West Flemish: Difference between revisions
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→Conjugation of yes and no: the s is not pronounced in all regions, and probably it's more general without. |
imported>LionmerterTHE m clean up, typo(s) fixed: ie → i.e. (3) |
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{{Short description|Germanic language}} | {{Short description|Germanic language}} | ||
{{Multiple issues| | |||
{{cleanup reorganize|date=August 2017}} | {{cleanup reorganize|date=August 2017}} | ||
{{expand Dutch|topic=cult|otherarticle=West-Vlaams|date=November 2012}} | {{expand Dutch|topic=cult|otherarticle=West-Vlaams|date=November 2012}} | ||
}} | |||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
| name = West Flemish | | name = West Flemish | ||
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| nativename = ''West-Vlaams'' | | nativename = ''West-Vlaams'' | ||
| states = Belgium, Netherlands, France | | states = Belgium, Netherlands, France | ||
| region = [[West Flanders]] | | region = [[West Flanders]], [[French Flanders]], [[Zeelandic Flanders]] | ||
| speakers = {{sigfig|1.424|2}} million | | speakers = {{sigfig|1.424|2}} million | ||
| date = 1998 | | date = 1998 | ||
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| glottoname2 = Western Flemish | | glottoname2 = Western Flemish | ||
| map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.svg | | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.svg | ||
| mapcaption2 = {{center | | mapcaption2 = {{center|West Flemish is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''.}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''West Flemish''' (''West-Vlams'' or ''West-Vloams'' or ''Vlaemsch'' (in [[French Flanders]]), {{langx|nl|West-Vlaams}}, {{langx|fr|link=no|flamand occidental}}) is a collection of [[Low Franconian]] varieties spoken in western Belgium and the neighbouring areas of France and the Netherlands. | '''West Flemish''' (''West-Vlams'' or ''West-Vloams'' or ''Vlaemsch'' (in [[French Flanders]]), {{langx|nl|West-Vlaams}}, {{langx|fr|link=no|flamand occidental}}) is a collection of [[Low Franconian]] varieties spoken in western Belgium and the neighbouring areas of France and the Netherlands. | ||
West Flemish is spoken by about a million people in the Belgian province of [[West Flanders]], and a further 50,000 in the neighbouring Dutch coastal district of [[Zeelandic Flanders]] (200,000 if including the closely related dialects of [[Zeelandic]]) and | West Flemish is spoken by about a million people in the Belgian province of [[West Flanders]], and a further 50,000 in the neighbouring Dutch coastal district of [[Zeelandic Flanders]] (200,000 if including the closely related dialects of [[Zeelandic]]) and 10–20,000 in the northern part of the French department of [[Nord (French department)|Nord]].<ref name="e18" /> Some of the main cities where West Flemish is widely spoken are [[Bruges]], [[Kortrijk]], [[Ostend]], [[Roeselare]] and [[Ypres]] in Belgium and [[Hazebrouck]], [[Cassel, Nord|Cassel]], [[Halluin]], and [[Bailleul, Nord|Bailleul]] in France. | ||
West Flemish is listed as a "vulnerable" language in [[UNESCO]]'s online [[Red Book of Endangered Languages]].<ref>{{Cite web | West Flemish is listed as a "vulnerable" language in [[UNESCO]]'s online [[Red Book of Endangered Languages]].<ref>{{Cite web | ||
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{{clear left}} | {{clear left}} | ||
[[File:Bachten-de Kupe route.JPG|thumb|right|{{Interlanguage link|Bachten de Kupe|nl|Bachten de Kupe|vls|Bachtn de Kupe}} scenic road sign | [[File:Bachten-de Kupe route.JPG|thumb|right|{{Interlanguage link|Bachten de Kupe|nl|Bachten de Kupe|vls|Bachtn de Kupe}} scenic road sign]] | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
West Flemish has a phonology that differs significantly from that of Standard Dutch, being similar to [[Afrikaans]] in the case of long E, O and A. Also where Standard Dutch has ''sch'', in some parts of West Flanders, West-Flemish, like Afrikaans, has ''sk''. However, the best known traits are the replacement of Standard Dutch (pre-)velar fricatives ''g'' and ''ch'' in Dutch ({{IPA|/x, ɣ/}}) with glottal ''h'' {{IPA|[h, ɦ]}},. The following differences are listed by their Dutch spelling, as some different letters have merged their sounds in Standard Dutch but remained separate sounds in West Flemish. Pronunciations can also differ slightly from region to region. | West Flemish has a phonology that differs significantly from that of Standard Dutch, being similar to [[Afrikaans]] in the case of long E, O and A. Also where Standard Dutch has ''sch'', in some parts of West Flanders, West-Flemish, like Afrikaans, has ''sk''. However, the best known traits are the replacement of Standard Dutch (pre-)velar fricatives ''g'' and ''ch'' in Dutch ({{IPA|/x, ɣ/}}) with glottal ''h'' {{IPA|[h, ɦ]}},. The following differences are listed by their Dutch spelling, as some different letters have merged their sounds in Standard Dutch but remained separate sounds in West Flemish. Pronunciations can also differ slightly from region to region. | ||
