Ahmed II: Difference between revisions

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imported>MariaAmaliaduchessadiParma
→Daughters: Birth and death date for Hatice Sultan. It seems she was born as the 1st Princess.
 
imported>Postbrechtian
Added citations to the reign section from two sources. I also discovered that it was mostly copied directly from one of the sources I was using so I tried to rework most of the sentences to avoid plagiarism. I might have missed some though so someone else should check.
 
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{{Short description|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1691 to 1695}}
{{Short description|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1691 to 1695}}
{{similar names|Ahmad II (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2016}}
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| more        =  
| more        =  
| type        =  
| type        =  
| image        = Ahmet II.jpg
| image        = Ahmed II Sahand Ace.jpg
| alt          =  
| alt          =  
| caption      =  
| caption      = Portrait of Ahmed II from the ''Kebir Musavver Silsilenâme'', by [[Abdulcelil Levni]], {{circa|1710–20}}
| moretext    =  
| moretext    =  
| reign        = {{nowrap|22 June 1691 – 6 February 1695}}
| reign        = {{nowrap|22 June 1691 – 6 February 1695}}
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| spouse      = [[Rabia Sultan]]<br>Şayeste Hatun
| spouse      = [[Rabia Sultan]]<br>Şayeste Hatun
| spouse-type  = Consort
| spouse-type  = Consort
| issue        = Şehzade Ibrahim <br> Şehzade Selim <br>Asiye Sultan<br>Atike Sultan<br>Hatice Sultan
| issue        = Hatice Sultan<br/>Şehzade Ibrahim <br> Şehzade Selim <br>Asiye Sultan<br>Atike Sultan
| full name    = Ahmed bin Ibrahim
| full name    = Ahmed bin Ibrahim
| house        = [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman]]
| house        = [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman]]
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== Early life ==
== Early life ==
Ahmed II was born on 25 February 1643 or 1 August 1642, the son of Sultan [[Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire|Ibrahim]] and [[Muazzez Sultan]]. On 21 October 1649, Ahmed, along with his brothers Mehmed and Suleiman was [[circumcised]].{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2015|p=271}}
Ahmed II was born on 25 February 1643 or 1 August 1642, the son of Sultan [[Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire|Ibrahim]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Netton |first=Ian Richard |title=Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilisation and Religion |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=9780203862049 |pages=32 |language=EN}}</ref> and [[Muazzez Sultan]]. On 21 October 1649, Ahmed, along with his brothers Mehmed and Suleiman was [[circumcised]].{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2015|p=271}}
During the reigns of his older brothers, Ahmed was imprisoned in [[Kafes]], and he stayed there almost 43 years.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
During the reigns of his older brothers, Ahmed was imprisoned in [[Kafes]], and he stayed there almost 43 years.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
[[File:PIC 2004-08-23 09-12 9807.JPG|thumb|262px|''The [[mausoleum]] of Ahmed II'' is located inside the [[türbe]] of [[Suleiman the Magnificent]]. <small>''(In the above picture, his [[tomb]] is seen side by side with [[Suleiman II of the Ottoman Empire|Suleiman II]] and [[Suleiman the Magnificent]]).''</small>]]
[[File:PIC 2004-08-23 09-12 9807.JPG|thumb|262px|''The [[mausoleum]] of Ahmed II'' is located inside the [[türbe]] of [[Suleiman the Magnificent]]. <small>''(In the above picture, his [[tomb]] is seen side by side with [[Suleiman II of the Ottoman Empire|Suleiman II]] and [[Suleiman the Magnificent]]).''</small>]]
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==Reign==
==Reign==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2016}}
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2016}}
During his reign, Ahmed II devoted most of his attention to the wars against the [[Habsburgs]] and related foreign policy, governmental and economic issues. Of these, the most important were the tax reforms and the introduction of the lifelong [[Farm (revenue leasing)|tax farm system]] (''[[malikâne]]''). Following the recovery of [[Belgrade]] under his predecessor, [[Suleiman II of the Ottoman Empire|Suleiman II]], the military frontier reached a rough stalemate on the Danube, with the Habsburgs no longer able to advance south of it, and the Ottomans attempting, ultimately unsuccessfully, to regain the initiative north of it.
During his reign, Ahmed II devoted his attention to wars against the [[Habsburgs]] and the governmental, foreign policy, and economic issues that related to it. Of primary importance was the creation of a permanent [[Farm (revenue leasing)|tax farm system]] (''[[malikâne]]'').<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Masters |first=Bruce Alan |title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |last2=Gábor |first2=Ágoston |publisher=Facts on File, Inc |year=2009 |isbn=9781438110257 |pages=24 |language=EN}}</ref> Following the [[Siege of Belgrade (1690)|recovery of Belgrade]] under his predecessor, [[Suleiman II of the Ottoman Empire|Suleiman II]], the military frontier reached a rough stalemate on the Danube, with the Habsburgs no longer able to advance south of it, and the Ottomans attempting, ultimately unsuccessfully, to regain the initiative north of it.


