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{{Hatnote|Along with [[Open-source software]], | {{Hatnote|Along with [[Open-source software]], free software is part of the broader term [[free and open-source software]].}} | ||
[[File:Example_of_GNU_Guix's_desktop_environment.png|thumb|300px|alt=An operating system's computer screen, the screen completely covered by various free software applications.|[[GNU Guix System|GNU Guix]]. An example of a [[GNU Project#GNU Free System Distribution Guidelines|GNU FSDG]] complying free-software operating system running some representative applications. Shown are the [[GNOME]] desktop environment, the [[Emacs|GNU Emacs]] text editor, the [[GIMP]] image editor, and the [[VLC media player]].]] | [[File:Example_of_GNU_Guix's_desktop_environment.png|thumb|300px|alt=An operating system's computer screen, the screen completely covered by various free software applications.|[[GNU Guix System|GNU Guix]]. An example of a [[GNU Project#GNU Free System Distribution Guidelines|GNU FSDG]] complying free-software operating system running some representative applications. Shown are the [[GNOME]] desktop environment, the [[Emacs|GNU Emacs]] text editor, the [[GIMP]] image editor, some [[GNOME Core Applications]], and the [[VLC media player]].]] | ||
'''Free software''', '''libre software''', '''libreware'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.en.html|author=GNU Project |title= What is free software?|publisher=Free Software Foundation|language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115065058/https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.en.html |archive-date=Nov 15, 2023 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url= | '''Free software''', '''libre software''', '''libreware'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.en.html|author=GNU Project |title= What is free software?|publisher=Free Software Foundation|language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115065058/https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.en.html |archive-date=Nov 15, 2023 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/richard-stallman|title=Richard Stallman |website=Internet Hall of Fame|access-date=26 March 2017}}</ref> sometimes known as '''freedom-respecting software'''<ref>{{cite web|last=Seth|first=Kenlon|title=Meet Free Software Foundation Executive Director Zoë Kooyman|website=opensource.com|publisher=Opensource.com|date=8 July 2022|url=https://opensource.com/article/22/7/meet-fsf-executive-director-zoe-kooyman|access-date=3 March 2026}}</ref> is computer [[software]] distributed [[open-source license|under terms]] that allow users to run the software for any purpose as well as to study, change, and distribute it and any adapted versions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Free Software Movement|url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-intro.en.html|access-date=2021-01-11|website=GNU|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Philosophy of the GNU Project|url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/philosophy.en.html|access-date=2021-01-11|website=GNU|language=en}}</ref><ref name="def">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=What is free software and why is it so important for society?|url=https://www.fsf.org/about/what-is-free-software|access-date=2021-01-11|website=[[Free Software Foundation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Stallman|first=Richard M.|title=Free Software Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman, 3rd Edition|publisher=|year=2015|isbn=|location=|pages=|author-link=Richard Stallman|url=https://www.gnu.org/doc/fsfs3-hardcover.pdf}}</ref> Free software is a matter of [[liberty]], not price; all users are legally free to do what they want with their copies of free software (including profiting from them) regardless of how much is paid to obtain the program.<ref name=":1">[https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/selling.html Selling Free Software] (GNU)</ref><ref name=":0" /> Computer programs are deemed "free" if they give end-users (not just the developer) ultimate control over the software and, subsequently, over their devices.<ref name="def" /><ref name="initial-announcement" /> | ||
The right to study and modify a computer program entails that the [[source code]]—the preferred format for making changes—be made available to users of that program. While this is often called "access to source code" or "public availability", the Free Software Foundation (FSF) recommends against thinking in those terms,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.en.html#Access |last=Stallman|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Stallman|title=Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing: Access|website=www.gnu.org|language=en}}</ref> because it might give the impression that users have an obligation (as opposed to a right) to give non-users a copy of the program. | The right to study and modify a computer program entails that the [[source code]]—the preferred format for making changes—be made available to users of that program. While this is often called "access to source code" or "public availability", the Free Software Foundation (FSF) recommends against thinking in those terms,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.en.html#Access |last=Stallman|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Stallman|title=Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing: Access|website=www.gnu.org|language=en}}</ref> because it might give the impression that users have an obligation (as opposed to a right) to give non-users a copy of the program. | ||
