned. Before his accession to the throne, he was allegedly known as Prince Shikitsu-hiko Tamatemi.[3] Shikitsu-hiko Tamatemi was either the eldest son or the only son of Emperor Suizei with Isuzuyori-hime.[2][4] The Kojiki records that he ruled from the palace of Ukena-no-miya (片塩浮穴宮, and in the Nihon Shoki as 片塩浮孔宮) at Katashiro in Kawachi in what would come to be known as Yamato Province.[4] During Emperor Annei's alleged lifetime, he had one wife named "Nunasokonakatsu-hime" and fathered three children with her. Annei's reign lasted from 549 BC until his death in 511 BC, his second or third son then took the throne and would later be referred to as Emperor Itoku.[4][5]

File:Annei misasagi Nara.jpg
Memorial Shinto shrine and mausoleum honoring Emperor Annei.

Known information

The existence of at least the first nine Emperors is disputed due to insufficient material available for further verification and study.[6] Annei is thus regarded by historians as a "legendary Emperor", and is considered to have been the second of eight Emperors without specific legends associated with them.[lower-alpha 1] The name Annei-tennō was assigned to him posthumously by later generations, and literally means "steady tranquillity".[8] His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Annei, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the imperial dynasty were compiled as the chronicles known today as the Kojiki.[7] The name "Annei" is first credited to Japanese scholar and writer Ōmi no Mifune, who allegedly came up with the name sometime in the latter half of the 8th century.[9]

While the actual site of Annei's grave is not known, the Emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (陵,misasagi) in Kashihara. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Annei's mausoleum, and is formally named Unebi-yama no hitsujisaru Mihodo no i no e no misasagi(畝傍山西南御陰井上陵, The royal tomb over the mihodo at the south west of mount unebi) .[2] The first emperor that historians believe might have actually existed is Emperor Sujin, the 10th emperor of Japan.[10] Outside of the Kojiki, the reign of Emperor Kinmei[lower-alpha 2] (c. 509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography is able to assign verifiable dates.[13] The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of Emperor Kanmu[lower-alpha 3] between 737 and 806 AD.[7]

Consorts and Children

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Also known as the "eight undocumented monarchs" (欠史八代, Kesshi-hachidai).[7]
  2. ↑ The 29th Emperor[11][12]
  3. ↑ Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the imperial dynasty

References

File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg
Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylized chrysanthemum blossom
  1. ↑ "安寧天皇 (3)". Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō) (in Japanese). Retrieved May 8, 2019.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 29 & 418.
  3. ↑ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 32. ISBN 9780674017535.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 251. ISBN 9780520034600.
  5. ↑ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran (in French). Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. p. 4.
  6. ↑ Kelly, Charles F. "Kofun Culture". www.t-net.ne.jp. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 109, 141–142. ISBN 9780524053478.
  8. ↑ Brinkley, Frank (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p. 21. Posthumous names for the earthly Mikados were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of the Records and the Chronicles.
  9. ↑ Britannica Kokusai Dai-Hyakkajiten article "Ōmi no Mifune". Britannica.
  10. ↑ Yoshida, Reiji. (March 27, 2007). "Life in the Cloudy Imperial Fishbowl". Japan Times. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
  11. ↑ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran (in French). Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 34–36.
  12. ↑ Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. pp. 261–262. ISBN 9780520034600.
  13. ↑ Hoye, Timothy. (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78. ISBN 9780132712897. According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.

Further reading

Template:S-reg
Preceded by Legendary Emperor of Japan
549 BC – 511 BC
(traditional dates) 		Succeeded by

Template:Emperors of Japan

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