Among the most important features of Ahmed's reign was his reliance on [[Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha|Köprülüzade Fazıl Mustafa Pasha]]. Following his accession to the throne, Ahmed II confirmed Fazıl Mustafa Pasha in his office as [[grand vizier]]. In office from 1689, Fazıl Mustafa Pasha was from the [[Köprülü family]] of grand viziers, and like most of his Köprülü predecessors in the same office, was an able administrator and military commander. Like his father [[Köprülü Mehmed Pasha]] (grand vizier, 1656–61) before him, Fazıl Mustafa Pasha ordered the removal and execution of dozens of corrupt state officials of the previous regime and replaced them with men loyal to himself. He overhauled the tax system by adjusting it to the capabilities of the taxpayers affected by the latest wars. He also reformed troop mobilization and increased the pool of conscripts available for the army by drafting tribesmen in the [[Balkans]] and [[Anatolia]]. In October 1690, Fazıl Mustafa Pasha recaptured Belgrade, a key fortress that commanded the confluence of the rivers [[Danube]] and [[Sava]]; in Ottoman hands since 1521, the fortress had been conquered by the Habsburgs in 1688.
Among the most important features of Ahmed's reign was his reliance on [[Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha|Köprülüzade Fazıl Mustafa Pasha]]. Ahmed II confirmed Fazıl Mustafa Pasha as his [[grand vizier]] after he took the throne. Fazıl Mustafa Pasha was from the [[Köprülü family]] of grand viziers, who had produced many capable administrators and military officials for the Turkish court. Following his father, [[Köprülü Mehmed Pasha]], (grand vizier, 1656–61), Mustafa ordered dozens of the previous government's state officials fired or executed on charges of corruption. They were replaced with men loyal to Mustafa. He made significant adjustments in the function of the tax system to account for how recent wars impacted taxpayer's resources. He began the process of drafting tribesmen in [[Anatolia]] and the [[Balkans]] in order to increase possible levies of conscripts. In October 1690, Fazıl Mustafa Pasha recaptured Belgrade, a key fortress at the meeting point of the [[Danube]] and [[Sava]] rivers, which the Ottoman had held since 1521, but had been conquered by Habsburg forces after the [[Siege of Belgrade (1688)|Siege of Belgrade]].<ref name=":1" />