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== Context == | == Context == | ||
[[File:Open-source-vs-freeware.svg|thumb|This [[Euler diagram]] describes the typical relationship between freeware and [[free and open-source software]] (FOSS): According to David Rosen from [[Wolfire Games]] in 2010, open source / free software (orange) is most often [[Gratis versus libre|gratis]] but not always. Freeware (green) seldom expose their source code.<ref>{{cite web|url= | [[File:Open-source-vs-freeware.svg|thumb|This [[Euler diagram]] describes the typical relationship between freeware and [[free and open-source software]] (FOSS): According to David Rosen from [[Wolfire Games]] in 2010, open source / free software (orange) is most often [[Gratis versus libre|gratis]] but not always. Freeware (green) seldom expose their source code.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.wolfire.com/2010/05/Open-source-software-is-not-always-freeware |title=Open-source software is not always freeware |date=May 16, 2010 |access-date=2016-01-18 |first=David |last=Rosen |publisher=[[Wolfire Games|wolfire]].com}}</ref>]] | ||
Free software differs from: | Free software differs from: | ||
* [[proprietary software]], such as [[Microsoft Office]], [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[Adobe Photoshop]], [[Facebook]] or [[FaceTime]]. Users cannot study, change, and share their [[source code]]. | * [[proprietary software]], such as [[Microsoft Office]], [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[Adobe Photoshop]], [[Facebook]] or [[FaceTime]]. Users cannot study, change, and share their [[source code]]. | ||
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Although both definitions refer to almost equivalent corpora of programs, the Free Software Foundation recommends using the term "free software" rather than "[[open-source software]]" (an alternative, yet similar, concept coined in 1998), because the goals and messaging are quite dissimilar. According to the Free Software Foundation, "Open source" and its associated campaign mostly focus on the technicalities of the [[Open-source model|public development model]] and marketing free software to businesses, while taking the ethical issue of user rights very lightly or even antagonistically.<ref name="misses-the-point" /> Stallman has also stated that considering the practical advantages of free software is like considering the practical advantages of not being handcuffed, in that it is not necessary for an individual to consider practical reasons in order to realize that being handcuffed is undesirable in itself.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/practical.html |title=The advantages of free software |author-link=Richard Stallman |first=Richard |last=Stallman |publisher=[[Free Software Foundation]] |date=2013-05-14 |access-date=2013-08-12}}</ref> | Although both definitions refer to almost equivalent corpora of programs, the Free Software Foundation recommends using the term "free software" rather than "[[open-source software]]" (an alternative, yet similar, concept coined in 1998), because the goals and messaging are quite dissimilar. According to the Free Software Foundation, "Open source" and its associated campaign mostly focus on the technicalities of the [[Open-source model|public development model]] and marketing free software to businesses, while taking the ethical issue of user rights very lightly or even antagonistically.<ref name="misses-the-point" /> Stallman has also stated that considering the practical advantages of free software is like considering the practical advantages of not being handcuffed, in that it is not necessary for an individual to consider practical reasons in order to realize that being handcuffed is undesirable in itself.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/practical.html |title=The advantages of free software |author-link=Richard Stallman |first=Richard |last=Stallman |publisher=[[Free Software Foundation]] |date=2013-05-14 |access-date=2013-08-12}}</ref> | ||
The FSF also notes that "Open Source" has exactly one specific meaning in common English, namely that "you can look at the source code." It states that while the term "Free Software" can lead to two different interpretations, at least one of them is consistent with the intended meaning unlike the term "Open Source".{{efn|[[Source-available software|Access to source code]] is a necessary but insufficient condition, according to both the Free Software and Open Source definitions.}} The loan adjective "[[wikt:libre|libre]]" is often used to avoid the ambiguity of the word "free" in the [[English language]] | The FSF also notes that "Open Source" has exactly one specific meaning in common English, namely that "you can look at the source code." It states that while the term "Free Software" can lead to two different interpretations, at least one of them is consistent with the intended meaning unlike the term "Open Source".{{efn|[[Source-available software|Access to source code]] is a necessary but insufficient condition, according to both the Free Software and Open Source definitions.}} The loan adjective "[[wikt:libre|libre]]" is often used to avoid the ambiguity of the word "free" in the [[English language]] and the ambiguity of the older usage of "free software" as public-domain software.<ref name="infoworld1983" /> (''See [[Gratis versus libre]].'') | ||