* ''sch'' | * ''sch'' – {{IPA|/sx/}} is realised as {{IPA|[ʃh]}}, {{IPA|[sh]}} or {{IPA|[skʰ]}} (''sh'' or ''sk''). | ||
* ''ei'' | * ''ei'' – {{IPA|/ɛi/}} is realised as {{IPA|[ɛː]}} or {{IPA|[jɛ]}} (''è'' or ''jè''). | ||
* ''ij '' | * ''ij '' – {{IPA|/ɛi/}} is realised as {{IPA|[i]}} (short ''ie'', also written as ''y'') and in some words as {{IPA|[y]}}. | ||
* ''ui '' | * ''ui '' – {{IPA|/œy/}} is realised as {{IPA|[y]}} (short ''u'') and in some words as {{IPA|[i]}}. | ||
* ''au'' | * ''au'' – {{IPA|/ʌu/}} is realised as {{IPA|[ɔu]}} (''ow'') | ||
* ''ou'' | * ''ou'' – {{IPA|/ʌu/}} is realised as {{IPA|[ʊ]}} (short ''oe''), it is very similar to the long "oe" that is also used in Standard Dutch ({{IPA|[u]}}), which can cause confusion | ||
* ''e'' | * ''e'' – {{IPA|/ɛ/}} is realised as {{IPA|[æ]}} or {{IPA|[a]}}. | ||
* ''i'' | * ''i'' – {{IPA|/ɪ/}} is realised as {{IPA|[ɛ]}}. | ||
* ''ie'' | * ''ie'' – {{IPA|/i/}} is longer {{IPA|[iː]}} | ||
* ''aa'' | * ''aa'' – {{IPA|/aː/}} is realised as {{IPA|[ɒː]}}. | ||
The absence of {{IPA|/x/}} and {{IPA|/ɣ/}} in West Flemish makes pronouncing them very difficult for native speakers. That often causes [[hypercorrection]] of the {{IPA|/h/}} sounds to a {{IPA|/x/}} or {{IPA|/ɣ/}}. | The absence of {{IPA|/x/}} and {{IPA|/ɣ/}} in West Flemish makes pronouncing them very difficult for native speakers. That often causes [[hypercorrection]] of the {{IPA|/h/}} sounds to a {{IPA|/x/}} or {{IPA|/ɣ/}}. | ||
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| jij bent || gy zyt || you are || jij hebt || gy èt || you have | | jij bent || gy zyt || you are || jij hebt || gy èt || you have | ||
|- | |- | ||
| hij is || | | hij is || i.e. is || he is || hij heeft || i.e. èt || he has | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wij zijn || wydder zyn || we are || wij hebben || wydder èn || we have | | wij zijn || wydder zyn || we are || wij hebben || wydder èn || we have | ||
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Another feature of West Flemish is the conjugation of ''ja'' and ''nee'' ("yes" and "no") to the subject of the sentence. That is somewhat related to the double subject, but even when the rest of the sentence is not pronounced, ''ja'' and ''nee'' are generally used with the first part of the double subject. | Another feature of West Flemish is the conjugation of ''ja'' and ''nee'' ("yes" and "no") to the subject of the sentence. That is somewhat related to the double subject, but even when the rest of the sentence is not pronounced, ''ja'' and ''nee'' are generally used with the first part of the double subject. | ||
This conjugation can be negated with the extra word, ''toet'' ({{IPA|[tut]}}), or strengthened by adding mo- or ba- (or both). | This conjugation can be negated with the extra word, ''toet'' ({{IPA|[tut]}}), or strengthened by adding mo- or ba- (or both). | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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| Je hebt dat niet gedaan, hé? - Maar jawel || G'èt da nie gedoan, é? - Bajoak (ja'k en doe 't) || You didn't do that, eh? - On the contrary (But yes I did). | | Je hebt dat niet gedaan, hé? - Maar jawel || G'èt da nie gedoan, é? - Bajoak (ja'k en doe 't) || You didn't do that, eh? - On the contrary (But yes I did). | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Heeft hij dat gedaan? - Ja / Nee || Èt | | Heeft hij dat gedaan? - Ja / Nee || Èt i.e. (ne) da gedoan? - Joaj/Nij (Joan / Nin)|| Did he do that? - Yes / No [he (did/didn't)] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Heeft zij dat gedaan? - Ja / Nee || È ze (zy) da gedoan? - Joas/Nins || Did she do that? - Yes / No [she (did/didn't)] | | Heeft zij dat gedaan? - Ja / Nee || È ze (zy) da gedoan? - Joas/Nins || Did she do that? - Yes / No [she (did/didn't)] | ||
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{{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
[[Category:Dutch dialects]] | [[Category:Dutch-language dialects]] | ||
[[Category:Languages of France]] | [[Category:Languages of France]] | ||
[[Category:Languages of Belgium]] | [[Category:Languages of Belgium]] | ||