Fazıl Mustafa Pasha's victory at Belgrade was a major military achievement that gave the Ottomans hope that the military debacles of the 1680s—which had led to the loss of Hungary and [[Transylvania]], an Ottoman vassal principality ruled by pro-Istanbul Hungarian princes—could be reversed. However, the Ottoman success proved ephemeral. On 19 August 1691, Fazıl Mustafa Pasha suffered a devastating defeat at the [[Battle of Slankamen]] at the hands of [[Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden|Louis William]], the Habsburg commander in chief in Hungary, nicknamed “Türkenlouis” (Louis the Turk) for his victories against the Ottomans. In the confrontation, recognized by contemporaries as “the bloodiest battle of the century,” the Ottomans suffered heavy losses: 20,000 men, including the grand vizier. With him, the sultan lost his most capable military commander and the last member of the Köprülü family, who for the previous half century had been instrumental in strengthening the Ottoman military.
The victory at Belgrade was a significant victory and raised Ottoman hopes of reversing the defeats they suffered in the 1680's including the capture of [[Ottoman Hungary|Hungary]] and [[Principality of Transylvania (1570-1711)|Transylvania]], an Ottoman vassal-state ruled by Hungarian princes loyal to the Ottomans. The success were not lasting. On 19 August 1691, Fazıl Mustafa Pasha suffered a devastating defeat at the [[Battle of Slankamen]]<ref name=":0" /> at the hands of [[Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden|Louis William]], the Habsburg commander in chief in Hungary, nicknamed “Türkenlouis” (Louis the Turk) for his victories against the Ottomans.<ref name=":1" /> In the vigorous battle that followed, the Ottomans suffered heavily. 20,000 men, including the grand vizier were lost.<ref name=":0" /> With that loss, the sultun lost the last member of the Köprülü family, who had been instrumental in Ottoman success for half a century.<ref name=":1" />


Under Fazıl Mustafa Pasha's successors, the Ottomans suffered further defeats. In June 1692 the Habsburgs conquered [[Oradea]], the seat of an Ottoman governor ({{lang|tr|beylerbeyi}}) since 1660. In 1694, they attempted to recapture Oradea, but to no avail. On 12 January 1695, they surrendered the fortress of Gyula, the center of an Ottoman [[sanjak]] (subprovince) since 1566. With the fall of Gyula, the only territory still in Ottoman hands in Hungary was to the east of the [[Tisza|River Tisza]] and to the south of the river Maros, with its center at [[Temesvár|Timișoara]]. Three weeks later, on 6 February 1695, Ahmed II died in [[Edirne Palace]].
Further defeats were to follow under Fazıl Mustafa Pasha's successors. The Habsburgs conquered [[Oradea]], the local Ottoman governor's ({{lang|tr|beylerbeyi}}) seat in June 1692. A 1694 effort to retake the city failed. On 12 January 1695, they were forced to surrender Gyula, a fortress and the center of an Ottoman [[sanjak]] (subprovince) since 1566. This meant that only territory east of the River [[Tisza]] and to the south of the river Maros, with its center at [[Temesvár|Timișoara]], was still in the possession of the Ottomans. Ahmed II died in [[Edirne Palace]] less than a month later on February 6, 1695.<ref name=":1" />


==Family==
==Family==
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=== Sons ===
=== Sons ===
Ahmed II had two sons:  
Ahmed II had two sons:  
*Şehzade Ibrahim (Edirne Palace, [[Edirne]], 6 October 1692{{sfn|Mehmed Agha|2012|pp=1466-67, 1483-84, 1580}} – [[Topkapı Palace]], Istanbul, 4 May 1714, buried in Mustafa I Mausoleum, [[Hagia Sophia]]), with Rabia Sultan, Selim's twin, became [[crown prince]] on 22 August 1703 until his death;
*Şehzade Ibrahim (Edirne Palace, [[Edirne]], 7 October 1692{{sfn|Mehmed Agha|2012|pp=1466-67, 1483-84, 1580}} – [[Topkapı Palace]], Istanbul, 4 May 1714, buried in Mustafa I Mausoleum, [[Hagia Sophia]]), with Rabia Sultan, Selim's twin, became [[crown prince]] on 22 August 1703 until his death;
*Şehzade Selim (Edirne Palace, Edirne, 6 October 1692 – Edirne Palace, Edirne, 15 May 1693, buried in Sultan Mustafa Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia), with Rabia Sultan, he was Ibrahim's twin.{{sfn|Mehmed Agha|2012|pp=1466-67, 1483-84, 1580}}
*Şehzade Selim (Edirne Palace, Edirne, 7 October 1692 – Edirne Palace, Edirne, 25 May 1693, buried in Sultan Mustafa Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia), with Rabia Sultan, he was Ibrahim's twin.{{sfn|Mehmed Agha|2012|pp=1466-67, 1483-84, 1580}}


=== Daughters ===
=== Daughters ===

Latest revision as of 20:53, 20 April 2026

For other people with similar names, see Ahmad II (disambiguation).