=={{anchor|Definition}}Definition and the Four Essential Freedoms of Free Software== | =={{anchor|Definition}}Definition and the Four Essential Freedoms of Free Software== | ||
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|height=150 | |height=150 | ||
|File:Blender-telainicial.png|[[Blender (software)|Blender]], a 3D computer graphics software | |File:Blender-telainicial.png|[[Blender (software)|Blender]], a 3D computer graphics software | ||
|File: Kscreen-krunner.png|[[KDE Plasma 5|KDE Plasma]] desktop on [[Debian]] | |File: Kscreen-krunner.png|[[KDE Plasma 5|KDE Plasma]] desktop on [[Debian]] | ||
|File: Captura de pagina de manual de OpenSSL.png|[[OpenSSL]]'s manual page | |File: Captura de pagina de manual de OpenSSL.png|[[OpenSSL]]'s manual page|File: BgeCarSc.jpg|Creating a 3D car racing game using the [[Blender Game Engine]]|File: Replicant 4.0 on NexusS.png|[[Replicant (operating system)|Replicant]] smartphone OS, an Android-based system that is 100% free software|File: Libreoffice 5.3 writer MUFFIN interface.png|[[LibreOffice]] is a free multi-platform office suite. | ||
|File: BgeCarSc.jpg|Creating a 3D car racing game using the [[Blender Game Engine]] | |||
|File: Replicant 4.0 on NexusS.png|[[Replicant (operating system)|Replicant]] smartphone OS, an Android-based system that is 100% free software | |||
|File: Libreoffice 5.3 writer MUFFIN interface.png|[[LibreOffice]] is a free multi-platform office suite. | |||
}} | }} | ||
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{{Main|Free-software license}} | {{Main|Free-software license}} | ||
{{Further|Open-source license}} | {{Further|Open-source license}} | ||
{{See also|Free and open-source software#Licensing}} | {{See also|Free and open-source software#Licensing}} | ||
[[File:Copyleft.svg|thumb|[[Copyleft]], a novel use of copyright law to ensure that works remain unrestricted, originates in the world of free software.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carver|first=Brian W.|date=2005-04-05|title=Share and Share Alike: Understanding and Enforcing Open Source and Free Software Licenses|journal=Berkeley Technology Law Journal|volume=20|pages=39|ssrn=1586574}}</ref>]] | [[File:Copyleft.svg|thumb|alt=Copyleft symbol {{not a typo|🄯}}, a backwards lowercase letter "c" in a circle|[[Copyleft]], a novel use of copyright law to ensure that works remain unrestricted, originates in the world of free software.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carver|first=Brian W.|date=2005-04-05|title=Share and Share Alike: Understanding and Enforcing Open Source and Free Software Licenses|journal=Berkeley Technology Law Journal|volume=20|pages=39|ssrn=1586574}}</ref>]] | ||
All free-software licenses must grant users all the freedoms discussed above. However, unless the applications' licenses are compatible, combining programs by mixing source code or directly linking binaries is problematic, because of [[License compatibility|license technicalities]]. Programs indirectly connected together may avoid this problem. | All free-software licenses must grant users all the freedoms discussed above. However, unless the applications' licenses are compatible, combining programs by mixing source code or directly linking binaries is problematic, because of [[License compatibility|license technicalities]]. Programs indirectly connected together may avoid this problem. | ||
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The Free Software Foundation encourages selling free software. As the Foundation has written, "distributing free software is an opportunity to raise funds for development. Don't waste it!".<ref name=":1" /> For example, the FSF's own recommended license (the [[GNU General Public License|GNU GPL]]) states that "[you] may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey, and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee."<ref name="GPLsection4" /> | The Free Software Foundation encourages selling free software. As the Foundation has written, "distributing free software is an opportunity to raise funds for development. Don't waste it!".<ref name=":1" /> For example, the FSF's own recommended license (the [[GNU General Public License|GNU GPL]]) states that "[you] may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey, and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee."<ref name="GPLsection4" /> | ||
Microsoft CEO [[Steve Ballmer]] stated in 2001 that "open source is not available to commercial companies. The way the license is written, if you use any open-source software, you have to make the rest of your software open source."<ref name="suntimes" /> This misunderstanding is based on a requirement of [[copyleft]] licenses (like the GPL) that if one distributes modified versions of software, they must release the source and use the same license. This requirement does not extend to other software from the same developer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Licenses |url=https://choosealicense.com/licenses/ |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=Choose a License |language=en}}</ref> The claim of incompatibility between commercial companies and free software is also a misunderstanding. There are several large companies, e.g. [[Red Hat]] and [[IBM]] (IBM acquired RedHat in 2019),<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM Closes Landmark Acquisition of Red Hat for $34 Billion; Defines Open, Hybrid Cloud Future |url=https://newsroom.ibm.com/2019-07-09-IBM-Closes-Landmark-Acquisition-of-Red-Hat-for-34-Billion-Defines-Open-Hybrid-Cloud-Future |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=IBM Newsroom |language=en-us}}</ref> which do substantial commercial business in the development of free software.{{ | Microsoft CEO [[Steve Ballmer]] stated in 2001 that "open source is not available to commercial companies. The way the license is written, if you use any open-source software, you have to make the rest of your software open source."<ref name="suntimes" /> This misunderstanding is based on a requirement of [[copyleft]] licenses (like the GPL) that if one distributes modified versions of software, they must release the source and use the same license. This requirement does not extend to other software from the same developer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Licenses |url=https://choosealicense.com/licenses/ |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=Choose a License |language=en}}</ref> The claim of incompatibility between commercial companies and free software is also a misunderstanding. There are several large companies, e.g. [[Red Hat]] and [[IBM]] (IBM acquired RedHat in 2019),<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM Closes Landmark Acquisition of Red Hat for $34 Billion; Defines Open, Hybrid Cloud Future |url=https://newsroom.ibm.com/2019-07-09-IBM-Closes-Landmark-Acquisition-of-Red-Hat-for-34-Billion-Defines-Open-Hybrid-Cloud-Future |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=IBM Newsroom |language=en-us |archive-date=2023-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011201142/https://newsroom.ibm.com/2019-07-09-IBM-Closes-Landmark-Acquisition-of-Red-Hat-for-34-Billion-Defines-Open-Hybrid-Cloud-Future |url-status=dead }}</ref> which do substantial commercial business in the development of free software.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Wasserman |first1= Anthony I. |title= Building a Business on Open Source Software |journal= Cases in Technological Entrepreneurship |date= May 2009 |url= https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollchap/edcoll/9781848441866/9781848441866.00013.xml |access-date= 2026-05-17 |doi= 10.4337/9781848449312.00013}}</ref> | ||
== {{anchor|Adoption}} Economic aspects and adoption == | == {{anchor|Adoption}} Economic aspects and adoption == | ||
{{Main|Free and open-source software#Adoption}} | {{Main|Free and open-source software#Adoption}} | ||
{{See also|Linux adoption|Open-source software#Adoption}} | {{See also|Linux adoption|Open-source software#Adoption}} | ||
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|quote="We migrated key functions from Windows to Linux because we needed an operating system that was stable and reliable – one that would give us in-house control. So if we needed to patch, adjust, or adapt, we could." | |quote="We migrated key functions from Windows to Linux because we needed an operating system that was stable and reliable – one that would give us in-house control. So if we needed to patch, adjust, or adapt, we could." | ||
|source=Official statement of the [[United Space Alliance]], which manages the computer systems for the [[International Space Station]] (ISS), regarding their May 2013 decision to migrate ISS computer systems from Windows to Linux<ref>{{cite news |author=Gunter, Joel |title=International Space Station to boldly go with Linux over Windows |work=The Telegraph |date=May 10, 2013 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/10049444/International-Space-Station-to-boldly-go-with-Linux-over-Windows.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/10049444/International-Space-Station-to-boldly-go-with-Linux-over-Windows.html |archive-date=2022-01-11 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Bridgewater |first=Adrian |title=International Space Station adopts Debian Linux, drops Windows & Red Hat into airlock |journal=[[Computer Weekly]] |date=May 13, 2013 |url=http://www.computerweekly.com/blogs/open-source-insider/2013/05/international-space-station-adopts-debian-linux-drop-windows-red-hat-into-airlock.html}}</ref>}} | |source=Official statement of the [[United Space Alliance]], which manages the computer systems for the [[International Space Station]] (ISS), regarding their May 2013 decision to migrate ISS computer systems from Windows to Linux<ref>{{cite news |author=Gunter, Joel |title=International Space Station to boldly go with Linux over Windows |work=The Telegraph |date=May 10, 2013 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/10049444/International-Space-Station-to-boldly-go-with-Linux-over-Windows.