TemplateStyles' src attribute must not be empty.

Template:Infobox royalty Ahmed II (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.; Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.; 25 February 1643 or 1 August 1642[1] – 6 February 1695) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1691 to 1695.

Early life

Ahmed II was born on 25 February 1643 or 1 August 1642, the son of Sultan Ibrahim[2] and Muazzez Sultan. On 21 October 1649, Ahmed, along with his brothers Mehmed and Suleiman was circumcised.[3] During the reigns of his older brothers, Ahmed was imprisoned in Kafes, and he stayed there almost 43 years.[citation needed]

File:PIC 2004-08-23 09-12 9807.JPG
The mausoleum of Ahmed II is located inside the türbe of Suleiman the Magnificent. (In the above picture, his tomb is seen side by side with Suleiman II and Suleiman the Magnificent).

Reign

TemplateStyles' src attribute must not be empty.

During his reign, Ahmed II devoted his attention to wars against the Habsburgs and the governmental, foreign policy, and economic issues that related to it. Of primary importance was the creation of a permanent tax farm system (malikâne).[4] Following the recovery of Belgrade under his predecessor, Suleiman II, the military frontier reached a rough stalemate on the Danube, with the Habsburgs no longer able to advance south of it, and the Ottomans attempting, ultimately unsuccessfully, to regain the initiative north of it.

Among the most important features of Ahmed's reign was his reliance on Köprülüzade Fazıl Mustafa Pasha. Ahmed II confirmed Fazıl Mustafa Pasha as his grand vizier after he took the throne. Fazıl Mustafa Pasha was from the Köprülü family of grand viziers, who had produced many capable administrators and military officials for the Turkish court. Following his father, Köprülü Mehmed Pasha, (grand vizier, 1656–61), Mustafa ordered dozens of the previous government's state officials fired or executed on charges of corruption. They were replaced with men loyal to Mustafa. He made significant adjustments in the function of the tax system to account for how recent wars impacted taxpayer's resources. He began the process of drafting tribesmen in Anatolia and the Balkans in order to increase possible levies of conscripts. In October 1690, Fazıl Mustafa Pasha recaptured Belgrade, a key fortress at the meeting point of the Danube and Sava rivers, which the Ottoman had held since 1521, but had been conquered by Habsburg forces after the Siege of Belgrade.[4]

The victory at Belgrade was a significant victory and raised Ottoman hopes of reversing the defeats they suffered in the 1680's including the capture of Hungary and Transylvania, an Ottoman vassal-state ruled by Hungarian princes loyal to the Ottomans. The success were not lasting. On 19 August 1691, Fazıl Mustafa Pasha suffered a devastating defeat at the Battle of Slankamen[2] at the hands of Louis William, the Habsburg commander in chief in Hungary, nicknamed “Türkenlouis” (Louis the Turk) for his victories against the Ottomans.[4] In the vigorous battle that followed, the Ottomans suffered heavily. 20,000 men, including the grand vizier were lost.[2] With that loss, the sultun lost the last member of the Köprülü family, who had been instrumental in Ottoman success for half a century.[4]

Further defeats were to follow under Fazıl Mustafa Pasha's successors. The Habsburgs conquered Oradea, the local Ottoman governor's (beylerbeyi) seat in June 1692. A 1694 effort to retake the city failed. On 12 January 1695, they were forced to surrender Gyula, a fortress and the center of an Ottoman sanjak (subprovince) since 1566. This meant that only territory east of the River Tisza and to the south of the river Maros, with its center at Timișoara, was still in the possession of the Ottomans. Ahmed II died in Edirne Palace less than a month later on February 6, 1695.[4]