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/10049444/International-Space-Station-to-boldly-go-with-Linux-over-Windows.html |archive-date=2022-01-11 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Bridgewater |first=Adrian |title=International Space Station adopts Debian Linux, drops Windows & Red Hat into airlock |journal=[[Computer Weekly]] |date=May 13, 2013 |url=http://www.computerweekly.com/blogs/open-source-insider/2013/05/international-space-station-adopts-debian-linux-drop-windows-red-hat-into-airlock.html |archive-date=November 19, 2018 |access-date=August 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119021926/https://www.computerweekly.com/blog/Open-Source-Insider/International-Space-Station-adopts-Debian-Linux-drops-Windows-Red-Hat-into-airlock |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} | ||
The economic viability of free software has been recognized by large corporations such as [[IBM]], [[Red Hat]], and [[Sun Microsystems]].<ref name="ibm" /><ref name="Hamid" /><ref name="l-erick" /><ref name="gpl-java" /><ref name="MERIT-floss" /> Many companies whose core business is not in the IT sector choose free software for their Internet information and sales sites, due to the lower initial capital investment and ability to freely customize the application packages. Most companies in the software business include free software in their commercial products if the licenses allow that.<ref name="Popp2" /> | The economic viability of free software has been recognized by large corporations such as [[IBM]], [[Red Hat]], and [[Sun Microsystems]].<ref name="ibm" /><ref name="Hamid" /><ref name="l-erick" /><ref name="gpl-java" /><ref name="MERIT-floss" /> Many companies whose core business is not in the IT sector choose free software for their Internet information and sales sites, due to the lower initial capital investment and ability to freely customize the application packages. Most companies in the software business include free software in their commercial products if the licenses allow that.<ref name="Popp2" /> | ||
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<ref name="free-sw">{{cite web | last = Free Software Foundation | title = What is free software? | url = https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html | access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref> | <ref name="free-sw">{{cite web | last = Free Software Foundation | title = What is free software? | url = https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html | access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="Perens">{{cite news | first = Bruce | last = Perens | url = | <ref name="Perens">{{cite news | first = Bruce | last = Perens | url = https://fsfe.org/freesoftware/transcripts/rms-fs-2006-03-09.en.html | title = Debian's "Social Contract" with the Free Software Community | work = debian-announce mailing list}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="Debian">{{cite web | url = | <ref name="Debian">{{cite web | url = https://www.debian.org/legal/licenses/ | website=Debian|title =License information | date = 2020-09-03}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="cnet">{{cite news | url = http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-6047727-7.html | title = Firefox more secure than MSIE after all | newspaper = CNET | publisher = News.com}}</ref> | <ref name="cnet">{{cite news | url = http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-6047727-7.html | title = Firefox more secure than MSIE after all | newspaper = CNET | publisher = News.com}}</ref> | ||
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<ref name="albion">{{cite web|url=http://www.albion.com/security/intro-7.html|title=The Benefits of Open Source|access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> | <ref name="albion">{{cite web|url=http://www.albion.com/security/intro-7.html|title=The Benefits of Open Source|access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="rms-fs-2006-03-09">{{cite news | url = | <ref name="rms-fs-2006-03-09">{{cite news | url = https://fsfe.org/freesoftware/transcripts/rms-fs-2006-03-09.en.html | title = Transcript where Stallman explains about spyware| newspaper = Fsfe - Free Software Foundation Europe}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="Wheeler">David A. Wheeler: [ | <ref name="Wheeler">David A. Wheeler: [https://www.dwheeler.com/oss_fs_why.html#security Why Open Source Software / Free Software (OSS/FS, FLOSS, or FOSS)? Look at the Numbers!] 2007</ref> | ||
<ref name="Delio">Michelle Delio: [https://www.wired.com/software/coolapps/news/2004/12/66022 Linux: Fewer Bugs Than Rivals] Wired 2004</ref> | <ref name="Delio">Michelle Delio: [https://www.wired.com/software/coolapps/news/2004/12/66022 Linux: Fewer Bugs Than Rivals] Wired 2004</ref> | ||
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<ref name="DW02">{{cite web|url=http://distrowatch.com/stats.php?section=popularity |title=DistroWatch Page Hit Ranking |access-date=30 October 2012 |publisher=[[DistroWatch]] |date=30 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007074633/http://distrowatch.com/stats.php?section=popularity |archive-date=7 October 2011}}</ref> | <ref name="DW02">{{cite web|url=http://distrowatch.com/stats.php?section=popularity |title=DistroWatch Page Hit Ranking |access-date=30 October 2012 |publisher=[[DistroWatch]] |date=30 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007074633/http://distrowatch.com/stats.php?section=popularity |archive-date=7 October 2011}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="linfo">{{cite web|url= | <ref name="linfo">{{cite web|url=https://www.linfo.org/bsdlicense.html|title=BSD license definition|access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="bsdl-gpl">{{cite web|url= | <ref name="bsdl-gpl">{{cite web|url=https://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/articles/bsdl-gpl/article.html|title=Why you should use a BSD style license for your Open Source Project|access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="GPLsection4">[https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html#section4 GNU General Public License, section 4.] gnu.org</ref> | <ref name="GPLsection4">[https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html#section4 GNU General Public License, section 4.] gnu.org</ref> | ||
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<ref name="Dornan">{{cite web | author = Andy Dornan | title = The Five Open Source Business Models | url = http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2008/01/the_five_open_s.html | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091010195844/http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2008/01/the_five_open_s.html | archive-date = October 10, 2009}}</ref> | <ref name="Dornan">{{cite web | author = Andy Dornan | title = The Five Open Source Business Models | url = http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2008/01/the_five_open_s.html | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091010195844/http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2008/01/the_five_open_s.html | archive-date = October 10, 2009}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="eprints">{{cite web|url= | <ref name="eprints">{{cite web|url=https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/39826/|title=Total cost of ownership of open source software: a report for the UK Cabinet Office supported by OpenForum Europe|access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="standishgroup">{{cite web|url=http://standishgroup.com/newsroom/open_source.php |title=Open Source |work=Standish Newsroom |publisher=Standishgroup.com |date=2008-04-16 |access-date=2010-08-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118001419/http://standishgroup.com/newsroom/open_source.php |archive-date=2012-01-18}}</ref> | <ref name="standishgroup">{{cite web|url=http://standishgroup.com/newsroom/open_source.php |title=Open Source |work=Standish Newsroom |publisher=Standishgroup.com |date=2008-04-16 |access-date=2010-08-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118001419/http://standishgroup.com/newsroom/open_source.php |archive-date=2012-01-18}}</ref> | ||
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* [http://cec.sonus.ca/econtact/11_3/puckette_ownership.html Puckette, Miller. "Who Owns our Software?: A first-person case study." eContact (September 2009). Montréal: CEC] | * [http://cec.sonus.ca/econtact/11_3/puckette_ownership.html Puckette, Miller. "Who Owns our Software?: A first-person case study." eContact (September 2009). Montréal: CEC] | ||
* [http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles/jargon_freedom_60_words_and_phrases_context Hancock, Terry. "The Jargon of Freedom: 60 Words and Phrases with Context". Free Software Magazine. 2010-20-24] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606070818/http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles/jargon_freedom_60_words_and_phrases_context |date=2012-06-06 }} | * [http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles/jargon_freedom_60_words_and_phrases_context Hancock, Terry. "The Jargon of Freedom: 60 Words and Phrases with Context". Free Software Magazine. 2010-20-24] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606070818/http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles/jargon_freedom_60_words_and_phrases_context |date=2012-06-06 }} | ||
* {{ cite book | last = Stallman | first = Richard M. | title = Free Software Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman, 2nd Edition | publisher = GNU Press | orig-year = 2002 | year = 2010 | url = http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society-2/ | isbn = 978-0-9831592-0-9 }} | * {{cite book | last = Stallman | first = Richard M. | title = Free Software Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman, 2nd Edition | publisher = GNU Press | orig-year = 2002 | year = 2010 | url = http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society-2/ | isbn = 978-0-9831592-0-9 | archive-date = 2016-04-22 | access-date = 2012-12-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160422141701/http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society-2/ | url-status = dead }} | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||