Family

Consorts

Ahmed II had two known consorts:

Sons

Ahmed II had two sons:

  • Şehzade Ibrahim (Edirne Palace, Edirne, 7 October 1692[7] – Topkapı Palace, Istanbul, 4 May 1714, buried in Mustafa I Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia), with Rabia Sultan, Selim's twin, became crown prince on 22 August 1703 until his death;
  • Şehzade Selim (Edirne Palace, Edirne, 7 October 1692 – Edirne Palace, Edirne, 25 May 1693, buried in Sultan Mustafa Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia), with Rabia Sultan, he was Ibrahim's twin.[7]

Daughters

Ahmed II had three daughters:

  • Hatice Sultan[8] (c. 1692 – c. 1694),[9] probably with Şayeste Hatun. Died in infancy.
  • Asiye Sultan[10] (Edirne Palace, Edirne, 24 August 1694[7] – Eski Palace, Bayezid, Istanbul, 9 December 1695, buried in Suleiman I Mausoleum, Süleymaniye Mosque), with Rabia Sultan;
  • Atike Sultan (born 21 October 1694),[8] probably with Şayeste Hatun. Died in infancy.

In addition to his daughters, Ahmed II was deeply attached to his niece Ümmügülsüm Sultan, daughter of his half-brother Mehmed IV, so much so that he treated her as if she were his own daughter.[11][12]

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Mantran 2012, first date according to Naima, second date to Raşid.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Netton, Ian Richard (2008). Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilisation and Religion. Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 9780203862049.
  3. ↑ Sakaoğlu 2015, p. 271.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Masters, Bruce Alan; Gábor, Ágoston (2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts on File, Inc. p. 24. ISBN 9781438110257.
  5. ↑ Uluçay 1980, p. 114.
  6. ↑ Sakaoğlu 2015, p. 390.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Mehmed Agha 2012, pp. 1466–67, 1483–84, 1580.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Uluçay 1980, pp. 114–115.
  9. ↑ Gabriele Mendel (1992). Storia dell'harem (in Italian). p. 218. Hadice Sultan (1692 ca. - 1694 ca.)
  10. ↑ Uluçay 1980, p. 115.
  11. ↑ Uluçay 2011, p. 111.
  12. ↑ Uluçay 1992, p. 111.

Sources

  • Mantran, R. (24 April 2012). Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). "Aḥmad II". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_0389.
  • Mehmed Agha, Silahdar Findiklili (2012). ZEYL-İ FEZLEKE (1065-22 Ca.1106 / 1654-7 Şubat 1695). pp. 1466–67, 1483–84, 1580.
  • Sakaoğlu, Necdet (2015). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları : valide sultanlar, hatunlar, hasekiler, kadinefendiler, sultanefendiler [The Female Sultans of This Property : Valide Sultans, Hatuns, Hasekis, Ladies and Gentlemen]. İstanbul: Alfa publications. ISBN 9786051710792.
  • Uluçay, M. Çağatay (1980). Padişahların kadınları ve kızları (in Turkish). Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  • Uluçay, M. Çağatay (1992). Padişahların Kadınları ve Kızları. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevı. ISBN 978-9-751-60461-3.
  • Uluçay, Mustafa Çağatay (2011). Padişahların kadınları ve kızları. Ankara: Ötüken.

Further reading

  • Finkel, Caroline (2005). Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02396-7.
  • Michael Hochendlinger, Austria's Wars of Emergence: War, State and Society in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1683–1797 (London: Longman, 2003), 157–64.

File:Commons-logo.svg Media related to Ahmed II at Wikimedia Commons

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Template:S-houTemplate:S-regTemplate:S-rel
Preceded by Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
22 June 1691 – 6 February 1695 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate
22 June 1691 – 6 February 1695 		Succeeded by

Template:Sultans of the Ottoman Empire Template:Sons of the Ottoman Sultans

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